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Adv
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J
AAS)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
8
17
~
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[
7
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,
[
8
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
8
17
-
8
27
818
I
n
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ac
es
s
e
r
i
o
u
s
ch
all
en
g
es
i
n
was
te
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
,
es
p
e
cia
ll
y
th
e
p
l
asti
c
wa
s
te
p
r
o
b
le
m
t
h
at
h
as
wo
r
s
e
n
e
d
,
es
p
ec
i
all
y
s
i
n
ce
2
0
1
7
,
w
h
e
n
it
b
ec
am
e
th
e
wo
r
l
d
'
s
la
r
g
est
i
m
p
o
r
t
er
o
f
p
las
tic
w
aste
[
4
]
.
E
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
p
ac
k
a
g
i
n
g
w
ast
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
r
a
te
g
ies
i
n
Ma
l
ay
s
i
a
a
r
e
im
m
a
t
u
r
e
an
d
o
f
t
e
n
l
ac
k
i
n
f
r
ast
r
u
ct
u
r
e
a
n
d
p
u
b
li
c
a
war
en
ess
[
4
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
to
an
al
y
z
e
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
t
ate
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
wast
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
i
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
t
o
r
e
d
u
ce
its
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
i
m
p
ac
t
.
It
wil
l
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
ate
o
n
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
s
u
s
t
ai
n
a
b
l
e
p
a
ck
a
g
i
n
g
p
r
ac
tic
es,
i
n
c
r
e
asi
n
g
r
ec
y
cl
in
g
r
at
es,
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
o
v
e
r
a
ll
was
te
.
T
h
is
r
ese
ar
ch
b
u
i
ld
s
o
n
th
e
la
test
r
es
ea
r
c
h
in
p
a
c
k
a
g
i
n
g
s
u
s
ta
in
ab
i
lit
y
a
n
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
2
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
2
]
a
n
d
is
i
n
t
en
d
ed
t
o
h
el
p
p
o
lic
y
m
a
k
e
r
s
,
b
u
s
i
n
ess
es
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
c
r
ea
t
e
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
t
ai
n
a
b
le
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
c
e
ec
o
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
will
n
o
t
o
n
ly
h
e
lp
in
d
ev
el
o
p
i
n
g
r
eg
i
o
n
al
p
o
lici
es
b
u
t
als
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
b
asis
f
o
r
o
t
h
e
r
co
u
n
tr
i
es
f
ac
i
n
g
s
i
m
il
ar
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
c
h
alle
n
g
es
i
n
t
h
e
d
i
g
it
al
e
co
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
ec
ti
o
n
wil
l
d
is
c
u
s
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
e
s
t
o
a
d
d
r
ess
i
n
g
th
is
is
s
u
e
a
n
d
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
u
s
t
ai
n
a
b
il
it
y
p
r
a
cti
ce
s
i
n
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
c
e.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
e
r
i
s
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
i
n
a
c
c
o
r
d
a
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
t
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
.
A
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
i
v
e
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
s
i
t
s
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
a
l
a
r
g
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
e
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
n
a
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
t
o
p
i
c
.
S
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
a
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
s
t
r
i
c
t
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
p
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
i
t
e
m
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
a
n
d
m
e
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
(
P
R
I
S
M
A
)
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
e
t
a
i
l
e
d
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
o
n
h
o
w
t
o
r
e
p
o
r
t
,
a
p
p
r
a
i
s
e
,
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
,
r
e
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
a
n
d
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
k
e
y
t
r
e
n
d
s
,
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
a
r
e
a
s
o
f
a
g
r
e
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
PR
I
SMA
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
ap
p
lied
ac
r
o
s
s
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
b
etwe
en
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
an
d
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
v
alu
a
b
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
[
1
7
]
.
A
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
h
elp
s
id
e
n
tify
c
o
m
m
o
n
th
em
es
an
d
ex
p
l
o
r
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
h
elp
s
to
s
y
n
t
h
esize
ex
is
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
u
t
also
id
en
tifie
s
r
esear
ch
g
a
p
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
it
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
an
d
its
r
ec
y
clin
g
p
r
ac
tices in
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
m
ar
k
et
,
an
d
h
elp
id
e
n
tify
ef
f
e
ct
iv
e
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t stra
teg
ies.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ased
o
n
b
est
p
r
ac
tice
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
u
s
in
g
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
e
x
p
er
t
g
u
i
d
elin
es
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
to
ass
u
r
e
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[
1
9
]
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
n
ac
cu
r
ate,
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
an
d
p
o
te
n
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
p
r
ac
tic
es.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
ati
c
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
c
y
,
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
eliab
i
lity
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
u
s
ef
u
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
,
b
u
s
in
ess
es
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
Ultim
ate
ly
,
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
o
f
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ig
ital r
etail
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
I
dentif
ica
t
io
n o
f
re
lev
a
n
t
lite
ra
t
ure
A
s
y
s
tem
atic
d
atab
ase
s
ea
r
ch
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
s
o
r
t
th
e
te
x
ts
o
f
ar
ticles
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
e
lev
an
ce
o
f
th
eir
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
an
d
th
e
r
e
p
u
ta
tio
n
o
f
th
eir
au
th
o
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
an
d
T
a
b
le
1
s
u
m
m
a
r
ize
th
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
T
h
e
m
ain
s
ea
r
ch
d
atab
ases
ar
e
Sco
p
u
s
,
W
eb
o
f
Sci
en
ce
(
W
o
S),
an
d
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
(
GS)
,
wh
ich
ar
e
am
o
n
g
th
e
lar
g
est
d
ir
ec
to
r
ies
o
f
s
cien
tific
p
ap
er
s
,
b
o
o
k
s
,
an
d
co
n
g
r
ess
r
ep
o
r
ts
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
ar
ticles
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ar
e
b
u
ilt
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tr
ateg
y
:
i)
r
elev
an
t
is
s
u
es
(
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
,
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
n
ew
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
,
last
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
,
an
d
waste
g
en
er
atio
n
)
;
ii)
c
h
r
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
o
r
d
er
(
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
late
1
9
9
0
s
to
2
0
2
2
)
;
an
d
iii)
is
s
u
es
an
d
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
etwe
en
28
th
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
2
to
5
th
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
3
,
with
o
u
t
d
ate
r
estrictio
n
s
.
