I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
8
59
~
8
68
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v
14
.
i
3
.
pp
8
59
-
8
68
859
J
o
ur
na
l ho
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g
e
:
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ttp
:
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Sep
2
3
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2
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2
4
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ev
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ed
Ap
r
2
5
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2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
n
1
0
,
2
0
2
5
Lo
w
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
d
irec
t
c
u
rre
n
t
(LVD
C)
m
icro
g
ri
d
s
a
re
i
n
c
re
a
sin
g
ly
u
t
il
ize
d
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
ir
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
t
ib
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it
y
wi
th
d
istri
b
u
ted
e
n
e
rg
y
re
so
u
rc
e
s
(DERs)
a
n
d
d
irec
t
c
u
rre
n
t
(
DC
)
lo
a
d
s,
e
li
m
i
n
a
ti
n
g
th
e
n
e
e
d
fo
r
m
u
lt
i
p
le
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
s.
Ho
we
v
e
r,
t
h
e
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
LVDC
sy
ste
m
s
p
re
s
e
n
ts
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
h
ig
h
fa
u
lt
c
u
rre
n
ts
a
n
d
t
h
e
v
u
ln
e
ra
b
il
it
y
o
f
e
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tro
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ic
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e
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ice
s.
Tra
d
it
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o
n
a
l
e
lec
tro
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
c
ircu
it
b
re
a
k
e
rs
a
re
in
a
d
e
q
u
a
te
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
ir
slo
w
re
sp
o
n
se
ti
m
e
s.
Th
is
wo
r
k
p
re
se
n
ts
a
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
fo
r
th
e
DC
b
u
s
in
LV
DC
m
icro
g
ri
d
s
t
h
a
t
c
o
m
b
in
e
s
a
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
ic
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
(F
LC)
wit
h
a
so
li
d
-
st
a
te
c
ircu
it
b
re
a
k
e
r
(S
S
CB).
T
h
e
F
LC
is
d
e
sig
n
e
d
to
d
e
tec
t
a
n
d
re
sp
o
n
d
t
o
fa
u
lt
s rap
id
l
y
b
y
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
i
n
p
u
t
v
a
riab
les
su
c
h
a
s
c
u
rre
n
t
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
a
n
d
ra
te
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
c
u
rre
n
t.
T
h
e
F
L
C
c
o
n
tro
ls
th
e
S
S
CB,
wh
ich
in
terr
u
p
ts
fa
u
lt
c
u
rre
n
ts
q
u
ick
ly
a
n
d
re
li
a
b
l
y
.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
sy
ste
m
d
e
m
o
n
stra
tes
o
p
t
imiz
e
d
fa
u
lt
-
c
lea
rin
g
ti
m
e
s
with
in
m
i
ll
ise
c
o
n
d
s,
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
te
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
LVDC
m
icro
g
ri
d
s.
Th
is
n
o
v
e
l
so
lu
ti
o
n
p
ro
tec
ts
c
rit
ica
l
e
lec
tro
n
ic
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
wh
il
e
a
lso
e
n
su
rin
g
t
h
e
m
icro
g
ri
d
'
s
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
in
te
g
rit
y
.
T
h
e
F
LC
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
is
u
ti
li
z
e
d
fo
r
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
fa
u
l
t
-
c
lea
rin
g
d
u
ra
ti
o
n
with
i
n
m
il
li
se
c
o
n
d
s
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
D
ir
ec
t c
u
r
r
en
t
lo
a
d
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
Fu
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
So
lid
-
s
tate
cir
cu
it b
r
ea
k
er
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
E
s
war
aiah
Gid
d
alu
r
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
J
NT
UH
Un
iv
er
s
ity
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Scien
ce
a
n
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Hy
d
e
r
ab
ad
Ku
k
atp
ally
,
Hy
d
er
ab
ad
-
5
0
0
0
8
5
,
T
elan
g
an
a,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail: e
s
h
war
2
1
9
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Glo
b
al
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
c
r
itical
is
s
u
e
as
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ex
p
an
d
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
m
u
s
t
ad
ap
t
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
,
h
u
m
an
n
e
ed
s
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
is
c
r
itical
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
ec
o
lo
g
ical
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
g
en
er
atio
n
co
s
ts
,
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
d
ep
letio
n
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
s
u
p
p
lies
,
alo
n
g
with
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
g
lass
h
o
u
s
e
g
a
s
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
h
as
ac
ce
ler
ated
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
of
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
ed
g
en
e
r
atio
n
,
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
S
)
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
s
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ly
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ain
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
d
u
r
in
g
n
atu
r
al
d
is
aster
s
an
d
p
o
we
r
o
u
tag
es
[
1
]
–
[
5
]
.
