I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
6
3
9
~
6
4
9
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
14
.
i
3
.
pp
639
-
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639
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“
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ig
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v
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c
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ly
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m
a
p
p
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g
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t
u
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ls
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ss
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g
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le
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o
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ial
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riatio
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in
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ice
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o
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h
e
issu
e
a
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ro
ss
d
iffere
n
t
c
o
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n
tr
ies
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p
ro
v
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n
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e
s.
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is
re
se
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h
u
n
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si
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v
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ly
sis
th
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t
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v
e
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ica
to
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h
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t
e
x
e
rt
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
n
th
e
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
o
f
p
a
v
e
m
e
n
ts.
Ad
d
it
io
n
a
ll
y
,
th
is
a
n
a
ly
sis
a
ls
o
se
e
k
s
t
o
p
r
o
p
o
se
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
a
v
e
n
u
e
s
f
o
r
fu
t
u
re
re
se
a
rc
h
with
i
n
lea
n
c
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
.
A
n
i
n
ten
si
v
e
in
v
e
s
ti
g
a
t
io
n
p
ro
v
id
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s
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o
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r
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q
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e
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lu
ste
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d
s
t
h
a
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h
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f
o
rm
e
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ro
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e
ss
o
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k
e
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r
d
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c
e
m
a
p
p
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g
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h
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n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
t
h
e
lea
n
p
ri
n
c
ip
les
,
w
h
ich
a
re
ro
a
d
se
g
m
e
n
t,
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
iv
it
y
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
lea
n
.
Las
t
b
u
t
n
o
t
lea
st,
4
p
o
in
ters
a
re
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
th
a
t
will
h
e
lp
sta
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
rs
a
n
d
p
o
l
icy
m
a
k
e
rs
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ss
e
s
s
p
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v
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m
e
n
t
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s,
id
e
n
ti
f
y
a
re
a
s
fo
r
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
e
x
e
c
u
te
targ
e
ted
i
n
te
rv
e
n
ti
o
n
s
to
imp
r
o
v
e
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
r
ev
iew
Hig
h
way
p
av
em
en
t
L
ea
n
p
r
i
n
ci
p
les
Pro
d
u
ctiv
ity
VOSv
iewe
r
T
h
is i
s
a
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o
p
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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r th
e
CC B
Y
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SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
h
am
m
ed
Sh
a
k
il S.
Ma
lek
Om
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Gu
jar
at
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ical
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ah
m
ed
ab
ad
,
Gu
jar
at,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
s
h
ak
il2
5
0
7
1
5
@
y
ah
o
o
.
co
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
ta
k
e
s
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
s
tu
d
y
to
id
en
tify
an
d
r
etr
iev
e
p
atter
n
s
in
h
er
en
t
in
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ex
am
i
n
a
tio
n
o
f
q
u
an
titativ
e
v
alu
es
,
wh
ich
was
lack
in
g
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
d
atab
an
k
.
Un
lik
e
p
ast
r
esear
ch
.
H
er
e,
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
s
cr
u
ti
n
ized
th
e
av
ailab
le
liter
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
an
d
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
cien
to
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
lean
p
r
in
cip
le
s
th
at
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
s
ed
in
h
i
g
h
way
p
av
em
en
t
with
em
p
h
asis
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
a
b
o
v
e
co
u
r
s
e,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
q
u
a
litativ
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
was
u
n
d
er
t
ak
en
,
wh
e
r
ein
t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
wer
e
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
s
y
n
th
esized
an
d
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ated
as a
n
in
d
is
p
en
s
a
b
le
f
ac
et
o
f
o
u
r
s
ch
o
lar
ly
in
q
u
ir
y
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
f
ac
ets,
th
e
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
q
u
a
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
p
ap
er
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
lar
l
y
liter
atu
r
e,
a
n
d
th
e
d
is
ce
r
n
ib
le
p
atter
n
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
[
1
]
.
