I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
S
y
s
t
em
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
1
8
6
5
~
1
8
8
0
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
ed
s
.
v
16
.i
3
.
p
p
1
8
6
5
-
1
8
8
0
1865
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Bibli
o
metric
v
isu
a
liza
tion o
f
metal
-
a
ir batte
ry
resea
rch t
r
ends
Sa
t
ria
P
ina
nd
it
a
1,
2
,
Rus
t
a
m
Asn
a
wi
3
,
M
o
cha
m
a
d Sy
a
m
s
iro
4
1
D
o
c
t
o
r
a
l
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
N
e
g
e
r
i
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
S
e
mara
n
g
,
S
e
mara
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
N
e
g
e
r
i
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
4
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s Ja
n
a
b
a
d
r
a
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
r
t
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
2
0
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Ap
r
2
8
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Ma
y
2
5
,
2
0
2
5
M
e
t
a
l
-
a
ir
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
a
re
r
e
c
h
a
r
g
e
a
b
l
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
,
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
l
y
u
s
i
n
g
c
a
r
b
o
n
e
l
e
c
tr
o
d
e
s
.
H
o
we
v
e
r
,
c
a
r
b
o
n
w
a
s
t
e
p
o
s
e
s
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
r
i
s
k
s
.
F
l
y
a
s
h
,
a
b
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
o
f
c
o
a
l
c
o
m
b
u
s
t
i
o
n
,
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
d
u
e
t
o
i
ts
h
i
g
h
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
s
r
e
se
a
rc
h
t
r
e
n
d
s
o
n
m
e
t
a
l
-
a
i
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
ie
s
a
n
d
f
l
y
a
s
h
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
t
o
2
0
2
3
u
s
i
n
g
b
i
b
l
i
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
v
i
s
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
c
o
p
u
s
-
i
n
d
e
x
e
d
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
e
a
rc
h
wa
s
r
e
f
i
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
'
Ba
t
t
e
r
y
'
to
'
A
i
r
B
a
t
te
r
y
'
a
n
d
,
f
i
n
a
l
l
y
,
'
A
i
r
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
'
w
i
t
h
'
F
l
y
A
s
h
,
'
y
i
e
l
d
i
n
g
6
0
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
.
Us
i
n
g
t
h
e
V
O
S
v
i
e
w
e
r,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
,
k
e
y
f
o
c
u
s
a
re
a
s
,
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
w
e
r
e
i
d
e
n
ti
f
i
e
d
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
a
1
4
.
8
7
%
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
i
n
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
t
o
2
0
2
3
,
w
i
t
h
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
g
r
o
w
t
h
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
t
o
2
0
2
1
b
e
f
o
r
e
d
e
c
l
i
n
i
n
g
a
f
t
e
r
2
0
2
2
.
T
h
i
s
f
l
u
c
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
s
s
h
i
f
t
i
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
t
e
re
s
t
s
t
o
wa
r
d
o
t
h
e
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
.
F
l
y
a
s
h
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
te
s
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
a
s
a
c
a
r
b
o
n
s
u
b
s
t
i
t
u
t
e
f
o
r
a
i
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
,
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
n
g
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
i
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
i
t
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
c
h
a
l
le
n
g
e
s
.
B
ib
l
i
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
v
i
s
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
s
a
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
f
l
y
a
s
h
f
o
r
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
l
y
f
r
i
e
n
d
l
y
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
d
u
e
t
o
i
t
s
a
b
u
n
d
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
s
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Air
b
atter
y
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
Fly
ash
T
r
en
d
s
r
esear
ch
VOSv
iewe
r
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Satr
ia
Pin
an
d
ita
Do
cto
r
al
Pro
g
r
a
m
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Scien
ce
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
e
r
s
itas
Neg
er
i Y
o
g
y
ak
ar
ta
C
o
lo
m
b
o
St.
No
.
1
,
Kar
an
g
M
alan
g
,
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta
5
5
2
8
1
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail:
s
atr
iap
in
an
d
ita.
2
0
2
3
@
s
tu
d
en
t.u
n
y
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
b
atter
y
is
a
d
e
v
ice
th
at
s
to
r
e
s
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
ch
em
ical
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
th
en
c
o
n
v
er
ts
it
b
ac
k
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
w
h
en
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
is
is
a
p
er
f
ec
t
ex
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
p
r
i
n
cip
le
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
,
wh
er
e
en
e
r
g
y
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
cr
e
ated
o
r
d
estro
y
ed
,
b
u
t
ca
n
o
n
ly
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
f
o
r
m
to
a
n
o
th
er
.
I
n
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
,
b
atter
ies
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
s
y
m
b
o
l
o
f
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
m
an
ip
u
late
n
atu
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
b
en
ef
it
o
f
h
u
m
an
s
.
B
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
allo
ws
u
s
t
o
s
to
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
in
a
f
o
r
m
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
an
y
tim
e
,
an
y
wh
e
r
e,
a
n
d
i
n
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
we
wan
t.
T
h
is
is
an
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
g
iv
es u
s
th
e
p
o
wer
to
ch
a
n
g
e
t
h
e
way
n
atu
r
e
wo
r
k
s
.
T
o
d
ay
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
d
e
ca
r
b
o
n
izatio
n
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t.
B
atter
ies
,
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
lex
ib
le
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
h
a
v
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
b
r
in
g
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
o
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
clim
a
te
cr
is
is
to
war
d
s
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
-
n
eu
tr
al
f
u
tu
r
e
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
p
r
o
b
le
m
is
th
at
th
er
e
is
s
till
a
lack
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
b
at
ter
ies
an
d
a
lar
g
e
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
r
aw
m
ater
ials
[
2
]
.
B
atter
ies
o
p
er
ate
o
n
a
ch
em
ical
p
r
in
cip
le
ca
lled
r
ed
o
x
r
ea
ctio
n
,
o
r
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
-
o
x
i
d
atio
n
r
ea
ctio
n
.
I
n
th
is
r
ea
ctio
n
,
o
n
e
m
ater
ial
(
elec
tr
o
d
e)
r
elea
s
es
an
elec
tr
o
n
,
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
k
n
o
wn
as
o
x
i
d
atio
n
,
w
h
ile
an
o
th
er
m
ater
ial
(
an
o
th
er
elec
tr
o
d
e)
ac
ce
p
ts
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
,
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
k
n
o
wn
a
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
Ge
n
er
ally
,
lith
iu
m
m
etal
is
th
e
id
ea
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
186
5
-
1
8
8
0
1866
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ater
ial,
b
u
t
th
is
lith
iu
m
m
etal
h
as
a
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ten
d
s
to
s
ettle
ir
r
eg
u
lar
ly
s
o
th
at
it
will
f
o
r
m
d
en
d
r
ites
th
at
g
r
o
w
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ce
ll.
T
h
is
will tr
ig
g
er
a
s
er
io
u
s
s
ec
u
r
ity
h
az
ar
d
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
n
cip
le
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
,
in
m
o
r
e
d
etail
,
i
s
as
f
o
llo
ws:
T
h
e
an
o
d
e
is
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
in
th
e
b
atter
y
.