D
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
o
f
f
e
r
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
tag
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
ef
f
o
r
tles
s
ad
d
itio
n
of
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
lo
a
d
s
,
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
,
m
in
im
al
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
is
s
u
es,
an
d
t
h
e
s
m
o
o
th
a
d
d
itio
n
of
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
s
ch
em
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
r
o
t
ec
tin
g
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
is
ch
allen
g
in
g
d
u
e
to
th
e
lar
g
e
s
ize
o
f
DC
cu
r
r
en
ts
th
at
ca
u
s
e
f
au
lts
an
d
th
e
lack
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
DC
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
o
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
th
is
i
s
s
u
e,
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
s
(
SS
C
B
s
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
in
ce
th
ey
ca
n
in
ter
r
u
p
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
in
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
wh
ich
is
f
a
r
q
u
ick
er
t
h
a
n
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
8
59
-
8
68
860
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
s
.
SS
C
B
s
ar
e
also
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
r
e
q
u
ir
e
less
m
ain
ten
an
ce
th
an
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
s
[
6
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
SS
C
B
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
t
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
ch
em
es,
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
elec
tiv
e
tr
ip
p
in
g
an
d
zo
n
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
ch
em
es
ca
n
h
elp
to
i
s
o
late
f
au
lts
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
t
d
am
ag
e
to
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
Ov
er
all,
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
cir
cu
it
b
r
e
ak
er
s
o
f
f
e
r
s
ev
er
al
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
s
o
v
er
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
an
ical
cir
c
u
it
b
r
ea
k
e
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
of
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
f
aster
,
m
o
r
e
r
elia
b
le
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
v
er
s
atile.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
ey
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
ch
o
ic
e
f
o
r
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
a
l
ow
-
v
o
ltag
e
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
L
VDC
)
m
icr
o
g
r
id
with
th
r
ee
d
is
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
an
d
n
in
e
lo
ad
s
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
s
ar
e
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
s
ets,
with
ea
ch
s
et
o
f
th
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ee
lo
ad
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
p
a
r
allel
to
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
to
r
u
s
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
s
witch
es.
T
h
e
lo
ad
ty
p
es in
clu
d
e
m
o
to
r
,
h
ea
ter
,
a
n
d
lig
h
t lo
a
d
.
L
o
a
d
r
atin
g
s
:
v
o
ltag
e
-
48
V
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
-
5
0
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.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
e
p
icts
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tem
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atin
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atin
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r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
g
r
id
,
PV
ar
r
ay
,
b
atter
y
b
an
k
,
an
d
a
co
n
tr
o
l
ci
r
cu
it
u
s
in
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
to
m
a
n
ag
e
DC
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
e
AC
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
wer
to
a
3
-
p
h
ase,
2
-
win
d
in
g
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
in
a
Delta
-
Y
n
(
Del
ta
-
YN)
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
ad
j
u
s
ts
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ed
AC
p
o
wer
is
th
e
n
f
ed
in
to
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
wh
ich
co
n
v
er
t
it
in
to
DC
p
o
wer
[
1
6
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
Par
allel
to
th
is
,
a
PV
ar
r
ay
co
u
p
led
with
a
b
at
ter
y
b
an
k
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
alter
n
ativ
e
DC
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
av
ailab
ilit
y
ev
en
wh
e
n
th
e
AC
g
r
id
is
u
n
av
ailab
le.
