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Appl
ied P
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I
J
AP
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)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
64
7
~
65
5
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
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v
14
.
i
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.
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65
5
647
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a
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m
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ra
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n
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Dep
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k
r
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So
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n
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t
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lls
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w
ar
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l
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I
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1
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5
4
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C
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li
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h
t
o
f
a
s
ilico
n
(
Si)
p
-
n
in
ter
s
ec
ti
o
n
[
1
]
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
at
th
at
f
ac
to
r
,
th
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w
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p
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ased
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ased
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s
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lls
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v
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a
p
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f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
2
6
.
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%.
B
e
th
at
as
it
co
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ld
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d
ev
elo
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p
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r
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th
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P
C
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f
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p
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ased
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i
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j
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co
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2
9
%
f
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r
s
u
c
h
d
ev
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[
2
]
.
F
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th
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m
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co
p
p
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
2
5
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-
8792
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
64
7
-
65
5
648
in
d
iu
m
g
a
lli
u
m
s
ele
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id
e
(
C
I
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m
ig
h
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is
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3
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b
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h
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s
ch
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a
n
S
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s
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g
le
-
i
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ter
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ce
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[
4
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.
Fro
m
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e
v
ie
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t,
s
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h
alid
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g
th
[
5
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6
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.
P
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P
V
tim
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it
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as
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m
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ased
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[
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,
[
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Fro
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th
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f
o
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[
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1
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[
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th
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w
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P
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D
[
1
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T
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(
MA
P
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I
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)
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GS
co
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as
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T
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2.
ST
RUC
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I
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AND
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M
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L
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P
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t
f
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tle
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d
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Stra
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f
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d
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Natio
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R
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le
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[
2
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[
2
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T
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h
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m
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u
b
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ll a
cts as t
h
e
b
o
tto
m
s
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b
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I
n
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ta
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.
e
.
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p
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v
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k
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MA
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T
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e
p
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v
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MA
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ac
ts
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t
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m
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d
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ly
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ar
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h
ir
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[
2
2
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,
[
23]
.
T
h
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h
ig
h
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ted
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m
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(
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in
Fig
u
r
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1.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
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Fig
u
r
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1
.
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s
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p
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k
ite
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A
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b
)
p
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v
s
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A
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(
c)
C
I
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an
d
(
d
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lls
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649
3.
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g
e
s
tio
n
r
a
n
g
e,
a
n
d
b
ig
g
e
r
m
ea
n
f
r
ee
w
a
y
s
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
an
d
o
p
en
in
g
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
o
f
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
s
o
lar
ce
lls
h
a
s
w
o
r
k
ed
d
ec
is
iv
el
y
la
tel
y
,
ar
r
iv
in
g
at
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
2
5
%
in
2
0
2
1
.
L
et
u
s
tak
e
a
g
a
n
d
er
at
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
s
o
lar
ce
lls
p
r
esen
t
in
t
h
e
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
s
itu
a
tio
n
.
3
.
1
.
P
er
o
v
s
k
it
e/Sil
ico
n t
a
nd
e
m
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
a
m
o
u
s
m
i
n
i
m
al
e
x
p
en
s
e
p
air
ch
o
ice
c
u
r
r
en
tl
y
b
ein
g
cr
ea
ted
co
n
s
o
lid
ates
a
s
i
lico
n
b
ase
ce
ll
ac
co
m
p
an
y
in
g
a
m
ix
t
u
r
e
o
f
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
to
p
u
n
its
.
An
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
-
s
ilico
n
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
-
lo
ca
ted
co
n
tain
er
s
h
as
s
k
ill
f
u
l
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
th
e
u
lti
m
ate
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
ein
g
b
y
O
x
f
o
r
d
P
V,
a
s
tar
tu
p
th
at
g
o
t
n
ea
r
l
y
2
9
.
5
%
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
I
t
m
a
y
b
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
class
i
f
ied
in
to
t
w
o
t
y
p
es
th
a
t
is
to
s
a
y
t
wo
ter
m
i
n
al
(
2
T
)
an
d
f
o
u
r
ter
m
in
a
l
(
4
T
)
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite/
Si
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
-
on
-
s
i
lico
n
4
T
s
o
lar
ce
ll
w
ith
a
P
C
E
o
f
1
7
.