W
h
en
a
b
atter
y
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
an
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t,
th
e
a
n
o
d
e
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
an
o
x
id
atio
n
r
ea
ctio
n
,
r
elea
s
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
s
in
to
th
e
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
ca
th
o
d
e
is
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
in
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
r
elea
s
ed
b
y
th
e
an
o
d
e
a
r
e
ev
e
n
tu
ally
ac
ce
p
ted
b
y
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e,
in
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
k
n
o
wn
as
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
.
An
elec
tr
o
ly
te
is
a
m
ed
iu
m
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
io
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
a
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
ca
th
o
d
e.
E
lectr
o
ly
tes
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
liq
u
id
s
,
g
els,
o
r
s
o
lid
s
.
An
ex
ter
n
al
cir
cu
it
is
a
cir
cu
it
th
at
co
n
n
ec
ts
th
e
an
o
d
e
a
n
d
ca
th
o
d
e.
E
lectr
o
n
s
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
ci
r
cu
it
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
o
d
e
t
o
th
e
ca
t
h
o
d
e,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
en
er
g
y
to
t
h
e
d
ev
ice
p
o
wer
e
d
b
y
th
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
s
th
at
tak
e
p
lace
in
th
e
an
o
d
e
an
d
ca
th
o
d
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
f
lo
w
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
,
wh
ich
cr
ea
tes an
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
is
r
ea
ctio
n
m
a
y
r
e
v
er
s
e
wh
en
th
e
b
atter
y
is
r
ec
h
ar
g
ed
.
B
a
tt
e
r
i
es
c
o
m
e
i
n
t
w
o
t
y
p
es
n
am
e
l
y
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
a
n
d
s
e
co
n
d
a
r
y
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
a
r
e
tw
o
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
es
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
i
r
a
b
i
l
it
y
t
o
b
e
r
e
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
o
f
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
es
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
l
i
th
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
,
n
i
c
k
e
l
-
c
a
d
m
i
u
m
(
N
iC
d
)
b
a
t
te
r
i
e
s
,
a
n
d
n
i
c
k
e
l
-
m
et
a
l
h
y
d
r
i
d
e
(
N
i
M
H
)
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
we
e
n
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
a
n
d
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
es
is
t
h
e
a
b
i
li
t
y
t
o
b
e
r
e
c
h
a
r
g
e
d
.
A
i
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
b
el
o
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
y
p
e
.
An
ai
r
-
m
etal
b
at
te
r
y
is
a
t
y
p
e
o
f
e
lec
tr
o
ch
em
ica
l
ce
l
l i
n
w
h
ic
h
ai
r
is
r
e
d
u
ce
d
a
n
d
m
et
al
is
o
x
i
d
iz
e
d
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
an
o
d
e
i
n
a
n
ai
r
-
m
e
tal
b
att
er
y
c
o
m
es
f
r
o
m
m
e
tals
,
it
ca
n
b
e
al
k
al
i
m
e
tals
s
u
c
h
as
lit
h
i
u
m
,
p
o
t
ass
i
u
m
,
a
n
d
s
o
d
iu
m
,
o
r
it
ca
n
a
ls
o
b
e
al
k
a
lin
e
ea
r
t
h
m
et
als
s
u
c
h
as
ca
l
ci
u
m
an
d
m
a
g
n
esi
u
m
,
as
wel
l
a
s
s
o
m
e
m
eta
ll
o
i
d
s
s
u
c
h
as
S
i
a
n
d
Al
ele
m
e
n
ts
o
r
t
r
a
n
s
i
ti
o
n
el
em
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
z
i
n
c
an
d
i
r
o
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
ti
tu
en
t
e
lect
r
o
l
y
te
ca
n
b
e
a
h
y
d
r
a
te
o
r
a
non
-
h
y
d
r
at
e
,
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
a
n
o
d
e
u
s
e
d
.
Ai
r
,
a
n
o
d
e,
a
n
d
c
at
h
o
d
e
ar
e
o
t
h
e
r
r
e
d
u
ci
n
g
ele
ctr
o
d
es
s
e
p
ar
ate
d
b
y
s
e
p
ar
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
ai
r
c
at
h
o
d
e
is
an
u
n
li
m
it
e
d
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
t
h
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
n
e
ed
t
o
b
e
s
t
o
r
e
d
,
s
o
t
h
e
a
ir
m
etal
b
at
te
r
y
is
a
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
wa
y
t
o
s
t
o
r
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
[
5
]
.
A
n
ai
r
b
att
e
r
y
,
als
o
k
n
o
w
n
as
a
m
et
al
-
ai
r
b
a
tte
r
y
,
is
a
t
y
p
e
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
b
a
tte
r
y
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
n
ec
ts
a
c
h
e
m
ic
al
r
e
ac
t
io
n
b
e
twe
en
m
et
als
a
n
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
a
ir
t
o
g
e
n
e
r
a
te
el
ec
t
r
i
cit
y
.
T
h
es
e
b
a
tte
r
i
es h
a
v
e
a
m
e
tal
a
n
o
d
e
a
n
d
an
ai
r
ca
th
o
d
e
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
eta
l
a
n
o
d
e
will
r
ea
ct
wit
h
th
e
o
x
y
g
e
n
in
t
h
e
ai
r
w
h
ic
h
s
e
r
v
es
as
a
ca
th
o
d
e.
T
h
is
r
ea
cti
o
n
w
ill
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
n
ele
ct
r
ic
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
.
An
air
b
atter
y
is
a
ty
p
e
o
f
b
a
tter
y
th
at
u
s
es
o
x
y
g
en
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
air
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ater
ials
.
Me
tal
-
air
b
atter
ies
h
av
e
two
m
ain
f
ea
tu
r
es.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
is
a
h
ig
h
-
en
er
g
y
-
d
en
s
ity
m
etal
an
o
d
e
co
u
p
lin
g
,
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
is
an
o
p
en
-
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
ca
taly
tic
ca
th
o
d
e
th
at
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
d
r
aws
o
x
y
g
en
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
[
7
]
.
Hig
h
er
en
e
r
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
o
f
b
att
er
y
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ate
r
ial
ty
p
e,
th
e
m
etal
-
air
b
atter
y
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
ad
v
an
tag
e
(
3
-
3
0
x
)
o
v
er
th
e
lith
iu
m
-
i
o
n
b
att
er
y
[
4
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
h
ig
h
en
e
r
g
y
d
en
s
ity
is
th
e
m
ain
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
air
b
atter
ies,
elem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
an
o
d
e
m
ater
i
als
an
d
elec
tr
o
ly
te
p
r
o
b
lem
s
s
o
m
ewh
at
lim
it
th
eir
ap
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
is
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
d
e
n
d
r
ites
o
n
t
h
e
an
o
d
e
a
f
ter
lo
n
g
u
s
e.
