I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
8
28
~
8
37
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijaas
.
v14.
i
3
.
p
p
8
28
-
8
37
828
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
a
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Ana
ly
sis
of mo
bile ban
king
ado
ptio
n in
G
ha
na
:
do
ed
uca
tion
lev
els diff
er?
I
s
a
a
c
Asa
m
pa
na
,
L
a
wre
nce
K
wa
m
i A
zia
le,
H
enry
M
a
t
e
y
Ak
wet
ey
,
H
a
nn
a
h Ay
a
ba
T
a
ny
e
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
o
f
P
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s,
A
c
c
r
a
,
G
h
a
n
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
3
0
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Ma
y
2
9
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
n
8
,
2
0
2
5
Th
is
st
u
d
y
i
n
v
e
stig
a
tes
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
tt
a
i
n
m
e
n
t
i
n
m
o
b
il
e
b
a
n
k
in
g
(m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
)
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
in
G
h
a
n
a
,
lev
e
ra
g
i
n
g
d
a
ta
fr
o
m
5
9
8
re
sp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
th
ro
u
g
h
a
m
u
lt
i
-
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
a
ly
sis.
By
in
teg
ra
ti
n
g
t
h
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
m
o
d
e
l
(TAM
)
a
n
d
th
e
t
h
e
o
ry
o
f
p
lan
n
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
(TP
B)
in
to
a
stru
c
tu
ra
l
e
q
u
a
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
fra
m
e
wo
rk
,
t
h
e
re
se
a
rc
h
e
x
a
m
in
e
s
k
e
y
fa
c
to
rs
su
c
h
a
s
su
b
jec
ti
v
e
n
o
rm
s,
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
u
se
f
u
ln
e
ss
,
e
a
se
o
f
u
se
,
tr
u
st,
a
n
d
se
lf
-
e
ffica
c
y
.
Re
su
lt
s
re
v
e
a
l
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
d
iffere
n
c
e
s
in
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
rs
b
e
tw
e
e
n
lo
we
r
-
a
n
d
h
ig
h
e
r
-
e
d
u
c
a
ted
u
se
rs.
S
u
b
jec
ti
v
e
n
o
rm
s
stro
n
g
ly
i
n
fl
u
e
n
c
e
h
ig
h
e
r
-
e
d
u
c
a
ted
in
d
iv
i
d
u
a
ls,
wh
il
e
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
e
a
se
o
f
u
se
d
riv
e
s
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
lo
we
r
-
e
d
u
c
a
ted
u
se
rs.
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
u
se
fu
ln
e
ss
p
o
siti
v
e
l
y
a
ffe
c
ts
h
ig
h
e
r
-
e
d
u
c
a
ted
u
se
rs
b
u
t
h
a
s
a
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
imp
a
c
t
o
n
l
o
we
r
-
e
d
u
c
a
ted
re
sp
o
n
d
e
n
ts.
Th
e
fi
n
d
i
n
g
s
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
th
e
m
o
d
e
ra
ti
n
g
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
le
v
e
l
o
n
th
e
a
d
o
p
t
io
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
,
o
ffe
rin
g
th
e
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
in
si
g
h
ts
in
t
o
targ
e
ted
stra
teg
ies
fo
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
fin
a
n
c
ial
in
c
lu
si
o
n
in
d
e
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
e
s.
Th
e
se
re
su
lt
s
u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
t
h
e
imp
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
u
se
r
se
g
m
e
n
tati
o
n
i
n
fo
ste
ri
n
g
b
ro
a
d
e
r
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
a
n
d
u
ti
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
m
-
b
a
n
k
in
g
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
Fin
an
cial
in
clu
s
io
n
Mo
b
ile
b
an
k
i
n
g
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
m
o
d
el
T
h
eo
r
y
o
f
p
lan
n
ed
b
eh
a
v
io
r
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
I
s
aa
c
Asam
p
an
a
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
T
e
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
Stu
d
ies
Facu
lty
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
Stu
d
ies,
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
Stu
d
ies
Acc
r
a,
P.
O.
B
o
x
L
G
1
4
9
,
Acc
r
a,
Gh
an
a
E
m
ail: isaac
.
asam
p
an
a@
u
p
s
am
ail.
ed
u
.
g
h
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
is
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es
h
as
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ized
th
e
b
an
k
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
en
ab
lin
g
u
s
er
s
to
co
n
d
u
ct
f
in
an
cial
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
a
n
y
tim
e
an
d
a
n
y
wh
er
e
v
ia
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
i
ce
s
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
s
ter
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
er
v
ice
d
eliv
er
y
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
co
s
ts
,
d
r
iv
in
g
b
u
s
in
ess
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wt
h
in
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ies
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
M
o
b
ile
b
a
n
k
in
g
(m
-
b
a
n
k
in
g
)
,
ty
p
ically
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
SMS
o
r
wi
r
eless
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
allo
ws
u
s
er
s
to
m
an
ag
e
ac
co
u
n
ts
,
p
ay
b
ills
,
an
d
tr
an
s
f
e
r
f
u
n
d
s
u
s
in
g
h
an
d
h
eld
d
e
v
ices
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
in
to
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es e
n
h
an
ce
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
a
n
d
s
tr
ea
m
lin
es o
p
er
atio
n
s
[
8
]
.
Glo
b
ally
,
m
-
b
a
n
k
in
g
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
astes
t
-
g
r
o
win
g
s
ec
to
r
s
,
with
f
in
an
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
lev
er
ag
in
g
it
to
g
ain
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
alu
e
-
ad
d
ed
s
er
v
ices
[
9
]
.
I
n
W
est
Af
r
ica,
d
i
g
ital
f
in
an
cial
r
ef
o
r
m
s
h
av
e
p
r
o
m
o
te
d
s
m
o
o
th
er
m
o
b
ile
t
r
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
in
Gh
an
a,
b
a
n
k
s
h
av
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
an
d
r
ea
c
h
u
n
d
er
s
er
v
ed
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
,
t
h
er
eb
y
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
f
in
an
cial
in
clu
s
io
n
[
1
1
]
.
Mo
b
ile
m
o
n
ey
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
h
as
f
u
r
th
er
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
y
en
ab
lin
g
s
ea
m
less
tr
an
s
f
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
n
etw
o
r
k
s
.
Fo
r
f
in
a
n
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
v
er
h
ea
d
s
,
en
h
an
ce
s
s
er
v
ice
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
b
r
o
ad
en
s
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
b
ase
[
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
C
u
s
to
m
er
s
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
its
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
,
2
4
/7
ac
ce
s
s
,
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
.
I
t
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
f
in
an
cial
h
ea
lth
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ita
l
to
o
ls
f
o
r
b
u
d
g
etin
g
a
n
d
s
av
in
g
s
,
wh
ile
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
s
af
er
alter
n
ativ
es
d
u
r
in
g
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
l
th
cr
is
es
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f m
o
b
ile
b
a
n
ki
n
g
a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
Gh
a
n
a
:
d
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
leve
ls
d
iffer
?
(
I
s
a
a
c
A
s
a
mp
a
n
a
)
829
Desp
ite
t
h
es
e
b
en
e
f
its
,
lim
ite
d
r
esea
r
c
h
e
x
is
ts
o
n
h
o
w
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
g
r
o
u
p
s
-
p
a
r
tic
u
la
r
l
y
t
h
o
s
e
wit
h
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
e
d
u
ca
t
i
o
n
le
v
els
-
ad
o
p
t
m
-
b
an
k
i
n
g
i
n
G
h
a
n
a.
T
h
is
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
a
g
a
p
i
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
in
g
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
l
u
e
n
c
in
g
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
,
n
ec
ess
ita
tin
g
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
an
ce
d
,
u
s
e
r
-
s
e
g
m
e
n
te
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
r
iv
e
b
r
o
a
d
e
r
ac
ce
p
t
an
ce
.
T
h
e
2
0
2
2
B
u
d
g
et
Statem
en
t
o
f
Gh
an
a
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
m
o
b
ile
m
o
n
ey
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
ex
ce
ed
e
d
GH¢
5
0
0
b
illi
o
n
in
2
0
2
0
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
is
e
f
r
o
m
GH¢
2
5
7
b
illi
o
n
in
2
0
1
9
[
1
6
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Stan
b
ic
B
an
k
Gh
an
a
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
m
o
b
ile
m
o
n
ey
as
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
m
o
s
t
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
d
ig
ital
p
a
y
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
,
with
a
1
5
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
e
r
s
an
d
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
v
alu
ed
at
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
GH¢
5
8
9
b
illi
o
n
(
US$
1
0
0
b
illi
o
n
)
i
n
2
0
2
0
[
1
7
]
.
Mo
b
ile
m
o
n
e
y
s
er
v
ic
es
o
p
er
ate
v
ia
USSD
co
d
e
s
,
allo
win
g
f
in
a
n
cial
ac
ce
s
s
with
o
u
t
in
te
r
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
th
u
s
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
i
n
clu
s
io
n
am
o
n
g
lo
w
-
in
co
m
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
G
h
an
a
also
p
io
n
ee
r
ed
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
QR
co
d
es
f
o
r
in
s
tan
t
p
ay
m
en
ts
v
ia
m
o
b
ile
wallets
in
Af
r
ica
[
1
8
]
.
M
-
b
an
k
in
g
h
as
h
elp
ed
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
b
an
k
b
r
an
ch
es
an
d
A
T
Ms
,
lo
wer
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ex
p
en
s
es.
A
2
0
2
0
B
o
s
to
n
C
o
n
s
u
ltin
g
Gr
o
u
p
(
B
C
G)
r
ep
o
r
t r
a
n
k
ed
Gh
an
a
an
d
Ken
y
a
as th
e
wo
r
ld
’
s
s
ec
o
n
d
an
d
t
h
ir
d
-
h
i
g
h
est u
s
er
s
o
f
m
o
b
ile
p
ay
m
en
ts
af
ter
C
h
in
a
[
1
9
]
.
M
-
b
an
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
v
id
es
c
o
n
v
en
ie
n
t,
q
u
e
u
e
-
f
r
ee
b
an
k
i
n
g
wh
ile
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
h
ea
lth
-
r
el
ated
r
is
k
s
.
