I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
7
61
~
7
72
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
14
.
i
3
.
pp
7
61
-
7
72
761
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
a
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Im
pulse buy
ing
b
eha
v
io
r in
mo
bile
com
merce:
a
pa
r
tial lea
st
squa
res struc
tura
l equatio
n mo
deli
ng
a
na
ly
sis
H
er
y
,
Winn
ie
Ver
o
nica
,
And
re
e
E
.
Widja
j
a
,
Ca
la
nd
ra
Alencia
H
a
ry
a
ni,
Ris
wa
n E
.
T
a
rig
a
n
D
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p
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r
t
me
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o
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I
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a
t
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o
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y
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ms,
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n
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v
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si
t
a
s
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l
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t
a
H
a
r
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p
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n
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nfo
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RAC
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r
ticle
his
to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
No
v
2
2
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Ma
y
1
3
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
n
8
,
2
0
2
5
Eff
icie
n
t
o
n
li
n
e
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
n
o
w
th
riv
e
t
h
ro
u
g
h
we
b
sites
(e
-
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
)
a
n
d
m
o
b
il
e
a
p
p
s
(m
-
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
).
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th
th
e
g
ro
wt
h
o
f
m
-
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
,
m
a
rk
e
ters
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im
to
b
o
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st
p
r
o
fit
s
b
y
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
in
g
imp
u
lsiv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
io
r.
Th
is
st
u
d
y
in
v
e
stig
a
tes
fa
c
to
rs i
n
fl
u
e
n
c
in
g
o
n
li
n
e
im
p
u
lse
b
u
y
in
g
(OIB) i
n
m
-
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
b
y
a
n
a
ly
z
i
n
g
k
e
y
v
a
riab
les
.
Da
ta
we
re
g
a
th
e
re
d
v
ia
q
u
e
sti
o
n
n
a
ires
fro
m
4
4
9
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
c
o
n
su
m
e
rs
wh
o
h
a
d
m
a
d
e
d
ig
it
a
l
p
a
y
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
imp
u
lsi
v
e
p
u
rc
h
a
se
s
u
si
n
g
sm
a
rtp
h
o
n
e
s.
T
h
e
fra
m
e
wo
rk
i
n
c
lu
d
e
s
sa
les
p
r
o
m
o
ti
o
n
(S
P
),
a
tt
ra
c
ti
v
e
a
d
v
e
rti
sin
g
(EA),
a
n
d
m
o
b
il
e
d
i
g
it
a
l
p
a
y
m
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
s
(M
DPS
)
a
s
situ
a
ti
o
n
a
l
fa
c
to
rs;
h
e
d
o
n
ic
sh
o
p
p
in
g
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
(HS
M
)
a
s
a
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
a
l
fa
c
to
r;
a
n
d
imp
u
lsi
v
e
n
e
ss
(I)
a
n
d
sm
a
rtp
h
o
n
e
a
d
d
ictio
n
(
S
A)
a
s
p
e
rso
n
a
l
traits.
An
a
ly
sis
u
se
d
p
a
rti
a
l
lea
st
sq
u
a
re
s
stru
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
in
g
(
P
LS
-
S
EM
)
,
wi
th
g
e
n
d
e
r,
i
n
c
o
m
e
,
a
n
d
sm
a
rtp
h
o
n
e
u
sa
g
e
ti
m
e
a
s
c
o
n
tro
l
v
a
riab
les
.
Re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
t
h
a
t
EA,
M
DP
S
,
H
S
M
,
I,
a
n
d
S
A
si
g
n
ifi
c
a
n
tl
y
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
OIB,
wh
il
e
S
P
d
o
e
s
n
o
t.
F
o
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
se
g
m
e
n
tatio
n
,
t
-
d
istri
b
u
ted
sto
c
h
a
stic
ne
ig
h
b
o
r
e
m
b
e
d
d
in
g
(
t
-
S
NE
)
o
u
tp
e
rf
o
rm
e
d
IS
Om
a
p
a
n
d
p
ri
n
c
ip
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
n
a
ly
sis
(
P
CA
)
,
a
c
h
iev
in
g
a
silh
o
u
e
tt
e
sc
o
re
o
f
0
.
7
2
.
A
p
a
ired
t
-
tes
t
(p
<
0
.
0
1
)
c
o
n
firme
d
t
-
S
NE’s
su
p
e
ri
o
r
c
l
u
ste
rin
g
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
.
T
h
e
se
fin
d
i
n
g
s
re
v
e
a
l
t
h
a
t
t
-
S
NE
b
e
tt
e
r
c
a
p
tu
re
s
c
o
n
su
m
e
r
se
g
m
e
n
tati
o
n
p
a
tt
e
rn
s,
h
e
lp
i
n
g
b
u
sin
e
ss
e
s
re
fin
e
m
a
rk
e
ti
n
g
stra
teg
ies
a
n
d
d
e
e
p
e
n
th
e
ir
u
n
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
d
ri
v
e
rs
b
e
h
in
d
im
p
u
lsi
v
e
m
-
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
p
u
rc
h
a
se
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
n
ticin
g
ad
v
e
r
tis
em
en
t
I
m
p
u
ls
iv
ity
M
-
co
m
m
er
ce
O
n
lin
e
im
p
u
ls
e
b
u
y
in
g
Sm
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
a
d
d
ictio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Her
y
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Sy
s
tem
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Pel
ita
Har
ap
an
St.
M.
H.
T
h
am
r
in
B
o
u
le
v
ar
d
No
.
1
1
0
0
L
ip
p
o
Kar
awa
ci
,
T
a
n
g
er
an
g
1
5
8
1
1
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: h
er
y
.
f
ik
@
u
p
h
.
ed
u
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mo
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
(
m
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
)
is
th
e
latest
tr
en
d
th
at
s
i
m
p
lifie
s
o
n
lin
e
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
with
ju
s
t
a
to
u
ch
o
f
a
f
i
n
g
er
[
1
]
.
