I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
6
5
6
~
6
6
5
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
4
.
i
3
.
pp
656
-
665
656
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ija
p
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/
Im
plementing
fuz
zy
contro
l f
o
r
a
D
C
-
DC
bo
o
st conv
erte
r
usin
g
F
P
G
A
V.
Ra
dh
ik
a
1
,
K
a
rupp
a
nn
a
n
Srini
v
a
s
a
n
2
,
R.
K
iruba
2
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
B
i
o
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
S
r
i
R
a
ma
k
r
i
s
h
n
a
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
C
o
i
m
b
a
t
o
r
e
,
I
n
d
i
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
n
d
I
n
st
r
u
men
t
a
t
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
S
r
i
R
a
m
a
k
r
i
sh
n
a
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
C
o
i
m
b
a
t
o
r
e
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
r
1
8
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Feb
8
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
n
2
3
,
2
0
2
5
Th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
e
x
p
lo
re
s
th
e
u
se
o
f
field
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
a
b
le
g
a
te
a
rra
y
s
(
F
P
G
A
)
to
m
it
ig
a
te
sta
ti
c
v
o
lt
a
g
e
e
rro
rs
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
e
v
o
lt
a
g
e
sp
i
k
e
s
in
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rters
.
G
iv
e
n
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
a
tu
re
o
f
th
e
lo
a
d
imp
e
d
a
n
c
e
in
th
e
se
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
F
P
G
A
is
we
ll
-
su
it
e
d
fo
r
d
e
sig
n
in
g
sy
ste
m
s
with
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r.
Th
e
stu
d
y
imp
lem
e
n
ts
a
f
u
z
z
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
o
n
F
P
G
A
in
a
sim
u
latio
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
wit
h
a
sm
a
ll
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
p
e
ri
o
d
.
T
h
e
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
F
P
G
A
e
n
a
b
les
th
e
sim
u
lt
a
n
e
o
u
s
e
x
e
c
u
ti
o
n
o
f
fu
z
z
y
c
o
n
tro
l
a
lg
o
ri
th
m
s,
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
sy
ste
m
'
s
re
sp
o
n
siv
e
n
e
ss
to
ra
p
i
d
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
in
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s.
Th
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
m
in
imiz
e
s
v
o
lt
a
g
e
o
v
e
rs
h
o
o
t
a
n
d
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
ly
su
p
p
re
ss
e
s
v
o
lt
a
g
e
s
p
ik
e
s.
B
y
lev
e
ra
g
in
g
F
P
G
A’s
h
ig
h
-
sp
e
e
d
p
a
ra
ll
e
li
sm
a
n
d
flex
i
b
il
it
y
,
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
d
e
m
o
n
stra
tes
s
ig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
ts
i
n
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
F
P
G
A’s
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
a
s
a
ro
b
u
st
p
latf
o
rm
fo
r
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
i
n
g
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ic
sy
ste
m
s,
e
n
su
ri
n
g
imp
ro
v
e
d
sta
b
il
i
ty
a
n
d
e
fficie
n
c
y
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
ry
in
g
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
FP
GA
Fu
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l
L
o
ad
im
p
e
d
an
ce
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
Vo
ltag
e
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
V.
R
ad
h
ik
a
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
B
io
m
ed
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Sri
R
am
ak
r
is
h
n
a
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
C
o
lleg
e
C
o
im
b
ato
r
e,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
r
ad
h
ik
a.
s
en
th
il@
s
r
ec
.
ac
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
DC
-
DC
s
witch
in
g
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
DC
-
D
C
SC
)
p
lay
a
v
ita
l
r
o
le
in
a
wid
e
ar
r
ay
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
DC
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
e
ls
ef
f
icien
tly
.
H
o
wev
er
,
o
n
e
co
m
m
o
n
ch
allen
g
e
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
is
v
o
ltag
e
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
tin
g
o
n
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
tr
i
g
g
er
ed
b
y
ab
r
u
p
t
ch
a
n
g
es
in
lo
ad
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
.
Su
ch
s
p
ik
es
ca
n
d
is
r
u
p
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
o
r
,
in
s
ev
er
e
ca
s
es,
ca
u
s
e
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
s
.
T
o
tack
le
th
is
is
s
u
e,
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
m
o
d
el
in
teg
r
atin
g
a
DC
-
DC
S
C
an
d
a
v
ar
iab
le
lo
ad
im
p
ed
an
ce
was
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
an
aly
s
is
.
Simu
latio
n
s
wer
e
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
c
o
n
d
u
cted
alo
n
g
s
id
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
R
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
s
wif
t
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
DC
-
D
C
S
C
,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
f
all
s
h
o
r
t
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
s
wif
tly
en
o
u
g
h
to
s
tab
ilize
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
am
id
s
t
r
ap
id
im
p
ed
an
ce
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
lev
er
a
g
in
g
f
ield
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
g
ate
ar
r
a
y
s
(
FP
GA)
em
er
g
es
as
a
v
iab
l
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
FP
GA'
s
p
ar
allel
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ie
s
en
ab
le
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
co
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
tly
with
ess
en
tial
ta
s
k
s
lik
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M
)
g
en
er
atio
n
,
an
d
f
ilter
in
g
.
T
h
is
p
ar
allel
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
em
p
o
wer
s
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
d
is
cr
ete
-
tim
e
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
with
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
o
p
er
atin
g
at
in
ter
v
als b
elo
w
1
µs
[
1
]
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l te
ch
n
iq
u
es a
v
ailab
le
in
liter
atu
r
e
ar
e
:
-
Dig
ital
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
:
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
p
u
ls
e
wi
d
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
,
with
FP
GAs
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
s
tu
d
ied
.
FP
GAs
ca
n
g
en
er
ate
p
r
ec
is
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
als
r
eq
u
ir
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
mp
leme
n
tin
g
fu
z
z
y
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
F
P
GA
(
V
.
R
a
d
h
ika
)
657
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
,
with
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
m
o
d
if
y
d
u
ty
cy
cles
d
y
n
am
i
ca
lly
b
ased
o
n
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
f
o
r
b
etter
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
a
n
d
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
-
Ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
:
FP
GA
s
en
ab
le
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
-
d
e
r
iv
ativ
e
(
PID
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ca
n
b
e
e
x
e
cu
ted
in
p
ar
allel
with
in
th
e
FP
GA,
lead
in
g
to
f
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
es
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
s
lid
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
o
n
an
FP
GA
h
as
s
h
o
wn
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
co
n
v
er
te
r
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
t
r
an
s
ien
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
ased
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
.