Mo
b
il
e
p
ay
m
en
ts
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
8
2
%
an
d
8
7
%
o
f
g
r
o
s
s
d
o
m
esti
c
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
GDP
)
in
Gh
an
a
an
d
Ken
y
a,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
f
u
eled
b
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t p
o
licies an
d
p
u
b
lic
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
eir
b
en
ef
its
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
is
n
o
t
u
n
if
o
r
m
g
lo
b
ally
,
as
cu
ltu
r
al
f
a
cto
r
s
in
f
lu
en
c
e
u
s
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
Z
h
an
g
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
ar
g
u
e
th
at
c
u
ltu
r
al
d
is
p
ar
ities
ex
p
lain
th
e
v
ar
ied
ad
o
p
tio
n
r
ates
ac
r
o
s
s
r
eg
io
n
s
.
Desp
ite
th
e
wid
esp
r
e
ad
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
m
o
n
ey
in
G
h
an
a,
th
er
e
is
a
lack
o
f
em
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
o
n
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
ad
o
p
ti
o
n
,
esp
ec
ially
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
Asi
a
an
d
th
e
Am
er
icas.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
b
r
a
n
ch
b
an
k
in
g
s
till
h
o
ld
s
s
tr
o
n
g
in
Gh
a
n
a
[
2
0
]
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
r
esear
ch
o
n
m
-
b
an
k
i
n
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
Su
b
-
Sah
ar
an
Af
r
ica
h
av
e
ap
p
lied
m
o
d
els
lik
e
u
n
if
ied
th
eo
r
y
o
f
ac
c
ep
tan
ce
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
2
(
UT
AUT
2
)
,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
m
o
d
el
(
T
AM
)
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
th
eo
r
y
(
I
DT
)
to
ex
am
in
e
m
-
b
a
n
k
in
g
u
s
ag
e
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
lim
ited
em
p
ir
ical
r
es
ea
r
ch
ex
is
ts
o
n
co
m
b
in
in
g
T
AM
with
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
p
lan
n
e
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
(
T
PB
)
,
esp
ec
ially
u
s
in
g
m
u
l
ti
-
g
r
o
u
p
an
aly
s
is
to
id
en
tif
y
i
n
f
lu
en
cin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
f
ill
th
at
g
ap
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
as
b
o
th
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
a
m
o
d
er
ati
n
g
v
ar
iab
le,
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
o
n
Ven
k
atesh
et
a
l.
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
w
i
l
l
a
s
s
e
s
s
h
o
w
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
c
o
s
t
(
P
C
)
,
t
r
u
s
t
(
T
S
)
,
e
a
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
,
u
s
e
f
u
l
n
e
s
s
,
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
o
r
m
s
(
S
N
)
,
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
(
P
I
)
,
a
n
d
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
(
S
E
)
i
m
p
a
c
t
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
.
U
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
d
r
i
v
e
r
s
i
s
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
c
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
,
a
n
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
w
i
l
l
g
u
i
d
e
G
h
a
n
a
i
a
n
b
a
n
k
s
i
n
c
r
a
f
t
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
t
o
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
m
o
b
i
l
e
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
a
n
d
g
a
i
n
a
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
t
i
v
e
e
d
g
e
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
a
l
s
o
s
e
e
k
s
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
o
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
h
o
w
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
v
a
r
y
a
c
r
o
s
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
e
v
e
l
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
L
it
er
a
t
ure
re
v
iew
Dev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
o
f
ten
s
u
r
p
ass
in
d
u
s
tr
ialized
m
ar
k
ets
in
estab
lis
h
in
g
2
1
st
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
as
th
ey
ar
e
u
n
b
u
r
d
en
e
d
b
y
le
g
ac
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
h
as
p
r
o
m
p
ted
m
an
y
f
in
an
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
m
icr
o
f
in
an
ce
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
,
to
ad
o
p
t
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es
as
p
latf
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
f
o
r
m
al
b
an
k
i
n
g
s
er
v
ices
to
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
eg
m
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
a
n
k
ed
,
u
n
d
er
b
an
k
e
d
,
an
d
u
n
b
a
n
k
e
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es
-
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
t
h
an
b
an
k
ac
c
o
u
n
ts
h
as
b
ee
n
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
th
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
2
5
]
.
Desp
ite
ef
f
o
r
ts
b
y
b
a
n
k
s
an
d
f
in
a
n
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
u
s
ag
e,
ad
o
p
tio
n
r
ates
r
em
ain
in
co
n
s
i
s
ten
t,
n
e
ce
s
s
itatin
g
r
esear
ch
i
n
to
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
u
p
tak
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
b
o
th
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ies [
9
]
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
a
cc
ept
a
nc
e
m
o
del
T
h
e
T
AM
ex
p
lain
s
u
s
er
s
'
in
t
en
tio
n
s
to
ac
ce
p
t
n
ew
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies.
I
t
ex
am
in
es
h
o
w
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
b
elief
s
,
attitu
d
es,
a
n
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
s
(
B
I
)
[
9
]
.
Ad
ap
te
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
r
ea
s
o
n
ed
ac
tio
n
(
T
R
A)
,
T
AM
p
o
s
its
th
at
BI
,
lead
in
g
to
ac
tu
al
u
s
ag
e,
is
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
SN
an
d
attitu
d
es,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
ar
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
in
d
iv
id
u
al
b
elief
s
.
T
AM
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
(
PU)
an
d
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
(
PEOU
)
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
BI
.
P
U
allu
d
es
to
th
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
wo
u
ld
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
w
h
ile
P
E
OU
d
en
o
tes
th
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
th
at
u
s
in
g
th
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
will
b
e
ef
f
o
r
tles
s
[
9
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
wh
ile
T
AM
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
g
ath
er
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
u
s
er
s
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
Ku
m
ar
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
ar
g
u
e
th
at
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
a
d
eq
u
atel
y
ca
p
tu
r
e
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
c
o
s
t.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
f
in
an
ci
al
b
u
r
d
e
n
o
f
u
s
in
g
in
ter
n
et
-
b
ased
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
m
-
b
a
n
k
in
g
,
p
la
y
s
a
c
r
itical
r
o
le
in
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
T
AM
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
u
s
er
s
ar
e
lik
ely
t
o
ad
o
p
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
if
it
im
p
r
o
v
es
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
co
n
v
en
ie
n
c
e,
th
ey
will
n
o
t
d
o
s
o
if
it
is
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
u
s
e,
r
eg
a
r
d
less
o
f
its
p
o
t
en
tial
b
en
ef
its
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
A
M
h
as
ev
o
lv
e
d
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
AM
2
,
an
ex
ten
d
ed
v
er
s
io
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
6
]
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
s
o
cial
in
f
lu
en
ce
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
to
b
etter
ex
p
lain
BI
.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
B
I
-
th
e
willin
g
n
ess
to
u
s
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
-
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
d
eter
m
in
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
8
28
-
8
37
830
ac
tu
al
u
s
ag
e
[
2
7
]
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
e
r
en
h
an
ce
T
AM
’
s
ex
p
la
n
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
,
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
a
v
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
a
d
d
itio
n
al
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
s
u
ch
as SE
,
wh
ich
r
ef
lects u
s
er
s
'
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
2
8
]
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
T
heo
ry
o
f
pla
nn
ed
beha
v
io
r
T
h
e
T
PB
ex
ten
d
s
T
R
A
b
y
in
clu
d
in
g
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
(
PB
C
)
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
er
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
m
ay
lack
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
b
eh
a
v
io
r
[
2
9
]
.
T
PB
p
o
s
its
th
at
attitu
d
es,
SN
,
an
d
PB
C
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
b
o
th
BI
an
d
ac
tu
al
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
Attitu
d
e
r
ef
lects
an
in
d
i
v
id
u
al’
s
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
n
eg
ativ
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
en
g
ag
in
g
in
a
b
eh
av
io
r
,
w
h
ile
SN
r
ef
er
s
to
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
o
cial
p
r
ess
u
r
es
r
e
g
a
r
d
in
g
wh
et
h
er
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
2
.
1
.
3
.
I
nn
o
v
a
t
io
n diff
us
io
n t
heo
ry
T
h
e
I
DT
in
v
esti
g
ates
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
d
is
s
em
in
ate
with
in
an
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
o
f
s
o
ciety
o
v
er
tim
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
I
DT
,
cr
iter
ia
s
u
ch
as
r
elativ
e
a
d
v
an
tag
e,
tr
ialab
ilit
y
,
o
b
s
er
v
a
b
ilit
y
,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
in
f
lu
en
ce
t
h
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
ce
p
ts
alig
n
with
T
AM
’
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
as
r
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
PU,
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
m
ir
r
o
r
s
PEOU
.
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
T
AM
an
d
I
DT
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
t
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
n
ew
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
[
3
3
]
.
2
.
1
.
4
.
Res
ea
rc
h m
o
del a
nd
hy
po
t
hes
es
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
a
d
o
p
t
s
T
A
M
a
n
d
T
P
B
a
s
t
h
e
o
r
e
ti
c
a
l
f
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
to
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
G
h
a
n
a
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
es
T
A
M
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
ts
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
P
U
a
n
d
P
E
OU
,
al
o
n
g
s
i
d
e
T
PB
el
e
m
en
t
s
s
u
c
h
as
SN
a
n
d
P
B
C
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
ts
-
PC
,
T
S
,
S
E
,
a
n
d
P
I
-
a
r
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
o
r
y
p
o
w
e
r
.
T
h
es
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
ts
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
e
n
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
i
n
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
o
n
e
-
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
e
,
m
-
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
e
,
a
n
d
o
n
l
i
n
e
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
[
3
4
]
.
I
n
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
,
TS
i
s
a
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
g
i
v
e
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
e
s
t
a
b
l
is
h
i
n
g
s
e
c
u
r
e
,
l
o
n
g
-
te
r
m
r
e
la
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
w
it
h
u
s
e
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
ac
e
o
f
d
a
t
a
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
.
M
e
a
n
wh
i
l
e
,
P
I
r
e
f
l
e
c
ts
a
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
’
s
wi
l
li
n
g
n
e
s
s
t
o
e
x
p
lo
r
e
a
n
d
a
d
o
p
t
n
e
w
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
,
a
n
e
s
s
e
n
ti
a
l
f
a
ct
o
r
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
[
3
5
]
.
Ou
r
r
esear
ch
m
o
d
el,
illu
s
tr
ate
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
h
y
p
o
th
esizes
th
at
PU,
SN,
PC
,
an
d
T
S
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
t
B
I
to
ad
o
p
t
m
-
b
an
k
i
n
g
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
SE
an
d
PI
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
en
h
a
n
ce
PEOU
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
B
I
.