W
e
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
iv
e
s
cien
to
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
t
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
s
ch
o
lar
ly
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
of
th
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic
at
h
an
d
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
a
m
eticu
lo
u
s
e
x
am
in
atio
n
o
f
r
elev
an
t
liter
atu
r
e
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
ar
ticles,
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
ap
e
r
s
,
an
d
o
th
er
s
ch
o
lar
ly
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
was
to
g
ain
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
id
en
tif
y
k
ey
th
em
es a
n
d
tr
e
n
d
s
th
at
wer
e
m
is
s
in
g
in
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
th
eo
r
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
639
-
6
4
9
640
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
p
a
p
er
r
ev
o
lv
es a
r
o
u
n
d
th
r
ee
ter
m
s
“lea
n
p
r
in
cip
les,”
“h
ig
h
way
p
av
em
en
t,”
an
d
“p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t”
.
L
ea
n
p
r
in
ci
p
les
b
ein
g
to
p
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
k
ey
tactics
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
an
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
'
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
,
h
e
n
ce
,
co
m
p
e
titi
v
en
ess
[
2
]
.
A
lean
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
m
eth
o
d
is
th
e
o
n
ly
way
th
at
p
r
o
v
es
b
etter
m
en
t
in
q
u
ality
,
tim
e,
an
d
c
o
s
t
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
[
3
]
.
T
alk
in
g
ab
o
u
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
it
p
lay
s
a
v
ital
p
ar
t
i
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
cr
u
c
ial
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
d
ev
elo
p
ed
as
well
as
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies.
“Pr
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
”
d
ef
i
n
es
th
e
af
f
iliatio
n
b
etwe
en
i
n
p
u
ts
an
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
[
4
]
.
Hig
h
way
p
av
e
m
en
ts
ar
e
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
lay
e
r
s
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
m
ater
ials
laid
o
v
er
a
n
atu
r
al
s
o
il
s
u
b
g
r
ad
e.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
a
c
r
itical
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
as
th
ey
ca
r
r
y
tr
af
f
ic.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
s
er
v
ic
e
life
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
h
ig
h
way
p
a
v
em
en
t
is
f
o
r
a
l
o
n
g
er
d
u
r
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.
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h
e
co
r
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
h
ig
h
way
p
av
em
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is
to
d
is
p
en
s
e
ap
p
lied
v
eh
icle
lo
ad
s
to
th
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s
u
b
g
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t
d
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a
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3
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2
.
Dis
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t
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l
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tifie
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tical
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o
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.
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o
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co
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lar
ly
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ited
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p
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f
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3
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ates
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atio
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tifie
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f
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th
e
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eg
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s
o
f
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u
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ica
,
Af
r
ica,
o
r
An
tar
ctica
.
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h
e
an
al
y
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is
o
f
th
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ata
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et
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ls
th
at
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s
ia,
E
u
r
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e,
No
r
th
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ica,
an
d
Au
s
tr
alia.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
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f
p
ar
ticip
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lean
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ld
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im
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en
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alu
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t
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r
s
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it
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f
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u
tm
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-
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ta
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s
with
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th
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c
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n
s
tr
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ec
to
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er
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f
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tan
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tin
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th
at
r
e
q
u
ir
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ad
d
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itten
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m
en
tatio
n
in
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elatio
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to
th
is
f
ield
to
cu
ltiv
ate
s
u
ch
r
eso
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r
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s
.
3.
3
.
