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e
li
f
e
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
es
e
d
e
v
i
ce
s
w
ell
-
s
u
it
ed
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
i
n
ele
ct
r
o
n
i
c
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
em
e
n
t
o
f
s
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
cit
o
r
s
s
ig
n
i
f
i
es
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ti
al
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
en
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
[
7
]
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
ly
,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
i
n
v
est
ig
a
ti
o
n
s
a
r
e
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
te
n
t
ial
o
f
b
i
o
m
ass
,
wit
h
its
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
n
at
u
r
al
c
h
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
,
as
a
r
aw
m
a
te
r
ia
l
f
o
r
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tall
y
f
r
ie
n
d
l
y
a
n
d
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
s
u
p
er
ca
p
a
cit
o
r
s
is
als
o
h
ig
h
l
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
t
y
p
es
o
f
m
at
er
ials
u
s
e
d
[
8
]
.
B
io
m
ass
m
ater
ial
s
ca
n
g
en
er
ate
n
an
o
p
o
r
o
u
s
ac
tiv
ated
ca
r
b
o
n
(
AC
)
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
es
as
an
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ce
l
ls
d
u
e
t
o
its
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
b
e
n
ef
its
.
T
h
ese
b
en
ef
its
i
n
clu
d
e
h
ig
h
p
o
r
o
s
ity
with
v
ar
ied
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
,
a
lar
g
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
(
SS
A)
,
ex
ce
llen
t c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
lo
w
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
co
s
ts
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
AC
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
b
io
m
ass
is
b
eliev
ed
to
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
n
atu
r
al
h
eter
o
ato
m
s
in
to
t
h
e
ca
r
b
o
n
m
at
r
ix
.
T
h
e
h
eter
o
ato
m
s
in
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
test
m
ater
ials
ca
n
tr
ig
g
er
r
ed
o
x
r
e
ac
tio
n
s
,
lead
in
g
to
p
s
eu
d
o
-
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
ef
f
ec
ts
t
h
at
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
t
h
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
f
o
c
u
s
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
with
th
e
aim
o
f
en
ab
lin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
r
ed
o
x
r
ea
ctio
n
s
in
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
ed
o
x
r
ea
ctio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
d
o
p
an
ts
s
u
c
h
as
o
x
y
g
en
(
O)
,
zin
c
(
Z
n
)
,
b
o
r
o
n
(
B
)
,
s
u
l
f
u
r
(
S),
c
h
lo
r
in
e,
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
u
s
(
P),
wh
ich
ar
e
n
atu
r
ally
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
b
i
o
m
ass
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
o
s
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
,
J
elo
o
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
,
a
n
d
Z
h
a
n
g
e
t
a
l.
[
1
6
]
,
h
av
e
d
o
cu
m
en
te
d
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
b
io
m
ass
-
d
er
iv
ed
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
f
r
o
m
g
ar
lic
p
ee
ls
,
b
ar
ley
s
tr
aw,
an
d
c
o
co
n
u
t
s
h
ell,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
itr
o
g
en
(
N)
,
O,
an
d
B
h
eter
o
ato
m
s
d
o
p
in
g
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
d
o
p
a
n
ts
wer
e
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
ex
te
r
n
al
a
d
d
itiv
es,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
m
o
r
e
ex
t
en
d
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
lo
n
g
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tim
es,
in
cr
e
ased
ch
em
ical
u
s
e,
an
d
h
ig
h
e
r
co
s
ts
[
1
7
]
.
Selectin
g
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ater
ials
th
at
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
as
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices
r
eq
u
i
r
es
id
en
tify
in
g
o
p
tim
al
m
ater
ial
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
s
y
n
th
esis
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
b
am
b
o
o
was
s
elec
ted
as
a
b
ase
m
at
er
ial
f
o
r
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
elec
tr
o
d
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
d
u
e
to
its
ab
u
n
d
an
t
av
ailab
ilit
y
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
n
atu
r
e
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
b
ase
m
ater
ial
is
wid
ely
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
,
with
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
5
0
0
s
p
ec
ies,
m
ak
in
g
it a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
atu
r
al
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
B
am
b
o
o
is
tr
a
d
i
tio
n
ally
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e
o
f
f
u
r
n
itu
r
e
(
c
h
air
s
an
d
ta
b
les)
an
d
as
a
f
u
el
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
b
a
m
b
o
o
s
tem
also
m
ak
e
th
e
m
ater
ial
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
2
2
]
.