T
h
ese
h
y
p
o
th
eses
will
b
e
test
e
d
to
b
etter
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
h
o
w
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
d
r
iv
e
m
-
b
a
n
k
in
g
a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
Gh
an
a
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
aim
s
to
i
d
en
tify
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
h
o
w
th
ey
s
h
a
p
e
u
s
er
s
'
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
ad
o
p
t
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
T
AM
,
T
PB
,
an
d
I
DT
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
2
.
1
.
5
.
Self
-
ef
f
ica
c
y
I
n
th
e
1
9
6
0
s
,
Alb
e
r
t
B
an
d
u
r
a,
a
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
at
Stan
f
o
r
d
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
d
ef
i
n
ed
SE
as
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
t
h
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
t
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
iv
en
s
ettin
g
s
o
r
co
m
p
lete
a
task
.
SE
is
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
m
ea
n
s
o
f
ass
es
s
in
g
h
o
w
in
d
iv
id
u
als p
er
ce
iv
e
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
b
r
in
g
a
b
o
u
t c
h
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
th
eo
r
y
o
f
s
o
cial
co
g
n
itiv
e
th
eo
r
y
(
SC
T
)
d
escr
ib
es
SE
as
a
ju
d
g
em
en
t
o
f
o
n
e’
s
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
to
ef
f
icien
tly
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
task
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
n
o
t
o
n
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
s
k
ills
b
u
t
o
n
th
eir
a
b
ilit
y
to
ap
p
ly
t
h
ese
s
k
ills
co
n
f
id
en
tly
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
2
4
]
.
SE
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
BI
to
u
s
e
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
]
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Ku
m
ar
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
SE
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
p
r
ed
icts
PEOU
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
:
H1
:
SE
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
in
ten
tio
n
t
o
ad
o
p
t m
-
b
an
k
i
n
g
an
d
H2
:
SE
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
ts
PEOU
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f m
o
b
ile
b
a
n
ki
n
g
a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
Gh
a
n
a
:
d
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
leve
ls
d
iffer
?
(
I
s
a
a
c
A
s
a
mp
a
n
a
)
831
2
.
1
.
6
.
P
er
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
us
e
PEOU
is
a
co
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
T
AM
.
I
t
r
ef
e
r
s
to
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
b
elief
th
at
u
s
in
g
a
p
ar
ticu
la
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
will
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
in
i
m
al
ef
f
o
r
t
[
9
]
.
Sev
e
r
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
PEOU
'
s
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
im
p
ly
th
at
wh
en
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
s
ee
in
n
o
v
atio
n
as
s
im
p
le
to
u
s
e,
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
in
cl
in
ed
to
en
g
ag
e
with
it.
PEOU
h
as
al
s
o
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
af
f
ec
t
b
o
th
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
lo
n
g
-
te
r
m
u
s
e
o
f
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
:
H3
:
PEOU
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
.
2
.
1
.
7
.
P
er
s
o
na
l inno
v
a
t
iv
ene
s
s
PI
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
to
wh
ich
an
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
is
o
p
en
t
o
a
d
o
p
tin
g
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
R
o
g
er
s
[
3
6
]
d
ef
in
es
it
as
“a
k
ey
t
r
ait
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
t
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
d
i
f
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
,
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
tim
in
g
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
o
f
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.”
R
esear
ch
in
d
i
ca
tes
th
at
PI
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
Ag
a
r
wal
an
d
Pra
s
ad
[
3
8
]
id
e
n
tifie
d
PI
as
a
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
b
etwe
en
PEOU
,
PU,
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
As
s
u
ch
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
:
H4
:
PI
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
PEOU
an
d
H5
:
PI
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
in
ten
ti
o
n
to
a
d
o
p
t m
-
b
an
k
in
g
.
2
.
1
.
8
.
P
er
ce
iv
ed
us
ef
uln
ess
PU d
er
iv
es f
r
o
m
T
AM
an
d
r
ef
er
s
to
a
u
s
er
’
s
b
elief
th
at
u
s
in
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
will e
n
h
an
ce
task
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
9
]
.
PU
h
as
b
e
en
r
ep
ea
te
d
ly
s
h
o
wn
to
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
BI
to
war
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
d
o
p
tio
n
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
it
p
lay
s
a
d
ec
is
iv
e
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
u
p
tak
e
o
f
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
:
H6
:
PU
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
i
n
ten
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t m
-
b
an
k
in
g
.
2
.
1
.
9
.
Su
bje
ct
iv
e
no
rm
SN,
a
co
n
ce
p
t
d
r
aw
n
f
r
o
m
T
AM
a
n
d
th
e
T
PB
,
r
e
f
e
r
s
t
o
t
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
s
o
cia
l
e
x
p
ec
tat
i
o
n
s
o
n
a
n
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
’
s
b
e
h
av
io
r
[
3
9
]
.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
t
h
at
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
als
m
a
y
a
d
o
p
t
t
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
t
o
c
o
n
f
o
r
m
to
th
e
ex
p
e
ct
ati
o
n
s
o
f
s
ig
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
o
t
h
er
s
[
9
]
.
St
u
d
i
es
in
d
ic
at
e
t
h
at
SN
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
tl
y
af
f
e
ct
m
-
b
a
n
k
in
g
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
[
2
3
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
He
n
ce
,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
:
H7
:
SN
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
a
d
o
p
t
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
.
2
.
2
.
P
er
ce
i
v
ed
co
s
t
PC
i
n
c
l
u
d
es
f
i
n
a
n
ci
a
l
o
u
tl
a
y
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
u
b
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
f
e
es
,
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
,
a
n
d
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
c
o
s
ts
a
s
s
o
ci
a
t
e
d
w
it
h
u
s
i
n
g
n
e
w
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
.
R
es
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
d
i
c
a
te
s
t
h
a
t
c
o
s
ts
c
a
n
h
i
n
d
e
r
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
[
9
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
:
H8
:
PC
n
eg
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
in
te
n
tio
n
to
a
d
o
p
t
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
.
2
.
2
.
1
.
T
rus
t
TS
i
s
a
n
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
al
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
e
s
t
a
b
l
is
h
i
n
g
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
a
n
d
i
s
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
i
n
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
ac
t
i
o
n
s
[
2
7
]
.
S
t
u
d
i
es
s
h
o
w
t
h
a
t
TS
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
es
u
s
e
r
s
'
i
n
te
n
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
,
w
i
t
h
TS
i
n
s
e
r
v
i
ce
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
s
b
e
i
n
g
c
e
n
t
r
al
t
o
u
s
e
r
s
'
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
,
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
is
i
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
:
H9
:
TS
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
ad
o
p
t
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
m
o
dera
t
ing
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
educa
t
io
na
l le
v
el
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als'
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ea
r
l
y
ad
o
p
ter
s
ten
d
to
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
o
s
e
with
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
m
o
r
e
in
clin
ed
to
ad
o
p
t
in
ter
n
et
-
b
as
ed
s
er
v
ices,
p
er
ce
iv
in
g
th
em
as
less
ch
allen
g
in
g
[
4
4
]
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
m
o
d
e
r
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
SN,
PU,
PEOU
,
an
d
PI
o
n
BI
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
ese
m
o
d
er
atin
g
e
f
f
ec
ts
f
u
r
th
er
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
:
H1
0
:
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
SN
o
n
B
I
f
o
r
m
-
b
a
n
k
in
g
a
d
o
p
tio
n
is
s
tr
o
n
g
er
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
els
;
H1
1
:
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
PU
o
n
B
I
f
o
r
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
is
s
tr
o
n
g
er
f
o
r
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
s
with
lo
wer
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
els
;
H1
2
:
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
PEOU
o
n
B
I
f
o
r
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
is
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
lo
wer
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
lev
els
;
an
d
H1
3
:
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
PI
o
n
PEOU
f
o
r
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
is
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
f
o
r
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
with
lo
wer
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
els.
2
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n a
nd
m
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
d
ata
co
lle
ctio
n
,
an
d
v
ar
iab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
.
i)
Sam
p
lin
g
an
d
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
:
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
am
i
n
es
t
h
e
f
a
ct
o
r
s
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
in
g
m
-
b
an
k
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
io
n
i
n
G
h
a
n
a
.
Par
t
ici
p
an
ts
we
r
e
s
el
ec
t
e
d
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
eir
li
k
e
li
h
o
o
d
o
f
u
s
in
g
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
s
e
r
v
ic
es.
Dat
a
wer
e
c
o
l
le
cte
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
p
a
p
e
r
-
b
ase
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
wh
i
ch
t
en
d
s
t
o
y
i
el
d
h
i
g
h
e
r
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ates
a
n
d
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
es
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
h
o
n
es
t
a
n
s
w
er
s
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
o
n
l
in
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
A
to
tal
o
f
6
0
0
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es
we
r
e
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
te
d
,
o
f
wh
ic
h
5
9
8
w
e
r
e
c
o
m
p
l
et
ed
,
r
esu
lti
n
g
in
a
9
9
.
6
7
%
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
r
ate
.
A
p
i
l
o
t
s
u
r
v
e
y
was
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
wit
h
2
5
l
ec
t
u
r
e
r
s
a
n
d
1
5
n
o
n
-
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ta
f
f
at
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
r
s
it
y
o
f
Pr
o
f
ess
io
n
a
l
Stu
d
i
es,
Acc
r
a,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
8
28
-
8
37
832
to
ass
ess
t
h
e
cl
a
r
it
y
a
n
d
r
el
e
v
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
it
em
s
.
T
h
e
ir
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
t
h
e
f
i
n
al
d
es
ig
n
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
est
i
o
n
n
ai
r
e
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
its
r
ele
v
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
ib
ilit
y
.
ii)
Var
iab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t:
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
v
a
r
ia
b
l
es
f
r
o
m
e
x
is
ti
n
g
lit
er
at
u
r
e,
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g
PE
OU,
P
U,
SN,
S
E
,
PC
,
T
S
,
P
I
,
a
n
d
B
I
.
Fo
u
r
i
te
m
s
w
er
e
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
e
ac
h
v
a
r
i
ab
le
,
e
x
ce
p
t
P
E
OU
a
n
d
SE
,
wh
ic
h
h
a
d
t
h
r
e
e.
T
h
e
r
e
p
l
ies
we
r
e
s
co
r
e
d
o
n
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
i
n
t
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le
,
c
o
m
p
r
is
in
g
"St
r
o
n
g
l
y
A
g
r
ee
"
t
o
"Str
o
n
g
l
y
Dis
ag
r
e
e.