An
air
b
atter
y
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
a
m
ain
co
r
e
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
an
air
elec
tr
o
d
e,
elec
tr
o
ly
te,
a
n
d
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
W
h
en
a
b
atter
y
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
co
m
p
lete
cir
cu
it,
th
e
ch
em
icals
in
s
id
e
i
t
u
n
d
er
g
o
a
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
,
wh
ich
r
elea
s
es
cu
r
r
en
tly
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
ter
m
in
al
to
an
o
th
er
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
e
n
-
ce
ll
a
ir
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
i
n
a
m
etal
-
air
b
atter
y
r
ec
h
a
r
g
e
s
y
s
tem
allo
ws
r
ed
o
x
r
ea
ctio
n
s
b
etwe
en
ac
tiv
e
m
eta
l
m
ater
ials
an
d
o
x
y
g
en
g
ases
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
air
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
m
etal
-
air
b
atter
ies lies
in
th
e
f
ac
t th
at
o
n
ly
th
ese
ac
tiv
e
m
etals sh
o
u
ld
b
e
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
[
9
]
.
I
n
g
en
e
r
al,
air
b
atter
ies
u
s
e
ca
r
b
o
n
as
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ater
ial
in
th
e
b
atter
y
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
ti
m
e
u
s
ed
in
air
b
atter
ies
is
an
aq
u
eo
u
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
atu
r
ated
with
m
etal
h
y
d
r
o
x
id
e
o
r
m
etal
ch
lo
r
id
e.
Me
tal
an
o
d
es
ar
e
u
n
s
tab
le
in
aq
u
eo
u
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
s
o
th
er
e
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
a
wate
r
tig
h
t
m
ater
ial
as
a
s
ep
ar
ato
r
b
et
wee
n
th
e
an
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
aq
u
eo
u
s
elec
tr
o
ly
te.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
air
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
p
o
r
o
s
ity
s
o
th
at
air
ca
n
p
en
etr
ate
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
b
e
wate
r
p
r
o
o
f
s
o
as
to
p
r
ev
en
t
elec
tr
o
ly
te
lea
k
ag
e
[
8
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
ca
r
b
o
n
waste
m
ater
ial
air
b
atter
ies
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
e
f
ac
t
is
,
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
u
s
e
s
till
h
a
v
e
th
e
p
o
ten
t
ial
to
p
o
llu
te
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
ese
b
atter
ies
ca
n
also
g
en
e
r
ate
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
waste
if
n
o
t
r
ec
y
c
led
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
co
n
tin
u
e
to
co
n
d
u
ct
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t in
o
r
d
er
t
o
cr
ea
te
m
o
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
l
y
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
0
]
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
f
ly
ash
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
ca
r
b
o
n
s
u
b
s
titu
te
in
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
o
f
t
h
ese
b
atter
ies.
Fly
ash
is
a
s
o
lid
wa
s
te
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
o
f
co
al
an
d
co
n
tain
s
to
x
ic
h
ea
v
y
m
etals
s
u
ch
as
lead
(
Pb
)
,
co
p
p
er
(
C
u
)
,
ca
d
m
iu
m
(
C
d
)
,
m
er
cu
r
y
(
Hg
)
,
an
d
zin
c
(
Z
n
)
,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
waste
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Fly
ash
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
s
u
b
s
titu
te
ca
r
b
o
n
in
t
h
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
o
f
air
b
atter
ies
.
Fly
ash
h
as
an
id
ea
l
s
h
af
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
th
is
ap
p
licatio
n
a
n
d
also
h
as
g
o
o
d
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
wh
ich
is
an
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
b
atter
y
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ate
r
ials
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
ly
ash
as
a
ca
r
b
o
n
s
u
b
s
titu
te
m
ater
ial
in
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
o
f
air
b
atter
ies
ca
n
b
e
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
co
al
waste
an
d
also
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
b
atter
ies.
Z
h
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
s
aid
th
at
to
m
ak
e
Si
-
b
ased
c
o
m
p
o
s
ites
th
at
ar
e
v
er
y
s
tab
le,
ch
ea
p
,
an
d
ea
s
y
to
p
r
ep
ar
e,
f
l
y
ash
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
esid
u
e
is
n
o
t
f
lam
m
ab
le
as
it
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
f
in
e
p
ar
ticles.
Fly
ash
w
ith
a
h
ig
h
s
ilico
n
-
b
ased
m
ater
ial
co
n
ten
t
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
an
a
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
wate
r
-
h
o
ld
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
is
co
al
f
ly
ash
m
ak
e
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
u
s
e
as
a
s
o
r
b
en
t
to
r
em
o
v
e
H2
SO4
f
o
g
f
r
o
m
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
y
f
ac
t
o
r
ies
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
m
etal
co
n
ten
t
in
f
l
y
ash
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
Al2
O3
an
d
Fe
2
O3
as
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
B
ib
lio
metric v
is
u
a
liz
a
tio
n
o
f m
eta
l
-
a
ir
b
a
tter
y
r
esea
r
ch
tr
e
n
d
s
(
S
a
tr
ia
P
in
a
n
d
ita
)
1867
b
atter
y
m
ater
ials
,
n
am
ely
ca
t
h
o
d
es,
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
1
5
]
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
,
s
o
f
ar
,
th
er
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
ly
ash
as a
m
ater
ial
th
at
m
ak
es u
p
air
b
atter
ies (
ca
th
o
d
es
)
.
T
h
is
an
al
y
s
is
ai
m
s
t
o
a
n
al
y
z
e
t
h
e
r
ese
ar
c
h
tr
en
d
s
o
f
m
et
al
-
ai
r
b
att
er
ies
a
n
d
f
l
y
as
h
i
n
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
f
r
o
m
ar
t
icl
es
p
u
b
l
is
h
e
d
i
n
Sc
o
p
u
s
i
n
d
e
x
e
d
jo
u
r
n
als
u
s
i
n
g
B
i
b
li
o
m
e
tr
i
c
v
is
u
ali
za
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
o
f
t
h
is
a
n
al
y
s
is
is
to
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
air
b
a
tte
r
y
a
n
d
f
l
y
as
h
r
ese
ar
ch
t
h
a
t
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ese
ar
ch
e
d
b
y
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
i
n
t
h
e
wo
r
l
d
,
i
n
c
lu
d
i
n
g
its
r
e
lat
io
n
s
h
ip
wit
h
o
th
er
v
a
r
i
ab
les
s
t
u
d
ie
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
4
,
s
o
t
h
at
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tai
n
ed
c
a
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
b
asic
r
ef
er
e
n
c
e
i
n
th
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ai
r
an
d
f
l
y
ash
m
eta
l
b
at
te
r
y
r
ese
a
r
c
h
i
n
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e.
Se
v
e
r
a
l
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
l
o
r
e
d
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
ti
al
o
f
f
ly
as
h
as
a
c
a
r
b
o
n
r
e
p
lac
em
en
t
m
ate
r
i
al
i
n
m
e
tal
-
a
ir
b
at
te
r
ies
,
alt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
e
x
is
ti
n
g
s
t
u
d
ies
a
r
e
s
til
l
li
m
it
ed
t
o
l
a
b
o
r
a
to
r
y
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
o
r
s
p
e
ci
f
ic
c
ase
s
t
u
d
ies
.
