I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
d
van
c
e
s
i
n
A
p
p
li
e
d
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
(
I
JA
A
S
)
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
S
e
pt
e
m
be
r
20
25
, pp.
650
~
661
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
a
s
.
v14.
i
3
.
pp650
-
661
650
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
aas
.i
ae
s
c
or
e
.c
om
Wh
e
n
st
u
d
yi
n
g
ap
p
l
i
e
d
p
h
ysi
c
s
:
w
h
at
p
r
ob
l
e
m
s ar
e
t
h
e
r
e
, an
d
d
o p
r
e
-
se
r
vi
c
e
p
h
ysi
c
s t
e
ac
h
e
r
s n
e
e
d
?
R
e
n
ol
A
f
r
iz
on
1,
2
, L
il
ia
E
ll
an
y M
oh
t
ar
1
, M
oh
d
S
yah
r
im
an
M
oh
d
A
z
m
i
1
, H
id
ayat
i
2
1
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
P
hys
i
c
s
, F
a
c
ul
t
y of
S
c
i
e
nc
e
a
nd M
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
s
, U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
i
P
e
ndi
di
ka
n S
ul
t
a
n I
dr
i
s
, T
a
nj
ong M
a
l
i
m
, M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
2
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
P
hys
i
c
s
, F
a
c
ul
t
y of
M
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
s
a
nd N
a
t
ur
a
l
S
c
i
e
nc
e
s
, U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
a
s
N
e
ge
r
i
P
a
da
ng, P
a
da
ng, I
ndone
s
i
a
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
S
e
p 23, 2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
J
un 5, 2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
J
ul
13, 2025
Applied
physics
courses
are
essential
for
pre
-
service
physics
teachers
(PsPTs
),
but
they
often
encounter
challenges
in
pursuing
this
educ
ational
pathway. This study aims to identify the problems
and learning eleme
nts that
PsPTs
need
in
applied
physics
learning
using
the
McKillip
d
iscr
epancy
model.
The
data
were
collected
using
questionnaires
and
biblio
metric
techniques.
A total of
23 PsPTs
participa
ted in the stu
dy.
Additionally,
1,000
articles
were
consult
ed
as
a
data
source.
The
data
analysis
uses
desc
riptive
statistics
and
the
VOSviewer
software.
The
first
finding
is
primary
issu
es
identified
in
applied
physics
learning
e.g.,
the
difficulty
of
locating
s
uitable
learning
resourc
es,
the
dearth
of
in
-
depth
physics
comprehension,
the
absence
of
visuali
zation
like
augmented
reality
(AR),
the
fail
ure
to
undertake
empirical
activities
in
the
laboratory,
and
global
warming
and
climate
change
topic
were
pertinent
at
the
high
school
level,
e
ntailed
intricate
issues,
and
were
abstract.
The
second
finding
is
a
learning
module
that
is
integrated
with
science,
technology,
engineering,
and
mathe
m
atics
(
STEM
)
,
and
AR
is
ne
ed
ed
by
PsPTs.
Finally,
this
need
has
been
para
mount
over
the
past
decade
to
meet
PsPTs
'
needs.
Thus,
the
needs
analysis
results
serve
as
an
initial
reference
point
for
decision
-
makers
to
identify
el
ements
and develo
p integ
rated STE
M and AR
applied
physics
learning mod
ules.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
ppl
ie
d phys
ic
s
A
ugm
e
nt
e
d r
e
a
li
ty
N
e
e
d a
na
ly
s
i
s
P
r
e
-
s
e
r
vi
c
e
phys
ic
s
t
e
a
c
he
r
s
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
L
il
ia
E
ll
a
ny M
oht
a
r
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
P
hys
ic
s
, F
a
c
ul
ty
of
S
c
ie
nc
e
a
nd
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
, U
ni
ve
r
s
it
i
P
e
ndi
di
ka
n S
ul
ta
n I
dr
is
T
a
nj
ong M
a
li
m
, P
e
r
a
k 35900, M
a
la
ys
ia
E
m
a
il
:
lilia
@
f
s
m
t.
ups
i.
e
du.my
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
T
he
a
pp
li
e
d
p
hys
ic
s
c
o
u
r
s
e
e
n
a
bl
e
s
p
r
e
-
s
e
r
vi
c
e
p
hys
i
c
s
te
a
c
h
e
r
s
(
P
s
P
T
s
)
to
le
a
r
n
ph
ys
ic
s
th
r
o
ug
h
te
c
h
no
lo
g
y
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
i
n
th
e
o
r
y
a
nd
p
r
a
c
ti
c
e
t
o
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
ly
b
ui
l
d
c
o
m
m
un
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
k
il
ls
[
3]
.
B
y
s
tu
dyi
ng
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
,
P
s
P
T
s
c
a
n
us
e
c
r
e
a
t
iv
e
id
e
a
s
to
s
o
lv
e
phys
ic
s
p
r
ob
le
m
s
,
p
hys
i
c
s
e
duc
a
t
io
n
,
a
n
d
in
t
e
r
di
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y
phys
ic
s
-
r
e
la
te
d
is
s
u
e
s
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
a
p
pl
i
e
d
phys
ic
s
c
ou
r
s
e
s
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
n
ti
a
l
f
o
r
P
s
P
T
s
be
c
a
us
e
t
he
y
c
a
n
de
ve
lo
p
phys
ic
s
p
r
o
bl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng
s
k
il
ls
a
nd
s
c
ie
nt
if
ic
c
r
e
a
t
iv
it
y,
us
e
te
c
hn
ol
ogy
,
a
nd
c
ond
uc
t
i
nt
e
r
di
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y,
i
n
te
gr
a
te
d a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
ba
s
e
d
on
th
e
o
r
y
a
nd
p
r
a
c
ti
c
e
i
n
th
e
l
a
bo
r
a
to
r
y
/f
ie
ld
.
G
ood
m
a
s
t
e
r
y
o
f
a
pp
li
e
d
p
hys
i
c
s
is
u
r
ge
nt
ly
n
e
e
de
d
f
or
P
s
P
T
s
t
o
a
pp
ly
k
now
le
dge
a
n
d
s
k
il
ls
in
li
f
e
.
P
s
P
T
s
w
il
l
be
c
om
e
ph
ys
ic
s
t
e
a
c
he
r
s
i
n
s
c
h
oo
ls
w
he
r
e
t
he
y
w
il
l
w
o
r
k
in
s
e
ni
o
r
h
ig
h
s
c
h
ool
s
a
nd
voc
a
t
io
n
a
l
s
c
ho
ol
s
t
ha
t
r
e
q
ui
r
e
th
e
o
r
e
t
ic
a
l
[
6
]
a
nd
p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
l
a
nd
f
ie
ld
e
x
pe
r
ie
nc
e
[
7
]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
a
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
d
y
in
d
ic
a
te
s
th
a
t
P
s
P
T
s
in
I
n
don
e
s
ia
c
on
ti
nue
t
o
e
nc
o
unt
e
r
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
in
a
t
ta
i
ni
ng
pr
o
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
in
a
p
pl
yi
ng
phys
ic
s
c
o
nc
e
pt
s
in
r
e
a
l
-
li
f
e
c
on
te
x
ts
o
r
t
he
i
r
p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
l
im
pl
e
m
e
n
ta
ti
o
n.
F
i
r
s
t,
P
s
P
T
s
te
n
d
to
ha
ve
lo
w
c
r
e
a
t
iv
e
th
in
ki
ng
s
ki
ll
s
[
8
]
.
S
e
c
on
d,
P
s
P
T
s
ha
v
e
l
ow
p
hys
ic
s
p
r
o
bl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng
s
ki
ll
s
[
9
]
.
T
hi
s
te
nd
e
nc
y
is
be
c
a
us
e
c
on
te
x
tu
a
l
p
r
o
bl
e
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
ki
l
ls
a
r
e
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
ic
ie
n
tl
y
t
r
a
in
e
d
in
th
e
on
go
in
g
le
a
r
ni
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
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8814
W
he
n s
tu
dy
in
g appli
e
d phy
s
ic
s
:
w
hat
pr
obl
e
m
s
ar
e
t
he
r
e
, and d
o pr
e
-
s
e
r
v
ic
e
phy
s
ic
s
…
(
R
e
nol
A
fr
iz
on)
651
pr
oc
e
s
s
[
9
]
.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
p
r
e
-
s
e
r
v
ic
e
te
a
c
h
e
r
s
ha
ve
th
e
p
e
r
c
e
pt
io
n
th
a
t
th
e
y
ha
ve
no
t
y
e
t
m
a
s
te
r
e
d
te
c
h
no
lo
g
y
[
1
0
]
b
e
c
a
us
e
t
he
y
a
s
s
u
m
e
t
ha
t
te
c
hn
ol
ogy
is
l
i
m
i
te
d
on
ly
t
o
ha
r
dw
a
r
e
[
11
]
in
th
e
f
or
m
o
f
in
t
e
r
ne
t
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
ng
in
e
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
p
r
e
vi
o
us
s
t
ud
ie
s
h
a
ve
m
os
tl
y
di
s
c
us
s
e
d
t
he
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
ie
s
o
f
P
s
P
T
s
in
a
ppl
yi
ng
p
hys
i
c
s
c
onc
e
pt
s
t
o
r
e
a
l
li
f
e
,
bu
t
ha
ve
n
ot
c
o
m
m
e
nt
e
d
in
de
p
th
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
bl
e
m
s
th
e
y
f
a
c
e
in
a
ppl
ie
d p
hys
ic
s
le
a
r
n
in
g
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
in
ve
s
t
ig
a
te
s
t
he
ne
e
ds
o
f
a
pp
li
e
d
ph
ys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
n
g
f
o
r
P
s
P
T
s
.
W
hi
le
p
r
e
v
io
us
s
t
ud
ie
s
ha
ve
f
oc
us
e
d
m
or
e
on
e
n
gi
ne
e
r
i
ng
s
t
ude
nt
s
a
n
d
ha
v
e
no
t
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
ic
a
ll
y
a
nd
e
xpl
ic
it
ly
de
s
c
r
ib
e
d
th
e
ne
e
ds
a
nd
tr
e
nds
of
th
e
i
m
p
or
ta
n
c
e
o
f
a
ppl
ie
d
ph
ys
i
c
s
le
a
r
ni
n
g.
T
he
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
d
y
i
nve
s
ti
ga
te
s
a
p
pl
yi
ng
p
hys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
od
e
ls
w
it
hi
n
th
e
c
on
te
x
t
o
f
t
he
d
is
pl
a
y,
in
qui
r
y,
le
a
r
n
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
ni
ty
,
a
nd
a
ut
he
n
ti
c
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
m
ode
l.
T
he
i
nve
s
ti
ga
t
io
n
us
e
s
vi
de
o,
th
e
i
nqu
i
r
y
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
c
om
m
un
it
y
le
a
r
ni
ng,
a
nd
a
u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
to
a
dd
r
e
s
s
is
s
ue
s
[
13
]
,
[
1
4]
.