W
ith
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
izatio
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
a
g
r
o
win
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
th
is
b
ase
m
ater
ial
is
b
ein
g
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
f
r
i
en
d
ly
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
B
am
b
o
o
s
tem
s
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
b
o
n
ized
at
h
ig
h
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
n
an
o
p
o
r
o
u
s
ca
r
b
o
n
m
ater
ials
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
i
ce
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
AC
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tem
s
h
as
u
n
iq
u
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
t
ed
p
o
r
es
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
p
o
r
o
s
ity
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
p
o
r
o
s
ity
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
ac
h
iev
e
m
ax
im
u
m
C
sp
v
alu
es,
m
ak
in
g
it
a
s
u
itab
le
r
aw
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ater
ial
[
8
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
b
am
b
o
o
s
tem
s
co
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
c
ess
ed
in
to
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
elec
tr
o
d
es
u
s
in
g
NaO
H
ch
em
ical
tr
ea
tm
en
t
at
v
ar
y
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
elec
tr
o
d
e
co
n
d
itio
n
was
ac
h
iev
ed
with
a
0
.
5
M
ac
tiv
at
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
C
sp
o
f
9
2
F
g
⁻¹.
Yu
e
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
an
d
J
alala
h
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
b
am
b
o
o
-
b
as
ed
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
elec
tr
o
d
es
h
ad
C
sp
o
f
2
3
6
.
3
5
F
g
⁻¹
a
n
d
4
5
6
F
g
⁻¹,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
af
ter
b
ein
g
ac
tiv
ated
with
C
H₃COOK
an
d
KOH.
T
h
ese
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
u
s
ed
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
3
-
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
y
s
tem
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
elec
tr
o
c
h
em
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
ey
al
s
o
ad
o
p
ted
n
o
n
-
co
n
d
u
ctiv
e
m
ater
ials
th
at
wer
e
d
etr
im
en
tal
t
o
g
r
ee
n
s
y
n
th
esis
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
ch
em
ical
ac
tiv
ato
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
ati
o
n
o
f
AC
f
r
o
m
b
io
m
ass
waste
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
f
in
al
ca
r
b
o
n
.
Var
io
u
s
c
h
em
ical
ac
tiv
ato
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
K
OH,
Z
n
C
l,
NaO
H,
an
d
H₃PO₄,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
AC
[
2
3
]
,
[
29
]
-
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
KOH
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
(
0
.
3
,
0
.
5
,
an
d
0
.
7
M)
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
y
ello
w
b
a
m
b
o
o
ac
tiv
ated
ca
r
b
o
n
(
YB
AC
)
wit
h
h
ig
h
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
p
o
r
o
s
ity
an
d
a
3
D
h
ier
a
r
ch
ical
p
o
r
es
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
e
f
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
as
well
as
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
u
s
in
g
a
s
im
p
le,
n
o
n
-
tem
p
late
m
et
h
o
d
th
at
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
d
d
itio
n
al
ch
em
ical
r
ea
g
en
ts
.
KOH
was
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
ac
tiv
atin
g
ag
en
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
h
ad
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
o
f
AC
to
g
en
er
ate
m
o
r
e
m
i
cr
o
-
m
eso
p
o
r
es
[
3
2
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
ch
em
ical
ac
tiv
ato
r
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
d
ily
a
v
ailab
le.
YB
A
C
was
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
d
if
ied
f
u
r
n
ac
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
s
m
o
k
eless
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
wh
ich
allo
wed
f
o
r
lar
g
er
q
u
a
n
titi
es
an
d
r
ed
u
c
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tim
e.
T
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
KOH
ca
taly
s
t
at
an
o
p
tim
al
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
ch
em
ica
l
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
n
an
o
p
o
r
es
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
t
h
e
n
at
u
r
al
d
o
p
in
g
o
f
O
an
d
S
h
eter
o
ato
m
s
in
to
th
e
Y
B
AC
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
at
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lev
els.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
0
.
5
-
YB
AC
elec
tr
o
d
es,
wh
ich
h
ad
a
h
ig
h
C
sp
o
f
2
1
4
F
g
⁻¹.
T
h
e
test
in
g
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
wer
e
s
et
with
in
a
p
o
ten
tial
win
d
o
w
o
f
1
-
1
0
0
0
m
V,
with
a
c
u
r
r
en
t d
en
s
ity
o
f
1
A
g
⁻¹
in
an
aq
u
e
o
u
s
1
M
H
2
SO
4
elec
tr
o
ly
te,
u
s
in
g
a
s
y
m
m
et
r
ic
2
-
elec
t
r
o
d
e
s
o
lid
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
an
d
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
o
b
tain
ed
wer
e
2
4
.