L
ea
n c
o
ns
t
ruct
io
n a
utho
r
a
nd
co
-
a
utho
r
net
wo
r
k
p
ub
lica
t
io
n
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
h
ir
e
d
th
e
VOSv
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r
s
o
f
twar
e
to
g
en
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ate
an
in
clu
s
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n
etwo
r
k
d
ia
g
r
am
th
at
v
is
u
ally
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ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
llectiv
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
o
f
p
lay
wr
i
g
h
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
th
e
lea
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
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ch
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5
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ctio
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o
r
an
d
co
-
a
u
th
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
p
u
b
licatio
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
a
r
ticles p
er
au
th
o
r
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
a
s
cr
u
tin
y
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
VOSv
iewe
r
,
a
wid
ely
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tili
ze
d
s
o
f
twar
e
to
o
l
f
o
r
v
is
u
alizin
g
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
r
ev
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le
d
th
at
a
to
tal
o
f
6
au
t
h
o
r
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
co
m
m
e
n
d
ab
le
a
d
h
er
en
ce
to
th
e
s
tip
u
lated
cr
it
er
ia,
wh
ich
n
ec
ess
itated
th
e
p
o
s
s
ess
io
n
o
f
n
o
less
th
an
two
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
o
s
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ac
h
iev
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
citatio
n
s
b
u
t
h
av
e
also
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ted
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
to
th
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
with
in
t
h
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
l
ea
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
a
im
s
to
id
en
tify
an
d
an
al
y
ze
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
wh
o
h
av
e
ex
h
ib
ited
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
lev
els
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
im
p
ac
t
with
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
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ea
lm
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
th
eir
d
o
cu
m
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
citatio
n
co
u
n
t.
Z
h
an
g
,
alo
n
g
with
Kap
o
o
r
,
h
as
p
u
b
lis
h
e
d
2
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
th
at
h
av
e
r
ec
e
iv
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
with
4
9
citatio
n
s
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
em
in
wo
r
k
ar
e
Mo
r
ad
i
an
d
So
r
m
u
n
en
,
h
av
i
n
g
2
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
in
p
u
b
licatio
n
with
citatio
n
n
u
m
b
er
1
8
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
a
r
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
Kesk
in
iv
a,
Saar
i
,
an
d
J
u
n
n
o
n
en
,
wh
ich
is
3
h
av
i
n
g
ci
tatio
n
o
f
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
639
-
6
4
9
644
T
ab
le
1
.
Ar
ticles
by
a
u
th
o
r
s
w
ith
citatio
n
s
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
N
o
.
o
f
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
C
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
K
e
s
k
i
n
i
v
a
,
S
a
a
r
i
,
a
n
d
J
u
n
n
o
n
e
n
3
10
M
a
n
o
h
a
r
a
n
,
D
i
ss
a
n
a
y
a
k
e
2
7
M
o
r
a
d
i
a
n
d
S
o
r
mu
n
e
n
2
18
O
f
o
r
i
,
Zh
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Li
n
g
2
16
S
u
t
a
n
t
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o
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A
n
w
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r
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n
d
W
i
g
u
n
a
2
3
Zh
a
n
g
a
n
d
K
a
p
o
o
r
2
49
I
n
th
e
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
s
tu
d
y
,
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
wca
s
es
a
co
m
p
ilatio
n
o
f
s
ix
lin
k
ag
es,
ea
c
h
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
a
d
is
tin
ct
lev
el
o
f
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
.
T
h
e
c
u
m
u
lativ
e
lin
k
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
ese
s
ix
lin
k
ag
es
is
q
u
an
tifie
d
to
b
e
1
3
.
I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
s
ch
o
lar
ly
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
E
ck
an
d
W
altm
an
[
1
8
]
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
estab
lis
h
ed
th
at
au
t
h
o
r
s
wh
o
m
ai
n
tain
s
tr
o
n
g
af
f
iliatio
n
s
with
th
eir
p
ee
r
s
ar
e
lik
ely
to
e
x
h
ib
it
a
co
m
m
en
s
u
r
ate
lev
el
o
f
co
-
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
p
o
ten
c
y
.
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h
e
n
etwo
r
k
d
iag
r
am
s
er
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v
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al
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ep
r
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o
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icate
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ter
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is
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g
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o
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th
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ely
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s
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atin
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itu
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o
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llab
o
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ativ
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e
f
f
o
r
ts
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d
th
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
d
is
p
er
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io
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o
f
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r
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tiv
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s
ter
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h
e
p
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t
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tu
d
y
h
as
s
u
cc
ess
f
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lly
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tifie
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ce
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th
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r
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ip
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in
a
to
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f
s
ix
d
is
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ct
an
d
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ep
ar
at
e
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s
ter
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
-
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
ip
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
f
o
r
lea
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
3.