-
R
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
:
T
h
e
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
FP
GAs
allo
w
s
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
is
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
e
n
ef
icial
in
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
ca
n
v
ar
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
s
u
ch
as
i
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
im
p
lem
en
ted
o
n
FP
GAs
ca
n
ad
ju
s
t
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
n
th
e
f
ly
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
o
p
ti
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
FP
GA
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
f
o
r
D
C
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
:
Var
io
u
s
FP
GA
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
T
h
ese
ar
ch
itect
u
r
es
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
s
im
p
le
s
in
g
le
-
lo
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
t
o
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
m
u
lti
-
lo
o
p
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
h
ig
h
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
f
ast
tr
an
s
ien
t r
esp
o
n
s
e,
o
r
m
in
im
al
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
A
cr
u
cial
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
is
en
d
ea
v
o
r
i
n
v
o
lv
es
cr
af
tin
g
a
co
n
tr
o
ller
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
m
ee
t
k
ey
o
b
jectiv
es
s
u
ch
as
er
ad
icatin
g
s
tatic
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
cu
r
tailin
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ik
es
o
r
d
r
o
p
s
wh
en
lo
ad
im
p
ed
an
ce
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
s
u
d
d
e
n
ch
a
n
g
es.
I
n
ess
en
ce
,
th
is
in
teg
r
ated
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
am
alg
am
atin
g
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
m
o
d
elin
g
,
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
esig
n
,
an
d
FP
GA
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
a
v
en
u
e
to
m
itig
ate
v
o
ltag
e
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
tin
g
is
s
u
es
in
DC
-
DC
s
witch
in
g
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
t
h
er
eb
y
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
]
,
[
3
].
T
h
e
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
il
lu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
er
v
es
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
elev
atin
g
DC
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
DC
v
o
ltag
e.
I
t
o
p
er
ates
in
two
d
is
tin
ct
p
h
ases
:
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase,
s
witch
T
i
s
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
,
co
n
v
er
tin
g
in
p
u
t
en
er
g
y
in
to
m
ag
n
etic
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
with
in
in
d
u
cto
r
L
.
I
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
p
h
ase,
s
witch
T
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
,
allo
win
g
in
d
u
ct
o
r
L
to
r
elea
s
e
en
e
r
g
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
th
er
eb
y
r
ep
len
i
s
h
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
.
Dio
d
e
D1
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
w
h
en
s
witch
T
is
o
n
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
m
ath
em
atica
l m
o
d
el,
a
s
in
(
1
).
=
1
−
⋅
−
1
⋅
0
⋅
(
1
−
(
)
)
0
=
1
⋅
⋅
(
1
−
(
)
)
−
1
⋅
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
is
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
0
is
th
e
c
ap
ac
ito
r
o
r
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
,
is
th
e
i
n
d
u
ct
o
r
r
es
is
tan
ce
,
is
th
e
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
,
is
th
e
c
ap
ac
itan
ce
,
is
th
e
l
o
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
d
(
)
is
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
co
n
d
u
cti
o
n
r
atio
o
f
s
witch
T
.
T
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
lin
ea
r
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
,
it'
s
ess
en
tial
to
d
er
iv
e
a
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
el
th
at
c
ap
tu
r
es
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
n
ea
r
its
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
p
o
in
t,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al
p
e
r
tu
r
b
a
tio
n
s
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
is
ac
h
iev
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
av
er
ag
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
el
f
r
o
m
(
1
)
in
to
b
o
th
lar
g
e
-
s
ig
n
al
an
d
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
els,
as p
r
esen
ted
in
(
2
)
.
+
̃
=
1
⋅
(
+
̃
)
−
⋅
(
+
̃
)
−
1
⋅
(
0
+
̃
0
)
⋅
(
1
−
Δ
−
̃
)
0
+
̃
0
=
1
⋅
(
+
̃
)
⋅
(
1
−
Δ
−
̃
)
−
1
⋅
(
0
+
̃
0
)
(
2
)
I
n
wh
ich
t
h
e
u
p
p
er
ca
s
e
ca
p
ital
letter
s
s
tan
d
f
o
r
a
v
er
ag
e
s
ig
n
als
an
d
th
e
s
m
all
letter
s
with
“
~”
f
o
r
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
6
5
6
-
665
658
T
h
e
s
tatic
m
o
d
el,
as
d
escr
ib
e
d
in
(
3
)
,
is
d
er
i
v
ed
b
y
o
m
itti
n
g
all
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
es
s
ettin
g
d
er
iv
ativ
es
to
ze
r
o
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
ca
p
tu
r
i
n
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
b
eh
av
io
r
u
n
d
er
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
=
1
⋅
−
⋅
−
1
⋅
0
⋅
(
1
−
)
=
0
0
=
1
⋅
⋅
(
1
−
)
−
1
⋅
0
=
0
(
3
)
T
h
e
(
4
)
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
atio
b
etwe
en
o
u
tp
u
t
a
n
d
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
v
o
ltag
e
r
atio
is
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
r
atio
o
f
th
e
s
witch
,
d
en
o
ted
as
Δ
,
as
well
a
s
ce
r
tain
co
n
s
tan
ts
g
o
v
er
n
i
n
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
o
in
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
No
tab
ly
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
0
,
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
,
an
d
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
,
alth
o
u
g
h
n
o
t
f
i
x
ed
co
n
s
tan
ts
,
r
ep
r
esen
t
av
er
a
g
e
v
alu
es
at
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t.
T
h
at
is
th
e
m
ain
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
er
r
o
r
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t w
h
en
s
witch
in
g
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t l
o
ad
s
.
0
=
⋅
(
1
−
Δ
)
+
⋅
(
1
−
Δ
)
2
(
4
)
2.
DYNA
M
I
C
M
O
DE
L
O
F
DC
-
DC
CO
NVER
T
E
R
T
h
e
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
el,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
(
5
)
,
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
a
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
els
b
y
c
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
lar
g
e
-
s
ig
n
al
a
n
d
s
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
6
]
.
No
tab
ly
,
all
p
r
o
d
u
cts
o
f
s
m
all
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
n
eg
lig
ib
le,
g
iv
en
th
eir
in
h
er
e
n
tly
s
m
all
v
alu
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
m
all
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
̃
ca
n
b
e
d
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
,
ass
u
m
in
g
a
s
tab
l
e
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
̃
=
⋅
̃
−
1
⋅
̃
0
⋅
(
1
−
)
+
1
⋅
0
⋅
̃
0
=
1
⋅
̃
⋅
(
1
−
)
−
1
⋅
⋅
̃
−
1
⋅
̃
0
(
5
)
Utilizin
g
L
ap
lace
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
o
n
th
e
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
el
d
escr
ib
ed
in
(
5
)
,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
th
e
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
was
o
b
tain
ed
.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
u
cc
in
ctly
ca
p
tu
r
es
h
o
w
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
y
n
am
ically
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
s
m
all
ch
an
g
es in
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
r
atio
.
