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ail:
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k
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ah
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r
u
1.
I
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RO
D
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As a
r
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f
th
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in
f
lu
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r
m
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f
s
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ty
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if
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t
s
alt
co
m
p
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s
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s
in
m
o
s
t
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p
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NaCl,
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p
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[
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[
2
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W
h
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2
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At
th
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s
am
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tim
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s
tr
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wate
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d
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r
eg
im
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is
d
is
r
u
p
ted
[
3
]
.
T
h
at
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wh
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s
ar
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to
f
lu
s
h
th
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s
o
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of
s
alt
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in
th
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s
tu
d
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ar
ea
s
.
On
s
alin
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s
o
ils
w
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r
wate
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m
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d
v
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ab
le
to
g
r
o
w
s
alin
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esis
tan
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p
lan
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On
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to
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s
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th
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p
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o
d
u
ctiv
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o
f
th
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Sh
ir
v
an
Plain
ag
r
o
lan
d
s
ca
p
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th
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am
o
u
n
t
o
f
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u
m
u
s
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th
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s
o
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T
h
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ar
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ar
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if
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in
its
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ter
r
ito
r
y
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
alin
izatio
n
o
f
s
o
ils
in
th
e
Sh
ir
v
an
Plain
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
g
e
o
lo
g
ical
h
is
t
o
r
y
o
f
lan
d
e
m
er
g
en
ce
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
p
er
io
d
(
Olig
o
ce
n
e)
,
Aze
r
b
aijan
'
s
Ku
r
a
-
Ar
az
lo
wlan
d
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
Sh
ir
v
an
Plain
,
was
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
wester
n
b
asin
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
C
asp
ian
Sea.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Ap
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2252
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8
8
1
4
Dete
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to
th
e
b
io
s
p
h
er
e
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
as
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
o
il
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
alin
izatio
n
,
v
alu
ab
l
e
s
o
il
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
lo
s
t,
cr
ea
tin
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ec
o
lo
g
ic
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
I
f
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
alin
ity
in
t
h
e
s
o
il,
wh
ich
is
ea
s
ily
s
o
lu
b
le
in
wate
r
,
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
lan
ts
,
th
ese
s
o
ils
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
s
alin
ized
.
I
n
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
alin
ity
in
th
e
t
o
p
m
eter
o
f
th
ese
s
o
ils
ex
ce
e
d
s
0
.
3
%
[
6
]
–
[
8
]
.
R
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
to
o
ls
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
lan
d
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
GI
S
)
,
n
u
m
er
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ath
em
a
tical
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
ass
ess
m
en
t,
an
aly
s
is
,
d
am
ag
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
,
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
ar
e
m
o
d
er
n
m
eth
o
d
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
A
v
ar
iety
o
f
d
at
a
m
ak
es
a
v
alu
ab
le
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
d
y
n
am
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
s
u
r
v
e
y
allo
ws
th
e
co
llecti
o
n
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
p
ec
tr
al
d
ata
at
a
f
i
n
er
s
ca
le,
m
o
r
e
f
u
lly
r
ev
ea
lin
g
th
e
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
E
a
r
th
'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
R
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
m
o
d
els
estab
lis
h
ed
with
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
ef
lecta
n
ce
v
alu
es
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
f
o
r
p
H
p
r
ed
ic
tio
n
[
9
]
–
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
p
atial
-
tem
p
o
r
al
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
s
o
il
s
alin
izatio
n
en
s
u
r
es
p
r
o
m
p
t
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
o
il
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
s
atellite
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
b
en
e
f
icial,
r
ap
i
d
,
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
ality
,
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ate
s
p
atial
d
ata
o
n
s
alin
ized
s
o
ils
.
Usi
n
g
v
e
g
etatio
n
in
d
ices
f
r
o
m
v
e
g
etatio
n
co
v
er
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
s
o
il
tex
tu
r
e
an
d
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t,
ac
cu
r
ately
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
th
e
s
o
il'
s
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
ten
t.