I
t
r
e
f
er
s
to
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
o
r
s
er
v
ic
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
th
at
b
u
s
in
ess
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
m
er
cial
ac
tiv
ities
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
[
2
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ca
n
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
co
m
p
ar
e
b
r
an
d
s
,
a
n
d
m
ak
e
in
s
tan
t
p
u
r
ch
ases
v
ia
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
[
3
]
.
T
h
ese
p
latf
o
r
m
s
en
h
a
n
ce
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
b
y
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
co
m
p
etitiv
e
p
r
icin
g
,
s
ea
m
less
d
ig
ital
p
ay
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
ad
v
er
tis
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
t
o
en
co
u
r
ag
e
im
p
u
l
s
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
.
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
with
h
ig
h
im
p
u
ls
iv
ity
ten
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
m
o
tiv
ate
d
b
y
im
m
ed
iate
r
ewa
r
d
s
r
ath
er
th
a
n
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
[
4
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
a
d
o
p
tio
n
h
as
s
u
r
g
ed
.
I
n
2
0
2
0
,
7
6
%
o
f
in
ter
n
et
u
s
er
s
m
ad
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
v
ia
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
o
n
ly
3
7
%
u
s
in
g
d
esk
to
p
s
o
r
lap
to
p
s
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
ac
ce
ler
a
ted
in
2
0
2
0
,
wh
e
n
8
0
%
o
f
in
ter
n
et
u
s
er
s
en
g
ag
ed
i
n
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
-
b
ased
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
c
e
u
s
er
s
ar
e
s
h
if
tin
g
to
war
d
s
m
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
b
u
t
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
em
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
h
as
ch
an
g
ed
th
e
way
p
eo
p
le
s
h
o
p
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
to
d
ig
i
tal
[
6
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
ten
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
7
61
-
7
72
762
en
g
ag
es
in
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
[
7
]
.
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
m
ak
e
im
m
ed
i
ate
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
eit
h
er
d
o
n
o
t
p
lan
to
p
u
r
ch
ase
in
ad
v
a
n
ce
o
r
lack
a
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
p
lan
f
o
r
th
eir
p
u
r
ch
ases
[
8
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ten
d
to
f
o
llo
w
th
eir
f
ee
lin
g
s
wh
en
th
e
y
wan
t to
b
u
y
d
esire
d
item
s
o
r
a
r
e
s
im
p
ly
attr
ac
ted
to
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
r
o
d
u
cts
[
9
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
in
d
ig
ital
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Me
i
et
a
l
.
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
h
o
w
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ic
al
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
d
r
i
v
e
im
p
u
ls
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
[
4
]
.
W
id
ag
d
o
an
d
R
o
z
id
en
tifie
d
web
s
ite
d
esig
n
a
n
d
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
as
k
ey
d
r
iv
er
s
in
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
im
p
u
l
s
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
[
1
0
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
L
ee
an
d
C
h
en
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
ad
v
e
r
tis
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
i
m
p
u
ls
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
[
1
1
]
.
Dig
ital
p
ay
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
als
o
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le.
Ya
n
g
et
a
l
.
d
is
co
v
er
ed
t
h
at
m
o
b
ile
p
ay
m
en
t
s
er
v
ices
en
h
an
ce
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
p
u
r
ch
ase
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
an
d
in
ce
n
tiv
es
[
1
2
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Ny
r
h
in
e
n
et
a
l
.
estab
lis
h
ed
a
lin
k
b
etwe
en
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
ad
d
ictio
n
(
SA)
an
d
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
f
o
s
ter
s
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
ten
d
en
cies
[
1
3
]
.
W
h
ile
p
ast
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
h
as
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
co
v
er
e
d
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
in
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
,
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
r
em
ain
li
m
ited
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
litt
le
atten
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
g
iv
en
to
m
o
b
ile
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
SA
an
d
d
ig
ital
p
ay
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
at
s
h
ap
e
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
o
n
li
n
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
ex
is
tin
g
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
h
a
s
lar
g
ely
r
elied
o
n
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
s
tatis
tica
l
m
o
d
els,
o
v
er
lo
o
k
in
g
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
clu
s
ter
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
t
-
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
to
ch
asti
c
n
eig
h
b
o
r
em
b
ed
d
in
g
(
t
-
SNE
)
f
o
r
s
eg
m
e
n
tin
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ad
d
r
ess
es
t
h
ese
g
ap
s
b
y
e
m
p
lo
y
i
n
g
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
to
an
aly
ze
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
o
n
lin
e
im
p
u
ls
e
b
u
y
in
g
(
OI
B
)
in
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
s
ales
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
(
SP
)
,
ad
v
er
tis
in
g
ap
p
ea
l,
m
o
b
ile
d
ig
ital
p
ay
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
MD
PS
)
,
h
ed
o
n
ic
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
(
HSM)
,
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
SA.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
t
-
SNE
is
ap
p
lied
to
clu
s
ter
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
ll
o
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
k
ey
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
d
etailin
g
th
e
PLS
-
SEM
m
o
d
el
an
d
clu
s
ter
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Sectio
n
4
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
b
u
s
in
ess
es.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
co
n
clu
d
es
with
k
ey
tak
ea
way
s
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
r
ev
iews
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
r
elate
d
to
OI
B
,
SA
,
an
d
r
elate
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
th
eo
r
ies.
I
t
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
r
esear
c
h
g
ap
s
,
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
,
an
d
k
e
y
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
g
u
id
e
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
is
o
r
g
an
ized
in
to
s
ev
er
al
th
e
m
es to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
to
p
ic.
2
.
1
.
Dis
pa
rit
ies a
nd
i
nn
o
v
a
t
io
n
I
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
is
o
f
ten
ass
o
ciate
d
with
r
is
k
-
tak
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
a
n
d
v
ar
io
u
s
ad
d
ictiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
s
u
ch
as su
b
s
tan
ce
ab
u
s
e,
a
ten
d
en
cy
to
war
d
alco
h
o
l m
is
u
s
e
[
1
4
]
,
ad
d
ictiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
lik
e
g
am
b
lin
g
[
1
5
]
,
f
o
o
d
ad
d
ictio
n
[
1
6
]
,
s
m
o
k
in
g
ad
d
ic
tio
n
[
1
7
]
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
[
1
8
]
,
m
e
n
tal
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
an
tis
o
cial
p
er
s
o
n
ality
d
is
o
r
d
er
[
1
9
]
,
an
d
s
u
icid
e
[
2
0
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
e
is
v
er
y
litt
le
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
ese
ar
ch
th
at
d
is
cu
s
s
es
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
r
elatio
n
to
s
elf
-
c
o
n
tr
o
l
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
e,
k
n
o
wn
as
SA
.