4
.
Co
-
o
cc
urre
nce
s
t
ud
y
o
f
lea
n c
o
ns
t
ruct
io
n t
er
m
s
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
li
ca
tio
n
o
f
to
p
ics
with
in
a
s
ch
o
lar
ly
ar
ticle
a
r
e
en
h
an
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
wh
ic
h
s
er
v
e
as
p
iv
o
tal
ter
m
s
th
at
a
ct
as
m
ar
k
er
s
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
n
o
tab
l
e
s
u
r
g
e
in
s
ch
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lar
ly
atten
tio
n
to
war
d
s
th
e
m
u
ltifa
r
io
u
s
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
th
at
e
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er
t
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
h
ea
lth
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d
s
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ety
co
n
d
itio
n
s
p
r
ev
ale
n
t
at
c
o
n
s
tr
u
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n
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ites
.
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e,
th
e
V
OSv
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r
was
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s
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ex
tr
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t
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ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
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ata
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o
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th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
ti
o
n
was
to
cr
ea
te
a
co
m
p
r
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e
n
s
iv
e
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is
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al
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ep
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ese
n
tatio
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o
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th
e
c
o
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o
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u
r
r
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g
ter
m
s
with
in
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
lea
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
5
,
th
e
in
itial
p
o
o
l
o
f
k
ey
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r
d
s
co
m
p
r
is
ed
a
to
tal
o
f
2
,
9
3
5
d
is
tin
ct
ter
m
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
av
ailab
le
o
p
tio
n
s
,
a
m
er
e
7
0
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
m
ee
t
th
e
p
r
ed
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m
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e
d
th
r
esh
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ld
.
I
t
was
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
r
ef
in
e
th
ese
in
itial
f
ilter
ed
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
f
u
r
th
e
r
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
o
lid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ter
m
s
“
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
m
p
a
n
ies,
”
“
c
o
n
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tr
u
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n
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ir
m
s
,
”
“
c
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tr
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c
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ec
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d
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co
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tr
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”
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n
to
a
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n
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ied
ter
m
h
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ee
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n
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e
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ta
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en
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e
p
r
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ce
s
s
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am
alg
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atin
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e
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y
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m
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‘
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n
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er
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en
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h
e
s
cien
tific
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r
to
g
r
ap
h
y
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
h
as
s
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cc
ess
f
u
lly
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elin
ea
ted
a
co
m
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r
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iv
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etwo
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m
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r
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g
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f
8
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ter
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with
th
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h
ig
h
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ticea
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le
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s
ter
o
f
1
2
p
iv
o
tal
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
.
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h
e
te
r
m
in
o
lo
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ies
ab
o
v
e
h
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v
e
b
ee
n
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ten
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iv
ely
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e
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ce
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ch
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ciate
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n
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th
eir
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r
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r
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r
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its
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e
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al
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ep
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t
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ize
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er
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ep
ict
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r
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te
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m
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in
a
s
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ec
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o
r
p
u
s
o
f
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atu
r
e.
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h
e
p
r
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em
p
h
asis
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
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lies
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th
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icate
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ter
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ts
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f
o
r
all
o
t
h
er
ass
o
ciate
d
ter
m
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o
lo
g
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
8
1
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b
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an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
p
lace
s
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
em
p
h
asis
o
n
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t o
f
“
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
”.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
lean
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
.
T
a
b
le
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
ter
s
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
ex
h
ib
itin
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
lev
el
o
f
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
v
is
u
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
wca
s
es
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
eig
h
t
o
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v
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u
s
clu
s
ter
s
,
w
h
e
r
ein
ea
ch
clu
s
ter
is
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
b
y
its
u
n
iq
u
e
n
o
d
e
co
lo
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,
wh
ich
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
ter
m
s
.