7
W
h
k
g
-
1
a
n
d
1
9
2
W
k
g
-
1
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
r
e
-
ca
r
b
o
n
izatio
n
h
ea
t
tr
ea
tm
en
t
in
th
e
f
u
r
n
ac
e,
v
ar
y
in
g
l
o
w
-
s
ca
le
KOH
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
N
2
-
CO
2
p
r
e
-
ac
tiv
a
tio
n
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
o
n
th
e
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
p
o
r
o
s
ity
,
3
D
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
n
an
o
p
o
r
es
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
ch
em
ical
co
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
,
an
d
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
YB
AC
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
1
s
t
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
203
0
-
2
0
4
2
2032
r
ep
o
r
t
th
e
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
YB
AC
waste
u
s
in
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
KOH
c
o
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
s
(
0
.
3
,
0
.
5
,
an
d
0
.
7
M)
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
AC
as e
lectr
o
d
es m
ater
ial
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Co
nv
er
s
io
n o
f
YB
s
t
em
wa
s
t
e
into
AC
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
les,
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
YB
s
te
m
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
b
e
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
ch
ec
k
ed
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
eir
p
h
y
s
ical
ap
p
e
ar
an
ce
,
s
ize,
an
d
clea
n
lin
ess
.
Dir
ty
s
tem
waste
was
wa
s
h
ed
u
s
in
g
r
u
n
n
in
g
wate
r
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
s
liced
in
to
5
-
1
0
c
m
p
iece
s
to
s
p
ee
d
u
p
th
e
d
r
y
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
to
tal
o
f
5
k
g
o
f
d
r
y
YB
s
tem
s
am
p
le
s
wer
e
co
n
v
er
ted
i
n
to
C
u
s
in
g
a
m
o
d
if
ied
f
u
r
n
ac
e,
a
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
with
h
ea
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
1
h
o
u
r
.
T
h
e
C
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
was
wash
ed
u
s
in
g
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
w
ith
a
s
o
ak
in
g
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
1
wee
k
,
with
th
e
wate
r
ch
an
g
ed
ev
e
r
y
d
ay
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
a
n
e
u
tr
al
p
H
an
d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
clea
n
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
C
was
d
r
ied
in
th
e
s
u
n
f
o
r
3
d
ay
s
b
ef
o
r
e
b
ein
g
d
r
ie
d
in
a
lo
w
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
v
e
n
at
1
1
0
º
C
f
o
r
2
d
ay
s
.
T
h
e
d
r
ied
C
p
ar
ticles we
r
e
th
en
cr
u
s
h
ed
to
a
m
icr
o
-
s
ca
le
with
a
m
o
r
tar
an
d
b
a
ll
m
illi
n
g
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
1
d
ay
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
c
ar
b
o
n
p
o
w
d
er
was
m
an
u
ally
s
iev
ed
to
g
u
a
r
an
tee
u
n
if
o
r
m
p
ar
ticle
s
ize,
u
s
in
g
a
5
6
μ
m
m
esh
s
ize.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
YB
s
tem
in
to
A
C
b
eg
a
n
with
th
e
ch
em
ical
ac
tiv
atio
n
tr
ea
tm
en
t o
f
KOH
at
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
(
0
.
3
,
0
.
5
,
a
n
d
0
.
7
M)
.
I
n
itially
,
3
0
g
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
p
o
wd
e
r
was
m
ix
ed
with
KOH
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
s
(
2
.
5
2
,
4
.
4
,
an
d
5
.
8
8
g
)
,
with
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
th
at
th
e
r
atio
o
f
C
an
d
d
is
till
ed
wat
er
was
1
:5
.
T
h
e
m
ix
tu
r
e
was
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
ized
o
n
a
h
o
t
p
late
with
a
m
ag
n
etic
s
tirr
er
at
8
0
º
C
an
d
3
0
0
r
p
m
f
o
r
3
h
o
u
r
s
.
2
.
2
.
P
hy
s
ica
l a
nd
elec
t
ro
che
m
ica
l c
ha
ra
ct
er
iz
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
Y
B
AC
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
w
as
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
e
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
c
a
n
n
i
n
g
e
l
e
ct
r
o
n
m
i
c
r
o
s
c
o
p
e
(
S
E
M
)
m
e
t
h
o
d
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
a
J
e
o
l
J
S
M
-
I
T
2
0
0
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
(
No
.