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
b
tain
e
d
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
,
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
SA
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
s
tu
d
ied
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
en
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
SA
r
elate
d
to
OI
B
,
th
er
e
is
v
er
y
litt
le
r
esear
ch
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
last
th
r
ee
y
ea
r
s
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
an
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
o
n
lin
e
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
f
o
r
l
iter
atu
r
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
m
ar
k
etin
g
,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
will c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
g
a
p
.
2
.
2
.
M
o
bil
e
c
o
mm
er
ce
M
-
co
m
m
er
ce
is
a
s
u
b
-
ca
te
g
o
r
y
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
m
ar
t
p
h
o
n
e
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
.
M
-
co
m
m
er
ce
r
e
f
er
s
to
all
ac
tiv
ities
,
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
i
n
d
ir
ec
t,
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
f
i
n
an
cial
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
in
ter
n
et
n
etwo
r
k
s
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
W
ith
th
e
in
cr
e
asin
g
u
s
e
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
in
p
eo
p
le'
s
d
aily
liv
es,
m
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
h
ar
n
ess
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
wir
eless
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
u
c
h
as m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es,
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
i
g
ital
ass
is
tan
ts
(
PDAs
)
,
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
ac
ce
s
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
co
n
d
u
ct
tr
a
n
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
an
d
ex
p
a
n
d
th
e
r
ea
ch
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
u
s
er
s
an
y
tim
e
an
d
an
y
wh
er
e.
M
-
co
m
m
er
ce
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
s
eller
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
[
2
3
]
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
tly
,
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
h
as
en
c
o
m
p
ass
ed
n
ea
r
l
y
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
life
a
n
d
h
as
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
t
h
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
d
ig
ital p
u
r
c
h
asin
g
a
n
d
d
eliv
e
r
y
,
d
ig
ital
m
o
n
ey
tr
a
n
s
f
er
s
,
p
ay
m
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
m
o
b
il
e
b
an
k
in
g
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
an
k
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
h
as
m
ad
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
m
o
r
e
f
le
x
ib
le
in
th
eir
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
ac
tiv
iti
es,
cr
ea
tin
g
m
o
r
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
p
u
r
ch
ase
s
[
2
5
]
.
2
.
3
.
O
nli
ne
im
pu
ls
iv
e
bu
y
in
g
Sev
er
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
d
ef
i
n
e
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
as
in
v
o
lv
in
g
s
u
d
d
e
n
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
ac
tio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
b
u
y
e
r
s
ten
d
to
f
ee
l
co
m
p
elled
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
as
q
u
ick
ly
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
u
ls
e
to
m
ak
e
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
mp
u
ls
e
b
u
yin
g
b
eh
a
vio
r
in
m
o
b
ile
co
mme
r
ce
:
a
p
a
r
tia
l le
a
s
t sq
u
a
r
es st
r
u
ctu
r
a
l e
q
u
a
tio
n
mo
d
elin
g
…
(
Hery
)
763
p
u
r
ch
ase
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
o
n
ce
o
r
m
u
ltip
le
tim
es
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
.
T
y
p
ically
,
th
ese
p
u
r
ch
ases
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
s
tr
o
n
g
em
o
tio
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
d
o
m
in
atin
g
as
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
u
n
p
lan
n
ed
b
u
y
i
n
g
m
o
tiv
es
wh
er
e
th
e
b
u
y
er
d
id
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
p
r
io
r
in
te
n
tio
n
to
p
u
r
ch
ase
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
th
eir
d
ay
-
to
-
d
ay
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
with
th
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ten
d
to
p
r
ef
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
in
g
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
r
o
d
u
ct
im
m
ed
iately
r
ath
er
th
an
p
la
n
n
in
g
to
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
it
o
v
er
tim
e
to
m
ax
im
ize
lo
n
g
-
te
r
m
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
2
8
]
.
2
.
4
.
Rela
t
io
ns
hip
bet
wee
n v
a
ria
bles
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
o
r
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
y
b
etwe
en
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
r
q
u
an
ti
ties
u
s
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
as
s
ess
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
h
o
w
o
n
e
m
ay
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
r
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
a
n
o
th
er
.
Un
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
t
h
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
h
elp
s
to
ex
p
lain
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
OI
B
b
eh
av
io
r
i
n
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
.
SP
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
OI
B
.
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
ten
d
to
r
ea
ct
p
o
s
itiv
ely
wh
en
p
r
o
m
o
ti
o
n
al
o
f
f
er
s
alig
n
wit
h
th
eir
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
wh
en
th
e
y
ar
e
p
r
ice
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
o
r
en
c
o
u
n
te
r
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
d
is
co
u
n
ts
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
s
u
ch
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
s
ev
o
k
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
s
an
d
s
tim
u
late
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
p
u
r
ch
a
s
es
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2]
.
I
n
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
es
ian
co
n
tex
t,
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
d
is
c
o
u
n
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
ea
s
y
p
ay
m
en
t
o
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
tr
ig
g
er
s
f
o
r
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
[
3
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
also
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
th
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies
b
o
o
s
t
p
r
ice
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
s
ales
[
3
4
]
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
is
,
it
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H1
th
at
SP
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
OI
B
.
Ad
v
er
tis
in
g
r
em
ain
s
a
cr
itical
to
o
l
f
o
r
s
h
ap
in
g
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
e
n
h
an
cin
g
b
r
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
[
3
5
]
.