9
%
w
a
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
B
ailie
a
n
d
p
ar
tn
er
s
i
n
2
0
1
4
.
Giv
en
u
n
d
er
n
ea
th
i
s
a
f
i
g
u
r
e
il
lu
s
tr
ati
n
g
t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
ti
m
etab
le
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
2
T
an
d
4
T
P
er
o
v
s
k
ite/Si
co
u
p
le
ce
l
ls
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
ta
g
e
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
th
e
ev
o
lu
t
io
n
o
f
ta
n
d
e
m
p
er
o
v
s
k
it
e
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
3
.
2
.
P
er
o
v
s
k
it
e/CI
G
S t
a
nd
em
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
C
I
GS
is
a
th
in
-
f
il
m
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ial
t
h
at
h
a
s
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
s
in
ce
th
e
1
9
8
0
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
/C
I
GS
ta
n
d
e
m
s
o
lar
ce
ll
w
a
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
2
0
1
5
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
at
th
e
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
o
f
O
x
f
o
r
d
an
d
ac
h
ie
v
ed
a
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
P
C
E
)
o
f
1
7
.
8
%.
Sin
ce
t
h
e
n
,
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite/
C
I
GS
tan
d
e
m
s
o
lar
ce
lls
h
as
co
n
ti
n
u
ed
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
a
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l,
v
er
s
atile,
p
r
ac
tical,
an
d
lig
h
t
w
ei
g
h
t
o
p
tio
n
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
lo
w
ca
r
b
o
n
i
m
p
r
ess
io
n
p
er
k
W
h
cr
ea
ted
.
T
h
ey
c
an
b
e
cr
ea
ted
an
d
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
tr
ai
g
h
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
l
y
o
n
h
u
g
e,
s
u
p
er
d
ain
t
y
p
o
l
y
i
m
id
e
s
h
ee
t
s
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
th
e
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
an
ex
te
n
s
i
v
e
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
ea
r
t
h
l
y
a
n
d
s
p
ac
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
2
0
1
8
,
s
cien
tis
ts
at
É
co
le
P
o
l
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
Féd
ér
ale
d
e
L
au
s
a
n
n
e
(
E
P
FL
)
,
a
S
w
is
s
p
u
b
lic
r
esear
ch
u
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
s
p
ec
ializin
g
i
n
s
cie
n
ce
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
r
ev
ea
led
a
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite/
C
I
GS
p
air
s
o
lar
c
ell
w
it
h
a
P
C
E
o
f
2
3
.
2
6
%
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
2
0
2
0
,
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
at
t
h
e
NR
E
L
r
e
v
ea
led
a
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite/
C
I
GS
p
air
s
o
lar
ce
ll
w
it
h
a
P
C
E
o
f
2
4
.
4
5
%.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite/
C
I
G
S
p
air
s
o
lar
ce
lls
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
ad
v
an
ce
s
i
n
b
o
th
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
an
d
C
I
GS
s
o
lar
ce
ll
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
s
w
ell
a
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
s
i
n
tan
d
e
m
ce
ll
d
esig
n
an
d
f
ab
r
icatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es [
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
3.
3
.
P
er
o
v
s
k
it
e/
G
eTe t
a
nd
e
m
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
P
er
o
v
s
k
ite/GeT
e
tan
d
e
m
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
ar
e
an
o
t
h
er
t
u
r
n
o
f
e
v
e
n
ts
in
th
e
f
ie
ld
o
f
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
s
o
lar
ce
lls
th
at
co
m
b
in
e
a
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
s
o
lar
ce
ll
w
it
h
a
g
er
m
an
iu
m
tellu
r
id
e
(
GeT
e)
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
T
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
P
er
o
v
s
k
ite/GeT
e
tan
d
e
m
s
o
lar
ce
lls
h
a
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
r
ap
id
l
y
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
ep
o
r
t,
w
it
h
a
P
C
E
o
f
2
3
.
2
6
%
f
o
r
a
t
w
o
-
ter
m
in
a
l
ta
n
d
e
m
ce
ll
a
n
d
a
P
C
E
o
f
2
6
.