"
T
a
b
le
1
p
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
it
em
s
,
m
ea
n
s
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
i
ati
o
n
s
,
lo
ad
in
g
s
,
an
d
v
a
r
ia
n
ce
in
f
la
ti
o
n
f
ac
to
r
s
(
VI
F
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
cts,
in
d
icato
r
s
,
lo
ad
in
g
s
,
a
n
d
VI
F
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
I
t
e
ms
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
M
SD
Lo
a
d
i
n
g
V
I
F
PU
P
U
1
F
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
p
e
r
d
a
y
3
.
3
8
8
1
.
0
1
2
0
.
8
3
7
2
.
3
6
9
P
U
2
M
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
i
s
q
u
i
c
k
,
c
o
n
v
e
n
i
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
l
o
w
-
c
o
s
t
4
.
0
4
3
0
.
9
3
1
0
.
7
6
2
1
.
5
0
1
P
U
3
B
a
n
k
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
a
mo
b
i
l
e
p
h
o
n
e
e
l
i
mi
n
a
t
e
t
i
me
a
n
d
sp
a
c
e
c
o
n
st
r
a
i
n
t
s
3
.
2
6
1
1
.
1
3
1
0
.
9
0
7
1
.
9
7
4
P
EO
U
P
EO
U
1
I
f
e
e
l
t
h
e
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
l
l
b
e
st
r
a
i
g
h
t
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
a
n
d
e
a
s
y
t
o
c
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
d
.
3
.
8
7
0
.
9
6
9
0
.
8
5
2
.
2
3
4
P
EO
U
2
I
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
i
t
t
a
k
e
s
l
i
t
t
l
e
e
f
f
o
r
t
t
o
b
e
c
o
m
e
sk
i
l
l
e
d
i
n
u
s
i
n
g
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
serv
i
c
e
s
.
3
.
9
5
7
0
.
9
3
1
0
.
9
2
7
4
.
4
3
4
P
EO
U
3
I
a
g
r
e
e
t
h
a
t
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
i
s si
mp
l
e
t
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
.
3
.
9
3
5
1
.
0
9
2
0
.
8
9
7
2
.
8
7
5
P
EO
U
4
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
o
u
se
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
i
s st
r
a
i
g
h
t
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
.
3
.
9
3
5
0
.
9
8
7
0
.
9
1
4
4
.
0
4
BI
B
I
1
I
w
i
l
l
u
s
e
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
ser
v
i
c
e
s f
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s.
3
.
8
3
3
1
.
0
1
9
0
.
8
8
3
1
.
8
6
5
B
I
2
I
f
I
h
a
v
e
a
c
c
e
ss
t
o
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
,
I
i
n
t
e
n
d
t
o
u
s
e
i
t
.
4
.
0
2
2
0
.
9
2
1
0
.
8
2
4
1
.
7
9
6
B
I
3
D
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
m
o
n
t
h
,
I
i
n
t
e
n
d
t
o
d
o
a
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
sac
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
mo
b
i
l
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
.
3
.
9
8
5
0
.
9
2
4
0
.
8
7
8
2
.
1
2
7
SN
S
N
1
P
e
o
p
l
e
w
h
o
a
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
t
o
me
t
h
i
n
k
I
sh
o
u
l
d
u
se
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
.
3
.
7
3
4
1
.
0
8
2
0
.
8
9
6
2
.
7
0
1
S
N
2
P
e
o
p
l
e
w
h
o
s
e
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
s
I
v
a
l
u
e
p
r
e
f
e
r
me
t
o
u
se
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
.
3
.
6
3
1
.
1
1
3
0
.
8
3
2
1
.
9
1
2
S
N
3
P
e
o
p
l
e
w
h
o
a
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
t
o
me
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
m
y
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
.
3
.
7
4
9
1
.
1
1
4
0
.
9
4
1
3
.
3
0
5
PI
P
I
1
I
n
my
c
i
r
c
l
e
o
f
f
r
i
e
n
d
s,
I
a
m o
f
t
e
n
t
h
e
f
i
r
st
t
o
e
x
p
e
r
i
me
n
t
w
i
t
h
n
o
v
e
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s.
3
.
5
6
5
1
.
0
7
6
0
.
9
2
7
2
.
6
2
1
P
I
2
M
y
p
e
e
r
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
v
a
l
u
e
m
y
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
s
o
n
e
merg
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s.
3
.
4
0
1
1
.
2
7
9
0
.
8
7
7
2
.
1
9
6
P
I
3
M
y
p
e
e
r
s
d
e
p
e
n
d
h
i
g
h
l
y
o
n
m
y
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
o
n
n
e
w
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
u
sa
g
e
.
3
.
7
3
9
1
.
0
0
9
0
.
8
3
6
1
.
9
2
SE
S
E1
I
f
e
e
l
c
o
mf
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
a
smar
t
p
h
o
n
e
t
o
v
i
e
w
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
f
i
l
ms
a
n
d
m
u
si
c
.
3
.
6
9
6
1
.
1
5
9
0
.
7
8
1
1
.
5
5
2
S
E2
I
a
m c
o
mf
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
u
si
n
g
a
m
o
b
i
l
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
f
o
r
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
n
e
w
s.
3
.
8
0
4
1
.
1
9
1
0
.
8
6
6
2
.
7
3
9
S
E3
I
a
m c
o
mf
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
u
si
n
g
m
y
m
o
b
i
l
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
f
o
r
st
r
e
a
m
i
n
g
o
n
l
i
n
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
.
3
.
7
8
3
0
.
9
9
8
0
.
7
7
5
1
.
5
4
1
S
E4
I
a
m c
o
mf
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
u
si
n
g
sm
a
r
t
p
h
o
n
e
g
a
mi
n
g
ser
v
i
c
e
s.
3
.
4
9
5
1
.
3
0
7
0
.
8
3
3
2
.
6
1
5
TS
TS1
I
f
e
e
l
t
h
a
t
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
l
a
w
s
a
r
e
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
t
o
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
c
o
n
s
u
mers
.
2
.
9
7
5
0
.
7
8
1
0
.
9
0
5
2
.
6
2
2
TS2
I
'm c
o
n
v
i
n
c
e
d
t
h
a
t
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
o
f
f
e
r
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
h
a
v
e
e
n
o
u
g
h
e
x
p
e
r
t
i
se
a
n
d
a
ss
e
t
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
s
e
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
.
3
.
2
1
7
0
.
8
3
2
0
.
7
3
8
1
.
5
8
6
TS3
I
t
r
u
st
t
h
a
t
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
v
e
n
d
o
r
s wi
l
l
a
c
t
l
a
w
f
u
l
l
y
w
h
e
n
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
,
st
o
r
i
n
g
,
p
r
o
c
e
s
si
n
g
,
a
n
d
m
a
n
a
g
i
n
g
my
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
.
2
.
9
6
5
0
.
9
2
0
.
9
4
2
2
.
5
6
7
CT
C
T1
I
t
mi
g
h
t
b
e
c
o
st
l
y
t
o
e
m
p
l
o
y
a
n
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
ser
v
i
c
e
.
3
.
9
1
6
0
.
9
1
2
0
.
8
5
9
2
.
2
0
1
C
T2
I
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
u
s
i
n
g
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
ser
v
i
c
e
s wil
l
b
e
c
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
e
x
p
e
n
si
v
e
a
s
t
h
e
c
o
st
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
r
i
ses
.
4
.
1
2
0
.
9
4
1
0
.
8
9
6
2
.
2
6
5
C
T3
I
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
c
o
n
c
e
a
l
e
d
f
e
e
s i
n
u
si
n
g
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
ser
v
i
c
e
s.
3
.
9
0
6
1
.
1
4
0
.
8
9
6
2
.
1
3
N
o
t
e
s
:
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
p
<
0
.
0
0
5
l
e
v
e
l
(
t
w
o
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
t
e
s
t
)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
tar
g
eted
6
0
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
in
Gh
an
a
’
s
Gr
ea
ter
Acc
r
a
R
eg
io
n
,
with
5
9
8
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
6
3
%
m
ales
an
d
3
7
% f
em
ales.
Mo
s
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
5
4
.
3
%)
wer
e
ag
e
d
3
1
–
4
0
,
an
d
7
3
.
9
%
h
eld
a
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
d
eg
r
ee
o
r
h
ig
h
er
.
3
.
1
.
M
ea
s
ur
emen
t
m
o
d
el
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
w
er
e
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
d
as
r
ef
lectiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
an
d
ev
alu
ate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
item
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
.
Acc
ep
tab
le
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
ar
e
≥
0
.
7
,
th
o
u
g
h
v
alu
es
≥
0
.
5
a
r
e
also
ac
ce
p
tab
le
[
4
9
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
1
,
all
in
d
icato
r
s
ex
ce
e
d
ed
0
.
7
.
M
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
was
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
VI
Fs
,
with
n
o
i
s
s
u
es d
etec
ted
s
in
ce
all
VI
Fs
wer
e
b
elo
w
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
5
[5
0
]
.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ass
ess
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
f
itn
ess
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
v
alid
ity
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
es
ex
ce
ed
e
d
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
th
r
esh
o
l
d
o
f
0
.
7
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
f
u
ll
s
am
p
le
(
n
=5
9
8
)
an
d
s
u
b
-
s
am
p
les
(
n
=4
4
2
;
n
=
1
5
6
)
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
[5
1
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
,
with
all
av
er
a
g
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
te
d
v
alu
es
a
b
o
v
e
0
.
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ex
p
lain
ed
o
v
e
r
h
alf
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
th
eir
in
d
icato
r
s
[5
0
]
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
i
ty
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
Fo
r
n
ell
–
L
ar
ck
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f m
o
b
ile
b
a
n
ki
n
g
a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
Gh
a
n
a
:
d
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
leve
ls
d
iffer
?
(
I
s
a
a
c
A
s
a
mp
a
n
a
)
833
cr
iter
io
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
ea
ch
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct'
s
a
v
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
ex
ce
ed
e
d
its
h
ig
h
est
s
q
u
ar
ed
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
o
th
er
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
T
ab
le
3
co
n
f
ir
m
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
alid
ity
.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
n
f
i
r
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
a
l
p
h
a
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
C
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
(
n
=
5
9
8
)
H
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
n
=
4
4
2
)
Lo
w
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
n
=
1
5
6
)
C
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
(
n
=
5
9
8
)
H
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
n
=
4
4
2
)
Lo
w
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
n
=
1
5
6
)
BI
0
.
8
2
9
0
.
8
3
3
0
.
7
4
9
0
.
7
4
3
0
.
7
4
7
0
.
6
6
2
CT
0
.
8
6
2
0
.