An
in
itial
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
W
o
S
s
ea
r
ch
y
ield
ed
1
1
9
r
ec
o
r
d
s
an
d
6
9
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
,
with
GS
y
ield
ed
1
7
r
ec
o
r
d
s
to
b
e
s
cr
ee
n
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
-
co
mme
r
ce
w
a
s
te
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t:
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
(
Mo
h
d
.
S
u
h
a
imi S
h
a
msu
d
d
in
)
819
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
w
ch
a
r
t o
f
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
s
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
S
e
a
r
c
h
s
t
r
i
n
g
S
c
o
p
u
s
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
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K
EY
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(
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o
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a
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“
Ta
i
w
a
n
”
)
)
3
.
2
.
Scre
ening
a
nd
s
elec
t
io
n o
f
s
t
ud
ies
T
h
e
in
itial
s
tag
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
elec
tin
g
r
elev
an
t
liter
atu
r
e
a
n
d
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
ar
ticles
to
d
o
wn
lo
a
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
elig
ib
ilit
y
.
Stu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
au
th
o
r
n
am
e
o
r
jo
u
r
n
al
in
d
ex
in
g
.
Ar
ticles
with
ir
r
elev
an
t
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
o
r
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
co
n
ten
t
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
.
A
d
d
itio
n
a
lly
,
ar
ticles
wr
itten
in
lan
g
u
ag
es
o
t
h
er
t
h
an
E
n
g
lis
h
o
r
Ma
lay
wer
e
n
o
t
in
cl
u
d
ed
.
Af
ter
t
h
is
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
to
tal
o
f
1
0
5
ar
ticles
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
f
o
r
elig
ib
ilit
y
.
Ou
t
o
f
th
ese,
6
1
a
r
ticles
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
tar
g
eted
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
3.
3
.
Da
t
a
e
x
t
ra
ct
i
o
n
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ex
tr
ac
ted
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
ar
ticles
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
was
o
n
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
ate
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
tr
en
d
s
,
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
waste
g
en
er
atio
n
r
ates.
T
h
is
was
d
o
n
e
to
id
en
tify
th
e
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es f
ac
ed
in
waste
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t w
ith
in
th
is
s
ec
to
r
.
3.
4
.
Q
ua
lit
y
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
l
lo
win
g
q
u
alitativ
e
cr
iter
ia:
i)
Sear
ch
f
o
r
r
elev
an
t
a
u
th
o
r
s
lis
ted
in
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
W
o
S
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
a
r
ticle.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
ata
b
ase
is
ch
ar
a
cter
ized
b
y
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
u
p
-
to
-
d
at
e
s
tu
d
ies,
p
ee
r
r
ev
iews
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
d
ata
q
u
ality
(
ac
ce
s
s
to
o
f
f
icial
d
ata,
in
d
icato
r
s
,
an
d
an
aly
tica
l
to
o
ls
)
[
2
0
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
ar
t
icles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
W
o
S
j
o
u
r
n
al
d
atab
ase
wen
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
ed
ito
r
ia
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
jo
u
r
n
al
q
u
ality
an
d
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
d
ata
q
u
ality
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
er
e
ar
e
o
th
e
r
ar
ti
cles f
r
o
m
GS
,
wh
ich
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
c
ess
[
2
2
]
.
ii)
C
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
r
esu
lts
i
s
b
ase
d
o
n
s
tr
o
n
g
ev
id
e
n
ce
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
s
tu
d
ies.
Gen
er
al
d
at
a
an
d
o
p
in
io
n
s
co
n
tain
ed
in
7
0
-
8
0
% o
f
r
ev
ie
win
g
ar
ticles ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
r
e
liab
le.
iii)
E
x
tr
ac
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
ata
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
ar
ticle
an
d
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
r
ea
d
f
o
r
cr
itical
ev
alu
a
tio
n
an
d
ea
s
y
id
en
tific
atio
n
:
titl
e,
ab
s
tr
ac
t,
d
ate,
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
r
elev
an
t
d
ata
,
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
(
q
u
al
ity
,
lim
itatio
n
s
,
m
eth
o
d
,
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
r
esu
lts
,
an
d
im
p
ac
t c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
8
17
-
8
27
820
iv
)
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
also
u
s
e
th
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
to
s
elec
t p
u
b
licatio
n
s
:
‒
Do
es th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
a
d
d
r
ess
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
is
s
u
es,
b
ar
r
ier
s
,
o
r
ch
allen
g
es?
‒
Do
es
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
waste
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
ater
ial
an
d
f
o
r
m
?
‒
Do
es
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
ad
d
r
e
s
s
th
e
p
o
s
it
iv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
lead
in
g
to
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
waste
-
r
elate
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
?