B
o
th
th
e
co
n
v
er
ted
DC
p
o
wer
af
te
r
th
e
AC
g
r
id
an
d
th
e
d
i
r
ec
t
DC
co
n
tr
o
l
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
ar
r
a
y
a
n
d
b
atter
y
b
an
k
a
r
e
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
a
c
o
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
f
u
zz
y
l
o
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
FLC)
.
T
h
is
co
n
t
r
o
l
ci
r
cu
it
o
p
tim
izes
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
an
d
m
ain
tain
s
a
s
tab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
DC
lo
ad
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
en
s
u
r
es
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
c
e
to
th
e
DC
lo
ad
s
,
b
alan
cin
g
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
th
e
AC
g
r
id
a
n
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
PV
ar
r
ay
w
h
i
l
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
f
o
r
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
r
awin
g
o
f
L
VDC
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
of
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
e
l
2.
O
P
E
RAT
I
O
N
OF
SO
L
I
D
-
S
T
A
T
E
CIR
CUI
T
B
R
E
AK
E
R
WI
T
H
B
I
-
DIR
E
C
T
I
O
NA
L
B
L
O
C
K
E
R
A
SS
C
B
u
tili
ze
s
p
o
wer
m
etal
-
o
x
id
e
-
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
f
ield
-
e
f
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
MO
SF
E
T
s
)
o
r
in
s
u
lated
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
I
GB
T
s
)
to
co
n
tr
o
l
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
to
g
eth
er
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
F
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
a
s
ed
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f d
ir
ec
t c
u
r
r
en
t b
u
s
u
s
in
g
s
o
lid
-
s
ta
te
…
(
E
s
w
a
r
a
ia
h
Gid
d
a
l
u
r
)
861
s
en
s
o
r
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
en
ab
lin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
f
au
lt
d
etec
tio
n
.
I
n
th
e
ev
en
t
o
f
an
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
s
ig
n
als
th
e
g
at
e
d
r
iv
er
s
to
im
m
ed
iately
tu
r
n
o
f
f
th
e
MO
S
FET
s
o
r
I
GB
T
s
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
to
p
p
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
l
o
w
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
Dio
d
es
ar
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
to
ac
cu
r
ately
d
etec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
On
ce
th
e
f
au
lt
is
clea
r
ed
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
c
an
b
e
r
eset
eith
er
p
h
y
s
ically
o
r
m
ec
h
an
ically
.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
r
elia
b
ilit
y
,
th
e
b
r
ea
k
er
in
clu
d
es
s
af
eg
u
a
r
d
s
s
u
ch
as
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
u
n
d
er
v
o
ltag
e
l
o
ck
o
u
t.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
ec
h
an
ical
b
r
ea
k
er
s
,
th
is
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
d
esig
n
o
f
f
er
s
f
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
g
r
ea
ter
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
bi
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
SS
C
B
i
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sch
em
atic
p
lan
of
a
bi
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
a
u
lt
with
a
c
u
r
r
en
t b
lo
ck
er
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
bi
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
b
lo
c
k
er
.
Un
d
er
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
I
GB
T
s
r
em
ain
b
o
wed
o
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
s
ilico
n
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
r
ec
tifie
r
s
(
SC
R
s
)
an
d
tr
io
d
e
f
o
r
alter
n
ati
n
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
(
T
R
I
AC
s
)
,
ar
e
k
ep
t
o
f
f
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
.
T
h
e
DC
b
u
s
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
with
th
e
bi
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
cir
c
u
it b
r
ea
k
er
(
B
SC
C
B
)
,
allo
win
g
th
e
esteem
ed
cu
r
r
en
t
to
f
lo
w
f
in
is
h
ed
t
h
e
two
I
GB
T
s
an
d
th
ei
r
r
e
v
er
s
e
-
p
ar
allel
d
io
d
e
c
o
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
I
GB
T
s
an
d
d
io
d
es
d
u
r
in
g
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
ar
e
m
i
n
im
al,
r
esu
lt
in
g
in
a
co
m
p
ac
t
b
lo
ck
er
d
esig
n
th
at
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
elay
with
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
o
t
h
er
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
I
n
th
e
ev
en
t
o
f
a
f
au
lt,
t
h
e
I
GB
T
s
ar
e
s
witch
ed
o
f
f
,
an
d
th
y
r
is
to
r
T
1
is
ac
tiv
ated
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
li
ab
ilit
y
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ass
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
th
y
r
i
s
to
r
to
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
th
en
t
o
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
en
t
g
r
ad
u
ally
d
ec
lin
es
to
ze
r
o
.