̃
(
)
=
̃
0
(
)
̃
(
)
=
−
⋅
⋅
+
(
0
⋅
(
1
−
)
−
⋅
2
⋅
⋅
+
(
+
⋅
)
+
+
(
1
−
)
2
(
6
)
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
f
in
al
lin
ea
r
s
witch
f
u
n
cti
o
n
(
eig
h
t)
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
o
p
e
r
atin
g
p
o
in
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
as in
(
7
)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
tak
en
in
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
in
th
e
g
en
er
al
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
(
6
)
.
=
7
.
4
0
=
14
=
15
=
33
=
33
=
0
.
081
≈
0
.
48
≈
0
.
8159
=
500
(
7
)
̃
(
)
=
−
1
.
224
−
5
+
7
.
214
4
.
95
−
10
2
+
3
.
128
−
6
+
0
.
2729
(
)
=
⋅
2
+
6318
.
2
⋅
+
5
5
1
2
4
0
1
3
8
2
+
1
8
95
4
6
⋅
=
0
.
534
(
8
)
3.
L
O
AD
WI
T
H
CH
ANG
E
AB
L
E
I
M
P
E
DANC
E
Fo
r
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
with
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
a
s
p
ec
ially
d
esig
n
ed
lo
ad
was
cr
ea
ted
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
r
ap
id
ch
a
n
g
es
in
im
p
ed
an
ce
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
v
ar
i
o
u
s
tr
aits
lik
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
(
L
)
,
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
(
C
)
,
a
n
d
r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
)
.
L
ev
er
ag
i
n
g
a
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tailo
r
e
d
im
p
ed
an
ce
s
witch
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
mp
leme
n
tin
g
fu
z
z
y
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
F
P
GA
(
V
.
R
a
d
h
ika
)
659
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t a
r
r
a
n
g
em
en
t is illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
y
p
ically
,
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
ar
r
an
g
e
d
in
to
th
r
ee
p
a
r
allel
b
r
an
ch
es,
ea
ch
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
d
is
tin
ct
lo
ad
ty
p
es
s
u
c
h
as
R
L
C
,
R
C
,
R
L
,
an
d
R
.
T
h
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
is
s
etu
p
lies
i
n
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
j
u
s
t
ce
r
tain
elem
en
t
v
alu
es
b
y
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
i
n
g
p
ar
allel
elem
en
ts
with
in
ea
ch
b
r
a
n
ch
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
an
y
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
p
a
r
allel
b
r
an
ch
es
ca
n
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
to
m
im
ic
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
lo
ad
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
[
7
].
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
t
h
er
e'
s
n
o
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
a
d
y
n
am
ic
lo
a
d
m
o
d
el,
as
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
ass
ess
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
im
p
e
d
an
ce
ch
an
g
es
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
r
em
ain
s
o
n
cr
ea
tin
g
r
ea
lis
tic
l
o
ad
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
in
h
an
d
lin
g
d
y
n
am
ic
im
p
ed
an
ce
alter
atio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
lem
e
n
t a
r
r
a
n
g
em
en
t f
o
r
ch
a
n
g
in
g
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
lo
ad
4.
DE
S
I
G
N
O
F
F
UZ
Z
Y
CO
N
T
RO
L
AL
G
O
RI
T
H
M
A
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
was
ca
r
e
f
u
lly
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
t
h
e
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
u
zz
y
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
p
o
les
an
d
ze
r
o
s
was
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
d
eter
m
in
ed
to
f
u
lf
ill
th
e
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
s
y
s
tem
[
10
]
,
[1
1
]
.
T
h
ese
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
im
ar
il
y
aim
ed
a
t
r
em
o
v
in
g
s
tatic
er
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
o
v
e
r
/u
n
d
e
r
s
h
o
o
ts
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
wh
en
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
ch
an
g
es o
cc
u
r
.
I
n
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
o
n
ly
a
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
was
u
tili
ze
d
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
[1
2
]
.
T
h
is
en
ab
led
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
at
co
u
ld
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
d
y
n
am
ics
u
n
d
er
t
y
p
ical
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ly
test
ed
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
an
d
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e,
b
o
th
o
f
wh
i
ch
o
p
er
ated
at
th
e
ch
o
s
en
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
[1
3
]
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
test
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
ed
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
v
alid
atin
g
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
o
o
t
-
l
o
cu
s
p
lo
t
o
f
t
h
e
lin
ea
r
s
y
s
tem
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
p
o
les
an
d
ze
r
o
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
n
o
n
-
m
i
n
im
al
p
h
ase
s
y
s
tem
.
No
tab
l
y
,
th
er
e'
s
an
u
n
s
tab
le
ze
r
o
lo
ca
te
d
to
th
e
r
ig
h
t
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
in
,
wh
ile
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
p
o
les
ar
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
tly
clu
s
ter
ed
n
ea
r
th
e
lef
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
in
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
e
r
/o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
is
s
u
e
s
,
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
ta
k
en
is
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
r
elativ
e
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
es
s
h
if
tin
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
p
o
les
to
war
d
s
th
e
lef
t
s
id
e
an
d
clo
s
er
to
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ax
is
.
B
y
d
o
in
g
s
o
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
li
k
elih
o
o
d
o
f
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
tin
g
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
aim
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
r
e
r
esil
ien
t
an
d
d
ep
en
d
a
b
le
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
,
b
etter
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
to
h
a
n
d
le
d
y
n
am
ic
v
ar
iatio
n
s
an
d
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
An
in
teg
r
al
p
o
le
was
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
at
th
e
co
o
r
d
in
ate
o
r
ig
in
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
g
o
al
o
f
r
em
o
v
in
g
s
tatic
v
o
ltag
e
in
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
An
y
s
tatic
in
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
ess
en
tially
elim
in
ated
b
y
th
is
in
teg
r
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
All
r
elev
an
t
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
ca
r
e
f
u
lly
ta
k
en
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
wh
e
n
cr
ea
tin
g
th
e
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Po
le
-
ze
r
o
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
is
m
ad
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
e
r
ato
r
in
(
9
)
m
atch
in
g
th
e
d
en
o
m
in
ato
r
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
in
(
8
)
.