‒
Do
es
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
an
aly
ze
n
ew
lo
g
is
tical
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
ies
an
d
n
ew
m
ater
ials
th
at
r
ef
lect
th
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic?
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
also
an
aly
ze
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
.
Al
l
ar
ticles
with
u
n
r
eliab
le
d
ata
wer
e
ex
clu
d
e
d
as
in
elig
ib
le
f
o
r
q
u
ality
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
3.
5
.
Da
t
a
s
y
nthesis
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
class
if
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ca
teg
o
r
ies:
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
,
r
ec
y
clin
g
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
co
m
p
an
ies,
was
te
g
en
er
atin
g
r
ates
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
tr
e
n
d
s
,
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
o
f
e
-
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
,
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
cir
cu
lar
ec
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
E
)
p
r
in
cip
les,
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
.
T
h
e
a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
in
clu
s
iv
e
o
f
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
an
d
d
atab
ases
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
m
ater
ials
,
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
o
id
en
tify
p
atter
n
s
,
clu
s
t
er
s
,
s
im
ilar
ities
,
an
d
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
in
th
e
a
b
s
tr
ac
t
d
ata,
a
t
h
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
,
d
r
awin
g
u
p
o
n
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
o
u
tlin
ed
in
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
em
at
ic
an
d
co
n
ten
t
an
al
y
s
is
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
s
u
m
m
a
r
ize
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
r
elate
d
ar
ticles,
lead
in
g
to
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
in
d
icate
s
th
at
o
u
t
o
f
6
1
ar
tic
les,
o
n
ly
3
0
wer
e
d
ee
m
ed
to
alig
n
with
th
e
o
b
je
ctiv
es b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
em
er
g
i
n
g
th
em
es.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
e
v
ea
led
eig
h
t
m
ain
th
e
m
es
(
T
a
b
l
e
2
)
,
wh
ich
r
ef
lect
k
ey
a
r
ea
s
o
f
f
o
cu
s
in
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
wast
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
ese
th
em
es
in
clu
d
e
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
(
A)
,
r
ec
y
clin
g
(
B
)
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
C
)
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
co
m
p
an
i
es
(
D)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
th
em
es
id
en
tifie
d
ar
e
waste
g
en
er
atio
n
r
ates
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
tr
e
n
d
s
(
E
)
,
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
e
-
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
(
F),
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
C
E
p
r
in
cip
les (
G)
,
an
d
e
x
is
tin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
(
H)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ea
r
ch
cr
i
t
er
ia
N
o
.
A
u
t
h
o
r
(
s)
Y
e
a
r
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
Th
e
m
e
GS
S
c
o
p
u
s
W
o
S
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
1.
Esc
u
r
s
e
l
l
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
]
2
0
2
1
/
/
/
/
/
/
2.
P
å
l
ss
o
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
]
2
0
1
3
/
/
/
3.
S
h
v
a
r
t
s
[
5
]
2
0
1
9
/
/
/
4.
Tu
e
t
a
l
.
[
7
]
2
0
1
8
/
/
/
5.
M
o
n
n
o
t
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
2
0
1
9
/
/
/
6.
G
r
e
g
o
r
y
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
2
0
1
9
/
/
/
7.
Q
i
n
a
n
d
Li
u
[
2
7
]
2
0
2
2
/
/
/
/
8.
Zh
o
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
8
]
2
0
1
6
/
9.
Li
m
[
2
9
]
2
0
2
1
/
/
/
1
0
.
C
h
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
0
]
2
0
2
1
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
1
.
C
a
i
y
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
1
]
2
0
2
2
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
2
.
G
u
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
2
]
2
0
2
1
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
3
.
A
sk
a
r
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
3
]
2
0
1
4
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
4
.
H
o
u
[
3
4
]
2
0
2
1
/
/
/
/
1
5
.
Lu
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
5
]
2
0
2
0
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
6
.
X
i
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
6
]
2
0
2
1
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
7
.
P
i
n
o
s
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
7
]
2
0
2
2
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1
8
.
S
o
n
y
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
8
]
2
0
1
9
/
/
/
1
9
.
G
u
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
9
]
2
021
/
/
/
/
2
0
.
Li
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
0
]
2
0
2
2
/
/
/
/
/
2
1
.
M
a
h
a
t
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
1
]
2
0
1
9
/
/
/
/
/
/
2
2
.
Zh
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
2
]
2
0
1
9
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
.
H
a
o
[
4
3
]
2
0
2
1
/
/
/
/
/
2
4
.
H
a
r
y
a
n
t
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
4
]
2
0
2
2
/
/
/
/
2
5
.
M
a
n
g
i
a
r
a
c
i
n
a
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
5
]
2
0
1
5
/
/
/
2
6
.
Zh
a
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
6
]
2
0
2
2
/
/
/
/
/
2
7
.
K
i
m
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
7
]
2
0
2
2
/
/
/
/
2
8
.
F
i
l
h
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
8
]
2
0
2
1
/
/
/
2
9
.
M
a
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
9
]
2
0
2
2
/
/
/
3
0
.
W
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
[
5
0
]
2
0
2
2
/
/
/
/
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
-
co
mme
r
ce
w
a
s
te
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t:
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
(
Mo
h
d
.
S
u
h
a
imi S
h
a
msu
d
d
in
)
821
4
.
1
.