B
y
g
r
ip
p
in
g
th
e
f
au
lt
c
u
r
r
e
n
t,
th
e
b
lo
ck
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
f
u
lly
c
h
ar
g
e
d
,
th
en
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
th
y
r
is
to
r
to
less
th
an
its
h
o
ld
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
v
alu
e
an
d
e
v
en
tu
ally
t
u
r
n
in
g
it
o
f
f
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
c
)
.
I
n
t
h
e
last
s
tag
e,
th
e
cir
cu
it
b
r
ea
k
er
r
et
u
r
n
s
to
i
ts
r
eg
u
lar
wo
r
k
in
g
m
o
d
e,
s
witch
es
on
th
e
I
GB
T
s
,
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
th
e
b
lo
c
k
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
as
h
ea
t
v
ia
a
r
esis
t
o
r
(
R
e
)
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
d
)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
two
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
d
o
n
o
t
in
ter
f
er
e
with
o
n
e
an
o
t
h
er
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
of
a
bi
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
au
lt
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
l
o
c
k
e
r
of
(
a)
u
s
u
al
s
tag
e
,
(
b)
o
b
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
h
a
s
e
,
(
c)
f
au
lt
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
elay
in
g
s
tag
e
,
a
n
d
(
d)
r
ec
l
o
s
in
g
an
d
d
u
m
p
en
er
g
y
em
a
n
cip
atin
g
s
tag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
8
59
-
8
68
862
3.
F
UZ
Z
Y
L
O
G
I
C
CO
N
T
RO
L
L
E
R
ST
R
AT
E
G
Y
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
n
FLC
with
a
n
SS
C
B
en
ab
les
in
tellig
en
t
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
th
e
DC
b
u
s
,
u
ti
lizin
g
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
r
a
p
id
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
f
au
lt
to
ler
an
ce
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
e
r
im
p
lem
e
n
ts
a
n
FLC
to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
DC
b
u
s
o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e,
u
tili
zin
g
lin
g
u
is
tic
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
a
r
u
le
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
p
u
ts
s
u
ch
as
cu
r
r
en
t,
v
o
ltag
e
,
a
n
d
tem
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
,
an
d
t
h
en
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ac
tio
n
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
DC
b
u
s
f
r
o
m
f
au
lts
o
r
o
v
er
lo
a
d
s
.
W
h
en
a
f
au
lt
co
n
d
itio
n
is
d
etec
ted
,
th
e
FLC
s
en
d
s
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
t
o
th
e
SS
C
B
,
wh
ich
q
u
ick
ly
in
ter
r
u
p
ts
th
e
cir
c
u
it
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
d
am
a
g
e.
Un
lik
e
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
m
ec
h
an
ical
b
r
ea
k
er
s
,
SS
C
B
s
o
f
f
er
r
ap
i
d
s
witch
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
m
in
im
i
zin
g
th
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
tim
e
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
r
is
k
of
ar
c
f
lash
an
d
o
th
er
h
az
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
FLC
an
d
SS
C
B
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
tec
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
ad
ap
tiv
e
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t,
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
h
an
d
lin
g
a
wid
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
f
au
l
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
with
h
ig
h
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
T
h
is
en
er
g
y
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
s
af
ety
o
f
t
h
e
DC
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
m
ak
in
g
it
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
ita
b
le
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
R
E
S,
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
an
d
o
th
er
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
FLC
ca
teg
o
r
izes
b
o
t
h
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ar
iab
les
in
to
f
iv
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
ter
m
s
:
n
eg
ativ
e
b
ig
(
NB
)
,
n
eg
ativ
e
s
m
all
(
NS
)
,
ze
r
o
(
ZE
)
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
m
all
(
PS
)
,
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
ig
(
PB
).