F
u
r
t
he
r
m
or
e
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
xp
lo
r
in
g
t
e
a
m
w
o
r
k
be
twe
e
n
a
pp
li
e
d
ph
ys
ic
s
a
n
d
e
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
s
tu
de
n
ts
i
n
c
h
a
l
le
n
ge
-
ba
s
e
d
le
a
r
ni
ng
ha
s
f
oc
us
e
d
on
th
e
or
y
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
ti
c
e
b
ut
ha
s
n
ot
e
xp
li
c
i
tl
y
e
xpl
o
r
e
d
t
he
in
te
r
d
is
c
i
pl
in
a
r
y
r
e
la
t
io
ns
hi
ps
be
twe
e
n
c
ha
l
le
n
ge
s
th
a
t
s
up
po
r
t
u
ti
li
z
in
g
le
a
r
n
in
g
r
e
s
ou
r
c
e
s
[
1
5]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
n
e
e
de
d
th
a
t
s
pe
c
i
f
ic
a
l
ly
e
xa
m
i
n
e
s
t
he
le
a
r
ni
n
g
ne
e
ds
o
f
a
pp
li
e
d
ph
ys
ic
s
f
o
r
P
s
P
T
s
,
c
o
ns
i
de
r
in
g
th
a
t
pr
e
vi
ous
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
no
t
d
e
s
c
r
ib
e
d
th
is
s
ys
te
m
a
t
ic
a
l
ly
a
n
d c
le
a
r
l
y.
T
hi
s
s
t
udy
ut
il
iz
e
s
th
e
M
c
K
i
ll
ip
d
is
c
r
e
pa
nc
y
m
o
de
l
a
s
a
no
ve
l
s
ol
ut
io
n
t
o
a
na
ly
z
e
th
e
s
e
p
r
o
bl
e
m
s
a
nd
ne
e
ds
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
l
y.
T
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
e
le
c
te
d
th
e
M
c
K
il
li
p
di
s
c
r
e
pa
nc
y
m
o
de
l
d
ue
to
it
s
n
um
e
r
o
us
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s
,
w
h
ic
h
h
a
ve
be
e
n
e
xt
e
ns
i
ve
l
y
e
m
p
lo
ye
d
i
n
e
duc
a
ti
o
n,
i
nc
l
ud
in
g
th
e
ne
e
d
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
m
odu
le
s
[
1
6]
–
[
20
]
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
is
c
r
e
pa
nc
y
m
o
de
l
is
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
iz
e
d
by
i
ts
c
la
r
it
y
a
nd
s
t
r
uc
tu
r
e
d
a
pp
r
oa
c
h
[
16
]
.
A
n
a
na
l
ys
is
o
f
le
a
r
ni
ng
t
r
e
n
ds
ove
r
th
e
pa
s
t
de
c
a
d
e
w
a
s
a
ls
o
c
on
duc
te
d
t
o
u
nde
r
s
c
or
e
t
he
s
ig
ni
f
i
c
a
nc
e
o
f
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
A
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
ne
e
ds
a
na
l
ys
is
h
ig
h
li
gh
ts
th
e
c
on
tr
ib
ut
io
n
of
th
is
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
to
th
e
p
r
a
c
t
ic
a
l
a
pp
li
c
a
t
io
n
o
f
a
p
pl
ie
d
p
hys
ic
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
f
o
r
P
s
P
T
s
in
br
id
gi
ng
th
e
und
e
r
s
ta
n
di
ng
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
ti
c
e
i
n
a
ppl
yi
ng
ph
ys
ic
s
in
li
f
e
.
T
he
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
hi
s
s
tu
d
y
a
im
s
to
a
ns
w
e
r
th
e
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
que
s
t
io
ns
.
i)
W
ha
t
p
r
o
bl
e
m
s
in
a
pp
li
e
d
ph
ys
ic
s
le
a
r
n
in
g
do
P
s
P
T
s
f
a
c
e
?
ii
)
W
ha
t
s
o
lu
t
io
ns
do
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d
to
ov
e
r
c
om
e
p
r
o
bl
e
m
s
in
a
p
pl
i
e
d p
hys
ic
s
le
a
r
n
in
g
?
ii
i)
H
ow
c
a
n
t
r
e
n
ds
i
n
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
n
in
g
s
u
ppo
r
t
th
e
i
m
po
r
ta
nc
e
of
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ne
e
d
f
o
r
a
pp
li
e
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
n
in
g
?
2.
R
E
S
E
A
R
C
H
M
E
T
H
O
D
2.1
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
d
e
s
ig
n
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
us
e
s
th
e
M
c
K
i
ll
ip
d
is
c
r
e
pa
nc
y
m
od
e
l
a
s
a
s
ta
nda
r
d
m
ode
l
f
o
r
a
na
ly
z
in
g
th
e
ne
e
ds
o
f
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
o
du
le
de
ve
l
op
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
d
is
c
r
e
pa
n
c
y
m
od
e
l
is
on
e
of
th
r
e
e
ne
e
ds
a
na
ly
s
is
m
o
de
ls
p
r
op
os
e
d
by
M
c
K
il
li
p.
A
s
s
how
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
, t
he
m
o
de
l
i
nc
l
ude
s
f
iv
e
s
t
e
ps
f
or
t
he
ne
e
ds
a
na
ly
s
is
p
r
oc
e
s
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
1. S
te
p i
n ne
e
d a
na
ly
s
is
[
16]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
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nt
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14
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3
,
S
e
pt
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m
be
r
20
25
:
650
-
661
652
F
ig
ur
e
1 s
how
s
t
he
f
iv
e
s
ta
ge
s
of
ne
e
ds
a
n
a
ly
s
is
a
s
f
ol
lo
w
s
. T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
te
p i
s
t
o i
de
nt
if
y w
ho t
he
us
e
r
s
a
r
e
a
nd
how
th
e
y
w
il
l
us
e
th
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
th
e
ne
e
d
s
a
na
ly
s
i
s
.
S
e
c
ond,
th
e
ta
r
ge
t
gr
oup
is
de
s
c
r
ib
e
d
in
te
r
m
s
of
de
m
ogr
a
phi
c
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
s
uc
h
a
s
ge
nde
r
,
a
ge
,
a
nd
in
it
ia
l
a
bi
li
ty
of
th
e
ta
r
ge
t
g
r
oup.
T
hi
r
dl
y,
th
e
ne
e
ds
f
or
m
odul
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
(
pr
obl
e
m
s
th
e
ta
r
ge
t
g
r
oup
f
a
c
e
s
w
he
n
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
s
ol
ut
io
ns
)
s
houl
d
be
id
e
nt
if
ie
d.
T
he
pr
obl
e
m
s
a
r
e
r
e
la
te
d
to
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
in
g
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng,
a
ugm
e
nt
e
d
r
e
a
li
ty
(
AR
)
t
e
c
hnol
ogy,
a
nd
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
to
pi
c
s
.
T
he
s
ol
ut
io
ns
of
f
e
r
e
d
a
r
e
th
os
e
ne
e
d
e
d
by
P
s
P
T
s
,
a
nd
th
e
y
a
r
e
e
v
a
lu
a
te
d
in
te
r
m
s
of
c
os
t,
i
m
pa
c
t,
a
nd f
e
a
s
ib
il
it
y. F
our
th
ly
, t
he
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
t
he
ne
e
ds
i
s
a
s
s
e
s
s
e
d by c
om
pa
r
in
g t
he
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
t
he
ne
e
ds
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
w
it
h
th
e
tr
e
nd
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ur
ge
nc
y
in
phys
i
c
s
e
duc
a
ti
on
ove
r
a
d
e
c
a
de
.
F
in
a
ll
y,
th
e
ne
e
ds
a
na
ly
s
is
r
e
s
ul
t
s
a
r
e
c
om
m
uni
c
a
te
d t
o u
s
e
r
s
a
nd d
e
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ke
r
s
t
hr
ough gr
a
phs
, t
a
bl
e
s
, a
nd dia
gr
a
m
s
.
2.2.
P
ar
t
ic
ip
an
t
s
T
he
r
e
s
pond
e
nt
s
in
th
is
s
tu
dy
w
e
r
e
23
P
s
P
T
s
w
ho
ha
d
ta
k
e
n
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
c
our
s
e
s
a
t
a
uni
ve
r
s
it
y
in
I
ndone
s
ia
.
T
hi
s
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
m
e
t
th
e
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
be
c
a
us
e
a
ll
s
a
m
pl
e
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d
e
a
c
h
uni
t
of
th
e
popula
ti
on
(
P
s
P
T
s
w
ho t
ook
a
ppl
ie
d phys
ic
s
w
e
r
e
a
ge
d 19
-
22)
[
21
]
. I
n
a
dd
it
io
n, de
s
c
r
ip
ti
ve
a
nd e
xpl
or
a
to
r
y s
tu
di
e
s
w
it
h
a
s
a
m
pl
e
s
iz
e
of
10
-
30 pe
opl
e
m
e
e
t
th
e
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
t
o be
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
[
22]
. T
he
s
a
m
pl
in
g t
e
c
hni
que
us
e
s
pur
pos
iv
e
s
a
m
pl
in
g w
it
h t
ypi
c
a
l
c
a
s
e
s
a
m
pl
in
g. T
ypi
c
a
l
c
a
s
e
s
a
m
pl
in
g i
s
u
s
e
d t
o r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
it
ua
ti
ons
t
ha
t
m
a
tc
h
th
e
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
c
ha
r
a
c
t
e
r
is
ti
c
s
of
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
popula
ti
on
[
23]
.
T
hus
,
th
e
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
in
th
e
s
tu
dy
ha
v
e
m
e
t
th
e
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
a
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
.
2.3.
S
t
u
d
y i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
an
d
d
at
a an
al
ys
is
t
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
D
a
ta
r
e
la
ti
ng
to
th
e
r
e
s
ponde
nt
'
s
de
s
c
r
ip
ti
on
of
th
e
ta
r
ge
t
popula
ti
on
a
nd
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
ne
e
ds
(
pr
obl
e
m
s
a
nd s
ol
ut
io
ns
)
w
e
r
e
c
ol
le
c
te
d us
in
g a
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
a
nd doc
um
e
nt
a
na
ly
s
is
.
T
he
s
c
a
le
of
a
gr
e
e
m
e
nt
in
th
e
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
u
s
e
d
a
4
-
poi
nt
L
ik
e
r
t
s
c
a
l
e
,
w
he
r
e
1
=
s
tr
ongl
y
di
s
a
gr
e
e
,
2=
di
s
a
gr
e
e
,
3
=
a
gr
e
e
,
a
nd
4=
s
tr
ongl
y
a
gr
e
e
.
T
he
r
e
a
r
e
a
ls
o
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
ope
n
-
e
nde
d
qu
e
s
ti
o
ns
in
th
e
c
om
m
e
nt
s
s
e
c
ti
on.
T
h
e
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
us
e
d
is
va
li
d a
nd
r
e
li
a
bl
e
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
dy,
th
e
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
c
ont
e
nt
w
a
s
va
li
da
te
d
by
s
e
ve
n
e
xpe
r
ts
in
th
e
f
ie
ld
s
of
phys
ic
s
e
duc
a
ti
on,
phy
s
ic
s
,
a
nd e
duc
a
ti
ona
l
t
e
c
hnol
ogy. T
he
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
th
e
c
ont
e
nt
va
li
da
ti
on
s
ho
w
th
a
t
th
e
c
ont
e
nt
va
li
di
ty
in
de
x
(
C
V
I
)
ha
s
a
va
lu
e
of
1.00
f
or
it
e
m
s
(
I
-
C
V
I
)
a
nd
s
c
a
le
s
(
S
-
C
V
I
)
.
T
he
a
c
c
e
pt
a
bl
e
C
V
I
in
de
x
va
lu
e
f
or
th
r
e
e
to
f
iv
e
e
xp
e
r
ts
is
1;
f
or
s
ix
to
e
ig
ht
e
xpe
r
ts
,
th
e
a
c
c
e
pt
a
bl
e
C
V
I
is
a
t
le
a
s
t
0.83;
a
nd
f
or
a
t
le
a
s
t
ni
ne
e
xp
e
r
ts
,
th
e
a
c
c
e
pt
a
bl
e
C
V
I
is
0.78
[
24]
.