T
wo
p
o
les
wer
e
lo
ca
ted
at
th
e
co
o
r
d
i
n
ate
o
r
ig
i
n
an
d
a
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
d
is
tan
ce
to
th
e
lef
t
o
f
th
e
s
tab
le
h
alf
-
p
lan
e
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
d
en
o
m
in
at
o
r
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
p
o
le
was
lim
ited
to
h
alf
t
h
e
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
in
o
r
d
er
to
c
o
m
p
l
y
with
th
e
Sh
a
n
n
o
n
th
eo
r
em
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
o
f
an
y
p
o
le
in
o
u
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
was
ju
s
t
u
n
d
e
r
2
0
0
k
Hz
,
u
s
in
g
a
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
5
0
0
k
Hz.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
6
5
6
-
665
660
I
t
was
cr
u
cial
to
a
s
ce
r
tain
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
ain
.
I
n
th
e
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
s
y
s
tem
,
th
is
g
ain
alig
n
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
o
les
with
th
e
r
o
o
t
-
lo
cu
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
o
v
e
th
e
c
lo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
s
y
s
tem
p
o
les
m
o
r
e
to
th
e
lef
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
en
s
ated
p
o
les
an
d
clo
s
er
to
th
e
x
-
a
x
is
th
an
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
en
s
ated
p
o
les,
th
e
g
ain
was
ch
o
s
en
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
a
lar
g
er
g
ain
in
d
icate
s
a
f
aster
c
lo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
s
y
s
tem
r
ea
ctio
n
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
o
t
-
lo
c
u
s
d
iag
r
am
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
was u
s
ed
t
o
ca
lcu
l
ate
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
g
ain
.
T
h
e
(
5
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
af
ter
t
h
e
n
u
m
er
ato
r
,
d
e
n
o
m
in
ato
r
,
an
d
g
ain
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
.
E
v
er
y
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
tim
e
d
o
m
ai
n
s
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
h
ad
to
b
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
to
a
d
is
cr
ete
f
o
r
m
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
8
)
,
in
o
r
d
e
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
b
e
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
p
r
ac
tically
o
n
a
d
ig
ital
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
"T
u
s
tin
"
d
is
cr
etiza
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
was
u
s
ed
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
th
is
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
an
d
th
e
d
is
cr
ete
s
y
s
tem
was
r
u
n
n
in
g
at
a
s
am
p
le
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
5
0
0
k
Hz.
(
)
=
⋅
2
+
6318
.
2
⋅
+
5
5
1
2
4
0
1
3
8
2
+
1
8
95
4
6
⋅
=
0
.
534
(
9
)
(
)
=
0
.
452
2
−
0
.
8
97
3
+
0
.
4463
2
−
1
.
681
+
0
.
6813
(
1
0
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
o
o
t lo
cu
s
o
f
a
li
n
ea
r
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
o
o
t lo
cu
s
o
f
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
s
y
s
tem
with
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
mp
leme
n
tin
g
fu
z
z
y
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
F
P
GA
(
V
.
R
a
d
h
ika
)
661
5.
F
P
G
A
B
ASE
D
CO
NT
RO
L
O
F
DC
-
DC
CO
NVER
T
E
R
S
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cies o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
o
les,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l lo
o
p
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
m
u
s
t m
ee
t a
m
i
n
im
u
m
o
f
4
0
0
k
Hz.
C
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
u
ch
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies.
Ho
wev
er
,
FP
GA
i
s
an
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
th
a
t
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
d
esig
n
a
co
n
tr
o
l
al
g
o
r
ith
m
at
s
u
ch
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies.
FP
GA
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
o
wer
a
n
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
s
atis
f
y
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
em
an
d
s
.
I
t
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
th
at,
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
s
am
p
le,
th
e
tim
e
s
p
en
t
o
n
all
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
in
s
id
e
th
e
s
er
ies
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
u
r
p
ass
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tim
e.
An
FP
GA
f
r
o
m
Xilin
x
'
s
Sp
ar
tan
-
3
E
f
am
ily
with
co
r
e
3
S5
0
0
was
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
r
esear
c
h
[
2
]
.
T
o
m
ak
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
d
is
cr
ete
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
g
iv
en
in
(
8
)
co
m
p
atib
le
with
th
e
d
ig
ital
d
ev
ice
g
iv
e
n
in
(
1
1
)
,
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
a
d
is
cr
ete
d
if
f
er
en
tial
eq
u
atio
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
g
u
ar
a
n
tees
th
e
s
m
o
o
th
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
with
th
e
FP
GA
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
an
d
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
(
)
=
1
.
681
⋅
(
−
1
)
−
0
.
6813
⋅
(
−
2
)
+
0
.
452
⋅
(
)
−
0
.
8973
⋅
(
−
1
)
+
0
.
4463
⋅
(
−
2
)
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
eq
u
atio
n
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
all
p
r
o
d
u
cts
;
h
en
ce
,
ea
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ct
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
ef
o
r
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
alu
e
[1
8
]
.
M
u
ltip
lier
s
f
o
r
e
ac
h
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ca
n
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
th
is
.
T
h
e
p
er
io
d
o
f
th
e
s
u
m
,
o
r
o
n
e
clo
ck
p
u
l
s
e,
co
in
cid
es
with
th
e
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
tim
e.
T
h
u
s
,
ju
s
t
two
clo
ck
p
u
ls
es
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
its
d
if
f
er
en
tial
f
o
r
m
.
I
n
l
o
w
-
lev
el
d
ig
ital
cir
c
u
its
,
s
h
if
tin
g
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
elay
in
g
all
in
p
u
t
s
an
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
u
n
til
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
clo
c
k
p
u
ls
e,
wh
e
n
t
h
e
s
u
m
is
ca
lcu
lated
.
Ma
in
tain
in
g
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
is
a
p
r
o
b
lem
in
in
te
g
er
ar
ith
m
etic,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
g
iv
e
n
th
e
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
o
les.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
th
is
an
d
g
u
ar
an
tee
en
o
u
g
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
all
co
e
f
f
icie
n
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
ca
led
u
p
to
a
h
ig
h
e
r
f
ac
to
r
.
An
alter
n
ativ
e
is
to
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
f
lo
atin
g
-
p
o
in
t
u
n
it
(
FP
U)
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
FP
U
n
ee
d
s
m
o
r
e
clo
ck
p
u
ls
es
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
u
s
es
m
o
r
e
d
i
g
ital
elem
en
ts
th
an
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
elay
s
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
AD/DA
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
b
etwe
en
f
l
o
atin
g
-
p
o
in
t
an
d
in
teg
e
r
v
al
u
es,
wh
ich
u
s
e
m
o
r
e
clo
c
k
p
u
ls
es.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
h
o
w
d
if
f
icu
lt
it
is
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
r
ec
i
s
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
at
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies in
d
ig
ital sy
s
tem
s
wh
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
s
ag
e.