I
t
in
f
o
r
m
s
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
ab
o
u
t
p
r
o
d
u
ct
b
en
ef
its
,
av
ailab
il
ity
,
an
d
v
alu
e,
th
er
e
b
y
in
f
l
u
e
n
cin
g
b
o
th
attitu
d
e
an
d
p
u
r
c
h
asin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Stu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
ap
p
ea
lin
g
ad
v
er
tis
em
en
ts
m
o
tiv
ates
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
to
m
ak
e
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
p
u
r
c
h
ases
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
th
e
ad
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
b
en
ef
its
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
ev
id
en
t
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
wh
er
e
in
ter
n
et
-
f
ac
ilit
ated
ad
v
e
r
tis
em
en
ts
o
n
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
p
latf
o
r
m
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H2
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
at
e
n
ticin
g
ad
v
er
tis
em
en
t
(
E
A)
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
OI
B
.
T
h
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
p
a
y
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
h
as
m
ad
e
m
o
b
i
le
-
b
ased
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
m
o
r
e
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e,
lead
in
g
to
wid
esp
r
e
ad
ad
o
p
tio
n
[
1
2
]
.
Mo
b
ile
d
ig
ital
p
ay
m
e
n
ts
o
f
f
er
u
s
er
s
b
en
ef
its
s
u
ch
as
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
v
ia
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
[
3
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
al
r
ewa
r
d
s
lik
e
ca
s
h
b
ac
k
o
r
d
is
co
u
n
ts
lin
k
ed
to
d
i
g
ita
l
p
ay
m
en
ts
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
th
e
li
k
elih
o
o
d
o
f
im
p
u
ls
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
[
3
9
]
.
As
p
e
o
p
le
n
o
w
p
r
ef
er
s
ea
m
less
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
th
is
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
f
o
s
ter
s
ch
an
g
es
in
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
th
at
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
i
m
p
u
l
s
iv
e
o
r
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
p
en
d
in
g
.
Hen
ce
,
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
H3
s
tates
th
at
MD
PS
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
OI
B
.
HSM
,
d
r
iv
en
b
y
em
o
tio
n
al
a
n
d
s
en
s
o
r
y
p
leasu
r
e,
also
p
la
y
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
.
On
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
v
ia
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
e
n
jo
y
ab
le
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
d
r
awin
g
in
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
wh
o
s
ee
k
p
leasu
r
e
an
d
g
r
atif
icatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
[
4
0
]
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
estab
lis
h
ed
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
h
ed
o
n
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
,
esp
ec
i
ally
wh
en
t
h
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
in
v
o
lv
e
n
o
n
-
ess
en
tial
o
r
lu
x
u
r
y
item
s
[
4
1
]
.
As
em
o
tio
n
al
en
jo
y
m
en
t
b
ec
o
m
es
a
g
o
al,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
h
e
d
o
n
i
c
ten
d
en
cies
ar
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H4
,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
HSM
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
OI
B
.
I
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
its
elf
,
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
lo
w
s
elf
-
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
h
o
w
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
s
h
o
p
o
n
lin
e.
On
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
with
a
wid
e
ar
r
ay
o
f
ch
o
ices
an
d
in
s
tan
t
g
r
atif
icat
io
n
,
wh
ich
ca
ter
s
to
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
ten
d
en
cies
[
4
3
]
.
I
n
d
iv
i
d
u
als
with
h
ig
h
er
im
p
u
ls
iv
ity
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
ac
t
o
n
m
o
m
e
n
tar
y
d
esire
s
with
o
u
t
d
elib
er
ate
p
lan
n
in
g
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
Su
c
h
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
ten
d
en
cies,
esp
ec
ial
ly
wh
en
f
u
eled
b
y
em
o
tio
n
al
s
tates,
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
o
n
lin
e
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
ly
,
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
H5
p
r
o
p
o
s
es th
at
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
OI
B
.
SA
h
as
also
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
ed
as
a
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
to
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
W
ith
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
d
aily
life
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
s
o
cial
a
n
d
u
tili
tar
ian
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
u
s
er
s
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
e
asin
g
ly
r
elian
t
o
n
th
em
[
4
5
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
f
ac
ilit
ate
ea
s
e
in
m
an
y
task
s
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
u
s
ag
e
m
ay
lead
to
ad
d
ictio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
th
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
is
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
,
co
u
p
led
with
co
n
s
tan
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
an
d
tar
g
eted
m
ar
k
etin
g
,
d
im
i
n
is
h
es
s
elf
-
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
es
u
n
p
lan
n
ed
p
u
r
c
h
ases
[
1
3
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
Hen
ce
,
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H6
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
SA p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
OI
B
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
th
e
r
esear
c
h
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
r
ep
licab
le
a
n
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ically
s
o
u
n
d
,
d
ata
co
llectio
n
f
o
llo
wed
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
,
tar
g
etin
g
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
ian
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
en
g
a
g
ed
in
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
o
n
li
n
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
v
i
a
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
an
d
u
s
ed
d
ig
it
al
p
ay
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
s
u
ch
as
e
-
wallets
o
r
m
o
b
ile
b
an
k
in
g
.
A
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
o
n
l
in
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
,
y
ield
in
g
5
0
0
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
o
f
wh
ich
4
4
9
v
alid
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
r
etain
ed
af
ter
d
ata
clea
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
c
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
in
clu
d
e
d
6
7
.
9
%
f
em
ale
an
d
3
2
.
1
%
m
ale
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
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-
8
8
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4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
7
61
-
7
72
764
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
with
8
8
.
2
%
ag
e
d
b
etwe
en
1
7
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2
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y
ea
r
s
,
r
e
f
lectin
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a
r
elev
an
t
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
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g
co
n
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m
er
b
eh
av
io
r
in
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
b
ased
o
n
laten
t
s
tate
-
tr
ait
(
L
ST)
t
h
eo
r
y
,
wh
ich
p
o
s
tu
lates
th
at
h
u
m
an
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
b
o
t
h
s
itu
atio
n
al
(
s
tate)
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
(
t
r
ait)
f
ac
to
r
s
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
e
x
ter
n
al
s
tim
u
li,
s
u
ch
as
ad
v
er
tis
in
g
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
p
a
y
m
en
t,
in
te
r
ac
t
with
in
ter
n
al
p
r
ed
is
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
im
p
u
l
s
iv
ity
an
d
SA
,
u
ltima
tely
lead
i
n
g
to
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[
4
8
]
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
in
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
an
d
s
-
co
m
m
er
ce
[
4
9
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
s
itu
atio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
ca
n
am
p
lify
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
ten
d
e
n
cies
in
d
i
g
ital
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
y
e
t
lim
ited
r
ese
ar
ch
h
as
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
th
ese
d
y
n
am
ics
s
p
ec
if
ically
with
in
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
.