A
ll
it
e
m
s
a
r
e
c
ons
id
e
r
e
d
v
a
li
d
if
th
e
S
-
C
V
I
is
>
0.80
[
16]
.
A
f
te
r
r
e
f
in
in
g
th
e
in
s
tr
um
e
nt
a
c
c
or
di
ng
to
th
e
e
xpe
r
t'
s
a
dvi
c
e
,
th
e
in
s
tr
um
e
nt
w
a
s
a
dm
in
is
te
r
e
d
to
23
P
s
P
T
s
w
ho
h
a
d
ta
ke
n
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
c
our
s
e
s
but
w
e
r
e
not
pa
r
t
of
th
is
s
tu
dy'
s
a
c
tu
a
l
popula
ti
on
or
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
to
pr
ove
th
e
in
s
tr
um
e
nt
'
s
in
te
r
na
l
c
ons
is
te
nc
y.
T
he
in
s
tr
um
e
nt
'
s
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
c
a
n
be
e
s
ta
bl
is
he
d
on
a
t
le
a
s
t
20
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
ot
he
r
th
a
n
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
a
m
pl
e
[
25]
.
T
he
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
a
na
ly
s
is
r
e
s
ul
t
s
of
th
e
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
s
how
e
d
th
a
t
th
e
C
r
onba
c
h
's
a
lp
ha
va
lu
e
w
a
s
0.8
89.
T
he
obt
a
in
e
d
C
r
onba
c
h
's
a
lp
ha
va
lu
e
w
a
s
m
or
e
t
ha
n 0.60, a
nd t
he
a
lp
ha
va
lu
e
of
0.80
-
1.00 wa
s
ve
r
y r
e
li
a
bl
e
. T
hus
, t
he
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
us
e
d w
a
s
f
ound to
be
va
li
d a
nd r
e
li
a
bl
e
.
B
ib
li
om
e
tr
ic
te
c
hni
que
s
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
to
in
v
e
s
ti
ga
te
le
a
r
ni
ng
tr
e
nds
in
phys
ic
s
e
du
c
a
ti
on.
T
hi
s
te
c
hni
qu
e
in
vol
ve
s
c
ol
le
c
ti
ng
1
,
000
a
r
ti
c
le
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
ke
yw
or
ds
"
A
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
"
,
AR
,
a
nd
s
c
ie
nc
e
,
te
c
hnol
ogy,
e
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g,
a
nd
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
(
S
T
E
M
)
ba
s
e
d
on
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
a
va
il
a
bl
e
in
th
e
ti
tl
e
a
nd
a
bs
tr
a
c
t
of
th
e
a
r
ti
c
le
.
A
r
ti
c
le
da
ta
is
c
ol
le
c
te
d
us
in
g
th
e
P
ubl
is
h
or
P
e
r
is
h
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on.
T
he
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
obt
a
in
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
e
ke
yw
or
ds
i
s
f
il
te
r
e
d ba
s
e
d on the
s
e
a
r
c
h r
e
s
ul
ts
i
n t
he
t
it
le
a
nd
a
bs
tr
a
c
t
of
t
he
a
r
ti
c
le
. I
n t
hi
s
w
a
y, bi
bl
io
m
e
tr
i
c
a
na
ly
s
is
c
a
n pr
ovi
de
i
nf
or
m
a
ti
on on the
ur
ge
nc
y of
t
he
ne
e
d f
or
a
ppl
ie
d phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
T
he
da
ta
c
ol
le
c
te
d f
r
om
t
he
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
c
onc
e
r
ni
ng t
he
de
s
c
r
i
pt
io
n of
t
he
t
a
r
ge
t
popula
ti
on
a
nd t
he
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
of
ne
e
ds
in
te
r
m
s
of
pr
obl
e
m
s
a
nd
s
ol
ut
io
ns
w
e
r
e
a
na
ly
z
e
d
u
s
in
g
de
s
c
r
ip
ti
ve
da
ta
a
na
ly
s
is
te
c
hni
que
s
.
T
hi
s
a
n
a
ly
s
is
te
c
hni
que
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
da
ta
in
ta
bl
e
s
,
gr
a
phs
,
pe
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
s
,
m
e
a
ns
,
a
nd
s
t
a
nda
r
d
de
vi
a
ti
ons
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
s
uppor
ti
ng
da
ta
f
r
om
a
r
ti
c
le
s
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
ne
e
ds
w
e
r
e
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
u
s
in
g
V
O
S
vi
e
w
e
r
.
I
n
th
is
w
a
y,
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
a
bout
ur
ge
nc
y
a
nd
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
tr
e
nds
in
phys
ic
s
e
duc
a
ti
on
c
a
n
be
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d.
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
T
he
ta
r
ge
t
us
e
r
s
in
th
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
th
is
s
tu
dy
a
r
e
P
s
P
T
s
in
vol
ve
d
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
T
h
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
th
e
us
e
r
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
a
nd
th
e
us
e
f
ul
ne
s
s
of
t
he
a
na
ly
s
i
s
pr
ovi
de
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
a
bout
th
e
c
om
pe
te
nc
ie
s
a
nd
le
a
r
ni
ng
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
ne
e
de
d
by
P
s
P
T
s
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
i
c
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
s
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
a
ls
o
he
lp
le
c
tu
r
e
r
s
to
pr
e
pa
r
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
c
c
or
di
ng
to
us
e
r
ne
e
ds
. T
he
de
m
ogr
a
phi
c
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
of
th
e
ta
r
ge
t
popula
ti
on
c
ons
is
te
d
of
21
f
e
m
a
le
s
a
nd
two
m
a
le
s
w
it
h
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
a
ge
va
r
ia
ti
ons
,
na
m
e
ly
,
f
iv
e
pe
opl
e
(
20 ye
a
r
s
ol
d)
, 12 pe
opl
e
(
21 ye
a
r
s
ol
d)
,
f
iv
e
pe
opl
e
(
22 ye
a
r
s
o
ld
)
, a
nd one
pe
r
s
on mor
e
t
ha
n 22 ye
a
r
s
ol
d. I
n
a
ddi
ti
on, t
he
e
nt
r
y phys
ic
s
c
om
pe
te
n
c
ie
s
of
t
he
t
a
r
ge
t
popula
ti
o
n c
a
n be
s
e
e
n i
n T
a
bl
e
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8814
W
he
n s
tu
dy
in
g appli
e
d phy
s
ic
s
:
w
hat
pr
obl
e
m
s
ar
e
t
he
r
e
, and d
o pr
e
-
s
e
r
v
ic
e
phy
s
ic
s
…
(
R
e
nol
A
fr
iz
on)
653
T
a
bl
e
1. E
nt
r
y phys
ic
s
c
om
pe
t
e
nc
y of
t
he
t
a
r
ge
t
popula
ti
on
I
t
e
m
C
a
t
e
gor
y
N
um
be
r
(
pe
opl
e
)
/
c
om
pe
t
e
nc
y l
e
ve
l
L
ow
M
ode
r
a
t
e
H
i
gh
E
nt
r
y phys
i
c
s
c
om
pe
t
e
nc
i
e
s
(
t
he
or
y)
B
a
s
i
c
phy
s
i
c
s
1
0
5
18
B
a
s
i
c
phy
s
i
c
s
2
0
8
15
M
e
c
ha
ni
c
s
0
14
9
T
he
r
m
odyna
m
i
c
s
0
1
22
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y a
nd m
a
gne
t
i
s
m
0
8
15
W
a
ve
s
a
nd opt
i
c
s
0
7
16
M
e
a
n
0
7
16
E
nt
r
y phys
i
c
s
c
om
pe
t
e
nc
i
e
s
(
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
)
B
a
s
i
c
phy
s
i
c
s
e
xp
e
r
i
m
e
nt
1
0
1
22
B
a
s
i
c
phy
s
i
c
s
e
xp
e
r
i
m
e
nt
2
0
3
20
C
l
a
s
s
i
c
a
l
phys
i
c
s
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
0
2
21
M
e
a
n
0
2
21
T
a
bl
e
1
s
how
s
th
e
e
nt
r
y
phys
ic
s
c
om
pe
te
nc
ie
s
of
P
s
P
T
s
th
a
t
s
uppor
t
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
f
r
om
s
e
ve
r
a
l
th
e
or
y
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
c
our
s
e
s
.
S
e
ve
r
a
l
in
di
c
a
to
r
s
of
phy
s
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
ne
e
d
to
be
a
ppl
ie
d,
w
it
h
P
s
P
T
s
'
e
nt
r
y
c
om
pe
te
nc
ie
s
(
th
e
or
y
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
)
be
in
g
a
t
le
a
s
t
in
th
e
m
ode
r
a
te
c
a
te
gor
y.
T
hi
s
c
om
pe
te
n
c
e
is
a
n
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
ba
s
is
f
or
m
a
s
te
r
in
g
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
s
ki
ll
s
.
M
os
t
P
s
P
T
s
ha
ve
a
hi
gh
le
ve
l
of
in
it
ia
l
c
om
pe
te
nc
e
in
th
e
or
y.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
a
lm
os
t
a
ll
P
s
P
T
s
ha
ve
hi
gh
e
nt
r
y
le
ve
ls
of
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
c
om
pe
te
nc
e
.
T
hus
,
P
s
P
T
s
in
th
e
ta
r
ge
t
popula
ti
on ha
ve
s
uf
f
ic
ie
nt
e
nt
r
y c
om
pe
te
nc
ie
s
t
o p
a
r
ti
c
ip
a
te
i
n
a
ppl
ie
d phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
3.1.
Wh
at
p
r
ob
le
m
s
i
n
ap
p
li
e
d
p
h
ys
ic
s
l
e
ar
n
in
g d
o P
s
P
T
s
f
ac
e
?
3.1.1. De
s
c
r
ip
t
io
n
of
ap
p
li
e
d
p
h
ys
ic
s
le
ar
n
in
g p
r
ob
le
m
s
T
he
ne
e
d
s
a
na
ly
s
i
s
r
e
s
ul
ts
s
how
th
a
t
P
s
P
T
s
f
a
c
e
s
e
ve
r
a
l
pr
obl
e
m
s
dur
in
g
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
I
de
nt
if
yi
ng pr
obl
e
m
s
i
n t
he
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on of
a
ppl
ie
d phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng he
lp
s
t
o e
va
lu
a
te
t
he
s
ol
ut
io
ns
ne
e
d
e
d
by
P
s
P
T
s
.
T
a
bl
e
2
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
th
e
pr
obl
e
m
s
th
a
t
pos
e
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
f
or
P
s
P
T
s
w
he
n
e
nga
gi
ng
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phy
s
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
T
a
bl
e
2. P
r
obl
e
m
s
f
a
c
e
d by P
s
P
T
s
i
n
a
ppl
ie
d phy
s
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
P
r
obl
e
m
s
F
r
e
que
nc
y
P
e
r
c
e
nt
a
ge
(
%
)
D
i
f
f
i
c
ul
t
y i
n f
i
ndi
ng
l
e
a
r
ni
ng r
e
s
our
c
e
s
/
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
ppr
opr
i
a
t
e
t
o a
ppl
i
e
d phys
i
c
s
pr
obl
e
m
s
10
43.48
D
i
f
f
i
c
ul
t
y i
n unde
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng phys
i
c
s
c
onc
e
pt
s
i
n de
pt
h
a
bout
t
he
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on of
phys
i
c
s
i
n l
i
f
e
4
17.39
L
a
c
k of
di
r
e
c
t
vi
s
ua
l
i
z
a
t
i
on of
a
ppl
i
e
d phys
i
c
s
t
ool
s
/
pr
oduc
t
s
4
17.39
T
he
a
bs
e
nc
e
of
e
m
pi
r
i
c
a
l
l
a
bor
a
t
or
y a
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
s
, s
uc
h a
s
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
a
nd m
a
ki
ng of
s
i
m
pl
e
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
nt
a
l
t
ool
s
3
13.04
L
a
c
k of
i
n
-
de
pt
h unde
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng of
pr
oj
e
c
t
s
a
m
ong P
s
P
T
s
be
c
a
u
s
e
of
t
he
va
r
i
e
t
y
of
pr
oj
e
c
t
s
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
1
4.35
L
a
c
k of
va
r
i
e
t
y i
n m
e
di
a
f
or
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
1
4.35
T
ot
a
l
23
100
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
f
ound
th
a
t
th
e
m
a
in
pr
obl
e
m
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phy
s
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
is
th
e
di
f
f
ic
ul
ty
in
f
in
di
ng
s
our
c
e
s
s
ui
ta
bl
e
f
or
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
pr
obl
e
m
s
.