6.
P
ARAL
L
E
L
T
A
SK
S I
M
P
L
E
M
E
N
T
E
D
O
N
F
P
G
A
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
is
ju
s
t
o
n
e
o
f
s
ev
er
al
task
s
th
at
th
e
FP
GA
m
u
s
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
ese
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
in
clu
d
e
PW
M
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
co
m
m
a
n
d
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
,
h
ig
h
s
am
p
le
r
ate
d
i
g
ital
f
ilter
in
g
o
f
b
o
th
ch
an
n
els,
h
ig
h
s
am
p
le
r
ate
ch
an
n
el
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
an
d
s
er
i
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
[
10
]
,
[1
1
]
.
E
ac
h
o
f
t
h
e
task
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
ex
ec
u
tes r
ap
i
d
ly
an
d
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
f
ilter
s
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
as
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
an
d
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
s
im
ilar
ly
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
f
ilter
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
h
o
wev
er
,
ty
p
ically
h
a
v
e
a
h
ig
h
er
o
r
d
er
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
f
ilter
s
'
f
o
u
r
th
-
o
r
d
er
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
wh
ich
a
r
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
p
ee
d
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
ese
f
ilter
s
r
em
o
v
e
n
o
is
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
witch
in
g
.
Data
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
is
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
alo
n
g
t
h
e
en
tire
ch
ain
,
f
r
o
m
ca
p
tu
r
e
to
co
n
t
r
o
l.
Fo
r
th
is
task
,
th
e
r
e
lativ
e
d
ig
ital
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
A
D
co
n
v
e
r
ter
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
to
p
h
y
s
ical
v
alu
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
s
er
ially
with
th
e
c
o
m
p
u
ter
ar
e
cr
u
cial
task
s
[
20
]
,
[2
1
].
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
,
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
s
am
p
les
ca
n
b
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
,
s
en
t
to
a
co
m
p
u
ter
,
an
d
p
lo
tted
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
am
in
atio
n
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies g
u
ar
an
tee
ac
cu
r
ate
d
ata
g
ath
er
in
g
,
f
ilter
in
g
,
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
ex
ter
n
al
d
e
v
ices
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
FP
GA
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
ask
s
r
u
n
n
in
g
in
p
ar
allel
o
n
FP
GA
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
6
5
6
-
665
662
7.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
RE
SUL
T
S
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
was
test
ed
b
y
tu
r
n
i
n
g
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
b
r
a
n
ch
es
o
f
l
o
ad
elem
en
ts
.
Fiv
e
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
was
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
ch
an
g
e.
A
g
r
a
p
h
ical
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
GUI
)
was
cr
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
L
ab
VI
E
W
s
o
f
t
war
e
to
r
ec
o
r
d
an
d
v
is
u
alize
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
g
r
a
p
h
a
n
d
m
o
d
if
y
v
ar
io
u
s
FP
GA
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
an
"u
n
k
n
o
wn
"
lo
ad
b
e
ca
u
s
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
d
esig
n
d
i
d
n
o
t
in
clu
d
e
th
e
lo
ad
m
o
d
el.
T
wo
d
is
tin
ct
lo
ad
s
wer
e
d
y
n
am
ically
s
witch
ed
b
etwe
en
b
y
th
e
f
u
zz
y
co
n
t
r
o
ller
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
T
h
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
e
r
ated
at
its
b
est
u
n
d
er
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
th
an
k
s
to
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
ju
s
t to
c
h
an
g
es in
t
h
e
lo
ad
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
[
2
2
]
,
[2
3
].
On
ly
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
b
r
an
c
h
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
'
s
elem
en
t
—
wh
ich
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
a
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
lo
ad
—
w
as
alter
ed
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ex
p
er
im
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ea
d
in
g
s
th
at
th
e
F
PGA
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
u
te
r
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
es
o
f
th
e
r
eg
u
lated
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
y
s
tem
s
d
if
f
er
n
o
ticea
b
ly
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
er
.
Giv
en
th
at
s
tatic
er
r
o
r
h
as
b
ee
n
to
tally
er
ad
icate
d
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
er
s
h
o
o
t
h
as
b
ee
n
m
u
ch
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
,
it
is
clea
r
th
at
b
o
th
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
atis
f
ied
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
o
i
n
t
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ex
p
er
im
en
t
in
v
o
lv
ed
tu
r
n
in
g
t
h
e
f
u
ll
lo
ad
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t d
ata
m
ad
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ex
p
er
im
en
t a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Similar
g
ain
s
ar
e
n
o
ted
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
elim
in
atio
n
o
f
s
tatic
f
au
lts
an
d
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
h
o
o
t [
2
6
].
Ho
wev
er
,
in
th
e
r
eg
u
lated
s
y
s
tem
,
th
er
e
ar
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
o
s
cillatio
n
s
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
s
h
o
r
tly
af
ter
t
h
e
lo
ad
is
s
witch
ed
o
n
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
t
h
e
r
eg
u
lated
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
'
s
lo
w
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
1
%
ad
d
s
to
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
lled
s
y
s
tem
'
s
in
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
well
th
e
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
e
d
u
ce
s
s
tatic
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
er
s
h
o
o
t
wh
ile
also
p
o
in
tin
g
o
u
t a
r
ea
s
th
at
n
ee
d
m
o
r
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t to
h
a
n
d
le
tr
a
n
s
ien
t in
s
tab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
o
p
er
ates
at
1
0
0
0
MH
z,
wh
i
ch
is
1
0
0
tim
es
s
m
aller
th
a
n
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
1
0
0
MH
z
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
.
T
h
e
P
W
M
s
ig
n
al
'
s
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
wh
ich
is
1
/1
0
0
th
o
r
1
%
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
r
atio
,
is
lik
ewise
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
th
is
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
if
f
er
en
ce
.
C
h
an
g
in
g
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
r
atio
b
y
±
1
%
ca
u
s
es
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
to
ch
an
g
e
b
y
ab
o
u
t
±
2
5
0
m
V
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
at
its
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
o
in
t.
Nev
er
t
h
eless
,
th
e
f
u
zz
y
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
y
s
te
m
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
th
ese
n
o
ta
b
le
am
p
litu
d
e
s
tep
s
.
T
h
is
is
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
way
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
es
as
a
f
ilter
.
Hig
h
er
d
y
n
am
ics
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
th
e
n
o
is
e
in
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
is
s
en
t to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
p
u
t th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
PW
M
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
r
atio
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
n
o
is
e
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ef
f
icien
tl
y
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
s
lo
w
d
y
n
am
ics.