B
M
N
3
.
0
8
.
0
3
.
0
7
.
0
0
1
)
a
f
t
e
r
p
l
a
t
i
n
u
m
s
p
r
a
y
i
n
g
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
X
-
r
a
y
d
i
f
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
(
X
R
D
)
u
s
i
n
g
a
R
i
g
a
k
u
S
m
a
r
t
L
a
b
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
C
u
K
α
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
3
6
k
V
,
3
0
m
A
)
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
e
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
-
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
li
n
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
.
T
h
e
e
le
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
s
it
i
o
n
tes
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
w
as
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
i
s
p
e
r
s
i
v
e
s
p
e
c
t
r
o
s
c
o
p
y
(
E
D
S
)
w
i
t
h
a
H
it
a
c
h
i
S
U
-
3
5
0
0
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
N
2
a
d
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
/
d
e
s
o
r
p
ti
o
n
w
a
s
t
es
te
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
M
a
c
k
A
S
AP
2
4
6
0
a
d
s
o
r
b
e
n
t
m
e
t
e
r
a
t
a
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
7
7
K
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
SS
A
a
n
d
p
o
r
e
s
s
i
ze
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
we
r
e
c
a
l
c
u
la
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
B
r
u
n
a
u
e
r
-
E
m
m
e
t
t
-
T
e
l
l
e
r
(
B
E
T
)
a
n
d
t
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e
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e
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s
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f
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t
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a
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m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
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e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
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y
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T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
c
h
e
m
e
f
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
i
n
g
y
e
l
l
o
w
b
a
m
b
o
o
s
t
e
m
s
i
n
t
o
ac
t
iv
a
t
e
d
c
a
r
b
o
n
f
o
r
s
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p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
co
n
v
er
tin
g
YB
waste
in
to
YB
AC
as a
b
asic m
ater
ial
f
o
r
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
T
h
e
ch
ar
a
cter
izatio
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
was
test
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
c
y
cle
v
o
ltam
m
etr
y
(
C
V)
an
d
g
alv
an
o
s
tatic
ch
a
r
g
e
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
GC
D)
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
test
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ics
C
V
UR
R
ad
-
E
R
5
4
8
1
an
d
GC
D
UR
E
r
2
0
1
8
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
ly
,
PVA
ad
h
esiv
e
was
u
s
ed
to
cr
ea
te
s
y
m
m
etr
ical
m
o
n
o
lith
ic
co
i
n
elec
tr
o
d
es
with
a
d
iam
eter
o
f
7
-
8
m
m
a
n
d
a
th
i
ck
n
ess
o
f
0
.
2
-
0
.
3
m
m
.
E
ac
h
elec
tr
o
d
e
v
ar
ian
t
was
im
m
er
s
ed
in
5
m
l
o
f
1
M
H
2
SO
4
liq
u
id
elec
tr
o
ly
te
f
o
r
2
d
ay
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
er
e
was
p
er
f
ec
t
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Oxy
g
en
/s
u
lp
h
u
r
s
elf
-
d
o
p
e
d
tu
n
n
el
-
like
p
o
r
o
u
s
ca
r
b
o
n
fr
o
m
ye
llo
w
b
a
mb
o
o
…
(
E
r
ma
n
Ta
e
r
)
2033
T
h
e
test
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
in
a
p
o
ten
tial
win
d
o
w
o
f
0
-
1
0
0
0
m
V,
with
s
ca
n
r
ate
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
(
1
,
2
,
an
d
5
)
m
V
s
-
1
f
o
r
th
e
C
V
test
as we
ll a
s
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
1
,
2
,
an
d
5
A
g
-
1
f
o
r
t
h
e
GC
D
tes
t.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
m
icr
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
YB
AC
s
am
p
les
was
v
alid
ated
b
y
XR
D,
wh
ich
ass
ess
ed
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
cr
y
s
tallin
ity
an
d
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
-
cr
y
s
tallin
e
n
atu
r
e,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
XR
D
p
atter
n
s
h
o
wed
2
s
lo
p
in
g
p
ea
k
s
an
d
s
ev
e
r
al
s
h
ar
p
p
ea
k
s
in
th
e
2
θ
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
g
le,
with
in
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
0
-
6
0
°.