T
hi
s
pr
obl
e
m
c
a
us
e
s
th
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
of
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
to
be
unf
oc
us
e
d.
O
ne
of
th
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
s
our
c
e
s
of
te
n
us
e
d
in
uni
ve
r
s
it
i
e
s
is
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
s
,
a
lt
hough
m
a
ny
of
th
e
m
odul
e
s
in
I
ndone
s
ia
do
not
m
a
tc
h
th
e
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
of
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
[
26]
.
A
not
he
r
pr
obl
e
m
is
th
e
la
c
k
of
in
-
de
pt
h
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
phys
ic
s
a
m
ong
P
s
P
T
s
,
w
hi
c
h
a
f
f
e
c
ts
th
e
ir
pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng
s
ki
ll
s
,
w
hi
c
h
ha
ve
not
ye
t
de
ve
lo
p
e
d.
A
d
e
e
p
und
e
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
c
onc
e
pt
s
he
lp
s
P
s
P
T
s
d
e
ve
lo
p
pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng s
ki
ll
s
a
nd
e
nga
g
e
in
m
e
a
ni
ngf
ul
s
c
ie
nt
if
ic
in
ve
s
ti
g
a
ti
ons
[
27]
.
T
he
la
c
k
of
vi
s
ua
li
z
a
ti
on
c
onc
e
r
ni
ng
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
pr
oduc
ts
i
s
a
ls
o
a
pr
obl
e
m
th
a
t
ne
e
ds
to
be
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d.
V
is
ua
li
z
a
ti
on
is
a
n
im
por
ta
nt
pa
r
t
of
le
a
r
ni
ng
de
e
p
c
onc
e
pt
ua
l
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
a
nd
is
he
lp
f
ul
a
s
a
f
ir
s
t
s
te
p
in
s
ol
vi
ng
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
ld
pr
obl
e
m
s
[
28]
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
th
e
la
c
k
of
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
in
th
e
la
bor
a
to
r
y,
s
uc
h
a
s
ha
nds
-
on
w
or
k
a
nd
m
a
ki
ng
s
im
pl
e
to
ol
s
,
m
a
y
le
a
d
to
a
la
c
k
of
d
e
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
s
c
ie
nt
if
ic
c
r
e
a
ti
vi
ty
in
P
s
P
T
s
[
29]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
th
e
m
a
in
pr
obl
e
m
s
P
s
P
T
s
f
a
c
e
ne
e
d t
o be
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d by
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g t
he
n
e
e
ds
a
nd r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
of
t
he
c
our
s
e
'
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng outc
om
e
s
.
3.1.2.
U
s
in
g
au
gm
e
n
t
e
d
r
e
al
it
y
t
e
c
h
n
ol
ogy in
ap
p
li
e
d
p
h
ys
ic
s
le
ar
n
in
g
T
he
que
s
ti
onna
ir
e
in
th
is
s
e
c
ti
on
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
to
c
ol
le
c
t
d
a
ta
r
e
l
a
te
d
to
th
e
us
e
of
A
R
te
c
hnol
ogy
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
A
R
te
c
hnol
ogy
i
s
one
of
th
e
im
m
e
r
s
i
ve
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
th
a
t
a
r
e
w
id
e
ly
us
e
d
in
v
a
r
io
us
f
ie
ld
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
e
duc
a
ti
on.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
f
ound
th
a
t
A
R
te
c
hno
lo
gy
ha
s
ne
ve
r
be
e
n
us
e
d
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
i
c
s
le
a
r
ni
ng. T
he
ne
ve
r
-
us
e
d A
R
t
e
c
hnol
ogy ha
s
r
e
s
ul
te
d i
n t
he
unf
ul
f
il
le
d r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
f
o
r
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
out
c
om
e
s
i
n
a
ppl
ie
d phys
ic
s
c
our
s
e
s
t
ha
t
r
e
qui
r
e
s
ol
vi
ng phys
ic
s
pr
obl
e
m
s
i
nt
e
r
di
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y
m
a
nne
r
us
in
g t
e
c
hnol
ogy. T
he
la
c
k
of
te
c
hnol
ogy
th
a
t
a
ll
ow
s
f
or
th
e
vi
s
ua
li
z
a
ti
on
of
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
ld
pr
obl
e
m
s
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
f
f
e
c
t
s
th
e
f
a
il
ur
e
to
m
e
e
t
th
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
out
c
om
e
s
of
th
is
te
c
hnol
ogy
-
o
r
ie
nt
e
d
c
our
s
e
.
L
e
a
r
ni
ng
to
u
s
e
A
R
f
or
P
s
P
T
s
w
il
l
be
m
or
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
a
s
a
s
uppl
e
m
e
nt
in
a
la
bor
a
to
r
y
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
w
he
r
e
P
s
P
T
s
a
r
e
ta
ught
how
to
a
ppl
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
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I
nt
J
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dv A
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S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
S
e
pt
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
650
-
661
654
phys
ic
s
t
o r
e
a
l
-
li
f
e
s
it
ua
ti
ons
[
30]
. I
n
a
ddi
ti
on, us
in
g A
R
i
n
la
bor
a
to
r
y a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
c
a
n r
e
duc
e
t
he
c
ogni
ti
ve
l
oa
d
of
P
s
P
T
s
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
te
a
c
hi
ng
[
31]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
A
R
pl
a
ys
a
vi
ta
l
r
ol
e
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
i
c
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
be
c
a
us
e
it
c
a
n
he
lp
vi
s
u
a
li
z
e
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
ld
pr
obl
e
m
s
th
a
t
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
to
in
it
ia
te
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
in
th
e
la
bor
a
to
r
y.
3.1.3.
A
p
p
li
e
d
p
h
ys
ic
s
le
ar
n
in
g t
op
ic
s
A
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
i
s
r
e
la
te
d
to
f
iv
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
to
pi
c
s
:
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
te
c
hnol
ogy,
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
e
ne
r
gy,
di
gi
ta
l
te
c
hnol
ogy,
m
e
di
c
a
l
phys
ic
s
,
gl
oba
l
w
a
r
m
in
g,
a
nd
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
ng
e
.
F
ig
ur
e
2
s
how
s
th
e
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
to
pi
c
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
2(
a
)
s
how
s
th
e
to
pi
c
s
th
a
t
a
r
e
c
o
ns
id
e
r
e
d
m
os
t
r
e
le
v
a
nt
f
or
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
in
s
e
ni
or
hi
gh
s
c
hool
,
F
ig
ur
e
2(
b)
s
how
s
th
e
to
pi
c
s
th
a
t
in
vol
ve
c
om
pl
e
x
r
e
a
l
-
li
f
e
pr
ob
le
m
s
,
a
nd
F
ig
ur
e
2(
c
)
s
how
s
t
he
to
pi
c
s
t
ha
t
in
vol
ve
vi
s
ua
li
z
a
ti
on of
obj
e
c
t
s
t
ha
t
a
r
e
di
f
f
ic
ul
t
to
obs
e
r
ve
di
r
e
c
tl
y (
a
bs
tr
a
c
t)
.
(
a
)
(
b)
(
c
)
F
ig
ur
e
2.
A
ppl
ie
d phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng t
opi
c
s
a
r
e
(
a
)
r
e
le
va
nt
t
o phy
s
ic
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng i
n s
e
ni
or
hi
gh s
c
hool
,
(
b)
c
ont
a
in
c
om
pl
e
x pr
obl
e
m
s
i
n r
e
a
l
li
f
e
, a
nd (
c
)
c
ont
a
in
vi
s
ua
li
z
a
ti
ons
of
obj
e
c
ts
t
ha
t
a
r
e
a
b
s
tr
a
c
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
dv A
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i
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W
he
n s
tu
dy
in
g appli
e
d phy
s
ic
s
:
w
hat
pr
obl
e
m
s
ar
e
t
he
r
e
, and d
o pr
e
-
s
e
r
v
ic
e
phy
s
ic
s
…
(
R
e
nol
A
fr
iz
on)
655
F
ig
ur
e
2
s
how
s
th
a
t
m
o
s
t
P
s
P
T
s
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
th
e
to
pi
c
of
gl
oba
l
w
a
r
m
in
g
a
nd
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
.
G
lo
ba
l
w
a
r
m
in
g
a
nd
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
a
r
e
one
of
th
e
m
os
t
c
ha
ll
e
ngi
ng
to
pi
c
s
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
be
c
a
us
e
th
e
phys
ic
s
pr
obl
e
m
obj
e
c
ts
in
th
is
to
pi
c
a
r
e
a
b
s
tr
a
c
t.
I
nt
e
r
di
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y
s
ol
ut
io
ns
a
r
e
ne
e
d
e
d
to
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
ul
ly
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
w
or
ld
'
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
,
w
hi
c
h
r
e
qui
r
e
us
in
g
ne
w
a
nd
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
ve
te
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
[
32]
.
G
lo
ba
l
w
a
r
m
in
g
im
pa
c
ts
va
r
i
ous
s
e
c
to
r
s
of
li
f
e
,
s
o
s
tu
di
e
s
f
r
om
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
c
ie
nt
if
ic
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
s
w
il
l
pr
ovi
de
good
in
s
ig
ht
s
f
or
P
s
P
T
s
[
33]
.
T
he
to
pi
c
s
of
gl
oba
l
w
a
r
m
in
g
a
nd
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
a
r
e
a
l
s
o
in
li
ne
w
it
h
th
e
s
u
s
ta
in
a
bl
e
de
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
goa
ls
(
S
D
G
s
)
,
a
nd
s
om
e
of
th
e
m
a
r
e
in
c
lu
de
d
in
th
e
s
c
ope
of
th
e
I
ndone
s
ia
n
c
ur
r
ic
ul
um
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
in
s
e
ni
or
hi
gh
s
c
hool
s
to
da
y.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
gl
oba
l
w
a
r
m
in
g
a
nd
c
li
m
a
te
c
ha
nge
a
r
e
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
to
pi
c
s
th
a
t
m
us
t
be
de
ve
lo
pe
d
us
in
g
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
a
nd
m
e
di
a
th
a
t
a
li
gn
w
it
h t
he
s
ol
ut
io
ns
t
ha
t
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d i
n
a
ppl
ie
d phy
s
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
3.2.
Wh
at
s
ol
u
t
io
n
s
d
o
P
s
P
T
s
n
e
e
d
t
o ove
r
c
om
e
p
r
ob
le
m
s
i
n
ap
p
li
e
d
p
h
ys
ic
s
le
ar
n
in
g?