8
5
0
.
8
8
8
0
.
7
8
1
0
.
7
6
7
0
.
8
1
6
PU
0
.
8
0
1
0
.
7
3
7
0
.
9
2
2
0
.
7
0
1
0
.
6
2
6
0
.
8
6
5
PI
0
.
8
5
6
0
.
8
6
0
.
8
5
2
0
.
7
7
6
0
.
7
7
8
0
.
7
7
4
SE
0
.
8
3
1
0
.
7
9
5
0
.
9
1
9
0
.
6
6
4
0
.
6
1
8
0
.
7
9
1
SN
0
.
8
7
0
.
8
3
8
0
.
9
4
4
0
.
7
9
3
0
.
7
5
6
0
.
8
9
8
TS
0
.
8
4
0
.
8
2
9
0
.
8
6
1
0
.
7
5
0
.
7
3
6
0
.
7
7
1
P
EO
U
0
.
9
1
9
0
.
9
1
8
0
.
9
3
4
0
.
8
0
5
0
.
8
0
3
0
.
8
3
6
T
ab
le
3
.
Dis
cr
im
in
ato
r
y
v
alid
i
ty
u
s
in
g
th
e
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
ck
e
r
cr
iter
io
n
BI
CT
PU
PI
SE
SN
TS
P
EO
U
BI
0
.
8
6
2
CT
0
.
5
4
1
0
.
8
8
4
PU
0
.
3
3
6
0
.
4
2
3
0
.
8
3
7
PI
0
.
4
7
3
0
.
3
6
7
0
.
1
4
9
0
.
8
8
1
SE
0
.
6
1
1
0
.
8
1
0
.
2
1
3
0
.
3
8
0
.
8
1
5
SN
0
.
7
9
1
0
.
6
0
9
0
.
3
0
6
0
.
5
1
4
0
.
6
3
6
0
.
8
9
1
TS
0
.
2
3
2
0
.
1
2
8
0
.
2
0
7
-
0
.
0
5
7
0
.
1
1
3
0
.
3
5
4
0
.
8
6
6
P
EO
U
0
.
6
2
8
0
.
7
9
1
0
.
3
0
5
0
.
4
4
1
0
.
7
8
4
0
.
6
0
8
0
.
0
7
3
0
.
8
9
7
N
o
t
e
s
:
(
n
=
5
9
8
)
C
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
a
l
o
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
a
g
o
n
a
l
s
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
St
ruc
t
ur
a
l
m
o
del
a
s
s
es
s
ment
a
nd
mu
lt
i
-
g
r
o
up
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
.
Hy
p
o
th
eses
H1
to
H9
wer
e
test
ed
at
a
5
%
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el,
with
a
ll
h
y
p
o
th
eses
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
e
x
ce
p
t
H5
an
d
H8
.
T
h
e
m
u
lti
-
g
r
o
u
p
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
(
T
ab
le
5
)
in
d
icate
th
at
all
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
at
th
e
5
%
lev
el,
ex
ce
p
t
H1
0
f
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
with
lo
wer
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
a
t
SN,
PEOU
,
SE,
an
d
PU
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
B
I
to
ad
o
p
t
m
-
b
an
k
i
n
g
i
n
Gh
a
n
a.
SE
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
BI
(
β=0
.
1
8
4
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
,
as
d
id
PEOU
(
β=0
.
2
4
4
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
PI
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
af
f
ec
t
ad
o
p
tio
n
i
n
ten
t
io
n
.
A
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
wa
s
f
o
u
n
d
b
etwe
en
SN
an
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
ten
tio
n
(
β=0
.
6
1
8
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
PC
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
co
n
tr
ad
ictin
g
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
TS
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
n
e
g
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
t
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
ten
tio
n
(
β=
-
0
.
2
5
1
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
)
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
m
o
d
e
r
ated
s
ev
er
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Fo
r
h
ig
h
er
-
ed
u
ca
ted
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
SN
h
ad
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
BI
(
β=0
.
7
1
7
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
)
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
o
s
e
with
lo
wer
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
β=0
.
1
2
6
,
p
=0
.
1
4
7
)
.
PU
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
te
n
tio
n
am
o
n
g
h
ig
h
e
r
-
ed
u
ca
ted
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
(
β=0
.
1
6
4
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
b
u
t
a
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
t
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
with
lo
wer
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
β=
-
0
.
2
5
6
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
PE
OU
was
g
r
ea
ter
f
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
with
lo
wer
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
β=1
.
3
3
6
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
)
th
an
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
with
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
β=0
.
1
5
8
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
.
PI
also
h
ad
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
PEOU
f
o
r
th
e
lo
wer
ed
u
ca
tio
n
g
r
o
u
p
(
β=0
.
3
3
2
,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
th
a
n
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
g
r
o
u
p
(
β=0
.
1
5
8
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
was
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
,
with
R
²
v
alu
es o
f
0
.
6
8
3
f
o
r
B
I
an
d
0
.
6
3
8
f
o
r
PEOU
,
b
o
th
ab
o
v
e
th
e
m
o
d
er
ate
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
5
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Path
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
an
d
th
eir
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
e
s
P
a
t
h
β
t
p
V
a
l
u
e
s
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
H1
S
E
→
BI
0
.
1
8
4
4
.
9
9
8
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H2
S
E
→
P
EO
U
0
.
7
2
1
2
7
.
3
7
1
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H3
P
EO
U
→
BI
0
.
2
4
4
5
.
4
9
9
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H4
P
I
→
P
EO
U
0
.
1
6
6
4
.
8
4
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H5
P
I
→
BI
0
.
0
4
8
1
.
4
4
1
0
.
1
5
N
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H6
P
U
→
BI
0
.
1
3
6
5
.
2
0
1
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H7
S
N
→
BI
0
.
6
1
8
1
4
.
1
0
4
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H8
C
T
→
BI
-
0
.
0
1
8
0
.
7
3
9
0
.
4
6
N
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H9
TS
→
BI
-
0
.
2
5
1
4
.
9
7
5
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
8
28
-
8
37
834
T
ab
le
5
.
Path
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
an
d
th
eir
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
f
o
r
m
u
lti
-
g
r
o
u
p
an
aly
s
is
H
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
n
=
4
4
2
)
Lo
w
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
n
=
1
5
6
)
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
e
s
P
a
t
h
β
1
t
p
V
a
l
u
e
s
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
β
2
t
p
V
a
l
u
e
s
R
e
s
u
l
t
s
H
1
0
S
N
→
BI
0
.
7
1
7
1
7
.
5
7
4
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
0
.
1
2
6
1
.
4
5
4
0
.
1
4
7
N
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H
1
1
P
U
→
BI
0
.
1
6
4
6
.
9
2
5
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
-
0
.
2
5
6
4
.
1
3
7
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H
1
2
P
EO
U
→
BI
0
.
1
5
8
4
.
2
5
8
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
1
.
3
3
6
8
.
2
8
4
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H
1
3
P
I
→
P
EO
U
0
.
0
9
4
3
.
3
2
5
0
.
0
0
1
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
0
.
3
3
2
4
.
9
8
4
0
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
3
.
2
.
Ana
ly
s
is
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
m
-
b
a
n
k
in
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
Gh
an
a,
wit
h
b
r
o
ad
e
r
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
o
t
h
er
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies.
I
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
f
in
an
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
co
m
p
an
i
es,
an
d
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
ai
m
in
g
to
e
n
h
an
ce
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
tailo
r
ed
s
tr
ateg
ies,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
u
s
er
s
’
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
Key
d
eter
m
i
n
an
ts
o
f
BI
to
a
d
o
p
t
m
-
b
an
k
i
n
g
in
clu
d
e
SN
,
PEOU
,
SE
,
an
d
PU
.
SN
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
(
β
=0
.
6
1
8
;
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
3
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
its
in
f
lu
en
ce
v
ar
ied
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
it
was
a
d
o
m
in
an
t
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
-
e
d
u
ca
ted
u
s
er
s
(
β=0
.
7
1
7
;
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
,
b
u
t
s
tatis
tical
ly
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
lo
wer
-
ed
u
ca
ted
u
s
er
s
(
β=0
.
1
2
6
;
p
=0
.
1
4
7
)
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
o
cial
in
f
lu
en
ce
is
m
o
r
e
cr
itical
am
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
ted
u
s
er
s
,
lik
ely
d
u
e
to
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
ee
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
PEOU
(
β=0
.
2
4
4
;
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
with
a
m
u
ch
s
tr
o
n
g
er
im
p
ac
t
o
n
lo
wer
-
ed
u
ca
ted
u
s
er
s
(
β=1
.
3
3
6
;
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
th
a
n
h
ig
h
er
-
e
d
u
c
ated
u
s
er
s
(
β=0
.
1
5
8
;
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
io
r
r
esear
c
h
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
t
u
itiv
e,
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
in
t
er
f
ac
es
f
o
r
less
tech
n
o
lo
g
ically
liter
ate
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
SE
(
β=0
.
1
8
4
;
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
ad
o
p
ti
o
n
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
in
itiativ
es.
I
n
co
n
t
r
ast
to
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies,
PU
s
h
o
wed
d
iv
er
g
en
t
ef
f
ec
ts
:
it
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
h
ig
h
er
-
e
d
u
ca
ted
u
s
er
s
(
β=0
.
1
6
4
;
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
b
u
t
n
e
g
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
ted
l
o
wer
-
ed
u
ca
te
d
o
n
es
(
β=
-
0
.
2
5
6
;
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
d
if
f
er
in
g
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
u
t
ilit
y
.
PI
was
m
o
r
e
i
n
f
lu
en
tial
f
o
r
lo
wer
-
ed
u
ca
te
d
u
s
er
s
(
β=0
.
3
3
2
;
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
)
th
a
n
h
ig
h
er
-
e
d
u
ca
ted
u
s
er
s
(
β=0
.
0
9
4
;
p
=0
.
0
0
1
)
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
a
h
ig
h
er
o
p
e
n
n
ess
to
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
am
o
n
g
th
e
f
o
r
m
er
.
No
tab
ly
,
TS
n
e
g
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
ted
ad
o
p
tio
n
(
β
=
-
0
.
2
5
1
;
p
=0
.