T
o
em
p
ir
ically
ex
am
i
n
e
t
h
ese
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
PLS
-
SEM
was
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
aly
tical
to
o
l
d
u
e
to
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
h
an
d
le
co
m
p
lex
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
ac
co
m
m
o
d
a
te
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
al
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
an
d
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ev
alu
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
PLS
-
SEM
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
llo
ws
th
ese
s
tep
s
:
o
u
ter
m
o
d
el
ev
alu
ati
o
n
,
in
n
e
r
m
o
d
el
ev
alu
atio
n
,
an
d
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
ch
ec
k
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
PLS
-
SEM
,
t
-
SN
E
was
im
p
lem
en
te
d
as
a
n
o
v
el
clu
s
ter
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
eg
m
en
t
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
b
ased
o
n
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ten
d
en
cies
r
ath
e
r
th
a
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
v
ar
iab
le
s
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
i
n
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
a
n
aly
s
is
(
PC
A)
an
d
I
SOm
ap
,
t
-
SNE
b
etter
p
r
ese
r
v
es
lo
ca
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
o
l
f
o
r
a
n
aly
zin
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
p
atter
n
s
.
T
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
was
v
alid
ated
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
s
ilh
o
u
ette
s
co
r
es,
wh
er
e
t
-
SNE
ac
h
iev
ed
0
.
7
2
,
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
I
SOm
ap
(
0
.
5
8
)
an
d
PC
A
(
0
.
4
9
)
.
A
p
air
ed
t
-
test
(
p
<0
.
0
1
)
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
th
e
s
tatis
tica
l sig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
t
-
S
NE
’
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
in
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
r
i
g
o
r
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
d
u
cted
m
u
ltip
le
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
ck
er
an
d
Hete
r
o
tr
a
it
-
Mo
n
o
tr
ait
r
ati
o
o
f
c
o
r
r
elati
o
n
s
(
HT
MT
)
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
,
as
we
ll
as
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA
)
f
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
in
g
.
E
th
ical
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
wer
e
u
p
h
eld
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
a
r
ticip
an
t
an
o
n
y
m
ity
a
n
d
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ataset
an
d
f
u
ll
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
d
etails
ar
e
av
ailab
le
u
p
o
n
r
e
q
u
est
to
allo
w
f
o
r
r
ep
licab
ilit
y
an
d
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
,
illu
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
s
tate,
tr
ait,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
SA
o
n
OI
B
,
with
g
en
d
er
,
in
co
m
e,
an
d
u
s
ag
e
tim
e
as c
o
n
tr
o
l v
a
r
iab
les.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
ab
o
v
e,
s
ev
er
al
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les,
n
am
ely
SP
,
E
A,
an
d
MD
PS
,
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
o
r
s
itu
atio
n
al
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
(
s
tates).
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
HSM
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
t
r
ait,
an
d
SA
is
s
ee
n
as
a
b
eh
a
v
io
r
th
at
p
o
s
itiv
ely
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
mp
u
ls
e
b
u
yin
g
b
eh
a
vio
r
in
m
o
b
ile
co
mme
r
ce
:
a
p
a
r
tia
l le
a
s
t sq
u
a
r
es st
r
u
ctu
r
a
l e
q
u
a
tio
n
mo
d
elin
g
…
(
Hery
)
765
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
OI
B
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
a
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
les.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
es g
e
n
d
er
,
in
co
m
e
,
an
d
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
ag
e
tim
e
(
h
o
u
r
s
)
as c
o
n
tr
o
l v
a
r
iab
les.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
item
s
wer
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
an
d
th
en
m
o
d
if
ied
t
o
b
etter
s
u
it
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
to
p
ic.
T
h
e
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
e
m
p
lo
y
s
two
c
ateg
o
r
ies,
wh
ich
a
r
e
a
7
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
with
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
lev
e
l
s
.
T
h
e
7
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
e
r
t
s
ca
le
f
o
r
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
le
v
els
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
1
-
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
to
7
-
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
an
d
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
on
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
ix
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les
an
d
OI
B
:
SP
,
E
A,
SA,
MD
PS
,
an
d
HSM.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
7
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
lev
els
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
1
-
n
ev
er
to
7
-
alwa
y
s
an
d
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
v
ar
iab
le,
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
with
th
e
1
5
-
item
B
ar
r
att
im
p
u
ls
iv
en
ess
s
ca
le
(
B
I
S
-
1
5
)
with
b
r
ief
q
u
esti
o
n
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Sp
i
n
ella
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
es
tio
n
n
air
e
u
n
d
e
r
wen
t
a
p
ilo
t
test
with
a
s
m
all
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
to
ass
e
s
s
clar
ity
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
v
alid
ity
b
ef
o
r
e
f
u
ll
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t.
T
h
e
f
in
al
in
s
t
r
u
m
en
t
was
r
e
f
in
ed
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
all
item
s
wer
e
clea
r
,
r
elev
an
t,
an
d
alig
n
ed
w
ith
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
p
o
ten
tial
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
ias,
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
r
a
n
d
o
m
ize
d
item
o
r
d
er
in
g
an
d
r
ev
e
r
s
e
-
co
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
elec
t
item
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
ig
itally
ad
m
i
n
is
ter
ed
,
m
ak
in
g
it
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
with
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Data
co
llectio
n
an
d
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ad
h
e
r
ed
t
o
eth
ical
g
u
id
elin
es,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t,
an
d
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
a
d
v
er
tis
in
g
ap
p
ea
l,
MD
PS
,
HSM,
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
SA
i
n
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
OI
B
with
in
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
.