P
r
o
mo
t
io
n o
f
eco
-
f
riend
ly
pa
ck
a
g
ing
T
h
e
r
ap
id
g
r
o
wth
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
h
as
r
esu
lted
in
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
waste,
ca
u
s
in
g
s
er
io
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
A
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
to
s
u
b
s
titu
te
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
last
ic
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
m
ater
ials
with
s
u
s
tain
ab
le,
n
o
n
-
to
x
ic
,
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tall
y
f
r
ien
d
l
y
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
m
ater
ia
ls
s
u
ch
as
r
ec
y
cled
p
ap
er
,
b
io
d
eg
r
ad
a
b
le
p
last
ic
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
m
ater
ials
[
1
1
]
,
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
Un
lik
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
g
r
ee
n
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
p
o
llu
tio
n
an
d
en
c
o
u
r
ag
e
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
p
latf
o
r
m
s
to
wo
r
k
with
g
r
ee
n
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
to
in
teg
r
ate
waste
co
lle
ctio
n
an
d
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t ser
v
ice
s
[
3
1
]
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
u
s
ag
e,
in
ce
n
t
iv
es
s
u
ch
as
d
i
s
co
u
n
ts
an
d
ex
clu
s
iv
e
o
f
f
er
s
ca
n
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
to
ch
o
o
s
e
ec
o
-
f
r
i
en
d
ly
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
,
t
h
er
eb
y
h
elp
in
g
to
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
r
esis
tan
ce
to
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
m
ater
ials
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
C
o
llab
o
r
atin
g
with
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
lier
s
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
life
cy
cle
ass
es
s
m
en
t
(
L
C
A)
will
en
ab
le
co
n
tin
u
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
d
esig
n
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
[
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
r
ed
u
ce
ex
ce
s
s
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
,
m
in
im
ize
waste,
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
E
d
u
ca
tin
g
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
i
g
ital
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
an
d
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
also
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
le
in
ch
an
g
in
g
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
[
7
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
s
p
an
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
.
I
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
an
a
g
in
g
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
c
e
waste
an
d
s
tr
ess
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
o
v
in
g
to
war
d
s
a
g
r
ee
n
e
r
e
-
co
m
m
er
c
e
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
.
4
.
2
.
Rec
y
cling
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
r
ap
id
g
r
o
wth
o
f
th
e
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
in
d
u
s
tr
y
h
as
r
esu
lted
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
waste
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
r
ec
y
clin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
f
o
cu
s
is
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
r
ec
y
clin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
co
n
v
er
t
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
waste
in
to
n
o
n
-
t
o
x
ic
o
r
g
an
ic
m
ater
ials
,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
alter
n
ativ
e
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
is
p
o
s
al
m
eth
o
d
s
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
-
tar
g
eted
r
ec
y
clin
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
t
h
at
o
f
f
e
r
d
is
co
u
n
ts
o
r
o
th
er
in
ce
n
tiv
es
also
h
av
e
m
ea
s
u
r
a
b
le
ef
f
e
cts,
with
s
tu
d
ies
s
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o
win
g
a
3
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%
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r
ec
y
clin
g
b
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av
io
r
am
o
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g
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
[
3
0
]
.
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
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ec
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clin
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p
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g
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am
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etwe
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latf
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co
m
p
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ies will im
p
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e
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e
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f
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ater
ial
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clin
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ly
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s
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ch
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ca
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d
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o
ar
d
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b
u
b
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le
wr
ap
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
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p
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p
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g
r
am
d
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o
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ates
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lts
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tem
s
.
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n
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m
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s
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e
willin
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ay
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ig
h
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ice
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m
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d
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o
n
o
m
ic
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
alter
n
a
tiv
es
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
E
-
co
m
m
er
ce
co
m
p
an
ies
ca
n
e
x
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d
th
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im
p
ac
t
b
y
wo
r
k
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g
with
m
a
n
u
f
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u
r
er
s
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ed
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ce
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ce
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p
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r
ag
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t
o
f
p
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o
d
u
ct
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
d
is
p
o
s
al
[
3
6
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
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ac
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g
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u
p
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ly
ch
ain
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ch
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m
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eso
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icien
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,
h
as
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s
h
o
wn
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o
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
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u
ce
en
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n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
a
d
i
tio
n
al
m
o
d
els
[
3
7
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
A
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
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s
tr
ateg
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c
o
m
b
in
ed
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ely
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ak
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if
ican
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o
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tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
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tal
p
r
o
tectio
n
[
4
3
]
.
4
.
3
.
E
du
ca
t
io
n
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
l
e
in
p
r
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m
o
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
w
aste
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
s
ec
to
r
.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
r
esp
o
n
s
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,
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
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,
in
cl
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d
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g
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v
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n
m
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n
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ab
o
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t
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
[
7
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
Go
v
er
n
m
en
ts
p
lay
a
m
ajo
r
r
o
le
i
n
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
co
o
p
er
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b
etwe
en
b
u
s
in
ess
es
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
an
d
in
r
aisi
n
g
p
u
b
lic
awa
r
en
e
s
s
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
is
s
u
e
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
o
licies
an
d
p
u
b
lic
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
[
3
6
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
im
p
le
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
ed
u
ca
tio
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n
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d
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ce
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
ch
an
g
es in
b
eh
a
v
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r
a
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d
t
h
er
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o
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e
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av
e
a
m
o
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e
last
in
g
im
p
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t.
E
-
co
m
m
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p
latf
o
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m
s
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
ese
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f
o
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ts
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
iti
ativ
es
in
to
th
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o
p
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r
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
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aisi
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o
-
f
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ly
p
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en
tal
awa
r
e
n
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th
r
o
u
g
h
tar
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eted
ca
m
p
aig
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s
.