7
%
f
o
r
a
t
h
r
ee
-
ter
m
in
a
l
ta
n
d
e
m
ce
ll.
R
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
to
i
m
p
r
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v
e
t
h
e
s
tab
il
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
er
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ite
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b
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tab
ilizi
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g
ad
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iti
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a
ter
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C
o
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p
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s
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t
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Ox
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n
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m
p
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s
k
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s
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ce
ll
tech
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lo
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Stag
e
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
ev
o
lu
tio
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o
f
ta
n
d
e
m
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
s
ilico
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll
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Mix
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ac
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tab
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s
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f
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c
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C
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is
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g
f
r
o
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p
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er
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h
e
p
r
o
m
is
e
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f
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ix
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alid
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p
er
o
v
s
k
ites
a
n
d
tan
d
e
m
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
in
ad
v
a
n
ci
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g
t
h
e
f
r
o
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tier
s
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ex
t
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g
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n
er
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n
s
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en
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te
ch
n
o
lo
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4.
T
H
I
CK
N
E
SS
O
P
T
I
M
I
Z
AT
I
O
N
O
F
T
H
E
T
O
P
SUB
C
E
L
L
An
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
n
u
m
er
ical
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
at
th
e
id
ea
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
w
a
y
o
f
[
3
3
]
is
u
s
u
a
ll
y
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
in
t
h
is
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
cl
u
d
es
t
w
o
p
h
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es
f
o
r
t
h
ick
n
es
s
(
ts
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o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
w
it
h
t
w
o
s
tep
s
:
a
co
ar
s
e
s
tep
(
tcs)
o
f
5
0
n
m
an
d
a
f
in
e
s
tep
(
tf
s
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o
f
50
n
m
.
P
r
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th
e
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n
ticip
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h
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ta
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ete
r
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in
ed
.
W
it
h
f
e
w
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o
v
er
all
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
,
th
e
co
u
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eled
ad
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u
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h
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ts
t
h
e
ta
n
d
e
m
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
th
a
t
i
n
te
g
r
ates
b
o
th
s
u
b
ce
lls
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
p
o
r
tr
ay
s
t
h
e
J
/V
b
e
n
d
s
o
f
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
(
M
A
P
b
I
3
-
x
C
l
x
)
,
G
eT
e
s
u
b
ce
ll
s
,
an
d
a
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
(
MA
P
b
I
3
-
x
C
lx
)
/
GeT
e
p
air
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
I
n
a
Ge
T
e
s
u
b
-
ce
ll,
P
C
E
is
2
6
.
4
6
%
w
it
h
FF
=
8
2
.
1
0
%,
VOC
=
0
.
6
0
3
V,
an
d
J
SC
=
5
3
.
3
9
7
m
A/c
m
2
.
I
n
a
p
er
o
v
s
k
i
te
(
MA
P
b
I
3
-
x
C
lx
)
/GeT
e
tan
d
e
m
s
o
la
r
ce
ll,
P
C
E
is
4
6
.
6
4
%
w
it
h
FF
=
8
0
.
0
9
%,
VOC
=
1
.
9
4
7
V,
an
d
J
SC
=
2
9
.
6
1
m
A/c
m
2
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Stru
ct
u
r
es o
f
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
(
M
A
P
b
I
₃)
/GeT
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
:
(
a)
to
p
s
u
b
ce
ll
,
(
b
)
b
o
tto
m
s
u
b
ce
ll
,
an
d
(
c)
tan
d
e
m
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8792
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
64
7
-
65
5
652
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sch
e
m
atic
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
o
f
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
(
M
A
P
b
I
₃₋ₓC
lₓ)/
GeT
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
:
(
a)
to
p
s
u
b
ce
ll c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
(
b
)
b
o
tto
m
s
u
b
ce
ll c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ati
o
n
,
an
d
(
c)
tan
d
e
m
ce
ll c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
6.