Du
e
t
o
its
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
co
v
er
a
g
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
,
th
e
h
y
p
er
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
an
d
ch
em
ica
l
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
s
o
il,
th
an
k
s
to
its
s
tr
o
n
g
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
h
ig
h
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
ab
il
ity
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
f
o
r
s
o
il
s
alin
izatio
n
in
v
er
s
io
n
s
tu
d
ies
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
d
u
e
to
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
m
o
d
elin
g
,
s
p
ec
tr
al
em
u
latio
n
m
e
th
o
d
,
an
d
v
ar
ia
b
le
s
ele
ctio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Ho
wev
er
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
o
n
ly
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
b
ar
e
s
o
ils
with
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
e
cts
o
f
v
eg
etatio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
s
alin
ized
s
o
ils
co
u
ld
h
in
d
e
r
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
s
o
il salin
izatio
n
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Hig
h
s
alin
ity
an
d
al
k
alin
ity
ca
u
s
e
ev
ap
o
r
atio
n
an
d
d
r
y
in
g
o
f
v
eg
etatio
n
co
v
e
r
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
v
e
g
etatio
n
an
d
t
h
e
s
alin
ity
o
f
t
h
e
v
eg
etatio
n
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
as
an
in
d
i
r
ec
t
in
d
icato
r
o
f
v
eg
etatio
n
co
v
er
s
alin
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
s
alt
-
af
f
ec
ted
ar
ea
s
[
1
4
]
.
C
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
o
il
r
esear
ch
b
ased
o
n
s
p
ec
tr
al
an
aly
s
is
in
Aze
r
b
aijan
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
v
e
r
y
r
elev
an
t
a
n
d
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e.
Sp
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
a
n
aly
ze
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
s
o
il
s
alin
ity
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
v
eg
etatio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
r
e
d
ed
g
e
a
n
d
g
r
ee
n
p
ea
k
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
,
in
s
alin
e
ar
ea
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
o
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
is
,
s
p
ec
tr
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
v
eg
etatio
n
co
v
er
at
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
alin
ity
lev
els
wer
e
s
tu
d
ied
s
p
ec
tr
o
s
co
p
ically
,
an
d
b
ased
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
s
o
il
s
alin
ity
wer
e
d
eter
m
i
n
e
d
in
r
elatio
n
to
t
h
e
s
alin
ity
o
f
th
e
s
o
il,
an
d
a
m
u
lti
-
v
ar
ian
t
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
s
o
il
s
alin
ity
ass
ess
m
en
t
wa
s
esta
b
lis
h
ed
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
v
alid
ated
with
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
it
is
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
o
b
tain
in
g
h
ig
h
ly
ac
c
u
r
a
te
s
alin
ity
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
r
em
o
te
h
y
p
er
s
p
ec
tr
al
s
en
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ics o
f
s
alin
izatio
n
o
v
er
tim
e
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
s
w
e
r
e
c
a
p
t
u
r
e
d
i
n
o
p
e
n
-
a
i
r
,
w
i
n
d
y
,
a
n
d
c
l
o
u
d
l
e
s
s
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
t
w
ee
n
1
0
:
0
0
-
1
4
:
0
0
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
,
8
0
d
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
ti
o
n
u
n
i
t
s
(
4
0
p
l
a
n
t
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
a
n
d
4
0
s
o
i
l
s
a
m
p
l
es
)
w
e
r
e
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
.
S
o
il
s
a
m
p
l
es
w
e
r
e
c
o
l
l
e
ct
e
d
u
p
t
o
a
d
e
p
t
h
o
f
2
0
c
m
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
m
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
s
o
i
l
s
a
m
p
l
es
,
as
w
el
l
as
th
e
p
H
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
ic
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
E
C
)
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
i
l
,
w
e
r
e
m
e
as
u
r
e
d
,
a
n
d
a
l
i
n
ea
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
w
as
es
t
a
b
li
s
h
e
d
b
et
w
e
e
n
p
e
r
m
e
a
b
il
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
s
al
t
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
il
t
o
c
al
c
u
l
a
te
s
o
i
l
s
a
li
n
i
t
y
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
o
i
l
p
h
y
s
i
c
o
c
h
e
m
i
c
al
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
te
n
ts
o
f
ei
g
h
t
m
aj
o
r
i
o
n
s
(
N
a
+
,
K
+
,
C
a
2+
,
M
g
2+
,
S
O
4
2
−
,
HC
O
3
−
,
C
O
3
2−
,
a
n
d
C
l
−
),
p
H,
E
C
,
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ca
lc
u
late
th
e
b
r
ig
h
tn
ess
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
h
y
p
er
s
p
ec
tr
al
s
atellite
im
ag
es
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
with
lab
o
r
at
o
r
y
a
n
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
,
o
r
R
2
,
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
at
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it
o
f
a
m
o
d
el.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
it
is
a
s
tatis
t
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
h
o
w
we
ll
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
lin
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ates
th
e
ac
tu
al
d
ata.