I
n
th
is
s
e
c
ti
on,
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
id
e
nt
if
ie
s
th
e
e
le
m
e
nt
s
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d
to
s
ol
ve
th
e
ir
pr
obl
e
m
s
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
T
he
s
e
e
le
m
e
nt
s
a
r
e
ta
ke
n
f
r
om
f
our
na
t
io
na
l
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
ti
on
s
ta
nda
r
ds
:
gr
a
dua
te
c
om
pe
te
nc
y s
ta
nda
r
d
s
, l
e
a
r
ni
ng c
ont
e
nt
s
ta
nda
r
ds
, l
e
a
r
ni
ng pr
oc
e
s
s
, a
nd
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
ta
nda
r
ds
, t
he
I
ndone
s
ia
n
c
ur
r
ic
ul
um
,
a
nd
th
e
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
s
yl
la
bu
s
.
T
a
bl
e
3
pr
ovi
de
s
a
n
ove
r
vi
e
w
of
th
e
e
le
m
e
nt
s
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d w
he
n
a
ppl
yi
ng
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
T
a
bl
e
3. L
e
a
r
ni
ng e
le
m
e
nt
s
n
e
e
de
d by P
s
P
T
s
i
n
a
ppl
ie
d phy
s
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
I
t
e
m
s
S
c
a
l
e
/
f
r
e
que
nc
y
M
e
a
n
S
t
a
nda
r
d
de
vi
a
t
i
on
1
2
3
4
L
e
a
r
ni
ng out
c
om
e
s
of
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d t
o be
e
qui
ppe
d w
i
t
h S
T
E
M
know
l
e
dge
0
2
7
14
3.52
0.67
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d t
o be
t
r
a
i
ne
d i
n S
T
E
M
s
ki
l
l
s
0
2
4
17
3.65
0.65
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d t
o s
ol
ve
i
nt
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
na
r
y
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
(
S
T
E
M
)
pr
obl
e
m
s
us
i
ng
c
om
m
uni
c
a
t
i
ve
l
a
ngua
ge
0
4
6
13
3.39
0.78
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d t
o s
ol
ve
i
nt
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
na
r
y
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
(
S
T
E
M
)
pr
obl
e
m
s
i
n gr
ou
ps
0
2
9
12
3.43
0.66
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d t
o s
ol
ve
i
nt
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
na
r
y
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
(
S
T
E
M
)
pr
obl
e
m
s
by
pr
oduc
i
ng c
r
e
a
t
i
ve
i
de
a
s
/
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
/
be
h
a
vi
or
s
/
r
e
s
pons
e
s
/
pr
oduc
t
s
t
ha
t
a
r
e
a
ppr
opr
i
a
t
e
t
o t
he
phys
i
c
s
c
ont
e
xt
0
4
6
13
3.39
0.78
L
e
a
r
ni
ng c
ont
e
nt
of
a
ppl
i
e
d phys
i
c
s
A
ppl
i
e
d phys
i
c
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng ne
e
d
s
t
o a
ddr
e
s
s
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
l
d pr
obl
e
m
s
0
0
6
17
3.74
0.45
A
c
c
or
di
ng t
o P
s
P
T
s
,
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
c
our
s
e
s
ne
e
d
t
o be
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
d w
i
t
h ot
he
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
ne
s
, s
u
c
h a
s
m
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
s
, t
e
c
hnol
ogy, a
nd
e
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
0
2
7
14
3.52
0.67
L
e
a
r
ni
ng i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on of
a
ppl
i
e
d phys
i
c
s
A
ppl
i
e
d phys
i
c
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng s
houl
d be
c
a
r
r
i
e
d out
w
i
t
h a
l
e
a
r
ni
ng s
t
r
a
t
e
gy ba
s
e
d o
n
t
he
e
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng de
s
i
gn pr
oc
e
s
s
1
4
13
5
2.96
0.77
A
c
c
or
di
ng t
o P
s
P
T
s
, A
R
i
s
s
ui
t
a
bl
e
f
or
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
c
our
s
e
s
3
2
9
9
3.04
1.02
A
c
c
or
di
ng t
o P
s
P
T
s
, A
R
c
a
n he
l
p t
o r
e
c
a
l
l
i
ni
t
i
a
l
know
l
e
dge
r
e
l
a
t
e
d t
o t
he
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
t
opi
c
s
t
o b
e
s
t
udi
e
d
3
2
12
6
2.91
0.95
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d a
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h a
nd A
R
t
o l
e
a
r
n
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
1
5
11
6
2.96
0.82
L
e
a
r
ni
ng e
va
l
ua
t
i
on of
a
ppl
i
e
d phys
i
c
s
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d a
n i
ni
t
i
a
l
t
e
s
t
be
f
or
e
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
3
4
9
7
2.87
1.01
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d i
ni
t
i
a
l
t
a
s
ks
(
hom
e
w
or
k)
t
o r
e
c
a
l
l
i
ni
t
i
a
l
know
l
e
dge
r
e
l
a
t
e
d t
o
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
t
opi
c
s
t
h
a
t
w
i
l
l
be
s
t
udi
e
d i
n A
ppl
i
e
d phys
i
c
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
2
2
13
6
3.00
0.85
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d a
s
e
r
i
e
s
of
t
a
s
ks
i
n t
he
f
or
m
of
c
om
pl
e
x pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng a
c
t
i
vi
t
i
e
s
by
pr
oduc
i
ng c
r
e
a
t
i
ve
i
de
a
s
/
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
/
be
h
a
vi
or
s
/
r
e
s
pons
e
s
/
pr
oduc
t
s
a
ppr
opr
i
a
t
e
t
o
t
he
phys
i
c
s
c
ont
e
xt
i
n
a
ppl
i
e
d
phy
s
i
c
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
2
0
13
8
3.17
0.83
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d a
t
e
s
t
t
o c
he
c
k w
he
t
he
r
t
he
know
l
e
dge
t
he
y ha
v
e
i
s
i
n l
i
ne
w
i
t
h t
he
e
xpe
c
t
e
d l
e
a
r
ni
ng obj
e
c
t
i
ve
s
i
n
a
ppl
i
e
d
phy
s
i
c
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
2
0
11
10
3.26
0.86
C
ogni
t
i
ve
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
on i
s
ne
e
de
d i
n
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
2
0
16
5
3.04
0.77
A
ppl
i
e
d phys
i
c
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng ne
e
d
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
ve
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
on
2
1
15
5
3.00
0.80
A
ppl
i
e
d phys
i
c
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng m
us
t
i
nc
l
ude
f
ol
l
ow
-
up
2
1
6
14
3.39
0.94
T
a
bl
e
3
s
how
s
th
a
t
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d
le
a
r
ni
ng
e
le
m
e
nt
s
r
e
la
t
e
d
to
th
e
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
a
nd
A
R
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
to
s
ol
ve
pr
obl
e
m
s
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng. T
he
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
out
c
om
e
s
a
s
pe
c
t
ha
s
a
hi
gh
m
e
a
n
(
3.39
-
3.65)
a
nd
a
lo
w
s
ta
nd
a
r
d
de
vi
a
ti
on
(
0.65
-
0.78)
.
T
he
e
le
m
e
nt
of
a
ppl
ie
d
phy
s
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
c
ont
e
nt
r
e
qui
r
e
s
r
e
a
l
-
li
f
e
pr
obl
e
m
s
a
nd
i
s
in
te
gr
a
te
d
w
it
h
S
T
E
M
c
ont
e
nt
,
w
it
h
th
e
hi
ghe
s
t
m
e
a
n
a
nd
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
s
ta
nda
r
d
de
vi
a
ti
on.
I
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
in
g
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
ha
s
a
m
e
a
n
c
lo
s
e
to
3.00
w
it
h
a
s
ta
nda
r
d
de
vi
a
ti
on
of
le
s
s
th
a
n
1.03.
I
n
th
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
of
a
p
pl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng,
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
a
s
th
e
y
di
s
a
gr
e
e
th
a
t
th
e
in
it
ia
l
te
s
t
is
a
n
e
le
m
e
nt
of
th
e
m
odul
e
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
a
ll
it
e
m
s
f
r
om
e
a
c
h
a
s
pe
c
t
of
le
a
r
ni
ng
r
e
la
te
d
to
th
e
S
T
E
M
a
nd
A
R
a
ppr
oa
c
h
h
a
ve
be
e
n
a
ppr
ove
d
by
P
s
P
T
s
to
be
us
e
d
a
s
s
ol
ut
io
ns
t
o s
ol
ve
a
ppl
ie
d phy
s
ic
s
pr
obl
e
m
s
.
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d
th
e
us
e
of
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
a
nd
A
R
te
c
hnol
ogy
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng,
bot
h
i
n
le
a
r
ni
ng outc
om
e
s
, l
e
a
r
ni
ng c
ont
e
nt
, l
e
a
r
ni
ng pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
, a
nd l
e
a
r
ni
ng a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
. P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d t
o s
e
e
s
c
ie
nc
e
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
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2252
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I
nt
J
A
dv A
ppl
S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
3
,
S
e
pt
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
650
-
661
656
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
,
a
nd
S
T
E
M
in
te
gr
a
te
d
in
to
f
ie
ld
w
or
k
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
a
nd
to
s
e
e
r
ig
or
ous
,
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l,
a
nd
th
oughtf
ul
s
c
ie
nc
e
a
nd
S
T
E
M
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
a
s
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
to
th
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
of
P
s
P
T
s
[
34]
,
[
35]
.
T
he
e
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
d
e
s
ig
n
pr
oc
e
s
s
of
te
n
in
te
gr
a
te
s
s
c
ie
n
c
e
a
nd
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
th
r
ough
br
a
in
s
to
r
m
in
g,
w
r
it
in
g,
a
nd
la
bor
a
to
r
y
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
[
36]
.
I
t
is
r
e
la
te
d
to
in
te
r
di
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y
knowle
dge
[
37]
.
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g
de
s
ig
n
pl
a
ys
a
r
ol
e
in
in
te
gr
a
ti
ng
S
T
E
M
c
ont
e
nt
[
38]
–
[
40]
.
P
s
P
T
s
w
ho
us
e
A
R
in
S
T
E
M
ha
ve
be
tt
e
r
out
c
om
e
s
[
41]
,
a
nd
th
is
i
s
ge
n
e
r
a
ll
y
done
in
s
c
hool
s
w
it
h
m
a
r
ke
r
-
ba
s
e
d
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
[
42]
.
H
ig
he
r
e
duc
a
ti
on
in
s
ti
tu
ti
ons
s
houl
d
us
e
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
to
s
ol
ve
r
e
a
li
s
ti
c
a
nd
c
ont
e
xt
ua
li
z
e
d
pr
obl
e
m
s
[
43]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
th
e
pr
e
vi
ous
ly
id
e
nt
if
ie
d
le
a
r
ni
ng
e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
ne
e
d t
o be
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
e
xpl
ic
it
ly
, i
n de
ta
il
, a
nd a
t
a
r
ge
te
d m
a
nne
r
th
r
oughout t
he
l
e
a
r
ni
ng modul
e
.
19
out
of
23
(
83%
)
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d
a
n
in
te
gr
a
te
d
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
w
it
h
a
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
a
nd
A
R
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
be
c
a
us
e
th
e
y
n
e
e
d
m
or
e
f
oc
us
e
d
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
s
a
s
ol
ut
io
n
to
pr
obl
e
m
s
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
A
f
te
r
us
in
g
th
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
,
P
s
P
T
s
c
a
n
a
ppl
y
w
ha
t
th
e
y
ha
ve
le
a
r
ne
d
[
44]
.
L
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
s
e
nga
ge
P
s
P
T
s
in
a
c
ti
ve
ly
a
nd
in
de
pe
nd
e
nt
ly
e
xpl
or
in
g
c
onc
e
pt
s
[
45]
.