Dig
ital
ch
an
n
els
s
u
ch
as
w
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s
ites
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
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ar
e
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f
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tiv
e
t
o
o
ls
f
o
r
d
is
s
em
in
atin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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o
n
r
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clin
g
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waste
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an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
h
a
b
its
[
7
]
,
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
Ho
u
[
3
4
]
b
eliev
e
d
th
at
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
was
lin
k
ed
to
tech
n
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lo
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ical
p
r
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d
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ld
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e
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s
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p
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M
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[
5
]
,
[
3
5
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
tr
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th
at
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o
cu
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s
o
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alu
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ch
ain
.
B
y
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p
lem
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co
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p
r
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ca
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f
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p
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ely
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ac
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at
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r
ed
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ce
wast
e
an
d
p
r
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m
o
te
a
C
E
[
3
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
8
17
-
8
27
822
4
.
4
.
Co
lla
bo
r
a
t
io
n wit
h wa
s
t
e
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
co
m
pa
nies
Par
t
n
er
in
g
wi
th
wast
e
m
an
ag
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m
e
n
t
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies
h
as
p
r
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v
en
t
o
b
e
a
n
e
f
f
e
cti
v
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s
t
r
ate
g
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o
r
e
-
co
m
m
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ce
b
u
s
in
ess
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o
k
in
g
to
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ed
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ce
waste
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
g
r
ee
n
er
p
r
ac
tices
[
3
2
]
.
R
ath
er
th
an
is
o
lated
in
ter
n
al
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
th
ese
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
ca
n
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
u
s
tain
a
b
ilit
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o
u
tco
m
es
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
p
ac
k
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in
g
wast
e
is
p
r
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p
er
ly
m
an
a
g
ed
,
r
ec
y
c
led
,
an
d
d
is
p
o
s
ed
o
f
[
1
2
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
L
u
et
a
l.
[
3
5
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
t
h
at
s
u
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
ad
d
r
ess
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
ex
ce
s
s
i
v
e
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
th
at
is
d
etr
im
en
tal
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
e
-
co
m
m
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ce
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
e
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
b
r
in
g
s
to
g
eth
er
ex
p
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tis
e
in
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ed
u
cin
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v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
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ts
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d
ev
elo
p
in
g
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lab
le,
lo
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ter
m
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an
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t so
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tio
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s
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B
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b
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m
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p
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ies
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ass
es
s
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in
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tices.
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d
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m
at
er
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en
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ly
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s
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ch
as
b
io
d
eg
r
a
d
a
b
le
o
r
r
ec
y
cled
m
ater
ials
,
as
well
as
way
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
v
o
lu
m
e
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
co
m
p
a
n
ies
o
p
er
atin
g
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
,
co
m
p
an
ies
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
s
u
ch
al
lian
ce
s
m
ay
b
en
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f
it
f
r
o
m
s
p
e
cif
ic
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
alig
n
with
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
o
cial
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
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g
o
als,
s
u
ch
as
tak
e
-
b
ac
k
p
r
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a
m
s
o
r
d
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n
atio
n
s
ch
em
es
f
o
r
u
n
s
o
l
d
b
u
t u
s
ab
le
p
r
o
d
u
cts
[
1
1
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
also
b
r
i
n
g
s
lo
g
is
tical
b
en
ef
its
,
h
elp
in
g
waste
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
co
m
p
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ies
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ed
u
ce
f
u
el
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n
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m
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ti
o
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an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
g
o
als
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
g
u
id
a
n
ce
o
n
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
v
eh
icle
u
s
e
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
ey
also
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
b
y
ed
u
ca
tin
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
o
n
h
o
w
to
h
a
n
d
le
p
a
ck
ag
in
g
an
d
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
m
ater
i
als
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
co
m
b
in
es
waste
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
lo
g
is
tics
,
an
d
cu
s
to
m
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
an
s
ep
ar
ate
s
tr
ateg
ies,
all
o
win
g
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
c
o
m
p
an
i
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
b
r
an
d
r
ep
u
tatio
n
.
4
.
5
.
Wa
s
t
e
g
ener
a
t
io
n r
a
t
es
a
nd
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
t
re
nd
s
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
o
p
u
la
r
ity
o
f
o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
h
as
r
esu
lt
ed
in
in
cr
ea
s
ed
waste,
p
o
s
i
n
g
s
er
io
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ch
alle
n
g
es f
o
r
t
h
e
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
s
ec
to
r
[
4
7
]
.
Fi
lh
o
et
a
l.
[
4
8
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
th
at
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
waste
in
clu
d
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
m
ater
ials
b
u
t
also
elec
tr
o
n
i
c
an
d
tex
tile
waste,
p
o
s
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
to
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
.
Kim
et
a
l.
[
4
7
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
o
n
lin
e
r
etailer
s
g
en
er
ate
4
.
8
tim
es
m
o
r
e
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
waste
th
an
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
etail
s
to
r
es
a
n
d
co
u
ld
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
0
%
o
f
g
l
o
b
al
s
o
lid
waste
with
in
th
e
n
ex
t
d
ec
ad
e.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws th
at
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
is
m
o
r
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
th
an
o
f
f
lin
e
r
etail.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
g
lo
b
al
an
aly
s
is
b
y
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
9
]
,
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
u
s
es
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
ly
1
6
5
b
illi
o
n
u
n
its
o
f
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
a
n
n
u
ally
,
h
alf
o
f
w
h
ich
ar
e
s
in
g
le
-
u
s
e
p
last
ics.