T
h
is
ef
f
icien
tly
f
ilter
s
o
u
t
th
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
n
o
i
s
e
s
in
ce
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
n
ly
"f
ee
ls
"
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
r
atio
in
PW
M.
I
n
th
e
f
u
zz
y
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
s
y
s
tem
,
th
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
s
m
o
o
th
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
la
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
FP
GA
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ig
i
tal
s
im
u
lato
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
mp
leme
n
tin
g
fu
z
z
y
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
F
P
GA
(
V
.
R
a
d
h
ika
)
663
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Switch
in
g
o
f
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lo
ad
b
r
an
ch
(
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
lo
a
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Switch
in
g
o
f
an
en
tir
e
lo
ad
at
o
n
ce
8.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
E
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
wer
e
is
s
u
e
s
with
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
r
atio
'
s
lo
w
r
eso
lu
tio
n
,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
'
r
esu
lt
s
wer
e
ju
d
g
ed
ad
e
q
u
ate.
Desig
n
in
g
an
ex
ter
n
al
an
alo
g
PW
M
m
o
d
u
lato
r
with
a
1
6
-
b
it DA
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
r
ec
is
ely
s
et
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
is
o
n
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
way
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
test
r
eso
lu
tio
n
with
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
m
ig
h
t
b
e
1
/1
6
3
8
4
,
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
eq
u
al
to
a
s
tep
s
ize
o
f
r
o
u
g
h
ly
1
.
5
m
V.
T
h
is
k
in
d
o
f
PW
M
r
eso
lu
tio
n
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
co
u
l
d
g
r
ea
tly
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
lled
s
y
s
tem
'
s
s
tab
ilit
y
.
B
o
th
tr
ials
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
th
eir
in
itial
g
o
als,
co
n
f
i
r
m
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
FP
GA
-
b
ased
p
a
r
allel
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
'
s
ex
p
ec
ted
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
th
e
ad
ju
s
tab
le
lo
ad
w
er
e
v
er
if
ied
.
Fu
r
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
th
e
s
u
b
ject
ca
n
b
e
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
ex
p
lo
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tin
g
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
k
in
d
s
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
o
f
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
s
in
g
s
u
ch
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
m
o
d
els.
Ov
er
all,
in
s
p
i
te
o
f
ea
r
ly
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
,
th
e
tr
ials
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
o
f
f
er
a
s
tr
o
n
g
b
asis
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
t
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
th
eir
u
s
e
in
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
Au
th
o
r
s
th
an
k
th
e
Ma
n
a
g
em
e
n
t,
Prin
cip
al
o
f
Sri
R
am
ak
r
is
h
n
a
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
C
o
lleg
e,
C
o
im
b
ato
r
e
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t th
is
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
6
5
6
-
665
664
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
No
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
e
d
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t th
e
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
V.
R
ad
h
ik
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Kar
u
p
p
an
n
an
Srin
iv
asan
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
.
Kir
u
b
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
th
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
c
o
n
f
lict o
f
i
n
ter
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
D
a
t
a
a
v
a
il
a
b
i
li
t
y
is
n
o
t
a
p
p
l
i
ca
b
l
e
t
o
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
a
s
n
o
n
e
w
d
at
a
w
e
r
e
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
o
r
a
n
al
y
z
e
d
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
U
.
S
a
d
e
k
,
A
.
S
a
r
j
a
š
,
R
.
S
v
e
č
k
o
,
a
n
d
A
.
C
h
o
w
d
h
u
r
y
,
“
F
P
G
A
-
b
a
s
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
a
D
C
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
F
A
C
-
Pa
p
e
rsO
n
L
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
2
–
2
7
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
f
a
c
o
l
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
8
.
1
0
2
.
[
2
]
X
i
l
i
n
x
I
n
c
.
,
“
S
p
a
r
t
a
n
‑
3
E
F
P
G
A
F
a
mi
l
y
:
D
a
t
a
S
h
e
e
t
(
D
S
3
1
2
‑
1
,
v
3
.
8
)
,
”
A
u
g
.
2
6
,
2
0
0
9
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
b
r
o
w
n
.
e
d
u
/
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
s
/
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
/
C
o
u
r
s
e
s/
En
1
6
3
/
x
c
3
E_
f
a
mi
l
y
d
s
3
1
2
.
p
d
f
.
[
3
]
M
.
Z
a
ma
n
i
,
A
.
A
g
h
a
i
e
,
A
.
Z
a
ma
n
i
,
R
.
Ta
r
i
,
M
.
A
b
a
r
z
a
d
e
h
,
a
n
d
S
.
H
.
H
o
ss
e
i
n
i
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
n
o
n
i
so
l
a
t
e
d
h
i
g
h
st
e
p
-
u
p
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
4
0
1
6
9
9
6
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
5
/
2
0
2
3
/
4
0
1
6
9
9
6
.
[
4
]
M
.
Y
.
B
o
t
e
-
V
a
z
q
u
e
z
,
J.
R
a
m
i
r
e
z
-
H
e
r
n
a
n
d
e
z
,
L.
H
e
r
n
a
n
d
e
z
-
G
o
n
z
a
l
e
z
,
E
.
D
.
D
e
l
g
a
d
o
-
P
i
ñ
a
,
a
n
d
O
.
U
.
Ju
a
r
e
z
-
S
a
n
d
o
v
a
l
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
-
b
a
s
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
i
n
a
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
si
n
g
a
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
m
o
d
e
l
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
2
I
EE
E
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
A
u
t
u
m
n
Me
e
t
i
n
g
o
n
Po
w
e
r
,
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
(
RO
PEC
)
,
I
EEE,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
–
6,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
R
O
P
E
C
5
5
8
3
6
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
1
8
6
4
9
.
[
5
]
J.
G
u
r
r
a
m,
N
.
S
.
B
a
b
u
,
a
n
d
G
.
N
.
S
r
i
n
i
v
a
s
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
b
a
s
e
d
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
m
e
r
l
e
s
s
P
V
sy
st
e
m,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
ri
v
e
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
6
–
1
2
5
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
e
d
s
.
v
1
3
.
i
2
.
p
p
1
2
4
6
-
1
2
5
4
.
[
6
]
I
.
S
.
M
o
h
a
me
d
,
S
.
R
o
v
e
t
t
a
,
T
.
D
.
D
o
,
T.
D
r
a
g
i
c
e
v
i
c
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
.
Z.
D
i
a
b
,
“
A
n
e
u
r
a
l
-
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
-
b
a
se
d
m
o
d
e
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
a
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
L
C
f
i
l
t
e
r
,
”
I
EE
E
A
c
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
7
3
7
–
1
2
4
7
4
9
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
9
3
8
2
2
0
.