L
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
s
c
a
n
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
r
e
le
va
nt
s
ki
ll
s
[
46]
if
th
e
m
odul
e
e
le
m
e
nt
s
m
e
e
t
th
e
us
e
r
'
s
ne
e
ds
[
47]
.
U
s
in
g
m
odul
e
s
in
le
a
r
ni
ng
c
a
n
a
c
c
om
m
oda
te
a
ll
th
e
c
om
pon
e
nt
s
th
a
t
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d
in
a
p
pl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
us
e
d
th
r
e
e
c
r
it
e
r
ia
to
e
va
lu
a
te
th
e
s
ol
ut
io
ns
n
e
e
de
d
by
P
s
P
T
s
r
e
la
te
d
to
th
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
s
in
te
gr
a
te
d
w
it
h
th
e
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
a
nd
A
R
.
W
hi
le
o
th
e
r
s
tu
di
e
s
di
d
not
us
e
th
e
c
r
it
e
r
ia
[
19]
,
[
20]
.
C
os
t,
im
pa
c
t,
a
nd
f
e
a
s
ib
il
it
y
a
r
e
th
e
c
r
it
e
r
ia
f
or
e
va
lu
a
ti
ng
th
e
s
ol
ut
io
ns
th
a
t
a
r
e
ne
e
de
d
in
le
a
r
ni
ng
[
16]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
P
s
P
T
s
ne
e
d
a
n
in
te
gr
a
te
d
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
w
it
h
a
S
T
E
M
a
nd
A
R
a
ppr
oa
c
h
in
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
s
a
s
ol
ut
io
n t
o t
he
pr
obl
e
m
,
a
nd e
va
lu
a
te
i
t
us
in
g t
hr
e
e
c
r
it
e
r
ia
.
I
n
c
os
t
c
r
it
e
r
ia
,
th
e
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
i
c
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
,
w
hi
c
h
in
te
gr
a
te
s
th
e
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
a
nd
A
R
,
is
de
s
ig
ne
d
to
be
a
f
f
or
da
bl
e
.
T
he
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
is
a
lr
e
a
dy
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d
in
a
c
om
pl
e
te
le
a
r
ni
ng
uni
t
e
qui
ppe
d
w
it
h
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
m
e
di
a
[
48]
,
s
o
th
e
r
e
'
s
no
e
xt
r
a
c
os
t.
U
s
in
g
e
n
vi
r
onm
e
nt
a
ll
y
f
r
ie
ndl
y
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
in
a
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
[
49]
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
w
il
l
r
e
duc
e
th
e
c
os
t
of
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
in
g
pr
oduc
ts
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
,
s
in
c
e
2017,
A
R
te
c
hnol
ogy
ha
s
be
e
n
us
e
d
on
de
vi
c
e
s
at
m
or
e
a
f
f
or
da
bl
e
c
os
ts
[
50]
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
ul
t,
th
e
c
os
t
o
f
pr
oduc
ti
on a
nd us
e
of
t
he
i
nt
e
gr
a
te
d S
T
E
M
a
nd A
R
a
ppl
ie
d ph
ys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng modul
e
w
a
s
l
ow
.
I
n
th
e
im
pa
c
t
c
r
it
e
r
ia
,
th
e
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
in
de
pe
nde
nt
ly
.
I
t
c
a
n
pot
e
nt
ia
ll
y
tr
a
in
th
e
s
ki
ll
s
of
P
s
P
T
s
in
a
ta
r
ge
te
d
w
a
y
if
in
te
gr
a
t
e
d
w
it
h
th
e
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h a
nd
A
R
.
P
r
ovi
de
m
a
te
r
ia
ls
,
a
c
ti
vi
ti
e
s
,
a
nd
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
th
a
t
c
a
n
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
to
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
r
e
le
va
nt
s
ki
ll
s
,
e
.g.,
f
or
pr
e
-
s
e
r
vi
c
e
te
a
c
he
r
s
[
51]
in
a
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
f
or
m
a
t.
T
he
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
c
a
n
br
e
a
k
dow
n
th
e
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
ba
r
r
ie
r
s
th
a
t
s
e
pa
r
a
te
S
T
E
M
a
nd
in
te
gr
a
te
th
e
m
in
to
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
ld
,
r
e
le
va
nt
le
a
r
ni
ng
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
[
52]
.
A
n
in
te
gr
a
t
e
d
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
pr
ovi
de
s
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
to
de
ve
lo
p
p
r
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng
a
nd
in
qui
r
y
-
ba
s
e
d
te
a
c
hi
ng
s
ki
ll
s
a
nd
di
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y
c
ont
e
nt
knowle
dge
[
53]
.
A
n
in
te
gr
a
te
d
S
T
E
M
a
p
pr
oa
c
h
s
houl
d
s
ta
r
t
by
pr
ovi
di
ng
P
s
P
T
s
w
it
h
pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng
ta
s
ks
[
40]
,
[
54]
.
T
he
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
pr
ovi
de
s
va
lu
a
bl
e
ha
nds
-
on
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
,
e
na
bl
in
g
P
s
P
T
s
to
a
ppl
y
th
e
ir
knowle
dge
to
s
ol
vi
ng
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
ld
pr
obl
e
m
s
[
55]
,
[
56]
.
S
T
E
M
in
le
a
r
ni
ng
c
a
n
a
ls
o
de
ve
lo
p
s
c
ie
nt
if
ic
c
r
e
a
ti
vi
ty
[
57]
.
P
s
P
T
s
a
r
e
a
ls
o
tr
a
in
e
d
i
n
us
in
g
th
e
la
te
s
t
te
c
hnol
ogy
us
in
g
th
e
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
w
it
h
th
e
he
lp
of
A
R
te
c
hnol
ogy
[
58]
.
T
hus
,
in
te
gr
a
t
in
g
th
e
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
a
nd
A
R
in
to
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng modul
e
s
c
a
n pote
nt
ia
ll
y i
m
pr
ove
phys
ic
s
pr
obl
e
m
-
s
ol
vi
ng s
ki
ll
s
a
nd s
c
i
e
nt
if
ic
c
r
e
a
ti
vi
ty
.
I
n
f
e
a
s
ib
il
it
y
c
r
it
e
r
ia
,
th
e
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
th
a
t
in
te
gr
a
te
s
th
e
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
a
nd
A
R
is
f
e
a
s
ib
le
a
nd
n
e
e
ds
to
be
de
ve
lo
pe
d.
T
hi
s
e
va
lu
a
ti
on
is
be
c
a
us
e
of
s
e
ve
r
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
.
F
ir
s
t,
a
lt
hough
th
e
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
S
T
E
M
in
I
ndone
s
ia
w
il
l
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
f
r
om
2015
to
2019,
it
w
il
l
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
in
2020
[
59]
.
S
e
c
ond,
S
T
E
M
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
in
I
ndone
s
i
a
n
hi
ghe
r
e
du
c
a
ti
on
is
r
e
la
ti
ve
ly
lo
w
[
59]
,
[
60]
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
th
e
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
S
T
E
M
in
I
ndone
s
ia
n
pr
i
m
a
r
y
s
c
hool
s
a
nd
s
e
ni
or
hi
gh
s
c
hool
s
[
59]
.
T
he
R
e
publ
ic
of
I
ndone
s
ia
is
s
ue
d
s
e
ve
r
a
l
pol
ic
y
e
f
f
or
ts
s
in
c
e
2020,
na
m
e
ly
th
e
e
duc
a
ti
on
r
oa
dm
a
p
2020
to
2024
ba
s
e
d
on
te
c
hnol
ogy,
th
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
s
c
ie
nc
e
,
te
c
hnol
ogy,
e
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng,
a
r
ts
,
a
nd
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
(
S
T
E
A
M
)
le
a
r
ni
ng
in
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
ti
on
on
r
oa
dm
a
p
2025
to
2045,
th
e
S
T
E
M
pr
ogr
a
m
f
or
pr
i
m
a
r
y
a
nd
m
id
dl
e
s
c
hool
s
tu
de
nt
s
,
a
nd
th
e
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
th
e
I
ndone
s
ia
n
C
ur
r
ic
ul
um
in
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
ti
on.
T
hu
s
,
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
a
n
in
t
e
gr
a
te
d
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
of
S
T
E
M
a
nd
A
R
te
c
hnol
ogy
be
c
om
e
s
f
e
a
s
ib
le
to
he
lp
P
s
P
T
s
ha
ve
s
uf
f
ic
ie
nt
S
T
E
M
knowle
dge
a
nd e
xpe
r
ie
n
c
e
.
3.3.
H
ow
c
an
t
r
e
n
d
s
i
n
p
h
ys
ic
s
l
e
ar
n
in
g s
u
p
p
or
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
or
t
an
c
e
of
as
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
ap
p
li
e
d
p
h
ys
ic
s
l
e
ar
n
in
g?
S
tu
dyi
ng
le
a
r
ni
ng
t
r
e
nds
in
phys
ic
s
e
duc
a
ti
on,
m
a
in
ly
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
,
c
a
n
s
uppor
t
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
of
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
A
bi
bl
io
m
e
tr
ic
a
na
ly
s
is
w
a
s
c
a
r
r
ie
d
out
to
obt
a
in
up
-
to
-
da
te
i
nf
or
m
a
ti
on
on t
he
f
or
m
of
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on a
li
gne
d
w
it
h l
e
a
r
ni
ng ove
r
t
he
l
a
s
t
de
c
a
de
. T
he
a
r
ti
c
le
s
'
r
e
s
ul
ts
w
e
r
e
a
na
ly
z
e
d
us
in
g
V
O
S
vi
e
w
e
r
to
s
e
e
th
e
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n
of
le
a
r
ni
ng
tr
e
nds
in
phys
ic
s
e
duc
a
ti
on.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
th
e
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
a
ppl
ie
d
phy
s
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
le
a
r
ni
ng
in
th
e
f
ie
ld
of
phy
s
ic
s
e
duc
a
ti
on a
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d i
n F
ig
ur
e
3.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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W
he
n s
tu
dy
in
g appli
e
d phy
s
ic
s
:
w
hat
pr
obl
e
m
s
ar
e
t
he
r
e
, and d
o pr
e
-
s
e
r
v
ic
e
phy
s
ic
s
…
(
R
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fr
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on)
657
F
ig
ur
e
3. L
e
a
r
ni
ng t
r
e
nds
i
n phys
ic
s
e
duc
a
ti
on
F
ig
ur
e
3
s
how
s
th
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
m
a
ppi
ng
th
e
f
or
m
of
le
a
r
ni
ng
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
in
phy
s
ic
s
e
duc
a
ti
on
f
r
om
2014
to
2024.
T
he
f
ig
ur
e
'
s
ye
ll
ow
a
nd
li
ght
gr
e
e
n
c
ol
or
s
in
di
c
a
te
th
e
m
os
t
r
e
c
e
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h s
uppor
ti
ng
nove
lt
y
a
s
a
n
in
nova
ti
ve
s
ol
ut
io
n
in
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng.
P
hys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
is
a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
tr
e
nd
be
twe
e
n
2022
a
nd
2024,
f
oc
us
in
g
on
phy
s
ic
s
in
le
a
r
ni
ng
w
it
h
S
T
E
M
,
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
ld
pr
obl
e
m
s
,
m
obi
le
A
R
,
im
pa
c
t,
e
nga
g
e
m
e
nt
,
a
nd
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
in
phys
ic
s
e
duc
a
ti
on.
T
he
s
e
f
in
di
ngs
pr
ovi
de
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
on
le
a
r
ni
ng
t
r
e
nds
in
phys
ic
s
e
duc
a
ti
on
r
e
la
te
d
to
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
ld
pr
ob
le
m
s
a
nd
S
T
E
M
.