Un
t
il
n
o
w,
t
h
e
r
e
h
as
b
e
en
n
o
s
t
u
d
y
th
at
s
y
s
t
em
ati
c
all
y
m
ap
s
t
h
e
g
l
o
b
al
r
es
ea
r
c
h
t
r
e
n
d
s
r
el
ate
d
t
o
m
et
al
-
a
ir
b
atte
r
i
es
a
n
d
f
ly
as
h
u
ti
liz
ati
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
b
ib
li
o
m
et
r
ic
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
s
t
o
f
i
ll
t
h
is
g
ap
b
y
a
n
aly
zi
n
g
p
u
b
li
ca
t
io
n
tr
e
n
d
s
,
r
es
ea
r
c
h
e
r
c
o
ll
ab
o
r
a
ti
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
k
ey
r
es
ea
r
c
h
f
o
c
u
s
es
i
n
th
e
last
f
i
v
e
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
r
o
a
d
e
r
in
s
i
g
h
ts
f
o
r
r
es
ea
r
c
h
e
r
s
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
es
i
n
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
i
n
g
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
r
es
ea
r
c
h
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
ties
an
d
s
tr
ate
g
i
es
f
o
r
d
e
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
ta
in
a
b
le
b
at
te
r
y
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
Des
p
i
te
th
e
g
r
o
wi
n
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
r
esea
r
ch
o
n
ai
r
b
att
er
ies
a
n
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
ly
ash
,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
b
i
b
l
i
o
m
etr
ic
a
n
al
y
s
is
t
h
at
m
a
p
s
g
l
o
b
al
r
es
ea
r
c
h
t
r
e
n
d
s
,
k
e
y
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
o
r
s
,
an
d
c
o
l
la
b
o
r
ati
o
n
n
et
wo
r
k
s
r
e
m
ai
n
s
l
im
i
te
d
.
M
o
s
t
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
c
o
n
c
en
tr
at
ed
o
n
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
u
s
e
o
f
f
l
y
as
h
as
a
n
el
ec
t
r
o
d
e
m
at
er
i
al
,
y
et
a
s
y
s
te
m
at
ic
r
e
v
ie
w
o
f
i
ts
r
es
ea
r
c
h
e
v
o
l
u
ti
o
n
o
v
e
r
tim
e
is
s
t
ill
l
ac
k
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
e
e
k
s
to
b
r
i
d
g
e
t
h
a
t
g
a
p
b
y
e
x
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
r
esea
r
ch
t
r
en
d
s
i
n
m
et
al
-
ai
r
b
att
e
r
ies
an
d
f
l
y
as
h
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
to
2
0
2
3
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
i
b
l
io
m
e
tr
ic
v
is
u
a
liz
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
g
o
al
is
to
h
ig
h
l
i
g
h
t
k
e
y
r
ese
ar
c
h
p
a
tte
r
n
s
,
m
aj
o
r
f
o
c
u
s
ar
ea
s
,
an
d
g
lo
b
al
c
o
lla
b
o
r
at
io
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
at
i
o
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
e
n
ts
i
n
t
h
is
f
iel
d
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
R
esear
ch
d
ata
was
co
llected
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
b
y
en
ter
in
g
th
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
"a
ir
b
atter
y
"
an
d
“
f
ly
ash
”
in
th
e
titl
e,
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t
(
f
ield
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
e)
.
T
h
e
co
ll
ec
ted
d
ata
is
th
en
a
n
aly
ze
d
a
n
d
v
is
u
alize
d
u
s
in
g
VOSv
iewe
r
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
to
id
en
tify
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
,
au
th
o
r
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
an
d
k
ey
f
o
cu
s
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
n
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
r
esear
ch
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
,
f
o
cu
s
ar
ea
s
,
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
air
b
atter
ies.
I
n
m
o
r
e
d
etail,
th
e
s
tag
es o
f
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
ar
e
illu
s
t
r
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
b
eg
in
s
with
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
ea
r
ch
,
wh
ic
h
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
itially
u
s
ed
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
“
b
atter
y
”
f
o
r
all
r
esear
ch
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
k
e
y
wo
r
d
is
s
till
v
er
y
b
r
o
a
d
,
s
o
k
ey
wo
r
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
s
o
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles
co
l
lecte
d
ar
e
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
wh
at
is
ex
p
ec
ted
.
Key
wo
r
d
s
elec
tio
n
was
d
o
n
e
in
s
tag
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
p
ec
if
ically
ex
am
in
es
tr
en
d
s
in
m
etal
-
air
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
in
itial
f
o
cu
s
o
n
“
b
atter
y
”
r
esu
lted
in
a
v
e
r
y
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
th
at
wer
e
less
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
a
n
a
r
r
o
win
g
d
o
wn
to
“
air
b
atter
y
”
was
d
o
n
e
to
f
ilter
o
n
ly
s
tu
d
ies
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
air
-
b
ased
b
atter
ies.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
“
f
ly
ash
”
was a
d
d
ed
to
id
e
n
tify
s
tu
d
ies ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
co
al
waste
as a
m
ater
ial
in
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
b
atter
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stag
e
o
f
b
ib
li
o
m
etr
i
c
an
aly
s
is
T
h
en
t
h
e
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
was
n
a
r
r
o
w
ed
d
o
w
n
b
y
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
i
t
t
o
a
n
a
ir
b
att
er
y
ty
p
e
an
d
t
h
e
r
esea
r
ch
y
ea
r
w
as
n
a
r
r
o
w
e
d
d
o
w
n
t
o
t
h
e
l
ast
5
y
e
ar
s
(
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
)
,
s
o
t
h
at
t
h
e
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
c
h
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
"
b
a
tt
er
y
"
t
o
"
ai
r
b
att
er
y
"
an
d
a
ll
r
es
ea
r
c
h
y
e
ar
s
b
e
ca
m
e
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
y
ea
r
s
2019
-
2
0
2
3
.
Af
t
er
th
at
,
e
n
t
er
th
e
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t sta
g
e
.
A
t
th
is
s
t
ag
e,
t
h
e
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
"
ai
r
b
atte
r
y
"
is
c
o
m
b
i
n
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
"
f
l
y
as
h
"
wi
th
t
h
e
s
am
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
y
ea
r
s
(
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
)
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
al
r
es
u
l
ts
a
t
th
e
s
ta
g
e
o
f
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
r
e
f
i
n
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
r
es
ea
r
c
h
a
r
t
icl
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
ese
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
r
es
u
lt
ed
i
n
as
m
a
n
y
as 6
0
r
ese
ar
ch
a
r
ti
cles
w
h
i
ch
w
ill
b
e
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
d
at
t
h
e
d
ata
a
n
al
y
s
is
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
r
es
u
l
ts
o
f
ea
c
h
s
ta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
ib
li
o
m
et
r
ic
a
n
a
ly
s
is
ar
e
i
ll
u
s
tr
at
ed
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
in
itially
,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
ar
ticles
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
r
o
m
all
y
ea
r
s
with
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
"
b
atter
y
"
an
d
o
b
tai
n
ed
an
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
5
0
7
,
3
1
5
ar
ticles
r
elate
d
to
b
atter
ies
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
is
n
ar
r
o
wed
d
o
wn
to
th
e
y
ea
r
s
2019
-
2
0
2
3
with
th
e
wo
r
d
"a
ir
b
atter
y
".