[
7
]
B
.
K
a
r
a
n
a
y
i
l
a
n
d
M
.
F
.
R
a
h
ma
n
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
d
r
i
v
e
s,
”
i
n
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
H
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
,
E
l
s
e
v
i
e
r
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
5
–
1
2
6
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
B
9
7
8
-
0
-
12
-
8
1
1
4
0
7
-
0
.
0
0
0
4
1
-
6.
[
8
]
G
.
M
a
t
h
e
s
h
a
n
d
R
.
S
a
r
a
v
a
n
a
k
u
mar,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
-
b
a
se
d
p
o
w
e
r
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
i
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
f
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
,
”
I
EEE
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
7
8
4
9
–
1
3
7
8
6
5
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
3
.
3
3
3
9
2
4
9
.
[
9
]
P
.
Li
,
R
.
Li
,
S
.
C
a
i
,
a
n
d
Y
.
H
o
n
g
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
me
d
i
a
t
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
o
t
a
l
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
d
i
st
o
r
t
i
o
n
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
w
o
-
st
a
g
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
u
n
d
e
r
mo
d
e
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
sc
h
e
m
e
v
i
a
o
b
ser
v
e
r
s,
”
I
E
EE
A
c
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
1
9
.
2
9
1
2
1
6
0
.
[
10
]
A
.
B
a
k
e
e
r
,
I
.
S
.
M
o
h
a
me
d
,
P
.
B
.
M
a
l
i
d
a
r
r
e
h
,
I
.
H
a
t
t
a
b
i
,
a
n
d
L.
Li
u
,
“
A
n
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
-
b
a
s
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
se
f
l
y
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
mu
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
EE
E
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
7
0
3
0
5
–
7
0
3
1
6
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
2
.
3
1
8
7
9
9
6
.
[1
1
]
G
.
H
e
,
S
.
Z
h
e
n
g
,
Y
.
D
o
n
g
,
G
.
L
i
,
a
n
d
W
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
u
n
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
b
l
e
p
o
w
e
r
su
p
p
l
y
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
e
x
t
e
n
d
e
d
-
s
t
a
t
e
o
b
ser
v
e
r
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
5
,
p
.
5
4
8
9
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
5
1
5
5
4
8
9
.
[1
2
]
I
.
S
.
M
o
h
a
me
d
,
S
.
A
.
Za
i
d
,
M
.
F
.
A
.
El
y
a
z
e
e
d
,
a
n
d
H
.
M
.
E
l
sa
y
e
d
,
“
I
mp
r
o
v
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
p
u
t
L
C
f
i
l
t
e
r
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
,
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
7
1
–
3
7
9
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
0
4
/
I
JM
I
C
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
7
0
6
4
2
.
[1
3
]
S
.
Y
a
r
i
k
k
a
y
a
a
n
d
K
.
V
a
r
d
a
r
,
“
N
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
b
a
se
d
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
r
e
e
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
E
EE
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
7
1
5
5
–
2
7
1
6
7
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
3
.
3
2
5
8
6
7
9
.
[1
4
]
M
.
S
e
mas
a
,
T.
K
a
t
o
,
a
n
d
K
.
I
n
o
u
e
,
“
S
i
mp
l
e
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
t
i
me
d
e
l
a
y
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
t
i
o
n
me
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
a
n
L
C
L
f
i
l
t
e
r
,
”
I
EE
J
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
t
ry
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
5
4
–
4
6
1
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
4
1
/
i
e
e
j
j
i
a
.
7
.
4
5
4
.
[1
5
]
S
.
V
a
z
q
u
e
z
,
J.
R
o
d
r
i
g
u
e
z
,
M
.
R
i
v
e
r
a
,
L.
G
.
F
r
a
n
q
u
e
l
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
N
o
r
a
mb
u
e
n
a
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
d
r
i
v
e
s
:
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
t
r
e
n
d
s
,
”
I
E
EE
T
ra
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
ri
a
l
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
3
5
–
9
4
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
1
6
.
2
6
2
5
2
3
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
I
mp
leme
n
tin
g
fu
z
z
y
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
F
P
GA
(
V
.
R
a
d
h
ika
)
665
[1
6
]
M
.
N
o
v
a
k
a
n
d
T
.
D
r
a
g
i
c
e
v
i
c
,
“
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
se
d
i
mi
t
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
f
f
i
n
i
t
e
-
set
m
o
d
e
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
sy
s
t
e
ms
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
7
–
1
7
2
3
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
2
0
.
2
9
6
9
1
1
6
.
[1
7
]
A
.
A
.
S
.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
H
.
M
e
t
w
a
l
l
y
,
A
.
El
-
S
a
y
e
d
,
a
n
d
S
.
I
.
S
e
l
e
m,
“
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
b
a
s
e
d
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
P
V
s
y
st
e
ms s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
p
u
l
s
e
-
l
o
a
d
,
”
S
o
l
a
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
3
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
so
l
e
n
e
r
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
9
.
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
D
.
W
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
u
si
n
g
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
,
”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
6
8
9
–
3
6
9
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
2
1
.
3
0
7
6
7
2
1
.
[1
9
]
K
.
K
.
M
o
n
f
a
r
e
d
,
H
.
I
man
-
E
i
n
i
,
Y
.
N
e
y
s
h
a
b
o
u
r
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
Li
serr
e
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
w
i
t
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
c
o
m
mo
n
-
m
o
d
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
o
p
t
i
mal
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
f
o
r
n
e
s
t
e
d
n
e
u
t
r
a
l
p
o
i
n
t
c
l
a
mp
e
d
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
ri
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
7
–
3
8
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
2
3
.
3
3
2
3
0
6
8
.
[
20
]
T.
D
r
a
g
i
c
e
v
i
c
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
st
a
n
d
f
a
st
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
A
C
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
,
”
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
6
3
0
4
–
6
3
1
7
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TP
EL.
2
0
1
7
.
2
7
4
4
9
8
6
.
[2
1
]
J.
O
.
P
.
P
i
n
t
o
,
B
.
K
.
B
o
se,
L
.
E.
B
.
D
a
S
i
l
v
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
P
.
K
a
z
mi
e
r
k
o
w
sk
i
,
“
A
n
e
u
r
a
l
-
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
-
b
a
s
e
d
s
p
a
c
e
-
v
e
c
t
o
r
P
W
M
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
-
f
e
d
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
mo
t
o
r
d
r
i
v
e
,
”
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
ry
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
6
2
8
–
1
6
3
6
,
2
0
0
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
2
8
.
8
8
7
2
1
5
.