0
0
0
)
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ch
allen
g
e
s
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
u
n
if
o
r
m
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
ad
v
o
ca
tin
g
f
o
r
s
eg
m
en
ted
,
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
ad
d
r
es
s
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t u
s
er
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
clu
s
iv
e
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
a
d
o
p
tio
n
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
P
ra
ct
ic
a
l im
pli
ca
t
io
ns
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
cr
itical
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
f
in
an
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
aim
in
g
to
en
h
an
ce
m
-
b
an
k
in
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
I
t r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
in
ter
f
ac
es,
esp
ec
ial
ly
f
o
r
less
-
ed
u
ca
ted
u
s
er
s
,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
PEOU
.
Ma
r
k
etin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
eg
m
en
ted
:
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
-
e
d
u
ca
te
d
u
s
er
s
,
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
h
asize
s
o
cial
in
f
lu
en
ce
an
d
PU
,
wh
ile
f
o
r
lo
we
r
-
ed
u
ca
ted
u
s
er
s
,
s
im
p
licity
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
ar
e
k
ey
.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
o
f
f
er
tu
to
r
ials
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
s
to
b
u
ild
SE
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
TS
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
p
u
b
lic
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
to
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
m
-
b
an
k
i
n
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l c
o
ntr
ibu
t
io
ns
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
T
AM
an
d
T
PB
in
th
e
Gh
an
aian
c
o
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
les o
f
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
lik
e
SN
,
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
an
d
SE
.
I
t
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tes
to
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
h
o
w
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
m
o
d
er
ates
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
wh
ile
ca
s
tin
g
d
o
u
b
t
o
n
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
im
p
ac
t o
f
PI
a
n
d
co
s
t.
3
.
2
.
3
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
a
nd
f
uture
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
lim
itatio
n
is
th
at
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
was
d
r
aw
n
p
r
im
a
r
ily
f
r
o
m
Acc
r
a,
th
e
ca
p
ital
o
f
Gh
an
a
,
wh
ich
m
ay
n
o
t
f
u
lly
r
ep
r
ese
n
t
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
s
o
ci
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
t
r
y
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
in
cl
u
d
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
all
1
6
r
eg
io
n
s
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
g
en
e
r
aliza
tio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
in
itial
ad
o
p
tio
n
r
at
h
er
th
a
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
u
s
e;
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
ex
p
l
o
r
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
a
d
o
p
tio
n
tr
en
d
s
an
d
u
s
er
r
eten
tio
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
o
v
el
m
o
d
el
in
teg
r
atin
g
T
AM
an
d
T
PB
,
v
alid
ated
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
ellin
g
.
Ke
y
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
o
f
m
-
b
an
k
i
n
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
cl
u
d
e
SN
,
PU
,
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
a
n
d
SE
,
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
s
h
a
p
in
g
th
eir
im
p
ac
t.
Fin
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
tailo
r
ed
m
ar
k
etin
g
an
d
u
s
er
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
o
b
o
o
s
t
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
f
in
an
cial
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
est
in
s
e
cu
r
e,
s
im
p
le
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
o
u
tr
ea
ch
,
en
h
an
cin
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
lo
y
alty
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f m
o
b
ile
b
a
n
ki
n
g
a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
Gh
a
n
a
:
d
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
leve
ls
d
iffer
?
(
I
s
a
a
c
A
s
a
mp
a
n
a
)
835
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
Au
th
o
r
s
u
s
ed
th
eir
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS
ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
I
s
aa
c
Asam
p
an
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
L
a
w
r
e
n
c
e
K
w
a
m
i
A
z
i
a
l
e
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Hen
r
y
Ma
tey
Ak
wete
y
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Han
n
ah
Ay
ab
a
T
an
y
e
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
W
e
h
av
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t f
r
o
m
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als in
c
lu
d
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
aila
b
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
a
u
th
o
r
,
[
IA
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
M
.
B
a
a
b
d
u
l
l
a
h
,
A
.
A
.
A
l
a
l
w
a
n
,
N
.
P
.
R
a
n
a
,
H
.
K
i
z
g
i
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
P
a
t
i
l
,
“
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
u
se
o
f
mo
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
(
M
-
B
a
n
k
i
n
g
)
i
n
S
a
u
d
i
A
r
a
b
i
a
:
to
w
a
r
d
s
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
p
p
.
3
8
–
5
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
i
n
f
o
m
g
t
.
2
0
1
8
.
0
9
.
0
0
2
.
[
2
]
T.
L
a
u
k
k
a
n
e
n
,
“
C
o
n
s
u
mer
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
v
e
r
s
u
s
r
e
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
s
i
n
see
mi
n
g
l
y
si
m
i
l
a
r
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s:
t
h
e
cas
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
a
n
d
m
o
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
B
u
si
n
e
ss
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
6
9
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
2
4
3
2
–
2
4
3
9
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
b
u
sr
e
s
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
1
.
0
1
3
.
[
3
]
A
.
A
.
S
h
a
i
k
h
a
n
d
H
.
K
a
r
j
a
l
u
o
t
o
,
“
M
o
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
:
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
T
e
l
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
–
1
4
2
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
t
e
l
e
.
2
0
1
4
.
0
5
.
0
0
3
.
[
4
]
J.
M
.
A
v
i
l
é
s,
S
.
B
.
L
a
r
g
h
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
M
.
A
g
u
a
y
o
,
“
Th
e
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
a
l
l
i
f
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
o
r
:
a
st
u
d
y
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
a
c
c
e
ss
i
n
t
h
r
e
e
M
e
x
i
c
a
n
t
o
w
n
s,”
T
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
Po
l
i
c
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
6
6
1
–
6
7
2
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
t
e
l
p
o
l
.
2
0
1
5
.
1
1
.
0
0
1
.
[
5
]
E.
F
i
f
e
a
n
d
F
.
P
e
r
e
i
r
a
,
“
Th
e
p
r
o
mi
se
a
n
d
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
:
a
ssess
i
n
g
t
h
e
g
a
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
i
n
I
C
T
4
D
,
”
T
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
Po
l
i
c
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
5
9
5
–
6
0
1
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
t
e
l
p
o
l
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
5
.
0
0
4
.
[
6
]
H
.
K
a
r
j
a
l
u
o
t
o
,
R
.
G
.
-
G
e
o
,
D
.
R
a
m
d
h
o
n
y
,
A
.
A
.
S
h
a
i
k
h
,
a
n
d
A
.
H
u
r
p
a
u
l
,
“
C
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
v
a
l
u
e
s
a
n
d
mo
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
ser
v
i
c
e
s
:
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
r
b
a
n
–
r
u
r
a
l
d
i
c
h
o
t
o
my
i
n
a
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
e
c
o
n
o
my
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
B
a
n
k
M
a
rk
e
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
–
2
9
3
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
I
JB
M
-
03
-
2
0
2
0
-
0
1
2
9
.
[
7
]
S
.
R
.
R
a
h
a
r
j
a
,
P
.
W
.
Tr
e
sn
a
,
a
n
d
R
i
v
a
n
i
,
“
A
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
b
u
si
n
e
s
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
:
st
u
d
y
o
n
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
i
n
d
u
st
r
y
S
M
Es
i
n
B
a
n
d
u
n
g
C
i
t
y
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
,
”
Re
v
i
e
w
o
f
I
n
t
e
g
ra
t
i
v
e
Bu
s
i
n
e
ss
a
n
d
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
0
–
3
0
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
8
]
R
.
M
o
r
r
a
r
,
I
.
A
b
d
e
l
j
a
w
a
d
,
S
.
Ja
b
r
,
A
.
K
i
s
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
Z
.
Y
o
u
n
i
s
,
“
T
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
C
T)
i
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
se
c
t
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
P
a
l
e
st
i
n
e
:
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
G
l
o
b
a
l
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
7
–
6
5
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
0
1
8
/
JG
I
M
.
2
0
1
9
0
1
0
1
0
3
.
[
9
]
F
.
O
.
B
a
n
k
o
l
e
,
O
.
O
.
B
a
n
k
o
l
e
,
a
n
d
I
.
B
r
o
w
n
,
“
M
o
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
,
”
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
s
t
e
m
s i
n
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
C
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
3
,
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
j
.
1
6
8
1
-
4
8
3
5
.
2
0
1
1
.
t
b
0
0
3
3
0
.
x
.
[
1
0
]
J.
J.
A
d
u
b
a
,
“
O
n
t
h
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
n
t
s,
g
a
i
n
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
1
–
1
0
4
3
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
I
JS
E
-
07
-
2
0
2
0
-
0
4
5
2
.
[
1
1
]
W
.
T.
W
a
n
g
,
W
.
M
.
O
u
,
a
n
d
W
.
Y
.
C
h
e
n
,
“
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
i
n
e
r
t
i
a
a
n
d
u
s
e
r
s
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
a
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
u
se
mo
b
i
l
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
:
a
m
o
b
i
l
e
serv
i
c
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
4
4
,
p
p
.
1
7
8
–
1
9
3
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
i
n
f
o
mg
t
.
2
0
1
8
.
1
0
.
0
1
1
.
[
1
2
]
C
.
T
a
m
a
n
d
T.
O
l
i
v
e
i
r
a
,
“
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
m
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
o
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
:
D
e
L
o
n
e
&
M
c
Le
a
n
a
n
d
TTF
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
i
n
H
u
m
a
n
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
6
1
,
p
p
.
2
3
3
–
2
4
4
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
h
b
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
3
.
0
1
6
.
[
1
3
]
A
.
S
h
a
n
k
a
r
,
B
.
D
a
t
t
a
,
C
.
Je
b
a
r
a
j
a
k
i
r
t
h
y
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
u
k
h
e
r
j
e
e
,
“
Ex
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
m
o
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
ser
v
i
c
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
:
a
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
Ma
r
k
e
t
i
n
g
Q
u
a
r
t
e
rl
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
2
–
2
0
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
3
3
2
9
6
9
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
7
4
2
9
8
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
8
28
-
8
37
836
[
1
4
]
M
.
S
.
T
a
l
u
k
d
e
r
,
S
.
L
a
a
t
o
,
A
.
K
.
M
.
N
.
I
s
l
a
m
,
a
n
d
Y
.
B
a
o
,
“
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
d
u
s
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
e
a
r
a
b
l
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
e
l
d
e
r
l
y
:
a
n
e
n
a
b
l
e
r
s
a
n
d
i
n
h
i
b
i
t
o
r
s
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
6
1
1
–
1
6
4
0
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
I
N
T
R
-
10
-
2
0
2
0
-
0
5
8
6.
[
1
5
]
K
.
H
.
H
u
a
r
n
g
,
T.
H
.
K
.