At
ea
c
h
s
a
m
p
lin
g
in
ter
v
al,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
r
ec
eiv
es
in
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
les
b
a
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
d
e
f
in
ed
s
am
p
lin
g
tim
e.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
u
zz
if
icatio
n
,
n
u
m
er
ical
in
p
u
ts
ar
e
co
n
v
er
ted
i
n
to
th
ese
lin
g
u
is
tic
ter
m
s
u
s
in
g
m
em
b
e
r
s
h
ip
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
(
MFs).
Af
ter
th
e
in
itial
th
eo
r
etica
l
d
esig
n
,
th
e
MFs
an
d
ass
o
ciate
d
r
u
les
wer
e
f
in
e
-
tu
n
e
d
to
e
n
h
an
ce
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
m
in
im
ize
er
r
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
in
f
er
en
ce
s
y
s
tem
(
FIS
)
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es th
e
f
u
zz
if
ied
in
p
u
t v
ec
to
r
u
s
in
g
a
p
r
ed
e
f
in
ed
s
et
o
f
f
u
zz
y
r
u
les
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
c
o
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ec
to
r
.
T
ab
le
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
tr
u
th
tab
le
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
its
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
an
d
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
t
h
at
s
tate.
R
o
ws
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate,
wh
ile
co
lu
m
n
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
p
o
ten
tial
ch
an
g
es;
ea
ch
ce
ll
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
tate
u
n
d
er
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
.
W
ith
two
in
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
les,
ea
c
h
h
av
in
g
f
iv
e
f
u
zz
y
s
ets
(
5
²)
,
th
e
FLC
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
to
tal
o
f
2
5
r
u
les
to
co
v
e
r
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
as
d
etailed
in
th
e
tab
le.
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
u
s
in
g
m
em
b
er
s
h
i
p
p
u
r
p
o
s
es f
o
r
th
e
in
p
u
t lim
its
,
s
u
ch
as th
e
er
r
o
r
(
e
)
an
d
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
er
r
o
r
Δ
e
\
Delta
eΔe,
as
in
(
1
)
-
(
3
)
.
=
(
)
=
(
)
×
(
)
(
1
)
(
)
=
(
(
)
−
(
−
1
)
(
)
−
(
−
1
)
)
(
2
)
ℎ
(
∆
)
=
(
)
−
(
−
1
)
(
3
)
T
h
e
MFs f
o
r
th
e
in
p
u
ts
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
s
o
f
th
e
FLC ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
es 5
a
n
d
6
.
T
ab
le
1
.
FLC
r
u
les
t
a
b
l
e
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
/
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
NB
NS
Z
PB
PS
NB
NB
NB
NS
NS
Z
NS
NB
NS
NS
Z
PS
Z
NS
NS
Z
PS
PS
PB
NS
Z
PS
PS
PB
PS
Z
PS
PS
PB
PB
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
n
p
u
ts
(
e,
∆
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
F
u
z
z
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
-
b
a
s
ed
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f d
ir
ec
t c
u
r
r
en
t b
u
s
u
s
in
g
s
o
lid
-
s
ta
te
…
(
E
s
w
a
r
a
ia
h
Gid
d
a
l
u
r
)
863
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
O
u
tp
u
t
4.
F
UZ
Z
Y
I
NF
E
R
E
NC
E
SYS
T
E
M
FIS
ar
e
b
r
o
a
d
ly
ca
teg
o
r
ized
i
n
to
two
ty
p
es:
Ma
m
d
an
i
a
n
d
Su
g
en
o
.
W
h
ile
Su
g
e
n
o
FIS
is
ty
p
ically
lim
ited
to
m
u
ltip
le
-
i
n
p
u
t,
s
in
g
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
Ma
m
d
an
i
FIS
is
v
er
s
atile,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
b
o
th
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t
s
in
g
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t
(
MI
SO
)
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t
m
u
ltip
le
-
o
u
tp
u
t
(
M
I
MO
)
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
Du
e
t
o
th
is
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
th
e
Ma
m
d
an
i
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ad
o
p
ted
in
t
h
is
wo
r
k
.