T
h
is
v
o
lu
m
e
ex
ce
e
d
s
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
u
s
ed
in
p
h
y
s
ical
s
to
r
es,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
ec
o
-
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
alter
n
ativ
es
[
2
7
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
co
m
p
an
ies
ar
e
tu
r
n
i
n
g
to
eco
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
m
ater
i
als,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
i
o
d
eg
r
ad
ab
le
a
n
d
r
ec
y
clab
le
m
ater
ials
[
3
4
]
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
ar
e
ev
en
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
cr
ea
tin
g
r
e
u
s
ab
le
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
[
4
2
]
.
C
o
m
p
a
n
ies
with
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ain
s
th
a
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
eu
s
in
g
m
ater
ials
r
at
h
er
th
a
n
d
is
p
o
s
in
g
o
f
th
em
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
g
r
ea
ter
r
eso
u
r
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
o
f
f
er
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
alter
n
ativ
e
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
els
[
3
0
]
.
E
lectr
o
n
ic
waste
is
an
o
th
er
b
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
b
u
t
r
ec
y
clin
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
d
ea
l
with
t
h
e
is
s
u
e.
R
etailer
s
o
f
f
er
r
etu
r
n
an
d
r
ef
u
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
s
h
o
p
p
er
s
t
o
r
ec
y
cle
o
ld
elec
tr
o
n
ics
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
lan
d
f
ills
[
3
5
]
,
[
4
1
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
t
h
an
tr
ad
itio
n
al
clea
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
r
ef
lect
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
’
s
ten
d
e
n
cy
to
b
e
cy
clica
l.
W
h
ile
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
waste,
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
ac
k
a
g
i
n
g
,
clo
s
ed
-
l
o
o
p
l
o
g
is
tics
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
e
-
w
aste
co
llectio
n
m
ar
k
s
a
s
h
if
t
to
w
ar
d
m
o
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
p
r
ac
tic
es
an
d
clea
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
r
e
d
u
cin
g
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
’
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t.
As
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
co
n
tin
u
es
to
g
r
o
w,
t
h
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
en
s
u
r
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
4
.
6
.
I
m
ple
m
en
t
a
t
io
n o
f
e
-
wa
s
t
e
m
a
na
g
e
m
ent
re
g
ula
t
io
ns
T
o
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
an
a
g
e
e
-
waste
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
u
p
d
ate
ex
is
tin
g
laws
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
is
s
u
es
o
f
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tally
s
o
u
n
d
waste
d
is
p
o
s
al
[
3
3
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
s
ch
ed
u
led
waste,
in
clu
d
in
g
e
-
waste,
is
r
eg
u
late
d
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
Q
u
ality
(
Sch
ed
u
led
W
aste)
R
eg
u
latio
n
s
,
2
0
0
5
[
3
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
wh
ile
t
h
e
So
lid
W
aste
an
d
Pu
b
lic
C
lean
s
in
g
Ma
n
ag
em
en
t
Act,
2
0
0
7
(
Act
6
7
2
)
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
o
u
r
ce
s
eg
r
eg
atio
n
,
b
u
t
o
n
ly
ap
p
lies
in
s
o
m
e
s
tates
an
d
f
ed
er
al
t
er
r
ito
r
ies.
As
s
h
o
wn
b
y
As
k
a
r
i
et
a
l.
[
3
3
]
,
th
ese
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
lim
itatio
n
s
cr
ea
te
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
g
ap
s
,
co
m
p
licate
n
atio
n
al
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
s
tr
ess
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
e
-
waste
leg
is
latio
n
.
T
o
co
m
p
ly
with
r
e
g
u
latio
n
s
,
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
b
u
s
in
ess
es
m
u
s
t
a
d
h
er
e
t
o
th
e
g
u
id
elin
es
o
f
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
an
d
Mu
ltim
ed
ia
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
f
o
llo
w
s
y
s
tem
atic
co
m
p
lian
ce
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
r
eg
is
ter
in
g
with
th
e
Dep
a
r
tm
en
t
o
f
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
e
-
waste
is
id
en
tifie
d
,
s
to
r
ed
s
af
ely
,
a
n
d
d
is
p
o
s
ed
o
f
b
y
ce
r
tifie
d
co
m
p
an
ies.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
c
o
m
p
an
i
es
ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
to
r
aise
co
n
s
u
m
er
awa
r
en
ess
ab
o
u
t
e
-
waste
r
ec
y
clin
g
,
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
,
an
d
o
f
f
er
ec
o
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
p
r
o
d
u
cts
[
2
6
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
E
-
co
mme
r
ce
w
a
s
te
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t:
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
(
Mo
h
d
.
S
u
h
a
imi S
h
a
msu
d
d
in
)
823
C
aiy
i
et
a
l.
[
3
1
]
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
u
ch
as
tak
e
-
b
ac
k
s
ch
em
es
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
r
ec
y
clin
g
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
r
ed
u
ce
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
waste,
an
d
Ma
h
at
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
Ma
lay
s
ia’
s
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
wh
ich
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
r
em
ain
lar
g
el
y
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
a
n
d
f
r
ag
m
en
te
d
,
t
o
alig
n
with
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
b
est
p
r
ac
tice.
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
ac
ti
o
n
is
also
es
s
en
tial
to
m
an
ag
in
g
e
-
waste.