F
UT
UR
E
CH
AL
L
E
NG
E
S A
ND
ST
RA
T
E
G
I
E
S
P
er
o
v
s
k
ite
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
en
p
r
o
m
is
e
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
ir
ex
ce
s
s
i
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
lo
w
-
p
r
ice
f
ab
r
icatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
a
n
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
f
lex
i
b
le
an
d
lig
h
t
-
w
ei
g
h
t
p
ac
k
a
g
e
s
,
b
u
t
a
co
u
p
le
o
f
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
o
v
er
co
m
e
ea
r
lier
th
an
t
h
e
y
ca
n
b
e
ex
te
n
s
i
v
el
y
ap
p
lied
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
in
to
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
.
T
h
ese
en
co
m
p
ass
b
ala
n
ce
an
d
s
ta
y
in
g
p
o
w
er
,
r
is
k
y
a
n
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
ef
f
ec
ts
,
f
lex
ib
il
it
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
a
n
d
in
ter
f
ac
ial
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
izatio
n
an
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
,
an
d
d
ev
ice
ch
ar
ac
ter
izat
io
n
s
tr
ate
g
ies.
T
an
d
e
m
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
f
r
o
m
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
an
d
C
I
GS
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
,
a
s
u
it
ab
le
tan
d
e
m
to
o
l
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e,
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
ca
lin
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
in
ter
f
ac
e
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
.
T
an
d
e
m
p
er
o
v
s
k
i
te/GeT
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
co
m
b
i
n
e
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
p
er
o
v
s
k
ite
a
n
d
GeT
e
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
s
to
s
u
p
p
l
y
ac
ce
ler
ated
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
.
B
u
t
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
o
b
s
tacle
s
m
u
s
t
h
a
v
e
tr
i
u
m
p
h
ed
o
v
er
ea
r
lier
th
a
n
ca
n
b
e
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
an
d
co
m
m
er
cial
ized
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
o
p
ti
m
iz
atio
n
,
b
alan
ce
a
n
d
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
,
b
an
d
al
ig
n
m
en
t
an
d
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
m
atch
in
g
,
clo
t
h
s
elec
tio
n
,
a
n
d
d
ev
ice
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
Ma
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
,
w
it
h
d
ef
ec
t
a
n
d
f
ir
s
t
-
cla
s
s
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
g
r
ee
n
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
ized
tan
d
e
m
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
an
d
u
p
s
ca
li
n
g
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
ac
ad
e
m
ia,
e
n
ter
p
r
is
e,
an
d
r
esear
ch
i
n
s
ti
tu
t
io
n
s
is
e
s
s
e
n
t
ial
to
o
v
er
co
m
i
n
g
t
h
ese
li
m
it
atio
n
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
n
g
P
er
o
v
s
k
ite
/GeT
e
tan
d
e
m
s
o
lar
ce
ll
g
en
er
atio
n
.
7.
CO
NCLUS
I
O
N
Mu
lti
-
cr
o
s
s
i
n
g
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
ar
e
a
s
u
p
er
io
r
s
elec
tio
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ac
co
m
p
an
y
i
n
g
ex
tr
e
m
e
p
o
w
er
-
c
h
an
g
e
ad
ep
tn
e
s
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
y
ca
n
s
w
a
llo
w
a
b
i
g
g
er
r
an
g
e
t
h
a
n
s
in
g
le
-
i
n
ter
s
ec
ti
o
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
to
r
etain
a
m
o
r
e
ex
ten
s
i
v
e
r
an
g
e
an
d
h
a
v
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
ch
a
n
g
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
e
s
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
as
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
es.
Si
m
u
l
tan
eo
u
s
l
y
,
t
h
i
s
ad
d
s
to
t
h
e
i
n
tr
icac
y
a
n
d
p
r
ice
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
e
m
p
lo
y
s
j
u
s
t
t
w
o
-
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
r
esu
lti
n
g
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
.
T
h
is
is
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
is
s
u
e
s
w
i
th
t
wo
-
ter
m
i
n
al
co
u
p
le
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
,
as
t
h
e
s
u
b
ce
ll
ac
co
m
p
a
n
y
in
g
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
l
y
)
p
u
s
h
e
s
th
e
co
u
p
led
ce
ll
to
r
u
n
at
its
o
n
g
o
in
g
th
ic
k
n
es
s
.