S
T
E
M
is
one
of
th
e
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d
to
pi
c
s
in
th
e
la
s
t
two
de
c
a
de
s
[
61]
a
nd
ha
s
be
e
n
a
to
p
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
to
pi
c
in
s
c
ie
n
c
e
e
duc
a
ti
on,
in
c
lu
di
ng
te
a
c
hi
ng
phys
ic
s
,
f
or
th
e
pa
s
t
40
ye
a
r
s
[
62]
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
m
obi
le
A
R
is
a
popula
r
f
or
m
of
te
c
hnol
ogy
in
phys
ic
s
e
duc
a
ti
on.
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T
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M
te
a
c
he
r
s
a
r
e
a
ls
o
popula
r
in
phy
s
ic
s
e
duc
a
ti
on.
A
R
a
nd
S
T
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M
pr
e
s
e
nt
le
a
r
ni
ng
w
it
h
a
r
e
a
li
s
ti
c
di
s
pl
a
y
a
nd
a
c
ont
e
xt
ua
l
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
s
ol
vi
ng
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obl
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m
s
a
s
a
w
hol
e
.
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a
s
a
n
i
m
m
e
r
s
iv
e
te
c
hnol
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i
s
hi
ghl
y
r
e
c
om
m
e
nd
e
d
f
or
S
T
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M
e
duc
a
ti
on
[
58
]
.
T
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng
us
in
g
S
T
E
M
a
nd
A
R
m
us
t
be
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
a
s
a
n i
nnova
ti
ve
s
ol
ut
io
n t
o t
r
a
in
P
s
P
T
s
t
o be
c
om
e
S
T
E
M
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
.
4.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
T
he
ne
e
d
s
a
na
ly
s
is
r
e
s
ul
ts
c
onc
lu
de
th
a
t
P
s
P
T
s
s
ti
ll
f
a
c
e
va
r
io
us
obs
ta
c
le
s
in
a
ppl
ie
d
phys
ic
s
le
a
r
ni
ng,
s
uc
h
a
s
li
m
it
e
d
a
ppr
opr
ia
te
le
a
r
ni
ng
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
lo
w
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
phys
ic
s
c
onc
e
pt
s
r
e
la
te
d
to
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
in
li
f
e
,
a
la
c
k
of
vi
s
ua
li
z
a
ti
on,
a
nd
m
in
im
a
l
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
in
th
e
la
bor
a
to
r
y.
T
o
ove
r
c
om
e
th
is
,
in
nova
ti
ve
s
ol
ut
io
n
s
a
r
e
n
e
e
de
d
th
r
ough
th
e
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
of
A
R
a
nd
a
S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h.
T
he
ne
e
d
to
de
ve
lo
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng modul
e
s
t
ha
t
in
te
gr
a
te
A
R
a
nd S
T
E
M
a
ppr
oa
c
h i
s
a
s
tr
a
te
gi
c
s
te
p t
ha
t
is
not
onl
y r
e
le
va
nt
t
o
P
s
P
T
s
'
ne
e
d
s
but
a
ls
o
in
li
ne
w
it
h
c
ur
r
e
nt
phys
ic
s
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
tr
e
nds
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
is
m
or
e
r
e
s
il
ie
nt
in
pr
e
s
e
nt
in
g
a
c
le
a
r
a
nd
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
a
na
ly
s
i
s
of
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
ne
e
ds
th
a
n
pr
e
vi
ous
s
tu
di
e
s
.
F
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
a
n
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
th
e
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
e
le
m
e
nt
s
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
m
e
th
od
s
f
or
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
e
a
c
h
e
le
m
e
nt
of
th
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
odul
e
a
c
c
or
di
ng
to
th
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
of
th
is
n
e
e
ds
a
na
ly
s
i
s
.
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hi
s
s
tu
dy
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
s
th
e
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
n
e
e
ds
of
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ppl
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d
phys
ic
s
le
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r
ni
ng
f
or
P
s
P
T
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
M
c
K
il
li
p
d
is
c
r
e
pa
n
c
y
m
ode
l
a
nd
bi
bl
io
m
e
tr
ic
a
na
ly
s
is
th
r
ough
th
e
V
O
S
v
ie
w
e
r
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
a
ddi
ti
ona
l
a
nd
in
-
de
pt
h
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
a
y
be
r
e
qui
r
e
d
to
id
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nt
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y
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e
nt
a
l
e
le
m
e
nt
s
to
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s
ig
n
a
n
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ppl
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d
phys
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l
e
a
r
ni
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odul
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te
gr
a
te
d
w
it
h
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e
S
T
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M
a
ppr
oa
c
h
a
nd
A
R
te
c
hnol
ogy
th
r
ough
e
xpe
r
t
c
ons
e
ns
u
s
.
T
hi
s
id
e
nt
if
ic
a
ti
on
is
ve
r
y
im
por
ta
nt
to
de
s
ig
n
f
u
nda
m
e
nt
a
l
e
le
m
e
nt
s
th
a
t
w
il
l
b
e
th
e
ba
s
i
s
f
or
de
s
ig
ni
ng l
e
a
r
ni
ng modul
e
s
t
ha
t
a
r
e
a
ppr
opr
ia
te
a
nd r
e
le
va
nt
t
o
th
e
ne
e
ds
of
P
s
P
T
s
.
A
C
K
N
O
WL
E
D
G
M
E
N
T
S
T
he
a
ut
hor
w
oul
d
li
ke
to
e
xpr
e
s
s
hi
s
de
e
pe
s
t
gr
a
ti
tu
de
to
7
e
xpe
r
ts
f
r
om
va
r
io
us
uni
ve
r
s
it
ie
s
w
ho
ha
ve
va
li
da
te
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th
e
in
s
tr
um
e
nt
.
T
h
e
a
ut
hor
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d
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ke
to
th
a
nk
23
P
s
P
T
s
w
ho
ha
ve
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il
le
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out
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e
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s
ti
onna
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e
,
w
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r
e
th
e
da
ta
is
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s
e
d
f
or
in
s
tr
um
e
nt
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e
li
a
bi
li
ty
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n
a
ddi
ti
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th
e
a
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hor
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l
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nks
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P
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P
T
s
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e
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e
n w
il
li
ng t
o be
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
.
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ove
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c
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th
ic
s
C
om
m
it
te
e
of
S
ul
ta
n I
dr
is
E
duc
a
ti
on U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y.
D
A
T
A
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R
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F
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R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
J
.
A
.
de
l
R
í
o,
J
.
M
.
R
us
s
e
l
l
,
a
nd
D
.
J
uá
r
e
z
,
“
A
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
i
n
M
e
xi
c
o:
m
i
ni
ng
t
he
pa
s
t
t
o
pr
e
di
c
t
t
he
f
ut
ur
e
,”
Sc
i
e
nt
om
e
t
r
i
c
s
,
vol
. 125, no. 1, pp. 187
–
212, 2020, doi
:
10.1007/
s
11192
-
020
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03639
-
7.
[
2]
P
. D
a
vi
dovi
t
s
,
P
hy
s
i
c
s
i
n bi
ol
ogy
and m
e
di
c
i
ne
,
F
i
f
t
h e
d. L
ondon, U
ni
t
e
d
K
i
ngdom
:
A
c
a
de
m
i
c
P
r
e
s
s
, 2019.
[
3]
S
.
B
a
bi
c
,
A
.
L
.
M
c
N
i
ve
n,
A
.
B
e
z
j
a
k,
J
.
M
.
B
a
l
ogh,
K
.
M
a
h,
a
nd
M
.
N
.
T
s
a
o,
“
E
vol
ut
i
on
a
nd
e
va
l
ua
t
i
on
of
a
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
d
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
c
our
s
e
f
or
r
a
di
a
t
i
on
onc
ol
ogy
a
nd
r
a
di
a
t
i
on
phys
i
c
s
t
r
a
i
ne
e
s
,”
J
our
nal
of
C
anc
e
r
E
duc
at
i
on
,
vol
.
38,
no.
3,
pp.
813
–
820,
2023, doi
:
10.1007/
s
13187
-
022
-
02190
-
8.
[
4]
O
.
Y
a
l
ç
i
n
a
nd
F
.
S
a
di
k,
“
C
ur
r
i
c
ul
um
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
ba
s
e
d
on
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
na
r
y
c
ont
e
xt
-
ba
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
ppr
oa
c
h
i
n
t
he
c
ont
e
xt
of
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y a
nd m
a
gne
t
i
s
m
,”
J
our
nal
of
B
al
t
i
c
Sc
i
e
nc
e
E
duc
at
i
on
, vol
. 23, no. 2,
pp. 260
–
279, 2024, doi
:
10.33225/
j
bs
e
/
24.23.260.
[
5]
S
.
S
a
t
a
na
s
s
i
e
t
al
.
,
“
E
xpl
or
i
ng
t
he
bounda
r
i
e
s
i
n
a
n
i
nt
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
na
r
y
c
ont
e
xt
t
hr
ough
t
he
f
a
m
i
l
y
r
e
s
e
m
bl
a
nc
e
a
ppr
oa
c
h:
t
he
di
a
l
ogue
be
t
w
e
e
n
phys
i
c
s
a
nd
m
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
s
,”
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
and
E
duc
at
i
on
,
vol
.
32,
no.
5,
pp.
1287
–
1320,
A
pr
.
2023,
doi
:
10.1007/
s
11191
-
023
-
00439
-
2.
[
6]
D
.
S
c
hi
e
r
i
ng,
S
.
S
o
r
ge
,
S
.
T
r
öbs
t
,
a
nd
K
.
N
e
um
a
nn,
“
C
our
s
e
qua
l
i
t
y
i
n
hi
ghe
r
e
duc
a
t
i
on
t
e
a
c
he
r
t
r
a
i
ni
ng:
w
ha
t
m
a
t
t
e
r
s
f
or
p
r
e
-
s
e
r
vi
c
e
phys
i
c
s
t
e
a
c
he
r
s
’
c
ont
e
nt
know
l
e
dg
e
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
?
,”
St
udi
e
s
i
n
E
duc
at
i
onal
E
v
al
uat
i
on
,
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A
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B
a
da
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C
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J
i
t
a
,
“
T
e
a
c
hi
ng
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
:
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
s
of
pr
e
-
s
e
r
vi
c
e
phys
i
c
s
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
,”
E
ur
as
i
a
J
ou
r
nal
of
M
at
he
m
at
i
c
s
,
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and T
e
c
hnol
ogy
E
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at
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on
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M
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S
a
t
r
i
a
w
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S
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L
i
l
i
a
s
a
r
i
,
a
nd
W
.
S
e
t
i
a
w
a
n,
“
W
a
ve
e
ne
r
gy
c
onc
e
pt
m
a
s
t
e
r
y
r
e
l
a
t
e
on
c
r
e
a
t
i
ve
t
hi
nki
ng
s
ki
l
l
s
of
t
h
e
pr
e
-
s
e
r
vi
c
e
phys
i
c
s
t
e
a
c
he
r
s
i
n
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
phy
s
i
c
s
l
e
c
t
ur
e
s
,”
J
our
nal
of
P
hy
s
i
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s
:
C
onf
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r
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nc
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Se
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i
a
w
a
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A
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S
uha
ndi
,
a
nd
P
.