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h
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
p
er
tain
in
g
to
th
e
r
o
ad
s
ec
to
r
,
as
d
i
s
ce
r
n
ed
with
in
th
e
r
ed
clu
s
ter
1
,
ar
e
ty
p
ically
class
if
ied
as
p
av
em
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
.
W
ith
in
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
c
r
im
s
o
n
clu
s
ter
,
t
h
er
e
ex
is
ts
an
ag
g
r
eg
ate
to
tal
o
f
1
2
d
is
cr
ete
lin
g
u
is
tic
en
titi
es.
C
lu
s
ter
2
en
co
m
p
ass
es
a
to
tal
o
f
1
0
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
f
all
u
n
d
er
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
g
r
ee
n
k
ey
wo
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d
s
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
d
e
x
p
licitly
b
y
t
h
eir
tech
n
iq
u
es.
On
e
n
o
tab
le
ex
am
p
le
is
clu
s
ter
3
(
b
lu
e)
,
wh
ich
e
n
co
m
p
ass
es
ter
m
s
r
elate
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
wh
ile
clu
s
ter
4
(
y
ello
w)
en
co
m
p
ass
es
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
lean
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Mo
s
t a
ctiv
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
b
as
ed
o
n
th
eir
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
O
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
Le
a
n
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
1
2
1
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
76
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
s
47
Le
a
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
45
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
40
P
r
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j
e
c
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
28
H
i
g
h
w
a
y
p
a
v
e
m
e
n
t
21
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o
n
st
r
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c
t
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ma
n
a
g
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n
t
20
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o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
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p
r
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18
Ef
f
i
c
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y
17
3.
5
.
Ana
ly
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is
o
f
pu
bli
ca
t
io
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urce
s
T
h
e
p
r
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t
s
tu
d
y
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
an
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
p
u
b
lis
h
in
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
with
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
an
n
u
al
p
ap
er
s
a
n
d
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
t
h
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
co
u
n
tr
y
o
r
r
eg
io
n
wh
ich
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
p
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o
l
o
f
6
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u
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at
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p
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at
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h
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4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
O
F
Q
UA
L
I
T
AT
I
V
E
DA
T
A
T
h
is
p
r
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t
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
u
n
d
e
r
tak
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
q
u
al
itativ
e
an
aly
s
is
th
at
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
d
iv
er
s
e
in
d
icato
r
s
th
at
ex
er
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
p
av
em
en
ts
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
is
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
p
r
esen
ts
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
iv
e
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
er
ta
k
in
g
s
p
r
ed
ica
ted
o
n
t
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
b
i
b
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
f
o
r
s
cien
ce
m
ap
p
in
g
a
n
d
s
cien
tifi
c
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ex
p
o
s
itio
n
p
er
tain
s
to
th
e
f
o
u
r
clu
s
ter
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
4
.
1
.
P
o
inte
rs f
o
r
ro
a
d seg
m
e
nt
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
,
v
is
u
ally
em
p
h
asized
in
th
e
co
l
o
r
r
e
d
,
co
m
p
r
is
es
a
to
tal
o
f
1
2
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
th
a
t
p
er
tain
to
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
th
e
r
o
ad
s
ec
to
r
.
T
h
ese
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
en
c
o
m
p
ass
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
to
p
ics
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
b
u
t
ar
e
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
th
e
asp
h
alt,
asp
h
alt
p
av
em
e
n
t,
a
u
to
m
atio
n
,
lean
t
o
o
ls
,
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
,
d
esig
n
,
h
ig
h
way
p
av
em
en
t,
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
,
p
a
v
em
en
ts
,
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
d
esig
n
.
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n
th
is
ass
em
b
lag
e
o
f
co
n
ce
p
t
s
,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
ap
p
ar
en
t
th
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
cu
s
r
esid
es
with
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
e
x
a
m
in
es
th
e
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elatio
n
s
h
i
p
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etwe
en
lean
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
f
o
r
h
ig
h
way
p
av
em
e
n
t.