Me
asu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
icter
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
laws
an
d
e
n
co
u
r
ag
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
ally
f
r
ien
d
ly
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
e
d
u
ce
waste
a
t
s
o
u
r
ce
[
3
7
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
al
ac
t
iv
ities
in
to
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
m
p
lian
c
e
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
r
ec
y
clin
g
p
r
ac
tices
[
2
6
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
U
ltima
tely
,
a
s
y
s
tem
ic
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
e
-
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
th
at
in
clu
d
es
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
r
e
f
o
r
m
s
an
d
s
t
ak
eh
o
ld
er
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
will
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
e
-
waste
an
d
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
u
ld
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
Ma
lay
s
ia'
s
wa
s
te
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
g
lo
b
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
4
.
7
.
P
r
o
mo
t
io
n o
f
circ
ula
r
e
co
no
m
y
princip
les
Pro
m
o
tin
g
C
E
p
r
in
ci
p
les
is
cr
itical
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
th
e
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
c
e
s
ec
to
r
.
A
k
ey
s
tr
ateg
y
is
to
cr
ea
te
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
aw
m
ater
ial
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
to
r
ed
u
ce
waste
g
e
n
er
atio
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
e
f
f
icien
cy
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
h
ar
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
y
en
h
a
n
ce
s
t
h
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cts an
d
s
h
o
r
te
n
in
g
th
eir
l
if
e
cy
cles,
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
waste
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
E
-
co
m
m
er
ce
p
lay
er
s
ca
n
e
m
p
lo
y
a
C
E
s
tr
ateg
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ac
tical
in
itiativ
es
s
u
ch
as
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
waste,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
r
e
u
s
e
an
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
,
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
r
eu
s
ab
le
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
2
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
a
k
e
-
b
ac
k
an
d
r
e
u
s
e
o
r
r
ec
y
c
le
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ar
e
also
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
ey
h
elp
r
ed
u
ce
e
-
waste
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
o
r
d
a
m
ag
ed
p
r
o
d
u
cts
ar
e
r
ep
air
ed
,
r
eso
ld
,
o
r
r
ec
y
cled
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
C
lo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ain
s
p
lay
an
ess
en
tial
r
o
le
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
C
E
b
y
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts
f
r
o
m
s
u
p
p
lier
s
wh
o
p
r
ac
tice
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
u
s
e
r
ec
y
cle
d
m
at
er
ials
,
t
h
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
was
te
ass
o
ciate
d
with
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
[
1
2
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
waste
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
c
o
m
p
an
ies
p
r
o
m
o
tes
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
is
p
o
s
al
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
1
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
is
an
o
th
er
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
elem
en
t
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
C
E
in
itiativ
es.
I
n
f
o
r
m
ed
cu
s
to
m
er
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
m
ak
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
co
n
s
cio
u
s
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
an
d
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
co
m
p
a
n
ies
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ar
k
etin
g
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
e
C
E
-
co
m
p
lian
t
b
eh
av
io
r
[
7
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
7
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
B
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
r
e
u
s
ab
le
p
ac
k
a
g
i
n
g
,
tak
e
-
b
ac
k
a
n
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
cir
cu
lar
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ai
n
s
,
s
tr
ateg
ic
waste
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
p
a
r
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
its
s
u
s
t
ain
ab
ilit
y
ef
f
o
r
ts
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ed
u
ce
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
i
m
p
ac
ts
wh
ile
also
cr
ea
tin
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
s
o
cial
b
en
ef
its
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
C
E
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
4
.
8
.
P
r
o
blem
s
a
nd
o
pp
o
rt
un
it
ies
T
h
e
r
ap
i
d
g
r
o
wth
o
f
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
,
esp
ec
ially
s
in
ce
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
h
as
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
ch
an
g
ed
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
p
u
r
c
h
asin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
a
n
d
also
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
in
cr
ea
s
ed
waste
g
en
er
atio
n
[
4
8
]
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
ch
an
g
es
h
a
v
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
tiv
ity
,
th
ey
h
av
e
also
cr
ea
te
d
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ch
allen
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
waste
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
em
is
s
io
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
lo
g
is
tics
an
d
d
eliv
er
y
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
c
e
waste
is
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
m
ater
ial
s
s
u
ch
as
ca
r
d
b
o
ar
d
b
o
x
es,
p
last
ic
f
ilm
s
,
an
d
air
b
ag
s
,
wh
ich
o
f
ten
e
n
d
u
p
in
lan
d
f
ills
d
u
e
to
im
p
r
o
p
er
d
is
p
o
s
al
m
eth
o
d
s
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices
will
lead
to
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
ep
letio
n
,
an
d
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as e
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
th
er
eb
y
wo
r
s
en
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
am
ag
e
[
2
7
]
,
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
t
h
ese
is
s
u
e
s
,
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
,
an
d
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
er
v
ices
m
u
s
t
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
in
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
lem
en
t
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
p
r
o
p
er
d
is
in
f
ec
t
io
n
an
d
d
is
p
o
s
al
o
f
waste
lef
t
b
eh
in
d
b
y
o
n
lin
e
tak
ea
way
o
r
d
er
s
[
3
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
th
er
ch
allen
g
es
r
em
ain
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
lack
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
m
ate
r
ials
,
p
o
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
er
r
ec
y
clin
g
h
a
b
its
,
an
d
lo
g
is
tical
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
d
esig
n
in
g
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
th
at
is
s
af
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
,
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
h
as
b
ee
n
ac
h
iev
ed
,
with
m
an
y
co
m
p
an
ies
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
p
o
lic
ies
s
u
ch
as
u
s
in
g
b
io
d
eg
r
a
d
ab
le
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
an
d
in
v
esti
n
g
in
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
ec
y
cli
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
q
u
ality
an
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
o
f
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
[
2
8
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
W
aste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
co
m
p
an
ies
ar
e
lik
ewise
b
eg
in
n
in
g
to
o
f
f
er
s
p
ec
ialized
r
eu
s
e
an
d
r
ec
y
clin
g
s
er
v
ices,
h
elp
i
n
g
to
cr
ea
te
j
o
b
s
in
th
e
g
r
ee
n
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
ar
e
p
la
y
in
g
a
v
ital
r
o
le
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
r
eu
s
ab
le
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
C
E
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
el
s
th
at
m
o
v
e
awa
y
f
r
o
m
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
lin
ea
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
n
ew
s
tr
ateg
y
m
ar
k
s
th
e
m
o
v
e
to
war
d
s
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
b
alan
ce
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
co
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
r
is
e
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
h
as
r
aised
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
is
s
u
es,
b
u
t
it
h
a
s
also
o
p
en
ed
u
p
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
B
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
g
r
ee
n
p
r
a
ctic
es,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
,
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
ca
n
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
cu
r
r
en
t
c
h
allen
g
es
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
d
wit
h
ex
is
tin
g
f
r
ag
m
e
n
ted
m
o
d
el
s
,
th
e
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
ea
lt
with
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es a
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t b
as
is
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
o
n
a
g
lo
b
al
s
ca
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
8
17
-
8
27
824
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
a
p
id
g
r
o
wth
o
f
e
-
c
o
m
m
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h
as
r
esu
lted
in
a
s
ig
n
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ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
an
d
e
-
waste
d
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e
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
an
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
I
n
r
es
p
o
n
s
e,
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
a
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
p
o
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en
co
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r
ag
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
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p
r
ac
tices
s
u
ch
as
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-
f
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d
ly
p
ac
k
ag
in