S
i
a
ha
a
n,
“
I
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
a
bi
l
i
t
y
t
o
s
ol
ve
t
he
pr
obl
e
m
of
c
ont
e
xt
ua
l
phys
i
c
s
pos
s
e
s
s
e
d
by
pr
os
pe
c
t
i
ve
phys
i
c
s
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
ba
s
i
c
phys
i
c
s
c
ont
e
nt
,
”
J
our
nal
of
P
hy
s
i
c
s
:
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
Se
r
i
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s
,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
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c
i
I
S
S
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:
2252
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W
he
n s
tu
dy
in
g appli
e
d phy
s
ic
s
:
w
hat
pr
obl
e
m
s
ar
e
t
he
r
e
, and d
o pr
e
-
s
e
r
v
ic
e
phy
s
ic
s
…
(
R
e
nol
A
fr
iz
on)
659
[
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C
.
H
.
K
i
m
m
,
J
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K
i
m
,
E
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O
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B
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e
k,
a
nd
P
.
C
he
n,
“
P
r
e
-
s
e
r
vi
c
e
t
e
a
c
he
r
s
’
c
onf
i
de
n
c
e
i
n
t
he
i
r
I
S
T
E
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
-
c
om
pe
t
e
nc
y,”
J
our
nal
of
D
i
gi
t
al
L
e
ar
ni
ng i
n T
e
ac
he
r
E
duc
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M
a
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K
e
t
t
l
e
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,
“
T
e
a
c
he
r
s
’
pe
r
c
e
pt
i
on
of
S
T
E
M
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on
a
nd
e
duc
a
t
i
on:
a
s
ys
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
ST
E
M
E
duc
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E
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gha
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N
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ns
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,
M
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A
l
z
a
ghi
bi
,
a
nd
K
.
A
l
ha
m
m
a
d,
“
C
ont
e
xt
of
S
T
E
M
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
on
i
n
s
c
hool
s
:
vi
e
w
s
f
r
om
i
n
-
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
c
i
e
nc
e
t
e
a
c
he
r
s
,”
E
ur
as
i
a
J
our
nal
of
M
at
he
m
at
i
c
s
,
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and
T
e
c
hnol
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dw
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A
na
l
ys
i
s
of
c
ont
e
xt
ua
l
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
a
nd
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
(
C
T
L
)
i
n
t
he
c
our
s
e
of
a
ppl
i
e
d
phy
s
i
c
s
a
t
t
he
m
i
ni
ng
e
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
de
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and
A
ppl
i
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d
Sc
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nc
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nc
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D
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ve
l
opm
e
nt
of
c
ont
e
xt
ua
l
t
e
a
c
h
i
ng
a
nd
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
(
C
T
L
)
m
ode
l
s
i
n
a
ppl
i
e
d
phys
i
c
s
c
our
s
e
s
,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
ou
r
nal
of
M
ul
t
i
c
ul
t
ur
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M
ul
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i
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e
l
i
gi
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U
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r
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B
.
P
e
pi
n, “
E
xpl
or
i
ng
m
ul
t
i
di
s
c
i
pl
i
na
r
y t
e
a
m
w
or
k of
a
ppl
i
e
d phy
s
i
c
s
a
nd
e
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
s
t
ude
nt
s
i
n
a
c
ha
l
l
e
ng
e
-
ba
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
c
our
s
e
,”
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
Sc
i
e
nc
e
and
T
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c
hnol
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P
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G
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N
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A
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l
a
h,
“
V
a
l
i
di
t
y
a
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r
e
l
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
of
a
ne
e
ds
a
na
l
ys
i
s
que
s
t
i
onna
i
r
e
f
or
t
he
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
of
a
c
r
e
a
t
i
vi
t
y
m
odul
e
,”
J
ou
r
nal
of
R
e
s
e
a
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c
h
i
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Spe
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i
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E
duc
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N
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Z
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I
s
h
a
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D
e
v
e
l
opm
e
nt
of
t
he
s
e
c
onda
r
y
s
c
hool
qua
nt
um
p
hys
i
c
s
-
S
T
E
M
(
S
S
Q
P
-
S
T
E
M
)
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
m
odul
e
f
or
phys
i
c
s
t
e
a
c
he
r
s
:
a
f
uz
z
y
de
l
phi
m
e
t
hod
(
F
D
M
)
a
ppr
oa
c
h,”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
J
our
nal
of
E
duc
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H
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I
br
a
hi
m
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N
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D
.
A
.
H
a
l
i
m
,
“
D
e
s
i
gn
a
nd
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
(
D
D
R
)
a
ppr
oa
c
h
i
n
de
s
i
gni
ng
de
s
i
gn
t
hi
nki
ng
c
he
m
i
s
t
r
y
m
odul
e
t
o
e
m
pow
e
r
s
t
ude
nt
s
’
i
nnova
t
i
on
c
om
pe
t
e
nc
i
e
s
,”
J
our
nal
of
A
dv
anc
e
d
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
A
ppl
i
e
d
Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
and
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng T
e
c
hnol
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M
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a
uz
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A
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Z
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A
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H
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m
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a
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M
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S
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S
a
hr
i
r
,
“
A
n
i
ns
i
ght
on
ne
e
ds
a
na
l
ys
i
s
t
ow
a
r
ds
t
he
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
of
a
ni
m
a
t
e
d
i
nf
ogr
a
phi
c
m
odul
e
i
n
A
r
a
bi
c
g
r
a
m
m
a
r
l
e
a
r
ni
ng,”
J
our
nal
of
L
anguage
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i
ngui
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St
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“
E
m
pl
oyi
ng
D
D
R
t
o
de
s
i
gn
a
n
d
de
ve
l
op
a
f
l
i
ppe
d
c
l
a
s
s
r
oom
a
nd
pr
oj
e
c
t
-
ba
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
ni
ng m
odul
e
t
o a
ppl
yi
ng de
s
i
gn
t
hi
nki
ng i
n de
s
i
gn
a
nd t
e
c
hnol
ogy,”
I
nt
e
r
n
at
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
A
dv
anc
e
d
C
om
put
e
r
Sc
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nc
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A
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a
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i
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C
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abr
a:
P
s
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c
hol
ogy
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V
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ne
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C
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M
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H
ude
l
s
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a
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G
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A
ge
r
on,
“
S
a
m
pl
e
s
i
z
e
f
or
pr
e
-
t
e
s
t
s
of
que
s
t
i
onna
i
r
e
s
,”
Q
ual
i
t
y
o
f
L
i
f
e
R
e
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e
ar
c
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M
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İ
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Y
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“
E
xa
m
i
ni
ng
gr
a
phi
c
dr
a
w
i
ng
s
ki
l
l
s
f
or
a
s
oc
i
os
c
i
e
nt
i
f
i
c
pr
obl
e
m
s
i
t
ua
t
i
on:
t
he
s
i
r
m
ode
l
C
O
V
I
D
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19 e
xa
m
pl
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,”
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um
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R
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G
opa
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,
“
F
a
c
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,
c
ont
e
nt
,
c
r
i
t
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r
i
on
a
nd
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
va
l
i
di
t
y
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
of
a
ne
w
l
y
de
ve
l
ope
d
t
ool
t
o
a
s
s
e
s
s
a
nd
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
y
w
or
k
–
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
s
t
r
e
s
s
(
T
A
W
S
–
16)
,”
P
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oS
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N
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a
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A
.
B
a
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a
n,
“
D
e
ve
l
opi
ng
a
que
s
t
i
onna
i
r
e
t
o
m
e
a
s
ur
e
p
s
yc
hol
ogi
c
a
l
di
s
t
ur
ba
nc
e
a
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h t
oot
h l
os
s
,”
J
our
nal
of
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oc
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a
w
a
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i
,
a
nd
I
.
R
.
S
uw
a
r
m
a
,
“
E
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
of
s
t
e
m
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
on
know
l
e
dge
a
s
pe
c
t
a
f
t
e
r
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
i
ng
s
c
i
e
nc
e
,
t
e
c
hnol
ogy,
e
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
a
nd
m
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
s
(
S
T
E
M
)
-
ba
s
e
d
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
m
odul
e
,”
J
our
nal
of
P
hy
s
i
c
s
:
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
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Se
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P
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i
c
s
e
du
c
a
t
i
on
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
or
21s
t
c
e
nt
ur
y
l
e
a
r
ni
ng,”
D
i
s
c
i
pl
i
nar
y
and
I
nt
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
nar
y
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
E
duc
at
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on R
e
s
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ke
r
,
“
D
e
e
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l
e
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r
ni
ng:
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
i
ve
ove
r
vi
e
w
on
t
e
c
hni
que
s
,
t
a
xonom
y,
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
a
nd
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
di
r
e
c
t
i
ons
,”
SN
C
om
put
e
r
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
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r
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,
“
B
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l
i
e
f
s
a
bout
s
c
i
e
nt
i
f
i
c
c
r
e
a
t
i
vi
t
y
he
l
d
by
pr
e
-
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
i
n
t
he
s
t
a
t
e
of
K
uw
a
i
t
,”
I
nt
e
r
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i
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E
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T
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e
f
f
e
c
t
of
us
i
ng
a
ugm
e
nt
e
d
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
a
nd
s
e
ns
i
ng
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
t
o
t
e
a
c
h
m
a
gne
t
i
s
m
i
n
hi
gh
s
c
hool
phys
i
c
s
,”
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
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t
s
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a
ugm
e
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d
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
on
l
e
a
r
ni
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a
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c
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t
i
ve
l
oa
d
i
n uni
ve
r
s
i
t
y phys
i
c
s
l
a
bor
a
t
or
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our
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e
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l
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z
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he
t
i
n
S
T
E
M
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ys
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e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
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n
Soc
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e
t
y
f
or
I
nf
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m
at
i
on
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
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T
e
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he
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E
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e
t
e
a
c
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r
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m
i
s
m
r
e
s
pon
s
e
t
o t
he
u
s
e
of
m
a
r
ke
r
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ba
s
e
d a
ugm
e
nt
e
d r
e
a
l
i
t
y i
n t
he
gl
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l
w
a
r
m
i
ng
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s
s
ue
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s
e
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vi
c
e
t
e
a
c
he
r
i
n
S
T
E
M
e
du
c
a
t
i
on:
a
n
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
ve
r
e
vi
e
w
a
nd
m
a
ppi
ng
of
t
h
e
I
ndone
s
i
a
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
,”
E
ur
as
i
a
J
our
nal
of
M
at
he
m
at
i
c
s
,
Sc
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e
nc
e
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T
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R
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“
T
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f
f
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c
t
s
of
a
n
e
a
r
l
y
c
hi
l
dhood
-
e
l
e
m
e
nt
a
r
y
t
e
a
c
he
r
pr
e
pa
r
a
t
i
on
pr
ogr
a
m
i
n
S
T
E
M
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s
e
r
vi
c
e
t
e
a
c
he
r
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,”
E
ur
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J
ou
r
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M
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,
Sc
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T
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i
on
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f
e
ngi
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r
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ng
de
s
i
gn
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
n
t
he
K
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12
s
c
i
e
nc
e
c
l
a
s
s
r
oom
s
:
t
r
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a
nd
i
s
s
ue
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s
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A
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E
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l
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N
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M
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A
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“
T
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t
e
ps
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t
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e
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
de
s
i
gn
pr
oc
e
s
s
(
E
D
P
)
i
n
s
c
i
e
nc
e
e
duc
a
t
i
on:
a
s
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t
e
m
a
t
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
J
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nal
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or
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he
E
duc
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f
r
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s
t
e
m
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
t
o
s
t
e
m
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
,”
i
n
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
H
i
ghl
i
ght
s
i
n
E
duc
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C
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J
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a
r
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r
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S
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+M
=E
a
s
a
c
onv
e
r
ge
nt
m
ode
l
f
or
t
he
na
t
ur
e
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S
T
E
M
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e
nc
e
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duc
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