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
ar
ticles
th
at
an
aly
ze
d
wate
r
b
atter
ies
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
as
m
an
y
as
m
an
y
as
1
9
5
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles.
Af
te
r
th
at,
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
"a
ir
b
atter
y
"
was
p
er
f
ec
ted
b
y
ad
d
i
n
g
a
th
ir
d
k
e
y
wo
r
d
,
n
a
m
ely
"f
ly
ash
"
with
th
e
s
am
e
y
ea
r
r
an
g
e
,
n
a
m
ely
2019
-
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t o
f
th
e
t
wo
m
ain
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
s
h
o
ws as m
an
y
as 6
0
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
186
5
-
1
8
8
0
1868
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
ll
u
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
co
lle
cted
as
m
an
y
as
6
0
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles
ar
e
th
en
an
aly
ze
d
t
o
id
en
tify
em
er
g
in
g
r
esear
ch
p
atter
n
s
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es.
Vis
u
aliza
tio
n
u
s
in
g
s
o
f
twar
e
s
u
ch
as
V
OS
v
iewe
r
h
elp
s
in
v
is
u
alizin
g
r
esear
c
h
n
etwo
r
k
s
a
n
d
id
en
tify
in
g
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
in
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
air
b
atter
y
r
esear
c
h
.
As
s
u
ch
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
g
ain
i
n
-
d
e
p
th
in
s
i
g
h
ts
in
to
r
esear
ch
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
,
ev
o
lv
in
g
r
esea
r
ch
tr
e
n
d
s
,
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
in
t
h
e
air
b
o
r
n
e
b
atter
y
d
o
m
ain
.
T
h
is
d
ata
is
av
ailab
le
in
(
.
r
is
)
an
d
(
.
csv
)
f
o
r
m
ats
an
d
is
t
h
en
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
an
aly
s
is
,
in
clu
d
in
g
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
an
d
VOS
v
iewe
r
.
Sim
u
ltan
eo
u
s
k
ey
w
o
r
d
em
er
g
en
ce
an
aly
s
is
was
also
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
VOS
v
iewe
r
,
wh
ich
u
s
es
th
e
v
is
u
ali
za
tio
n
o
f
s
im
ilar
ity
(
VOS)
alg
o
r
ith
m
as a
n
alter
n
a
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
ca
lin
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
VOS
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
VOS
clu
s
ter
in
g
m
eth
o
d
is
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
b
e
ab
le
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
s
em
an
tic
p
r
o
x
im
ity
b
etwe
en
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
b
ased
o
n
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
VOS
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
s
u
p
er
io
r
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
e
r
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
k
-
m
ea
n
s
clu
s
ter
in
g
m
eth
o
d
,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
e
q
u
ir
e
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
clu
s
ter
s
.
VOS
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
also
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
at
h
a
n
d
lin
g
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
n
etwo
r
k
s
with
c
o
m
p
l
ex
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
l
icatio
n
s
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l c
lu
s
t
er
in
g
,
th
e
m
ain
p
a
r
am
eter
s
in
VOSv
iewe
r
ar
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
-
T
h
e
th
r
esh
o
l
d
f
o
r
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
o
f
a
k
ey
w
o
r
d
i
s
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
(
e.
g
.
,
5
tim
es)
in
o
r
d
e
r
f
o
r
a
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t te
r
m
to
b
e
in
clu
d
e
d
in
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
.
-
No
r
m
aliza
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
with
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
tr
en
g
th
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
ass
o
ciat
io
n
b
etwe
en
ter
m
s
is
ca
lcu
lated
in
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
to
th
eir
t
o
tal
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
th
e
d
ataset.
-
T
h
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
to
av
o
i
d
th
e
co
llis
io
n
o
f
c
lu
s
ter
s
th
at
ar
e
to
o
lar
g
e
o
r
t
o
o
s
m
all
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
ea
c
h
g
r
o
u
p
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ts
a
f
air
ly
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
u
b
to
p
ic
in
m
etal
-
air
b
atter
ies an
d
f
ly
a
s
h
r
esear
ch
.
-
T
h
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
e
d
g
es
is
s
et
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
lin
k
a
g
es
to
m
ak
e
th
em
lo
o
k
m
o
r
e
d
o
m
i
n
an
t in
th
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
n
o
t
o
n
ly
v
is
u
ally
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
b
u
t
also
r
ef
lect
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
,
a
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
p
atter
n
s
w
ith
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
k
n
o
wn
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
s
o
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
h
ar
m
o
n
y
.
Sen
s
itiv
ity
test
s
ar
e
also
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
m
ak
in
g
ch
an
g
es
to
th
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
th
r
esh
o
ld
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
s
o
th
at
th
e
clu
s
ter
p
atter
n
is
s
tab
le
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ep
en
d
o
n
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
VOS
m
ap
p
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
h
o
ws
g
o
o
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
th
er
m
a
p
p
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
th
a
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
is
tan
ce
-
b
ased
m
ap
s
.
VOSv
iewe
r
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
a
s
izab
le
s
ca
le
m
ap
th
at
ca
n
lo
ad
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
5
,
0
0
0
item
s
an
d
co
-
s
ite
m
ap
s
in
a
f
air
ly
s
h
o
r
t ti
m
e
[
1
6
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
VOSv
iewe
r
,
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
,
wh
ich
was
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
R
I
S
f
o
r
m
at
(
.
r
is
)
b
ef
o
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
,
d
ata
n
o
r
m
aliza
tio
n
an
d
d
ata
f
ilter
in
g
we
r
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
T
h
e
g
o
al
is
to
m
ak
e
t
h
e
d
ata
u
s
ed
r
elev
a
n
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
cr
iter
ia.
Af
ter
t
h
at,
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
a
r
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
i
n
th
e
ar
ticl
e
th
at
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
llected
,
s
u
ch
as
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
an
d
titl
es.
T
h
en
,
a
b
ib
lio
m
et
r
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
e
twee
n
au
th
o
r
s
an
d
id
en
tify
in
g
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
am
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
"
air
b
atter
y
"
an
d
"
f
ly
ash
"
to
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
th
e
lin
k
a
g
e
m
atr
ix
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
m
atr
ix
ar
e
v
is
u
alize
d
with
VOSv
iewe
r
to
c
r
ea
te
a
n
etwo
r
k
m
ap
th
at
c
o
n
n
ec
ts
elem
en
ts
in
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
in
t
er
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
id
en
tify
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
atter
n
s
,
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
tr
e
n
d
s
.