I
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
wh
en
a
s
tatis
tical
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
eith
er
to
p
r
e
d
ict
f
u
tu
r
e
o
u
tco
m
es o
r
in
th
e
test
in
g
o
f
h
y
p
o
th
eses
.
2
=
1
−
(
)
(
)
+
⋯
;
2
=
1
−
∑
(
−
)
2
∑
(
−
)
2
T
h
e
s
u
m
s
q
u
a
r
ed
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
i
s
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
r
esid
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
662
-
6
7
0
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3.
RE
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cl
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eg
eta
ti
o
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y
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lu
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.
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a
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as
s
h
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Fi
g
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r
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1
,
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2
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100
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m
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.
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e
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s
1
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(
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
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2
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les
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ated
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Af
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EC
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5
]
.
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EC
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0
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S
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ield
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o
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s
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n
d
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s
u
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to
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if
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tial tr
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atio
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s
q
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f
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m
atio
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is
u
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as
a
s
p
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in
d
ex
(
SI)
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
th
e
s
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il
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d
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eg
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lated
.
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o
il salin
ity
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co
r
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o
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icato
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=
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A
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ase
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>
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Dete
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min
a
tio
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f so
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Te
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4
7
T
h
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f
ield
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ch
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e
u
s
e
o
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th
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o
v
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f
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la
s
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p
ec
if
ic
v
eg
etatio
n
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
wer
e
id
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tifie
d
.
T
o
s
tu
d
y
v
eg
etatio
n
co
v
e
r
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
e
r
io
d
s
,
it is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
h
av
e
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
o
n
h
y
p
er
s
p
ec
tr
al
ab
ilit
y
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Satellite
im
ag
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
al
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r
ig
h
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ess
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
ar
ea
s
u
n
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er
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
b
ei
n
g
d
ev
elo
p
ed
also
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ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
tatis
tica
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
d
ices
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
f
ac
t
o
r
an
a
ly
s
is
,
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d
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r
in
cip
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
aly
s
is
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
Data
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
u
n
its
o
f
r
ef
lecta
n
ce
b
ef
o
r
e
cr
e
atin
g
s
p
ec
tr
al
i
n
d
ices.
T
h
e
s
o
i
l
SI
ca
n
r
ef
lect
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
o
il salin
ity
,
an
d
u
s
in
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
wav
elen
g
th
s
with
th
e
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ig
h
est co
r
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o
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with
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o
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ity
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lis
h
a
h
ig
h
s
p
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tr
al
s
o
i
l
SI
o
f
f
er
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
in
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etec
tin
g
s
alin
izatio
n
.
T
h
is
in
d
ex
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
v
eg
etatio
n
in
d
e
x
(
NDVI
)
,
b
u
t
it
s
u
p
p
r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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v
Ap
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l Sci
I
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N:
2252
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8
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1
4
Dete
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
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ir
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lex
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
Dete
r
min
a
tio
n
o
f so
il sa
lin
iz
a
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n
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y
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h
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e
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sp
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ics
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.
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h
e
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th
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a
u
th
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r
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f
m
o
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a
n
5
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h
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k
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g
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h
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c
a
n
b
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o
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t
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m
a
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a
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ru
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o
f
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ro
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h
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m
istry
,
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f
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d
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ti
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k
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h
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c
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),
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h
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jo
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se
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rc
h
in
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n
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g
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ra
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lab
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ra
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ry
.
S
h
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c
a
n
b
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o
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tac
ted
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m
a
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:
a
sg
a
r
o
v
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.
g
@m
a
il
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ru
.
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