W
h
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
ed
p
r
im
ar
ily
o
n
web
s
ite
d
esig
n
an
d
u
s
er
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
i
n
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
[
1
0
]
,
o
u
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
r
o
le
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cy
an
d
s
ea
m
less
m
o
b
ile
p
ay
m
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
s
in
s
h
ap
in
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
av
io
r
.
No
tab
ly
,
o
u
r
r
esu
lts
co
n
tr
ad
ict
t
h
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
SP
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
.
W
h
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
d
is
co
u
n
ts
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
s
tr
ig
g
er
s
p
o
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
p
u
r
ch
ases
[
1
1
]
,
o
u
r
r
esear
c
h
in
d
icate
s
th
at
in
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
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d
ea
s
e
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
p
lay
a
m
o
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
r
o
le
th
an
p
r
ice
-
b
ased
in
ce
n
tiv
es.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
1
2
]
,
wh
ic
h
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
ca
s
h
less
p
ay
m
en
t
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y
s
tem
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
e
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h
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ce
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ls
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p
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r
c
h
ases
th
r
o
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g
h
th
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r
f
r
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n
less
n
atu
r
e.
Similar
ly
,
a
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
1
3
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
h
o
w
SA
co
r
r
elate
s
with
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
o
u
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
th
at
SA
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t o
n
O
I
B
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
t
-
SNE
f
o
r
clu
s
ter
in
g
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n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
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f
f
e
r
s
a
n
o
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el
ap
p
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ac
h
f
o
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u
n
d
er
s
tan
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eg
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en
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atio
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.
C
o
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ar
e
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to
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SOm
ap
a
n
d
PC
A,
t
-
SNE
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em
o
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s
tr
ated
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u
p
er
io
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clu
s
ter
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g
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r
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s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
ca
n
e
x
p
an
d
o
n
t
h
is
tech
n
i
q
u
e
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
p
r
o
f
ilin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
d
ig
ital
m
ar
k
etin
g
.
T
h
e
s
ilh
o
u
ette
s
co
r
e
o
f
t
-
SNE
(
0
.
7
2
)
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
at
o
f
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SOm
ap
(
0
.
5
8
)
an
d
PC
A
(
0
.
4
9
)
,
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ci
n
g
its
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
eser
v
e
lo
ca
l
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
i
n
h
ig
h
-
d
im
en
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io
n
a
l
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
e
h
av
io
r
d
ata.
T
h
e
p
air
ed
t
-
test
(
p
<0
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0
1
)
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
ce
o
f
t
-
SNE'
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
b
o
th
ac
ad
em
ia
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
Ma
r
k
eter
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
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s
o
n
en
h
a
n
cin
g
ad
p
er
s
o
n
aliz
atio
n
r
ath
er
th
a
n
r
ely
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g
s
o
lely
o
n
d
is
co
u
n
t
-
b
ased
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
s
.
M
-
co
m
m
er
ce
p
latf
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r
m
s
ca
n
lev
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ag
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b
eh
a
v
io
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al
s
eg
m
en
tat
io
n
u
s
in
g
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
p
r
ed
ict
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
p
atter
n
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Data
co
llectio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
f
r
o
m
Octo
b
er
1
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
to
No
v
em
b
er
2
7
,
2
0
2
2
,
u
s
in
g
a
n
o
n
-
p
r
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b
a
b
ilit
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
n
ee
d
ed
in
th
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esear
ch
wer
e
in
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iv
id
u
als
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esid
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g
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
wh
o
h
av
e
m
ad
e
o
n
lin
e
d
ig
ital
p
a
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en
t
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th
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g
h
m
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co
m
m
er
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an
d
h
a
v
e
en
g
ag
ed
in
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B
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
(
m
-
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m
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er
ce
)
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Ou
t
o
f
th
e
5
0
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
a
r
ticip
ated
in
th
is
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,
5
1
r
esp
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n
d
en
ts
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e
d
ee
m
e
d
in
v
alid
an
d
r
em
o
v
ed
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
s
tatis
t
ics
o
f
th
e
4
4
9
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
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with
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lig
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ted
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ajo
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ity
o
f
r
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d
en
ts
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
at
o
p
ti
o
n
o
v
e
r
o
th
e
r
r
esp
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n
s
e
ch
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ice
s
.
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ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
4
4
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r
esp
o
n
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en
ts
,
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
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en
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er
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ic
h
is
3
0
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(
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7
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ar
e
f
e
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ale
s
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o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
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is
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ch
p
r
o
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id
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ab
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ig
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ts
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eg
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n
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er
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p
ar
ities
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im
p
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d
itio
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ally
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e
m
aj
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y
o
f
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atin
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r
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n
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en
ts
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e
a
g
ed
1
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to
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5
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ea
r
s
,
to
talin
g
3
9
6
r
esp
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n
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e
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ts
(
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8
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Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
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er
ce
n
ta
g
e
b
y
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
(
s
ee
APPENDI
X)
,
is
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
r
p
u
p
ils
,
with
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e
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p
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n
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en
ts
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Su
b
s
eq
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en
tly
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ased
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n
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o
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r
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e
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3
2
9
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h
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On
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ata
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PLS
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e
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d
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ar
tPLS
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er
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T
h
e
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e
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e
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ev
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al
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tep
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ter
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y
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r
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n
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HT
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eth
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s
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Af
ter
th
at,
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
ed
e
d
to
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
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-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
7
61
-
7
72
766
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
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(
in
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er
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l)
to
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o
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ltico
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ity
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er
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e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
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n
s
h
ip
s
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etwe
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o
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ess
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2
s
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o
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h
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ix
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wev
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e
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ig
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ted
in
r
e
d
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H1
)
,
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
t
h
r
ee
co
n
tr
o
l
v
a
r
iab
les,
n
am
ely
g
e
n
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er
,
in
c
o
m
e,
an
d
h
o
u
r
s
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
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o
n
e
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s
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e,
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k
ed
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,
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id
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t
y
ield
s
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n
if
ican
t
r
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lts
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ec
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s
e
th
e
v
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es
o
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tain
e
d
d
id
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t
r
e
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h
1
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6
in
t
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v
al
u
e
o
r
0
.