Dr
awin
g
u
p
o
n
th
e
wo
r
k
s
o
f
Dan
iel
a
n
d
Sep
p
an
en
,
it
is
p
o
s
tu
lated
th
at
a
g
r
ea
ter
em
p
h
asis
o
n
ap
p
l
y
in
g
lea
n
p
r
in
ci
p
les m
ay
r
esu
lt in
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t in
th
e
r
o
ad
s
eg
m
en
t.
4
.
2
.
P
o
inte
rs o
f
t
ec
hn
iqu
es
T
h
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
,
d
e
n
o
ted
as
th
e
‘
g
r
ee
n
clu
s
ter
,
’
en
c
o
m
p
as
s
es
a
to
tal
o
f
1
0
d
is
cr
ete
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
th
at
en
co
m
p
ass
a
d
iv
e
r
s
e
ar
r
ay
o
f
s
u
b
jects.
T
h
ese
s
u
b
jects
in
clu
d
e
b
u
t
ar
e
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
a
g
ile
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
,
b
u
ild
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
o
d
elli
n
g
,
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
jects,
in
teg
r
ate
d
p
r
o
ject
d
eliv
er
y
,
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
,
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
lean
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ites
i
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
attr
ib
u
ted
to
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
u
s
ed
o
n
-
s
it
e.
T
h
e
ex
am
i
n
atio
n
o
f
waste
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
lean
m
an
ag
em
en
t
h
as
r
ea
p
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
in
em
er
g
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es.
I
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
Go
h
il
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
lean
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
its
im
p
ac
t o
n
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
p
av
em
e
n
t.
4
.
3
.
P
o
inte
rs f
o
r
pro
du
ct
iv
it
y
im
pro
v
e
m
ent
T
h
e
ass
em
b
lag
e,
d
en
o
ted
as
th
e
b
lu
e
clu
s
ter
,
en
co
m
p
ass
es
a
to
tal
o
f
1
0
is
o
lated
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
,
n
am
ely
d
is
till
atio
n
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
p
r
o
d
u
ct
iv
ity
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
q
u
ality
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
s
im
u
latio
n
,
s
o
lar
h
ea
tin
g
,
a
n
d
s
o
lar
s
till
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
i
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
lean
p
r
in
ci
p
les.
T
h
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
lean
p
r
in
cip
les
o
n
p
a
v
em
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
G
h
ate
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
ha
ve
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
is
b
o
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
ed
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
i
ty
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
f
ac
to
r
wh
e
n
ass
es
s
in
g
p
av
em
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
4
.
4
.
P
o
int
er
s
f
o
r
lea
n
T
h
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
y
e
llo
w
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
a
co
m
p
ilatio
n
o
f
1
0
p
iv
o
t
al
b
ar
r
ier
s
:
b
u
ild
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
B
I
M)
,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
4
.
0
,
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
,
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
waste,
lean
,
lean
th
in
k
in
g
,
lean
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
a
n
d
lean
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Ko
s
k
ela
[
2
3
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
lean
i
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
is
p
r
ac
tice
m
ay
p
o
ten
tiall
y
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
jects
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
way
s
.
T
h
e
s
ch
o
lar
l
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
b
ib
lio
metric revie
w
o
f le
a
n
p
r
in
cip
les in
h
ig
h
w
a
y
p
a
ve
men
t fo
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctivity
imp
r
o
ve
men
t (
P
o
o
j
a
P
.
Go
h
il)
647
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
it
is
ad
v
is
ab
le
to
u
s
e
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
to
o
ls
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
u
t
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
th
e
last
p
lan
n
er
s
y
s
tem
,
B
I
M,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
4
.