I
n
it
ial s
ear
ch
“Batter
y
”
(
all
y
e
a
r
s)
5
0
7
.3
1
5
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
“Air
B
attery
”
(
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
)
1
9
5
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
“Air
B
attery
”
AND
“Fly
Ash
”
(
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
)
6
0
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
R
ef
in
em
en
t o
f
s
ea
r
ch
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
B
ib
lio
metric v
is
u
a
liz
a
tio
n
o
f m
eta
l
-
a
ir
b
a
tter
y
r
esea
r
ch
tr
e
n
d
s
(
S
a
tr
ia
P
in
a
n
d
ita
)
1869
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
P
ub
lica
t
io
n sea
rc
h r
esu
lt
s
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
d
ata
s
ea
r
c
h
f
r
o
m
W
eb
Sco
p
u
s
with
th
e
q
u
er
y
T
I
T
L
E
-
KE
Y
-
AB
S
(
"
b
atter
y
")
u
s
in
g
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
"
b
atter
y
"
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
r
ea
c
h
in
g
5
0
7
,
3
1
5
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
a
ll
y
ea
r
s
in
all
y
ea
r
s
(
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
-
2
0
2
4
)
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
with
th
e
q
u
er
y
T
I
T
L
E
-
AB
S
-
KE
Y
(
"
air
b
atter
y
")
AND
PUB
YE
A
R
>
2
0
1
9
AND
PU
B
YE
A
R
<
2
0
2
3
,
th
er
e
ar
e
1
9
5
p
u
b
licatio
n
ar
t
icles.
T
h
en
,
with
th
e
q
u
er
y
(
T
I
T
L
E
-
AB
S
-
KE
Y
("
b
atter
y
")
AND
T
I
T
L
E
-
AB
S
-
KE
Y
(
"
f
ly
ash
")
AND
PUB
Y
E
AR
>
2
0
1
9
AND
PUB
YE
A
R
<
2
0
2
3
,
th
er
e
ar
e
6
0
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
p
er
io
d
was
s
elec
ted
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tr
e
n
d
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
p
atter
n
s
in
air
b
at
ter
ies an
d
f
ly
ash
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
ea
r
ch
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t,
th
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
b
r
o
ad
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
co
n
tex
ts
r
elate
d
to
b
atter
ies,
air
b
atter
ies,
an
d
f
ly
ash
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies.
T
h
is
d
ata
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
asis
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
b
atter
ies
an
d
th
e
tr
en
d
s
th
at
m
ay
em
er
g
e
o
v
er
tim
e.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
ea
r
ch
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
atter
ies
ar
e
as
a
co
n
s
tan
tly
ev
o
lv
in
g
an
d
r
elev
a
n
t r
esear
ch
s
u
b
ject
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
g
r
o
wth
d
y
n
am
ics
in
th
e
"
air
b
atte
r
ies
"
s
tu
d
y
,
an
aly
s
is
was
al
s
o
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
an
n
u
al
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
(
C
AGR)
i
n
th
e
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
p
e
r
io
d
,
as
in
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
as f
o
llo
ws.
=
(
)
1
−
1
=
(
8
4
)
1
5
−
1
=
0
,
1487
=
14
,
87%
B
ased
o
n
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
tr
en
d
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
to
2
0
2
4
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
"
air
b
atter
ies
"
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
an
av
er
a
g
e
an
n
u
al
g
r
o
wth
o
f
1
4
.
8
7
%
ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
an
n
u
al
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
(
C
AGR)
ca
lcu
latio
n
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
1
wh
ich
th
en
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
af
te
r
2
0
2
2
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
a
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
in
r
esear
ch
in
ter
est
in
"
air
b
atter
ies
"
wh
ich
m
ay
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
in
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
to
o
th
er
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
3
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h t
re
nd
s
a
nd
pu
bli
ca
t
io
n dis
t
rib
utio
n o
f
a
ir
ba
t
t
er
ies
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
d
ata
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
air
b
atter
y
r
esea
r
ch
tr
en
d
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
li
ca
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
,
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
"
air
b
atter
y
"
is
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
C
h
in
a
with
a
to
tal
o
f
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
5
0
0
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
to
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
Un
ited
States
d
o
m
in
ated
s
ec
o
n
d
with
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
0
0
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
So
u
th
Ko
r
ea
d
o
m
in
ated
th
ir
d
with
m
o
r
e
th
an
4
9
0
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
en
Au
s
tr
alia,
I
n
d
ia,
J
ap
an
,
Ger
m
an
y
,
C
an
ad
a,
H
o
n
g
Ko
n
g
,
an
d
Sin
g
a
p
o
r
e
d
o
m
in
ate
w
ith
m
o
r
e
th
an
4
0
0
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
So
u
th
Ko
r
ea
.
T
h
e
ten
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ar
e
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
th
at
h
av
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
g
r
ea
tly
t
o
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
o
f
air
b
atter
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sear
ch
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
"a
ir
b
atter
ies" in
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
186
5
-
1
8
8
0
1870
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
P
u
b
licatio
n
s
"
air
b
att
er
y
"
(
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
)
: (
a
)
b
etwe
en
co
u
n
tr
ies
an
d
(
b
)
b
y
au
th
o
r
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
ai
n
li
m
it
ati
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
S
c
o
p
u
s
-
b
ase
d
b
ib
li
o
m
et
r
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
ti
al
b
ias
in
t
h
e
r
e
p
r
ese
n
t
ati
o
n
o
f
g
l
o
b
al
r
ese
a
r
ch
.
Sc
o
p
u
s
t
e
n
d
s
t
o
o
v
e
r
-
lis
t
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
p
u
b
lis
h
e
d
i
n
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
f
r
o
m
co
u
n
t
r
i
es
wit
h
w
id
er
a
ca
d
e
m
i
c
ac
ce
s
s
,
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
U
n
it
e
d
S
tat
es,
E
u
r
o
p
e,
a
n
d
C
h
i
n
a
.
As
a
r
e
s
u
lt
,
r
es
ea
r
c
h
f
r
o
m
d
e
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
co
u
n
t
r
ies
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
o
th
e
r
l
an
g
u
a
g
es
o
r
in
lo
c
al
jo
u
r
n
als
m
ay
b
e
u
n
d
er
-
r
e
p
r
ese
n
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
is
an
al
y
s
is
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
n
o
t
al
l
jo
u
r
n
als
a
r
e
o
p
e
n
ac
ce
s
s
,
s
o
s
tu
d
i
es
w
it
h
r
est
r
i
cte
d
ac
ce
s
s
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
f
u
ll
y
ca
p
t
u
r
ed
i
n
th
is
a
n
al
y
s
is
.