T
h
e
s
lo
p
in
g
p
ea
k
s
wer
e
co
r
r
elate
d
with
th
e
h
k
l
0
0
2
an
d
1
0
0
p
lan
es,
s
ig
n
if
y
i
n
g
g
o
o
d
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
g
r
ap
h
ite
-
lik
e
ca
r
b
o
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
3
3
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
s
ev
er
al
s
h
ar
p
p
ea
k
s
we
r
e
v
alid
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
av
ailab
i
lity
o
f
n
o
n
-
c
a
r
b
o
n
elem
en
ts
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
f
o
r
X
R
D
was
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
Or
ig
in
s
o
f
twar
e
to
o
b
tain
th
e
lattice
p
a
r
am
eter
v
alu
es.
XR
D
p
atter
n
f
o
r
0
.
3
-
Y
B
AC
s
am
p
les,
with
a
lo
wer
ac
tiv
ato
r
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
h
a
d
h
ig
h
er
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
less
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
n
atu
r
e
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
lo
p
in
g
p
ea
k
s
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
a
t
2
2
.
0
8
°
a
n
d
4
4
.
0
2
°
(
2
θ)
,
wh
i
le
a
s
h
ar
p
p
ea
k
at
3
6
.
2
6
°
was
attr
ib
u
ted
t
o
Z
n
O
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
(
J
C
PDS
No
.
0
8
6
-
2
3
3
9
an
d
0
4
7
-
1
3
7
3
)
,
an
d
an
o
t
h
er
at
4
7
.
5
3
°
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
C
a
C
O
3
(
J
C
PDS
No
.
8
2
-
1
6
9
0
)
.
W
h
en
th
e
o
p
tim
al
KOH
co
n
c
en
tr
ati
o
n
tr
ea
tm
en
t
at
0
.
5
-
YB
AC
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
m
o
r
e
s
lo
p
in
g
d
i
f
f
r
ac
tio
n
p
atter
n
,
th
er
e
wo
u
ld
b
e
h
ig
h
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
p
o
r
o
s
ity
.
Fin
er
p
ar
ticle
s
izes
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
o
r
o
s
ity
c
au
s
ed
a
ch
an
g
e
in
th
e
d
if
f
r
ac
ti
o
n
an
g
le
to
2
2
.
9
6
°
an
d
4
3
.
6
9
°
(
2
θ)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
SEM
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
an
d
N
2
g
as
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
h
ig
h
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
[
3
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
th
e
ac
tiv
ato
r
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
at
0
.
7
-
YB
AC
ca
u
s
ed
th
e
X
-
r
ay
in
ten
s
ity
to
f
u
r
th
er
in
c
r
ea
s
e,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
c
r
y
s
tallin
e
elem
en
ts
in
YB
AC
s
am
p
les
was
v
er
if
ied
in
s
m
all
am
o
u
n
ts
,
as
e
v
id
en
c
ed
b
y
th
e
E
DS
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
lattice
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
2
θ
d
u
e
to
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
KOH
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
002
v
alu
e
o
f
YB
AC
s
am
p
les
was
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
th
at
o
f
g
r
ap
h
ite
(
3
.
3
3
Å)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
b
etter
am
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
h
eig
h
t
(
L
c
)
a
n
d
wid
th
(
L
a
)
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
lay
er
wer
e
in
v
e
r
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
with
a
s
m
all
L
c
v
alu
e
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
lar
g
er
SS
A,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
AC
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Patter
n
s
o
f
th
e
XR
D
cu
r
v
es f
o
r
ea
ch
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
YB
AC
s
am
p
le
E
DS
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
YB
AC
s
am
p
les
f
o
u
n
d
e
x
te
n
s
i
v
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
av
ail
ab
ili
ty
o
f
ch
em
ic
al
ele
m
e
n
ts
,
as
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
in
te
n
s
it
y
p
e
a
k
s
at
v
ar
i
o
u
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
l
ev
els.
As
d
e
tail
e
d
i
n
T
a
b
le
1
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
we
d
th
a
t
n
at
u
r
al
ele
m
e
n
ts
s
u
c
h
as
C
,
O,
S
,
p
o
t
ass
i
u
m
(
K
)
,
Z
n
,
s
o
d
i
u
m
(
N
a)
,
a
n
d
s
ili
ca
(
Si
)
w
er
e
p
r
es
en
t
i
n
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
p
e
r
c
en
ta
g
es
.