0
,
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
im
ilar
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
ea
s
e
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
[
2
4
]
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
p
av
em
en
t,
it
is
o
f
u
tm
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
ac
to
r
to
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
n
d
m
ain
tain
p
a
v
em
en
t
b
u
t
al
s
o
to
im
p
ar
t
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
t
r
ain
in
g
to
t
h
eir
esteem
ed
s
taf
f
m
em
b
er
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
u
s
ag
e
o
f
lean
p
r
in
cip
le
s
[
2
5
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
a
s
cien
ce
m
a
p
p
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
s
ea
r
ch
,
s
cien
to
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
wid
e
-
r
an
g
in
g
q
u
alitativ
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e,
to
s
cr
u
tin
ize
a
to
tal
o
f
3
8
9
r
esear
c
h
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
le
an
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
is
t
in
g
d
ata,
a
n
o
tab
le
s
u
r
g
e
in
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
ch
o
lar
ly
ar
ticles
with
in
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
ea
lm
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
ep
o
c
h
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
u
n
v
eiled
a
n
o
t
ab
le
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
r
ig
in
atin
g
f
r
o
m
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
u
n
tr
ies.
I
n
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
l
ess
d
ev
elo
p
ed
co
u
n
tr
ies,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
r
es
er
v
o
ir
o
f
u
n
ta
p
p
ed
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
s
o
cial
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
ex
is
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
a
s
u
r
f
eit
o
f
s
ch
o
lar
ly
jo
u
r
n
als
h
as
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
d
is
s
em
in
ated
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
esear
c
h
with
in
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
o
m
ain
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
lific
au
th
o
r
s
an
d
co
-
au
t
h
o
r
s
in
th
e
k
in
g
d
o
m
o
f
l
ean
-
r
elate
d
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
was
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
b
o
th
t
h
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
citatio
n
s
r
ea
p
ed
b
y
th
ese
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
A
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ascer
tain
th
e
p
r
ev
ailin
g
ter
m
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
d
u
cted
with
in
t
h
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
lean
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
in
ten
ds
to
ex
p
licate
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
in
d
ica
to
r
s
th
at
ex
e
r
t
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
lean
p
r
in
ci
p
les
with
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
wh
ich
ar
e
h
er
ein
d
en
o
ted
as
‘
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
.
’
T
h
e
p
r
e
s
en
t
lear
n
in
g
h
as
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ca
teg
o
r
ized
th
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
ab
o
v
e
in
to
eig
h
t
d
is
cr
ete
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
s
cien
to
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
th
at
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
an
d
d
icta
te
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
h
ap
p
en
i
n
g
s
.
6.
F
UT
UR
E
SCO
P
E
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ea
s
es
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
wield
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
clu
s
ter
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
b
ef
o
r
e.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
h
ig
h
way
p
a
v
em
en
ts
is
in
tr
in
s
ically
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
lean
p
r
in
cip
les p
e
r
tain
in
g
to
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
a
v
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
h
u
n
t
f
o
r
n
o
v
el
in
d
icato
r
s
an
d
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
d
els,
alo
n
g
with
t
h
e
p
r
i
o
r
itizatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t n
o
tewo
r
th
y
in
d
icat
o
r
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
is
co
v
er
ies ar
e
au
th
o
r
itativ
e
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
to
p
ic
o
n
a
g
l
o
b
al
s
ca
le
is
o
f
ch
ief
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
,
g
iv
en
t
h
e
p
o
te
n
tial
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
in
d
ices
o
f
th
e
is
s
u
e
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
u
n
tr
i
es
o
r
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
.
I
n
ac
c
o
r
d
wi
th
th
e
s
et
cr
iter
ia
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
s
o
lely
s
ch
o
lar
ly
ar
ticles
co
m
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
.
T
h
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
o
f
d
ef
in
ite
r
ec
en
t
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
wh
ich
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
lan
g
u
a
g
es
o
th
er
th
an
E
n
g
lis
h
o
r
non
-
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
lik
e
tr
ad
e
p
er
i
o
d
icals,
is
a
r
em
ar
k
a
b
le
asp
ec
t th
at
au
th
o
r
ize
s
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.