0
5
in
p
-
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
is
an
im
ag
e
o
f
th
e
p
ath
co
ef
f
ic
ien
t o
u
tp
u
t f
r
o
m
Sm
ar
tPLS 4
.
T
h
e
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t v
alu
es r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
-
1
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1
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p
ath
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e
f
f
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t v
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lu
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with
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t
h
e
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an
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f
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o
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icate
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ip
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ile
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g
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in
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icate
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a
n
eg
ativ
e
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el
atio
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s
h
ip
.
T
ab
le
2
.
PLS
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p
ath
a
n
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is
tab
le
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
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s
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a
t
h
P
a
t
h
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f
f
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t
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9
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t
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v
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l
f
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sq
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a
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V
I
F
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n
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e
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Lo
w
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l
i
m
i
t
U
p
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e
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mi
t
M
a
i
n
H1
SP
→
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I
B
0
.
0
8
7
1
.
4
6
6
0
.
1
4
3
-
0
.
0
3
6
0
.
2
0
0
0
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0
0
8
2
.
6
7
0
H2
EA
→
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I
B
0
.
1
6
6
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3
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2
5
8
0
.
0
0
1
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0
6
7
0
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2
6
6
0
.
0
3
1
2
.
6
4
4
H3
M
D
P
S
→
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I
B
0
.
1
0
9
*
2
.
3
8
5
0
.
0
1
7
0
.
0
1
6
0
.
1
9
6
0
.
0
2
4
1
.
4
8
9
H4
H
S
M
→
O
I
B
0
.
1
3
3
*
2
.
6
5
1
0
.
0
0
8
0
.
0
3
6
0
.
2
3
4
0
.
0
2
0
2
.
5
6
6
H5
I
→
O
I
B
0
.
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B
ased
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
p
at
h
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o
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t
h
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in
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m
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alls
with
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e
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o
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ch
ases
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B
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Ad
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cted
u
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SP
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ap
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o
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r
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n
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r
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l v
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clu
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,
in
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m
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,
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d
u
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ag
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h
o
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Fig
u
r
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2
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
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p
ath
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icien
t o
u
tp
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
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ests
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ab
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3
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1
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r
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ased
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th
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t
t
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test
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d
L
ev
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e'
s
te
s
t
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n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
SP
SS
ap
p
licatio
n
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o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
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v
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r
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le
o
f
g
en
d
e
r
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ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
t
h
at
a
h
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g
h
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o
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e
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u
y
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g
o
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r
s
am
o
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g
m
ales,
with
a
m
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n
o
f
5
.
4
5
9
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
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u
lts
o
f
th
e
A
NOVA
test
an
d
L
ev
en
e'
s
te
s
t
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
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licatio
n
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o
r
th
e
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n
tr
o
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le
o
f
in
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m
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
e
lev
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o
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im
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b
u
y
in
g
o
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r
s
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th
e
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o
n
d
ca
te
g
o
r
y
,
wh
ich
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
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DR
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,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
t
o
I
DR
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0
,
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
,
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
o
th
er
in
co
m
e
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies.
Fo
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
v
a
r
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le
o
f
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
u
s
ag
e
tim
e,
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t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
th
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o
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e
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u
y
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g
o
cc
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r
s
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
wh
ich
is
1
to
3
-
h
o
u
r
s
,
with
a
m
ea
n
o
f
5
.
5
7
1
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
te
d
th
at
th
e
p
o
p
u
la
tio
n
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
teg
o
r
y
is
s
till
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
(
n
=2
8
)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
n
ee
d
to
b
e
in
te
r
p
r
eted
with
ca
u
tio
n
.
4
.
1
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l
i
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
av
io
r
th
eo
r
y
in
OI
B
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
ST
th
eo
r
y
to
id
en
tif
y
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
SP
,
ad
v
er
tis
em
en
t
attr
ac
tiv
en
ess
,
MD
P
S,
HSM,
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
SA
to
war
d
s
OI
B
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
i
ca
te
th
at
co
n
s
u
m
er
a
d
d
ict
io
n
to
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
ca
n
lead
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
c
y
o
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
an
d
a
ten
d
en
cy
to
m
ak
e
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
.
T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
alu
ab
le
g
u
i
d
an
ce
f
o
r
m
ar
k
eter
s
an
d
p
o
li
cy
m
ak
er
s
in
d
esig
n
i
n
g
s
tr
ate
g
ies
to
m
a
n
ag
e
a
n
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
co
n
s
u
m
er
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
i
n
th
e
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
d
ig
ital m
ar
k
etp
lace
.
4
.
2
.
P
r
a
ct
ica
l
i
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
I
n
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
v
alu
ab
le
f
o
r
all
m
ar
k
eter
s
,
esp
ec
ially
s
eller
s
in
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
er
ce
,
v
en
d
o
r
s
,
an
d
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
Sh
o
p
ee
,
Am
az
o
n
,
T
o
k
o
p
ed
ia,
T
ao
b
ao
,
an
d
L
az
ad
a)
.
Ma
r
k
eter
s
ca
n
f
o
cu
s
o
n
cr
ea
tin
g
co
n
ten
t
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
en
ef
icial
o
r
u
s
ef
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
u
n
iq
u
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t
to
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atten
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y
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o
tiv
atin
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to
m
ak
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im
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ls
iv
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r
ch
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ly
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n
s
u
m
er
s
with
h
ig
h
im
p
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ls
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b
eh
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i
o
r
.
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ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
ad
v
er
tis
em
en
t a
ttra
ctiv
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ess
E
A
is
th
e
m
o
s
t c
r
itical
an
d
in
f
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tial f
ac
to
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.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
ar
k
eter
s
ca
n
s
tar
t
p
lan
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g
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d
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ew
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ar
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ateg
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s
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g
o
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ls
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to
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s
to
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er
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a
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n
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er
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ak
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im
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ls
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r
c
h
ases
,
esp
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ially
SP
s
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e,
as
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
7
61
-
7
72
768
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
d
ata
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aly
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is
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lts
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ted
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r
e
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e
ar
ch
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s
u
m
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r
s
m
ay
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av
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b
ts
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t
th
e
SP
s
o
f
f
er
ed
,
b
o
th
o
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li
n
e
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d
o
f
f
li
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e.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
al
s
o
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
er
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to
av
o
i
d
m
ak
in
g
im
p
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ls
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e
o
n
lin
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
b
y
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r
o
v
id
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g
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o
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,
k
n
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wled
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n
d
in
s
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ts
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to
SA
,
im
p
u
ls
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b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
im
p
u
ls
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b
u
y
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
-
co
m
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er
ce
.