Ma
m
d
an
i
-
ty
p
e
FLCs
ar
e
wid
ely
em
p
lo
y
e
d
f
o
r
s
elf
-
ju
s
tify
in
g
DC
b
u
s
es in
SS
C
B
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
an
k
s
to
th
eir
in
tu
itiv
e,
r
u
le
-
b
ased
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
As illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
th
e
Ma
m
d
a
n
i
FLC
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
p
u
ts
s
u
ch
as
cu
r
r
en
t,
v
o
ltag
e
,
an
d
i
n
f
ec
tio
n
u
s
in
g
f
u
zz
y
r
u
les
b
ased
o
n
e
x
p
er
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
I
n
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
ir
s
t
f
u
z
zif
ies
th
ese
p
r
ec
is
e
in
p
u
ts
in
to
lin
g
u
is
tic
v
ar
iab
les
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
lik
e
lo
w,
n
o
r
m
al,
o
r
h
i
g
h
.
T
h
e
Ma
m
d
an
i
in
f
er
en
ce
e
n
g
in
e
th
en
a
p
p
lies
a
s
er
ies
o
f
I
F
-
T
HE
N
r
u
les
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
tr
o
l
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
if
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
is
h
ig
h
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
lo
w
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
m
a
y
s
ig
n
al
th
e
SS
C
B
to
s
ep
ar
ate
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
to
p
r
e
v
en
t d
am
ag
e.
Fin
all
y
,
th
e
f
u
zz
y
o
u
tp
u
t
is
d
ef
u
zz
if
ied
in
to
a
cr
is
p
co
n
tr
o
l in
d
icatio
n
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
d
ap
tiv
e
an
d
r
eliab
le
d
e
f
en
s
e
f
o
r
th
e
DC
b
u
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ma
m
d
an
i ty
p
e
o
f
FL
C
5.
F
L
O
WCH
AR
T
O
F
F
UZ
Z
Y
L
O
G
I
C
CO
NT
RO
L
L
E
R
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
lo
wch
ar
t
o
f
FLC
.
T
h
e
f
lo
wch
ar
t
d
ep
i
cts
a
n
FL
C
th
at
ad
ju
s
ts
a
s
y
s
tem
'
s
d
u
ty
r
atio
(
D)
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tar
ts
with
s
ettin
g
th
e
d
u
ty
r
atio
,
th
en
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
in
(
k
)
)
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(I
in
(
k
)
)
.
T
h
ese
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
u
te
th
e
p
o
wer
(
P
in
(
k
)
)
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
(
e
)
is
th
en
c
alcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
p
o
wer
an
d
v
o
lta
g
e
b
etwe
en
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
tag
es.
C
h
an
g
es
in
er
r
o
r
(
Δ
e
)
ar
e
als
o
ca
lcu
lated
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es
ar
e
f
u
zz
if
ie
d
an
d
th
en
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
an
in
f
er
e
n
ce
en
g
in
e
an
d
a
r
u
le
b
ase
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
is
s
ig
n
al
is
d
ef
u
z
z
if
i
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
alter
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
r
atio
,
w
h
ich
iter
ates th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
8
59
-
8
68
864
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
of
FLC
6.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
Fig
u
r
e
9
illu
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
u
c
tio
n
o
f
th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
lta
g
e
(
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a)
)
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
(
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
)
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
s
tab
le
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
5
2
V
.
Ho
wev
er
,
at
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
it
d
r
o
p
s
s
h
ar
p
ly
to
ab
o
u
t
4
2
V
,
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a
)
.
Du
r
in
g
a
f
a
u
lt
ev
en
t,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
r
ie
f
ly
s
p
ik
es
b
ef
o
r
e
f
allin
g
co
m
p
let
ely
with
in
2
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
De
s
p
ite
th
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
(
DE
S
)
,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
lo
ad
s
o
n
th
e
DC
n
etwo
r
k
r
em
ain
u
n
a
f
f
ec
ted
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
c
u
r
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