A
cc
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
[
1
7
]
,
wh
o
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
b
etwe
e
n
Sc
o
p
u
s
an
d
Dim
en
s
io
n
s
at
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
a
n
d
i
n
s
tit
u
t
io
n
l
ev
el
,
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
th
e
r
e
we
r
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
s
i
n
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
th
at
co
u
l
d
af
f
e
ct
b
i
b
l
io
m
e
tr
ic
an
al
y
s
is
an
d
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
ed
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
s
e
lec
ti
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
d
a
ta
b
as
es
t
o
av
o
i
d
b
ias
.
T
h
e
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
ad
d
i
n
g
a
d
d
iti
o
n
al
d
a
ta
b
ases
,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
l
e
,
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
d
ata
b
ases
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
wit
h
G
o
o
g
le
S
ch
o
l
ar
,
Dim
en
s
io
n
s
,
L
e
n
s
.
o
r
g
,
a
n
d
C
r
o
s
s
R
e
f
t
o
o
b
t
ai
n
a
wi
d
er
co
v
er
ag
e
o
f
r
ese
ar
c
h
f
r
o
m
d
e
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
.
T
h
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
als
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
t
o
e
n
c
o
u
r
ag
e
i
n
d
e
x
ati
o
n
o
f
l
o
ca
l
jo
u
r
n
als
o
n
Sco
p
u
s
o
r
t
h
e
W
eb
o
f
Sci
e
n
ce
t
o
b
e
g
l
o
b
al
ly
ac
ce
s
s
i
b
l
e.
B
r
ü
ck
[
1
8
]
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
th
e
l
ac
k
o
f
r
ep
r
ese
n
ta
ti
o
n
o
f
au
t
h
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
d
e
v
el
o
p
i
n
g
co
u
n
t
r
ies
i
n
le
a
d
i
n
g
j
o
u
r
n
als,
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
i
n
s
tit
u
t
io
n
s
i
n
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
co
u
n
t
r
ies
ar
e
m
o
r
e
li
k
el
y
to
b
e
co
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
t
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
s
o
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
c
an
r
ef
l
ec
t
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
i
ca
l
i
n
e
q
u
aliti
es
i
n
s
cie
n
tif
ic
p
u
b
lic
ati
o
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
i
ti
o
n
,
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
co
u
n
t
r
i
es
a
ls
o
h
a
v
e
li
m
it
ed
ac
ce
s
s
t
o
r
es
ea
r
c
h
f
u
n
d
s
an
d
i
n
te
r
n
at
io
n
al
co
l
la
b
o
r
ati
o
n
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
e
co
m
m
e
n
d
s
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
i
n
g
in
te
r
n
ati
o
n
a
l
c
o
l
la
b
o
r
ati
o
n
b
et
we
en
r
ese
ar
c
h
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
d
ev
el
o
p
i
n
g
co
u
n
t
r
ies
an
d
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
i
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
ed
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
s
o
th
at
m
o
r
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
ca
n
b
e
p
u
b
lis
h
e
d
i
n
r
e
p
u
ta
b
l
e
j
o
u
r
n
als
.
D
ev
el
o
p
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
a
ls
o
n
e
e
d
to
in
cr
e
ase
r
ese
ar
c
h
f
u
n
d
in
g
s
o
t
h
at
ac
a
d
e
m
i
cs
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
s
am
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
it
ies
f
o
r
p
u
b
li
c
ati
o
n
i
n
i
n
te
r
n
at
io
n
al
j
o
u
r
n
als
.
B
u
t
if
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
e
p
u
t
ab
le
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
is
li
m
i
te
d
,
r
es
ea
r
c
h
e
r
s
ca
n
p
u
b
lis
h
t
h
e
ir
r
es
ea
r
c
h
r
es
u
l
ts
o
n
Pr
ep
r
i
n
t
S
er
v
e
r
s
s
u
ch
as
ar
X
iv
,
SS
R
N,
o
r
R
es
ea
r
c
h
G
ate
t
o
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
v
is
i
b
i
lit
y
o
f
th
ei
r
r
es
ea
r
c
h
.
As
u
b
ia
r
o
et
a
l
.
[
1
9
]
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
te
d
t
h
e
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ta
ti
o
n
o
f
jo
u
r
n
als
in
th
e
W
eb
o
f
Sci
en
ce
a
n
d
S
c
o
p
u
s
b
y
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
r
eg
io
n
a
n
d
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
er
e
was
a
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
d
is
p
a
r
it
y
.
J
o
u
r
n
a
ls
f
r
o
m
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
es
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
th
a
n
d
e
v
el
o
p
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
in
d
i
c
ate
p
o
t
en
tial
b
ias
in
b
i
b
li
o
m
et
r
i
c
a
n
al
y
s
es
t
h
at
u
s
e
th
es
e
d
at
a.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
als
o
s
u
g
g
est
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
d
d
it
io
n
al
d
at
ab
a
s
es
,
as
in
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
B
ib
lio
metric v
is
u
a
liz
a
tio
n
o
f m
eta
l
-
a
ir
b
a
tter
y
r
esea
r
ch
tr
e
n
d
s
(
S
a
tr
ia
P
in
a
n
d
ita
)
1871
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
als
o
s
u
g
g
est
ed
t
h
a
t
b
i
b
l
io
m
e
tr
ic
a
n
a
ly
s
is
i
n
cl
u
d
e
r
ese
ar
c
h
in
m
u
lti
p
l
e
la
n
g
u
ag
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
r
es
ea
r
c
h
t
h
at
is
n
o
t
p
u
b
lis
h
e
d
in
E
n
g
lis
h
c
an
b
e
i
n
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
n
,
w
h
en
co
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
r
es
u
l
ts
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
d
ata
b
as
es,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
t
o
u
s
e
d
ata
n
o
r
m
a
liz
a
tio
n
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
ar
e
m
o
r
e
a
cc
u
r
at
e
a
n
d
d
o
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
e
f
le
ct
p
u
b
li
ca
ti
o
n
t
r
e
n
d
s
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
r
eg
io
n
o
r
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
o
n
ly
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
"a
ir
b
atte
r
y
"
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wh
en
r
ev
iew
ed
b
y
co
u
n
t
r
y
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
C
h
in
a
h
as
a
v
er
y
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
,
5
0
0
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
Un
ited
States
an
d
So
u
th
Ko
r
ea
.
J
u
d
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
wh
o
ar
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
lific
in
r
esear
ch
in
g
air
b
atter
ies
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
)
,
it sh
o
ws th
e
1
0
m
o
s
t r
esear
ch
er
s
in
air
b
atter
y
r
esear
ch
in
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t a
u
th
o
r
s
with
5
7
air
b
atter
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
wr
itten
b
y
Sh
ao
,
Z
.
;
Hu
,
W
.
as
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
au
t
h
o
r
with
5
5
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
;
an
d
Han
,
X.
as
th
e
th
ir
d
m
o
s
t
au
th
o
r
s
w
ith
4
5
air
b
atter
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Den
g
,
Y.
,
W
an
g
,
K.
,
C
h
en
,
Z
.
,
Sh
u
,
C
.
,
Kh
ea
wh
o
m
,
S.,
Z
h
an
g
,
J
.