Sin
ce
GeT
e
is
u
til
ized
as
a
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
th
e
b
ase
s
u
b
ce
ll,
th
e
b
ase
s
u
b
ce
ll
s
h
a
v
e
a
h
ig
h
cu
r
r
e
n
t
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
,
p
er
m
itt
in
g
t
h
e
t
w
o
ce
lls
to
w
o
r
k
at
a
lar
g
er
cu
r
r
en
t,
w
h
ich
f
u
r
t
h
er
d
ev
elo
p
s
co
u
p
le
-
ce
ll
ex
ec
u
t
io
n
.
A
ch
a
n
g
ed
ca
lcu
lat
io
n
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
h
ea
d
s
u
b
-
ce
l
l
la
y
er
is
li
k
e
w
i
s
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ted
co
u
p
le
ce
ll
o
f
M
A
P
b
I
3
/C
I
GS
h
as
a
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
o
f
3
0
.
5
%
i
n
r
ec
r
ea
tio
n
s
;
f
r
o
m
t
h
at
p
o
in
t,
GeT
e
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
a
b
ase
s
u
b
-
ce
l
l
t
o
d
is
p
lace
th
e
C
I
GS
(
ac
co
m
p
a
n
y
in
g
t
h
e
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
d
o
p
in
g
an
d
d
en
s
e
n
es
s
)
,
ex
te
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
to
3
5
.
9
%.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
A
p
p
l P
o
w
er
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8792
S
tu
d
y
o
f th
e
d
ev
elo
p
me
n
t o
f ta
n
d
em
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
to
a
ch
ieve
h
i
g
h
er e
fficien
cies
(
Deb
a
n
i P
r
a
s
a
d
Mis
h
r
a
)
653
Su
p
p
o
s
ed
l
y
,
s
u
p
p
la
n
ti
n
g
t
h
e
MA
P
b
I
3
to
p
s
u
b
ce
ll
ac
co
m
p
a
n
y
in
g
M
A
P
b
I
3
-
x
C
l
x
ca
u
s
e
s
s
u
cc
es
s
w
i
th
a
h
i
g
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
4
1
.
7
3
%,
w
h
ich
i
s
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
o
f
u
lt
i
m
a
te
p
o
w
e
r
f
u
l
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
ess
k
n
o
w
n
f
o
r
p
air
ce
lls
.
E
ac
h
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ce
lls
en
j
o
y
s
th
e
b
e
n
ef
it
o
f
j
u
s
t
h
av
i
n
g
t
w
o
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ess
e
n
tiall
y
les
s
e
n
s
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
an
d
ex
p
e
n
s
e
o
f
s
u
n
-
p
o
w
er
ed
ce
lls
.
F
UNDIN
G
I
NF
O
RM
AT
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
w
as s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
“
W
o
o
s
o
n
g
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
’
s
A
ca
d
e
m
ic
R
esear
ch
Fu
n
d
in
g
-
2025
”
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RIB
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
is
j
o
u
r
n
al
u
s
e
s
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
t
h
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
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I
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14
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3
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Sep
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20
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[
1
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h
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u
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it
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in
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ish
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i
n
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tere
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it
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lo
w
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c
a
n
b
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c
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n
tac
ted
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t
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m
a
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a
ru
n
k
u
m
a
r@ii
it
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c
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in
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u
r
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d
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w
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lh
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in
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w
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rd
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a
sh
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g
to
n
,
DC,
USA
,
f
ro
m
2
0
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t
o
2
0
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4
.
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is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
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ss
o
c
iate
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ro
f
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th
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p
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ro
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d
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tri
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g
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g
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o
o
so
n
g
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e
rsit
y
,
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e
jeo
n
,
Re
p
u
b
li
c
o
f
Ko
re
a
.
His c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts in
c
lu
d
e
m
a
rk
e
t
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le
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rin
g
,
in
c
lu
d
in
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w
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b
le
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n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
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s,
d
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m
a
n
d
re
sp
o
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se
,
a
n
d
sm
a
rt
g
rid
d
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v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
th
e
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
w
in
d
a
n
d
so
lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
su
re
n
d
e
r@w
su
.
a
c
.
k
r
.
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