[2
2
]
B
.
K
a
n
o
u
n
i
,
A
.
E.
B
a
d
o
u
d
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
e
k
h
i
l
e
f
,
“
A
m
u
l
t
i
-
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
mo
d
e
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
w
i
t
h
t
w
o
-
st
e
p
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
f
o
r
d
o
u
b
l
e
-
st
a
g
e
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
P
EM
F
C
sy
s
t
e
m
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
H
y
d
ro
g
e
n
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
6
8
5
–
2
7
0
7
,
Jan
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
h
y
d
e
n
e
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
.
1
8
2
.
[2
3
]
C.
-
S
.
S
h
i
e
h
,
“
A
n
F
P
G
A
b
a
s
e
d
sl
i
d
i
n
g
f
u
z
z
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
D
C
/
D
C
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
C
I
C
Ex
p
ress
L
e
t
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
4
]
S
.
D
a
s Gan
g
u
l
a
,
T
.
K
.
N
i
z
a
mi
,
R
.
R
.
U
d
u
m
u
l
a
,
A
.
C
h
a
k
r
a
v
a
r
t
y
,
a
n
d
P
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
“
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
D
C
–
D
C
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
Ex
p
e
r
t
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
w
i
t
h
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
9
,
p
.
1
2
0
3
6
2
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
sw
a
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
2
0
3
6
2
.
[2
5
]
H
.
S
.
K
h
a
n
,
I
.
S
.
M
o
h
a
me
d
,
K
.
K
a
u
h
a
n
i
e
m
i
,
a
n
d
L
.
Li
u
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
-
b
a
s
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
D
C
/
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
D
C
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
i
n
2
0
2
1
6
t
h
I
EEE
Wo
r
k
sh
o
p
o
n
t
h
e
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
G
ri
d
(
e
G
RI
D
)
,
I
EEE,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
e
G
R
I
D
5
2
7
9
3
.
2
0
2
1
.
9
6
6
2
1
3
2
.
[2
6
]
C.
-
F
.
H
s
u
,
I
.
-
F
.
C
h
u
n
g
,
C
.
-
M
.
Li
n
,
a
n
d
C
.
-
Y
.
H
su
,
“
S
e
l
f
-
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
f
u
z
z
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
D
C
–
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
8
-
b
i
t
mi
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
”
I
ET
P
o
w
e
r E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
3
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
i
e
t
-
p
e
l
:
2
0
0
7
0
1
7
9
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
V.
Ra
d
h
ik
a
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
Do
c
to
ra
l
De
g
re
e
i
n
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
i
n
An
n
a
Un
i
v
e
rsity
Ch
e
n
n
a
i
d
u
ri
n
g
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
7
.
P
re
se
n
tl
y
,
s
h
e
is
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
s
As
so
c
iate
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Bi
o
m
e
d
ica
l
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
t
S
ri
Ra
m
a
k
rish
n
a
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
Co
imb
a
to
re
.
He
r
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
VLS
I
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
s
y
ste
m
s
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
2
0
re
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
,
2
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
,
1
5
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
th
re
e
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ters
.
S
h
e
wa
s
a
li
fe
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IS
TE
,
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
I
S
OI
,
a
n
d
IEE
E.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ra
d
h
ik
a
.
se
n
th
il
@s
re
c
.
a
c
.
in
.
K
a
r
u
p
p
a
n
n
a
n
S
r
in
i
v
a
sa
n
c
o
m
p
lete
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
An
n
a
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i
in
2
0
1
2
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
fa
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
t
rica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
.
He
h
a
s
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
t
h
e
field
o
f
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
in
str
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
a
n
d
ima
g
e
a
n
d
v
i
d
e
o
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
.
He
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
3
0
tec
h
n
ica
l
p
a
p
e
rs
in
re
fe
re
e
d
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
l
s
a
m
o
n
g
wh
ic
h
1
0
p
a
p
e
rs
a
re
l
isted
i
n
t
h
e
A
n
n
a
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
Ch
e
n
n
a
i
we
b
site
a
n
d
a
lso
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
2
p
a
p
e
rs
in
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
ls,
1
5
i
n
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s,
a
n
d
1
1
i
n
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
He
p
u
b
li
s
h
e
d
a
b
o
o
k
ti
tl
e
d
Dig
it
a
l
Im
a
g
e
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
b
y
S
a
i
P
u
b
li
s
h
e
rs
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i.
Also
,
h
e
h
o
l
d
s
m
e
m
b
e
rsh
i
p
o
f
m
a
n
y
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
b
o
d
ies
su
c
h
a
s IE
EE
,
IE,
I
S
TE
,
I
ET
E
,
a
n
d
IS
OI.
H
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
o
d
-
e
ie@
sre
c
.
a
c
.
in
.
R.
K
irub
a
h
a
s
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
g
ra
d
u
a
ti
o
n
fro
m
Ba
n
n
a
ri
Am
m
a
n
In
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
2
0
1
1
a
n
d
M
a
ste
rs
in
C
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
In
str
u
m
e
n
tati
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Ko
n
g
u
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
ll
e
g
e
in
2
0
1
3
a
n
d
p
u
rs
u
in
g
P
h
.
D
.
i
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
d
e
sig
n
,
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
.
S
h
e
sta
rted
h
e
r
tea
c
h
in
g
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
i
n
th
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
1
3
a
s
a
n
As
sista
n
t
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
I
n
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Dr.
M
a
h
a
li
n
g
a
m
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
jo
i
n
e
d
a
s
As
sista
n
t
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
i
n
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
I
n
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
S
NS
C
o
ll
e
g
e
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Co
imb
a
t
o
re
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
wo
r
k
in
g
a
s
As
sista
n
t
P
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
i
n
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
I
n
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
S
ri
Ra
m
a
k
rish
n
a
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
ll
e
g
e
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
5
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
i
n
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
.
He
r
a
re
a
s
o
f
sp
e
c
ializa
ti
o
n
a
re
p
ro
c
e
ss
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
in
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
,
a
n
d
sy
ste
m
id
e
n
ti
fica
t
io
n
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
l
ish
e
d
re
s
e
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
b
o
t
h
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
.
He
r
c
it
a
ti
o
n
in
d
e
x
in
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
is
1
0
,
a
n
d
h
e
r
H
-
i
n
d
e
x
is
2
.
S
h
e
is
a
li
fe
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
I
n
d
ian
S
o
c
iety
fo
r
Te
c
h
n
ica
l
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
In
str
u
m
e
n
t
S
o
c
iet
y
o
f
I
n
d
ia.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
k
iru
b
a
.
r@s
re
c
.
a
c
.
in
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.