T
h
ese
el
em
e
n
ts
w
er
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
o
n
te
n
t
o
f
n
a
tu
r
a
l
b
i
o
m
ass
m
at
e
r
ia
ls
a
n
d
c
h
e
m
ic
al
-
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
ac
ti
v
ati
o
n
t
r
e
at
m
e
n
ts
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
KOH
r
ea
g
en
ts
,
N
2
,
a
n
d
C
O
2
g
as
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
Y
B
A
C
s
am
p
l
es
w
e
r
e
d
o
m
i
n
ate
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
es
en
ce
o
f
C
el
em
e
n
ts
,
f
o
ll
o
w
ed
b
y
l
o
we
r
a
m
o
u
n
ts
o
f
o
t
h
er
ele
m
e
n
ts
.
F
o
r
in
s
ta
n
c
e,
t
h
e
0
.
3
-
YB
AC
s
am
p
l
e
co
m
p
r
is
e
d
8
2
.
9
4
%
C
an
d
4
.
2
3
%
O,
wh
ic
h
ac
t
ed
as
s
elf
-
d
o
p
in
g
h
ete
r
o
at
o
m
s
.
A
s
m
all
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
e
o
f
K
(
0
.
2
%
)
was
f
o
u
n
d
,
o
r
i
g
i
n
ati
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ad
d
i
ti
o
n
o
f
KO
H
r
ea
g
e
n
ts
in
t
h
e
c
h
e
m
ic
al
ac
t
i
v
at
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
C
c
o
n
te
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
0
.
5
-
YB
AC
s
a
m
p
le
i
n
c
r
e
ase
d
t
o
8
9
.
1
6
%,
w
h
i
le
n
at
u
r
al
O
h
ete
r
o
at
o
m
s
i
n
c
r
e
ase
d
to
1
0
.
1
4
%,
a
n
d
S
was
o
p
t
im
ize
d
at
0
.
1
0
%.
T
h
e
a
d
d
it
io
n
o
f
KOH
r
ea
g
e
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
0
.
7
-
YB
AC
s
a
m
p
le
r
es
u
lt
ed
in
a
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
C
co
n
t
en
t
o
f
8
9
.
8
9
%
b
u
t
a
d
e
c
r
e
ase
i
n
O
h
e
te
r
o
at
o
m
s
t
o
9
.
4
5
%
,
as
we
ll
as
t
h
e
l
o
s
s
o
f
S.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
av
ail
ab
ilit
y
o
f
K
in
c
r
ea
s
e
d
t
o
0
.
3
1
%
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
a
d
d
iti
o
n
o
f
e
x
t
r
a
KOH
u
s
e
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
c
h
em
i
ca
l
ac
ti
v
ati
o
n
.
I
n
AC
elec
tr
o
d
es,
O
h
as
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
as
a
n
atu
r
al
d
o
p
in
g
h
eter
o
ato
m
t
h
at
co
u
ld
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
p
s
eu
d
o
-
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
ef
f
ec
t
in
th
e
el
ec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
is
wa
s
p
r
o
v
e
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
test
in
g
o
f
th
e
C
V
m
eth
o
d
with
d
ev
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
elec
tr
ic
d
o
u
b
le
-
lay
er
c
ap
ac
itan
ce
(
E
DL
C
)
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
0
.
5
-
YB
AC
ele
ctr
o
d
es,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
h
ig
h
e
r
C
sp
[
4
3
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
S
elem
e
n
t
in
th
e
0
.
5
-
YB
AC
s
am
p
le
v
er
if
ied
its
wettab
ilit
y
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
s
am
p
le’
s
id
ea
l
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
SEM
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
e
m
o
r
p
h
o
lo
g
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
YB
AC
s
am
p
les
at
th
e
n
an
o
m
eter
s
ca
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I
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2
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4
I
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t J Po
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&
Dr
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,
Vo
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16
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3
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Sep
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20
25
:
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2034
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
Dr
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I
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2088
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I
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16
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I
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I
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16
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2038
(
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ip
d
is
p
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tes,
an
d
f
ac
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co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
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4
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[
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p
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r
ea
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ab
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r
eq
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est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
H
.
W
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n
g
,
F
.
R
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a
n
,
Q
.
F
e
n
g
,
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.
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u
,
a
n
d
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.
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a
n
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,
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s fo
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1
3
6
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4
4
.
[
2
]
H
.
Li
u
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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f
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t
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o
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[
3
]
S
.
R
y
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n
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t
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l
.
,
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n
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f
f
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t
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f
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n
(
I
I
)
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x
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d
e
,
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l
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