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r
eo
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er
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s
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m
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r
s
ca
n
p
r
o
tect
th
em
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elv
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r
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co
m
p
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s
tr
ateg
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th
at
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lo
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ls
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co
n
s
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er
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t
o
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ak
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d
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l
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iv
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ax
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m
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o
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it.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
em
p
ir
ic
al
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id
en
ce
th
at
ad
v
er
tis
in
g
ap
p
ea
l,
MD
PS
,
H
SM
,
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
SA
s
ig
n
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ican
tly
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lu
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ce
OI
B
,
wh
ile
SP
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o
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n
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t.
T
h
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f
in
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g
s
h
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lig
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ig
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an
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g
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o
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o
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n
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c
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er
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tr
ad
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et
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er
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ter
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g
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v
el
m
eth
o
d
o
l
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g
ical
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tr
ib
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d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
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f
ec
tiv
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ess
in
ca
p
tu
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in
g
co
m
p
lex
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n
s
u
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er
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eh
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v
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r
p
atter
n
s
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
I
SOm
ap
an
d
PC
A.
Fro
m
a
p
r
ac
tica
l
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
m
a
r
k
eter
s
ar
e
a
d
v
is
ed
to
f
o
c
u
s
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er
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o
n
alize
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a
n
d
em
o
tio
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ally
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g
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g
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er
tis
in
g
s
tr
at
eg
ies,
s
u
p
p
o
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ted
b
y
s
ea
m
less
m
o
b
ile
p
ay
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
tr
ig
g
er
im
p
u
ls
e
p
u
r
ch
ases
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
ex
ten
d
s
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
b
eh
av
io
r
th
e
o
r
y
by
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
L
ST
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
ex
p
lain
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h
e
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ter
ac
tio
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et
wee
n
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itu
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al,
m
o
tiv
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al,
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d
p
er
s
o
n
al
tr
aits
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
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lim
ited
b
y
its
f
o
cu
s
o
n
I
n
d
o
n
esian
c
o
n
s
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m
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s
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ich
m
ay
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estrict
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g
en
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aliza
b
ilit
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o
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f
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d
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ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
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er
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n
t
cu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
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s
.
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tu
r
e
r
ese
ar
ch
s
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o
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ld
ex
am
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r
o
s
s
-
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ltu
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if
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ce
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teg
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ate
AI
-
d
r
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v
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r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
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atio
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y
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tem
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th
e
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ce
o
f
s
o
cial
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ed
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em
e
n
t
to
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th
er
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n
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r
s
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im
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y
in
g
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eh
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v
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in
d
ig
ital c
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ce
.
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UNDING
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NF
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M
A
T
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N
W
e
ex
ten
d
o
u
r
h
ea
r
tf
elt
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
Un
iv
er
s
itas
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Har
ap
an
(
UPH)
a
n
d
th
e
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
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d
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m
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P
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s
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m
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er
P
-
0
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2
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0
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,
as we
ll a
s
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p
ar
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in
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v
ed
i
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th
e
wr
itin
g
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th
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.
AUTHO
R
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UT
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NS ST
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N
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h
is
jo
u
r
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al
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s
es
th
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C
o
n
tr
ib
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to
r
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o
les
T
ax
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y
(
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ize
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tio
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th
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r
s
h
ip
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tes,
an
d
f
ac
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co
llab
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.
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m
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y
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W
in
n
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ica
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An
d
r
ee
E
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W
id
jaja
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a
l
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l
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✓
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R
is
wan
E
.
T
ar
ig
an
✓
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C
:
C
o
n
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p
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l
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n
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r
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Au
th
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r
s
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tate
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lict o
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est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
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t th
e
f
in
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n
g
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o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
H.
-
D
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
S
.
-
C
.
C
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
R
u
a
n
g
k
a
n
j
a
n
a
s
e
s,
“
B
e
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e
f
i
t
s
f
i
r
st
:
c
o
n
su
mer
t
r
u
s
t
r
e
p
a
i
r
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n
mo
b
i
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c
o
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me
r
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e
,
”
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o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
o
re
t
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
C
o
m
m
e
rc
e
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
9
–
1
0
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6
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
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1
,
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o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
j
t
a
e
r
1
6
0
4
0
0
6
1
.
[
2
]
S
.
H
w
a
n
g
,
H
.
P
a
r
k
,
K
.
O
h
,
S
.
H
w
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
J.
J
o
o
,
“
R
e
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
a
d
e
si
g
n
e
r
s’
r
u
l
e
o
f
t
h
u
mb
:
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
e
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
su
mp
t
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o
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g
o
a
l
s
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e
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o
mm
e
r
c
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i
n
t
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r
f
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s
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n
,
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o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
T
h
e
o
re
t
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
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d
El
e
c
t
ro
n
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c
C
o
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m
e
rce
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
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3
1
–
1
6
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7
,
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0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
j
t
a
e
r
1
6
0
5
0
0
9
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
mp
u
ls
e
b
u
yin
g
b
eh
a
vio
r
in
m
o
b
ile
co
mme
r
ce
:
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p
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tia
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s
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u
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es st
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ctu
r
a
l e
q
u
a
tio
n
mo
d
elin
g
…
(
Hery
)
769
[
3
]
G
.
M
c
Le
a
n
,
K
.
O
sei
-
F
r
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mp
o
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g
,
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.
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b
h
a
n
i
,
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n
d
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.
M
a
r
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o
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t
,
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E
x
a
m
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n
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
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t
a
i
l
e
r
s’
m
-
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
mo
b
i
l
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
–
a
n
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
a
d
o
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[
2
9
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T.
A
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