Y
u
,
a
n
d
C
.
f
a
n
g
L
e
e
,
“
A
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
w
e
a
r
a
b
l
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
s,
”
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
Fo
r
e
c
a
st
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
C
h
a
n
g
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
4
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
t
e
c
h
f
o
r
e
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
2
1
2
8
6
.
[
1
6
]
K
.
O
f
o
r
i
-
A
t
t
a
,
“
Th
e
b
u
d
g
e
t
st
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
p
o
l
i
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
G
h
a
n
a
f
o
r
t
h
e
2
0
2
2
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
y
e
a
r
,
”
Mi
n
i
s
t
ry
o
f
Fi
n
a
n
c
e
,
R
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
o
f
G
h
a
n
a
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
m
o
f
e
p
.
g
o
v
.
g
h
/
s
i
t
e
s
/
d
e
f
a
u
l
t
/
f
i
l
e
s/
b
u
d
g
e
t
-
st
a
t
e
me
n
t
s/
2
0
2
2
-
B
u
d
g
e
t
-
S
t
a
t
e
me
n
t
_
0
.
p
d
f
[
1
7
]
S
t
a
n
b
i
c
B
a
n
k
,
“
M
o
b
i
l
e
mo
n
e
y
i
s
t
h
e
p
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
p
a
y
me
n
t
me
t
h
o
d
i
n
G
h
a
n
a
,
”
S
t
a
n
b
i
c
B
a
n
k
G
h
a
n
a
.
2
0
2
1
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
w
w
w
.
st
a
n
b
i
c
b
a
n
k
.
c
o
m
.
g
h
/
g
h
/
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
/
a
b
o
u
t
-
u
s
/
n
e
w
s/
m
o
b
i
l
e
-
mo
n
e
y
-
is
-
t
h
e
-
p
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
-
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
-
p
a
y
m
e
n
t
-
me
t
h
o
d
-
in
-
g
h
a
n
a
-
st
a
n
b
i
c
-
b
a
n
k
-
g
h
a
n
a
-
r
e
sea
r
c
h
-
t
e
a
m
[
1
8
]
A
.
A
w
a
n
i
s
,
C
.
L
o
w
e
,
S
.
K
.
A
.
-
M
a
n
j
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
D
.
L
i
n
d
s
e
y
,
“
S
t
a
t
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
r
e
p
o
r
t
o
n
m
o
b
i
l
e
m
o
n
e
y
2
0
2
2
,
”
G
S
M
A
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
2
2
.
[O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
g
s
m
a
.
c
o
m
/
s
o
t
i
r
/
w
p
-
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
/
u
p
l
o
a
d
s
/
2
0
2
2
/
0
3
/
G
S
M
A
_
S
t
a
t
e
_
o
f
_
t
h
e
_
I
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
_
2
0
2
2
_
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
.
p
d
f
[
1
9
]
F
.
N
g
i
l
a
,
“
K
e
n
y
a
a
n
d
G
h
a
n
a
l
e
a
d
f
i
n
t
e
c
h
c
h
a
r
g
e
a
c
r
o
ss
A
f
r
i
c
a
,
”
A
f
ri
c
a
n
B
u
si
n
e
ss
,
2
0
2
1
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
a
f
r
i
c
a
n
.
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss
/
2
0
2
1
/
0
7
/
f
i
n
a
n
c
e
-
ser
v
i
c
e
s/
k
e
n
y
a
-
a
n
d
-
g
h
a
n
a
-
l
e
a
d
-
f
i
n
t
e
c
h
-
c
h
a
r
g
e
-
a
c
r
o
ss
-
a
f
r
i
c
a
[
2
0
]
L.
Zh
a
n
g
,
J
.
Z
h
u
,
a
n
d
Q
.
L
i
u
,
“
A
me
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
mo
b
i
l
e
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
i
n
H
u
m
a
n
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
p
p
.
1
9
0
2
–
1
9
1
1
,
2
0
1
2
,
do
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
h
b
.
2
0
1
2
.
0
5
.
0
0
8
.
[
2
1
]
K
.
O
.
K
w
a
t
e
n
g
,
K
.
A
.
O
.
A
t
i
e
m
o
,
a
n
d
C
.
A
p
p
i
a
h
,
“
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
u
s
e
o
f
mo
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
:
a
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
U
TA
U
T2
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
t
e
r
p
r
i
se
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
8
–
1
5
1
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
J
EI
M
-
03
-
2
0
1
8
-
005
5.
[
2
2
]
G
.
M
.
Y
.
O
w
u
s
u
,
R
.
A
.
B
e
k
o
e
,
A
.
A
.
A
.
-
Y
o
b
o
,
a
n
d
J
.
O
t
i
e
k
u
,
“
M
o
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
G
h
a
n
a
i
a
n
y
o
u
t
h
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Af
ri
c
a
n
Bu
s
i
n
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
3
9
–
3
6
0
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
2
2
8
9
1
6
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
7
5
3
0
0
3
.
[
2
3
]
V
.
V
e
n
k
a
t
e
s
h
,
J.
Y
.
L
.
Th
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
X
.
X
u
,
“
C
o
n
s
u
mer a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
u
se
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
:
E
x
t
e
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
n
i
f
i
e
d
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
u
s
e
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
MI
S
Q
u
a
rt
e
rl
y
:
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
–
1
7
8
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
3
0
7
/
4
1
4
1
0
4
1
2
.
[
2
4
]
J.
C
.
G
u
,
S
.
C
.
Le
e
,
a
n
d
Y
.
H
.
S
u
h
,
“
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
m
o
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
,
”
E
x
p
e
rt
S
y
st
e
m
s
w
i
t
h
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
0
5
–
1
1
6
1
6
,
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
sw
a
.
2
0
0
9
.
0
3
.
0
2
4
.
[
2
5
]
I
.
A
.
-
Jab
r
i
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
S
o
h
a
i
l
,
“
M
o
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
:
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
i
f
f
u
si
o
n
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
o
r
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
C
o
m
m
e
r
c
e
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
7
9
–
3
9
1
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
2
6
]
A
.
K
u
mar,
S
.
D
h
i
n
g
r
a
,
V
.
B
a
t
r
a
,
a
n
d
H
.
P
u
r
o
h
i
t
,
“
A
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
O
p
e
n
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
:
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
M
a
rk
e
t
,
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
JO
I
TM
C
6
0
2
0
0
4
0
.
[
2
7
]
R
.
G
.
-
G
e
o
,
A
.
A
.
S
h
a
i
k
h
,
a
n
d
H
.
K
a
r
j
a
l
u
o
t
o
,
“
M
o
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
P
a
k
i
st
a
n
:
a
r
e
t
h
e
r
e
g
e
n
d
e
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s?,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
B
a
n
k
Ma
r
k
e
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
8
8
–
1
1
1
2
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
I
JB
M
-
09
-
2
0
1
5
-
0
1
4
2
.
[
2
8
]
I
.
M
e
d
h
i
,
A
.
R
a
t
a
n
,
a
n
d
K
.
T
o
y
a
m
a
,
“
M
o
b
i
l
e
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
u
sa
g
e
b
y
l
o
w
-
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
e
,
l
o
w
-
i
n
c
o
m
e
u
sers
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
w
o
r
l
d
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
G
l
o
b
a
l
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
p
p
.
4
8
5
–
4
9
4
,
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
6
4
2
-
0
2
7
6
7
-
3
_
5
4
.
[
2
9
]
F
.
D
.
D
a
v
i
s
,
“
P
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
u
sefu
l
n
e
ss,
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
e
a
se
o
f
u
s
e
,
a
n
d
u
ser
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s,”
MIS
Q
u
a
rt
e
rl
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
1
9
–
3
4
0
,
1
9
8
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
3
0
7
/
2
4
9
0
0
8
.
[
3
0
]
I
.
A
j
z
e
n
,
“
T
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
p
l
a
n
n
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
:
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
a
s
k
e
d
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
s
,
”
H
u
m
a
n
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
n
d
Em
e
rg
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
1
4
–
3
2
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
h
b
e
2
.
1
9
5
.
[
3
1
]
I
.
A
j
z
e
n
a
n
d
M
.
F
i
s
h
b
e
i
n
,
U
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g
s
o
c
i
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
.
E
n
g
l
e
w
o
o
d
C
l
i
f
f
s
,
N
e
w
J
e
r
s
e
y
:
P
r
e
n
t
i
c
e
-
H
a
l
l
,
1
9
8
0
.
[
3
2
]
V
.
V
e
n
k
a
t
e
sh
,
“
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
e
a
s
e
o
f
u
se
:
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
i
n
t
r
i
n
s
i
c
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
e
mo
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
m
o
d
e
l
,
”
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
s
t
e
m
s R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
4
2
–
3
6
5
,
2
0
0
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
8
7
/
i
sr
e
.
1
1
.
4
.
3
4
2
.
1
1
8
7
2
.
[
3
3
]
H
.
N
y
sv
e
e
n
a
n
d
P
.
E.
P
e
d
e
r
se
n
,
“
Ex
p
l
a
i
n
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
u
s
e
mo
b
i
l
e
c
h
a
t
serv
i
c
e
s
:
mo
d
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
g
e
n
d
e
r
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
Ma
r
k
e
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
4
7
–
2
5
6
,
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
0
7
3
6
3
7
6
0
5
1
0
6
1
1
6
7
1
.
[
3
4
]
S
.
Ta
y
l
o
r
a
n
d
P
.
A
.
T
o
d
d
,
“
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
u
sa
g
e
:
a
t
e
s
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
e
t
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
s,”
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
s
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
4
–
1
7
6
,
1
9
9
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
8
7
/
i
sr
e
.
6
.
2
.
1
4
4
.
[
3
5
]
M
.
F
i
s
h
b
e
i
n
a
n
d
I
.
A
j
z
e
n
,
B
e
l
i
e
f
s,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s,
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r:
A
n
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
re
sea
r
c
h
.
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
,
M
a
ss
a
c
h
u
s
e
t
t
s
:
A
d
d
i
s
o
n
-
W
e
s
l
e
y
,
1
9
7
5
.
[
3
6
]
E.
M
.
R
o
g
e
r
s,
D
i
f
f
u
s
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s,
5
t
h
e
d
.
N
e
w
Y
o
r
k
:
F
r
e
e
P
r
e
ss,
1
9
3
1
.
[
3
7
]
F
.
D
.
D
a
v
i
s,
R
.
P
.
B
a
g
o
z
z
i
,
a
n
d
P
.
R
.
W
a
r
s
h
a
w
,
“
U
s
e
r
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
mp
u
t
e
r
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
:
a
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
o
f
t
w
o
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
mo
d
e
l
s
,
”
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
982
-
1
0
0
3
,
1
9
8
9
.