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,
s
tr
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-
waste
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u
latio
n
s
,
a
n
d
C
E
p
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i
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cip
les.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
g
r
o
win
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
co
n
s
cio
u
s
co
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s
u
m
er
s
ar
e
p
u
s
h
in
g
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etailer
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to
cr
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te
s
u
s
tain
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le
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co
m
m
er
ce
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
ec
o
-
f
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d
ly
p
ac
k
a
g
in
g
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wev
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,
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
tak
ea
way
f
r
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m
th
es
e
r
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lts
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th
e
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to
m
o
v
e
f
r
o
m
waste
elim
in
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to
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r
ev
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tio
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a
n
d
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ed
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ce
th
e
e
x
ce
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cti
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n
a
n
d
p
ac
k
a
g
in
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p
r
ac
tic
es
a
s
s
o
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d
with
m
o
d
e
r
n
life
s
ty
les.
Ach
iev
in
g
th
is
g
o
al
r
e
q
u
ir
es
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
b
u
t
also
r
e
q
u
ir
es
im
m
ed
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ac
tio
n
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ac
t
o
f
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
.
Ma
lay
s
ia
is
wo
r
k
in
g
to
war
d
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
o
r
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
b
u
t
g
r
ea
t
e
r
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
co
m
p
a
n
ies,
co
n
s
u
m
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s
,
an
d
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
c
o
m
p
an
ies
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
ac
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ler
ate
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
t
h
e
Ma
l
ay
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co
m
m
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ce
in
d
u
s
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m
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p
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ac
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t
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p
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t
wast
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d
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n
co
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r
ag
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th
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ty
p
es
o
f
co
llab
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r
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n
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
ese
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
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tal
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F
UNDING
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NF
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s
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h
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m
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t Res
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ch
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h
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u
r
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C
o
n
tr
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to
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ax
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d
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DATA AV
AI
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f
r
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co
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au
t
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r
,
[
MSS]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
K
.
Ta
y
l
o
r
,
“
T
h
e
r
e
t
a
i
l
a
p
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y
p
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0
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.
A
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:
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t
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w
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b
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[
2
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S
.
Esc
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se
l
l
,
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.
L
.
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M
a
ssa
n
a
,
a
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d
M
.
B
.
R
o
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r
o
,
“
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u
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a
b
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e
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o
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p
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k
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n
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:
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v
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w
,
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o
u
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l
o
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v
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2
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.
j
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p
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2
0
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0
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1
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4
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1
4
.
[
3
]
H
.
P
å
l
sso
n
,
C
.
F
i
n
n
s
g
å
r
d
,
a
n
d
C
.
W
ä
n
st
r
ö
m,
“
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e
l
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c
t
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o
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o
f
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k
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g
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s
y
st
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ms
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s
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p
p
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h
a
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a
su
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t
a
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n
a
b
i
l
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t
y
p
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r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
:
Th
e
c
a
se
o
f
V
o
l
v
o
,
”
Pa
c
k
a
g
i
n
g
T
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9
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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[
4
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N
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:
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[
5
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J.
S
h
v
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t
s,
“
Ec
o
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f
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e
n
d
l
y
p
a
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a
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m
a
t
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s o
f
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f
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t
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e
:
b
r
a
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s mu
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t
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s o
n
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f
u
s
i
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n
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,
su
s
t
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[
6
]
Y
.
S
.
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,
Y
.
A
.
L
i
m,
a
n
d
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.
M
.
S
.
K
.
I
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a
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n
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s
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s
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y
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a
t
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o
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s
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M
a
l
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y
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a
:
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l
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s
a
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d
f
u
t
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p
r
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e
c
t
s,
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o
u
rn
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o
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Pr
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.
2
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0
3
.
2
0
5
.
[
7
]
J.
C
.
T
u
,
Y
.
W
.
T
u
,
a
n
d
T.
R
.
W
a
n
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,
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A
n
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n
v
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