[
3
8
]
R
.
A
g
a
r
w
a
l
a
n
d
J
.
P
r
a
sa
d
,
“
A
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
i
n
t
h
e
d
o
ma
i
n
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
s R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
0
4
–
2
1
5
,
1
9
9
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
8
7
/
i
sr
e
.
9
.
2
.
2
0
4
.
[
3
9
]
V
.
V
e
n
k
a
t
e
s
h
,
M
.
G
.
M
o
r
r
i
s
,
a
n
d
P
.
L.
A
c
k
e
r
m
a
n
,
“
A
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
f
i
e
l
d
i
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
g
e
n
d
e
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
s,”
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
n
d
H
u
m
a
n
D
e
c
i
si
o
n
Pr
o
c
e
sses
,
v
o
l
.
8
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
3
–
6
0
,
2
0
0
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
6
/
o
b
h
d
.
2
0
0
0
.
2
8
9
6
.
[
4
0
]
R
.
A
g
a
r
w
a
l
a
n
d
E
.
K
a
r
a
h
a
n
n
a
,
“
Ti
me
f
l
i
e
s
w
h
e
n
y
o
u
’
r
e
h
a
v
i
n
g
f
u
n
:
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
b
e
l
i
e
f
s
a
b
o
u
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
u
s
a
g
e
,
”
MIS
Q
u
a
r
t
e
rl
y
:
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
6
5
–
6
9
4
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
0
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
3
0
7
/
3
2
5
0
9
5
1
.
[
4
1
]
E.
M
.
A
.
-
T
a
i
e
h
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
d
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
u
s
e
o
f
M
-
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
J
o
r
d
a
n
b
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
U
TA
U
T
,
TPB
,
TA
M
a
n
d
ser
v
i
c
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
M
L,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
O
p
e
n
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
:
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
M
a
rke
t
,
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
j
o
i
t
m
c
8
0
3
0
1
2
0
.
[
4
2
]
P
.
Lu
a
r
n
a
n
d
H
.
H
.
L
i
n
,
“
T
o
w
a
r
d
a
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
a
l
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
u
se
m
o
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
i
n
H
u
m
a
n
Be
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
8
7
3
–
8
9
1
,
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
h
b
.
2
0
0
4
.
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
[
4
3
]
J.
H
.
W
u
a
n
d
S
.
C
.
W
a
n
g
,
“
W
h
a
t
d
r
i
v
e
s
mo
b
i
l
e
c
o
mm
e
r
c
e
?
a
n
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
v
i
se
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
mo
d
e
l
,
”
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
4
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
7
1
9
–
7
2
9
,
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
m
.
2
0
0
4
.
0
7
.
0
0
1
.
[
4
4
]
C
.
Lu
,
S
.
H
u
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
P
.
L
o
,
“
A
n
e
mp
i
r
i
c
a
l
st
u
d
y
o
f
o
n
-
l
i
n
e
t
a
x
f
i
l
i
n
g
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
m
o
d
e
l
:
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
TA
M
a
n
d
TP
B
,
”
A
f
ri
c
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Bu
s
i
n
e
ss
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
M
a
y
,
p
p
.
8
0
0
–
8
1
0
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
4
5
]
N
.
N
a
sr
i
a
n
d
L
.
C
h
a
r
f
e
d
d
i
n
e
,
“
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
Tu
n
i
si
a
:
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
mo
d
e
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
p
l
a
n
n
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
i
g
h
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Re
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[
4
6
]
M
.
H
.
H
s
u
,
C
.
H
.
Y
e
n
,
C
.
M
.
C
h
i
u
,
a
n
d
C
.
M
.
C
h
a
n
g
,
“
A
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
d
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
h
o
p
p
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
:
a
n
e
x
t
e
n
si
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
p
l
a
n
n
e
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
u
m
a
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
4
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
8
8
9
–
9
0
4
,
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
h
c
s.
2
0
0
6
.
0
4
.
0
0
4
.
[
4
7
]
S
.
S
i
n
g
h
a
n
d
R
.
K
.
S
r
i
v
a
s
t
a
v
a
,
“
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
u
s
e
m
o
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ba
n
k
M
a
rk
e
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
5
7
–
3
7
8
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
I
JB
M
-
12
-
2
0
1
6
-
0
1
8
6
.
[
4
8
]
Y.
-
K
.
Le
e
,
J.
-
H
.
P
a
r
k
,
a
n
d
N
.
C
h
u
n
g
,
“
A
n
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
st
u
d
y
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
s a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
u
sa
g
e
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
w
a
r
d
mo
b
i
l
e
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
:
a
u
n
i
f
i
e
d
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
u
s
i
n
g
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
mo
d
e
l
i
n
g
.
,
”
i
n
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
f
o
r
M
a
rke
t
i
n
g
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s P
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
3
4
7
–
3
5
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
A
n
a
lysi
s
o
f m
o
b
ile
b
a
n
ki
n
g
a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
Gh
a
n
a
:
d
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
leve
ls
d
iffer
?
(
I
s
a
a
c
A
s
a
mp
a
n
a
)
837
[
4
9
]
D
.
B
a
r
c
l
a
y
,
C
.
H
i
g
g
i
n
s
,
a
n
d
R
.
Th
o
mp
s
o
n
,
“
Th
e
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
l
e
a
st
sq
u
a
r
e
s
(
P
LS)
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
c
a
u
sa
l
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
:
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
u
se
a
s
a
n
i
l
l
u
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
”
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
8
5
–
3
0
9
,
1
9
9
5
.
[
5
0
]
C
.
F
o
r
n
e
l
l
a
n
d
D
.
F
.
L
a
r
c
k
e
r
,
“
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
n
g
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
s
w
i
t
h
u
n
o
b
ser
v
a
b
l
e
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
a
n
d
m
e
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
t
e
r
r
o
r
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
a
rke
t
i
n
g
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
3
9
,
1
9
8
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
3
0
7
/
3
1
5
1
3
1
2
.
[
5
1
]
J.
F
.
H
a
i
r
,
G
.
T.
M
.
H
u
l
t
,
C
.
M
.
R
i
n
g
l
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
a
r
s
t
e
d
t
,
A
p
ri
m
e
r
o
n
p
a
rt
i
a
l
l
e
a
st
sq
u
a
res
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
(
PL
S
-
S
EM
)
,
i
n
Lo
s
A
n
g
e
l
e
s
,
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
:
S
a
g
e
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
2
0
1
6
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Dr
.
Is
a
a
c
As
a
m
p
a
n
a
is
a
s
e
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
S
tu
d
ies
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
P
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
S
tu
d
ies
,
Ac
c
ra
,
G
h
a
n
a
.
He
h
a
s
a
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
Co
m
p
u
ter S
c
ien
c
e
,
sp
e
c
ializin
g
in
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s.
His c
u
r
re
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
s
a
re
in
th
e
a
re
a
s
o
f
d
a
ta
a
n
a
ly
t
ics
,
m
-
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
,
m
-
b
a
n
k
in
g
,
e
-
lea
rn
in
g
,
d
istan
c
e
lea
rn
i
ng
,
c
y
b
e
r
se
c
u
rit
y
,
c
lo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
p
r
o
jec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
e
n
terp
rise
s
y
ste
m
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
te
d
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
isa
a
c
.
a
sa
m
p
a
n
a
@u
p
sa
m
a
il
.
e
d
u
.
g
h
.
La
wr
e
n
c
e
K
wa
m
i
Az
ia
le
is
a
l
e
c
tu
re
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
S
t
u
d
ies
a
t
th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
P
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
S
t
u
d
ies
,
Ac
c
ra
(UPS
A).
An
IT
e
x
p
e
rt
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Co
n
s
u
lt
a
n
t
,
h
e
sp
e
c
ialize
s
in
g
re
e
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
a
d
m
in
istrati
o
n
,
m
in
e
d
lan
d
re
c
lam
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
re
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
He
h
o
ld
s
a
n
M
.
P
h
il
.
i
n
Bu
sin
e
ss
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
ro
m
Kw
a
m
e
Nk
ru
m
a
h
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(KN
UST
)
a
n
d
a
n
L
LM
i
n
Na
t
u
ra
l
Re
so
u
rc
e
s
Law
fro
m
th
e
U
n
iv
e
r
sity
o
f
G
h
a
n
a
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
sp
a
n
b
i
o
m
e
tri
c
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
,
g
re
e
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
c
re
d
it
sc
o
r
in
g
,
lan
d
re
c
lam
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
re
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
law
re
n
c
e
.
a
z
iale
@u
p
sa
m
a
il
.
e
d
u
.
g
h
.
Dr
.
H
e
n
r
y
Ma
te
y
Akwe
te
y
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
i
n
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
S
t
u
d
ies
,
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
tu
d
ies
,
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
P
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
S
t
u
d
ie
s
(UPS
A),
Ac
c
ra
,
G
h
a
n
a
.
He
h
o
l
d
s
a
P
h
.
D
.
with
a
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
c
y
b
e
rse
c
u
rit
y
in
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
n
M
.
P
h
il
.
in
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
b
o
th
fr
o
m
th
e
Op
e
n
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
M
a
lay
sia
(OU
M
).
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
e
lec
tro
n
ic
p
a
y
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
s,
e
lec
tro
n
ic
fu
n
d
s
tran
sfe
r,
se
rv
ice
d
e
li
v
e
ry
,
IT
p
r
o
jec
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
c
y
b
e
rse
c
u
rit
y
i
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
sm
a
rt
g
ri
d
s.
He
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
As
so
c
iatio
n
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
P
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
ls
(ACP),
U.K.,
a
n
d
a
Ce
rti
fied
Cisc
o
Ne
two
rk
As
so
c
iate
(CCNA
).
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
m
a
tey
a
k
we
tey
@u
p
sa
m
a
il
.
e
d
u
.
g
h
.
H
a
n
n
a
h
Ay
a
b
a
Ta
n
y
e
h
a
s
a
P
h
.
D
.
in
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s
,
a
n
d
sh
e
is
a
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
a
n
d
a
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
a
t
t
h
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
P
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
S
t
u
d
ies
.
As
a
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic,
h
e
r
tea
c
h
in
g
a
re
a
s
in
c
l
u
d
e
d
a
tab
a
se
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
s
,
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
in
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
is
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
,
d
istan
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
a
n
n
a
h
.
tan
y
e
@u
p
sa
m
a
il
.
e
d
u
.
g
h
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.