,
an
d
Z
h
o
n
g
,
C
.
ar
e
n
ex
t
w
ith
≥
3
8
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
air
b
atter
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
w
o
r
ld
is
8
5
.
8
% in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
r
esear
ch
a
r
ticles,
9
.
9
%
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
r
ev
iew
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
t
h
e
r
est
in
o
th
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
c
o
n
f
er
en
ce
p
ap
e
r
s
,
b
o
o
k
c
h
ap
ter
s
,
a
n
d
s
o
o
n
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
.
J
u
d
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
t
h
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
t
h
at
co
n
tain
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
air
b
atte
r
ies
ar
e
in
m
ater
ial
s
cien
ce
(
2
3
%),
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
(
2
2
.
1
%)
,
ch
em
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
(
1
3
.
8
%
)
,
an
d
th
e
r
est ar
e
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
.
B
as
e
d
o
n
m
a
p
p
i
n
g
a
n
d
v
i
s
u
a
l
iz
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
r
e
l
a
ted
t
o
t
h
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
ai
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
es
a
n
d
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
a
i
r
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
w
h
o
r
a
i
s
e
d
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
ie
s
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
A
r
n
a
i
z
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
,
r
a
i
s
e
d
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
n
e
e
d
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
n
d
d
u
r
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
L
i
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
es
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
li
t
h
i
u
m
s
q
u
a
r
a
t
e
(
L
i
2
C
4
O
4
)
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
li
t
h
iu
m
-
i
o
n
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
s
.
M
a
r
a
n
g
o
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
,
L
e
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
,
a
n
d
T
a
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
il
i
c
o
n
-
c
o
r
e
-
c
a
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
e
s
s
y
n
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
l
i
q
u
i
d
s
al
t
-
b
a
s
e
d
r
i
c
e
h
u
s
k
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
l
i
f
e
L
i
-
io
n
.
R
o
d
r
i
g
u
e
s
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
,
W
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
,
W
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
,
C
u
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
,
a
n
d
Y
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
e
c
h
a
n
o
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
b
a
l
l
m
i
l
lin
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
a
s
a
n
a
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
L
i
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
.
W
h
i
l
e
K
i
m
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
M
o
O
2
/C
c
o
m
p
o
s
it
e
s
a
n
d
B
h
u
j
b
a
l
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
S
iO
/G
r
o
n
t
h
e
e
l
ec
t
r
o
d
e
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
a
n
d
c
y
c
l
e
s
t
a
b
i
li
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
a
n
o
d
e
o
f
g
r
ap
h
i
t
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
L
i
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
i
t
e
as
a
n
a
n
o
d
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
a
n
d
c
a
t
h
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
c
o
b
a
l
t
(
L
i
C
O
O
2
)
t
o
n
i
ck
e
l
t
o
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
a
n
d
u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
o
f
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
at
t
e
r
y
p
r
ic
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
[
3
1
]
-
[
3
4
]
.
G
u
a
n
et
a
l
.
[
3
5
]
a
l
s
o
o
f
f
e
r
a
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
t
o
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
o
f
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
s
h
o
r
t
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
y
c
l
e
l
i
f
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
c
o
a
t
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
o
n
c
a
th
o
d
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
wi
t
h
A
l
2
O
3
,
T
i
O
2
,
a
n
d
L
i
2
Si
O
3
.
W
h
i
l
e
C
h
i
k
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
6
]
o
f
f
e
r
th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
a
r
b
o
n
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
es
a
n
d
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
m
a
n
g
a
n
e
s
e
o
x
i
d
e
(
a
m
o
r
p
h
o
u
s
M
n
O
2
,
c
r
y
s
t
al
l
i
n
e
α
-
M
n
O
2
,
a
n
d
M
n
2
O
3
)
t
o
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
t
h
e
l
o
w
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
c
a
p
a
ci
t
y
a
n
d
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
c
h
a
r
g
e
c
y
c
l
e
s
o
f
L
i
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
ies
.
R
elate
d
to
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
a
n
d
th
eir
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ac
t,
Gar
cía
et
a
l
.
[
3
7
]
o
f
f
er
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
wate
r
-
b
ased
b
o
n
d
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
s
u
ch
as
Na
-
C
M
C
a
n
d
Na
-
alg
in
ate
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
an
o
d
e
elec
tr
o
d
es.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
Kaise
r
an
d
B
r
in
g
ez
u
[
3
8
]
d
a
n
Dar
m
an
s
y
a
h
et
a
l
.
[
3
9
]
o
f
f
e
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
io
test
b
atter
ies
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
o
f
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
m
etal
was
te
f
o
r
aq
u
atic
an
d
ter
r
estrial
ec
o
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
B
u
t
th
i
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
s
ti
ll
n
o
t
s
tr
o
n
g
to
im
p
lem
en
t
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
lack
o
f
test
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
ai
r
b
atter
ies
an
d
zin
c
-
io
n
b
att
er
ies
(
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
)
an
d
alu
m
in
iu
m
-
air
b
atter
ies
(
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
)
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
th
e
r
esear
c
h
tr
en
d
as
m
u
c
h
as
it
d
is
cu
s
s
es
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
ca
taly
s
ts
in
b
atter
ies,
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
in
th
o
s
e
b
atter
ies.
Hy
d
r
ated
zin
c
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
ar
e
also
in
s
ep
ar
ab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
p
o
tlig
h
t
in
air
b
atter
y
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
w
o
r
ld
.
L
u
et
a
l
.
[
4
0
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
lo
w
air
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
c
y
cle
s
tab
i
lity
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
n
ew
o
r
g
an
i
c
ca
th
o
d
e
m
ater
ial
s
u
ch
as
(
1
H
-
1
,
2
,
4
-
tr
iazo
lil)
h
ex
aa
za
tr
ip
h
e
n
y
len
ec
ar
b
o
x
y
tr
iim
id
e
(TTA
-
HAT
T
I
)
,
wh
ich
is
ab
le
to
s
to
r
e
Z
n
2
+
an
d
H+
an
d
ca
n
b
e
o
x
id
ize
d
b
y
O2
f
r
o
m
th
e
air
.
T
h
is
m
ate
r
ial
allo
ws
th
e
AZ
I
B
to
b
e
r
ec
h
ar
g
ed
with
air
with
o
u
t
an
e
x
ter
n
al
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
.
W
h
ile
L
u
et
a
l
.
[
4
1
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
lo
w
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
p
o
o
r
cy
cle
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
lo
w
d
e
p
th
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
i
n
r
ec
h
ar
g
ea
b
le
Z
n
-
wate
r
b
atter
i
es
ca
n
b
e
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
b
y
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ef
f
icien
t
b
if
u
n
ctio
n
al
ca
taly
s
ts
f
o
r
o
x
y
g
e
n
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
(
OR
R
)
an
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
ev
o
lu
tio
n
(
OE
R
)
r
ea
c
tio
n
s
,
as
well
as
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
zin
c
an
o
d
e
s
tab
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
te
r
f
ac
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
h
eter
o
ato
m
ic
d
o
p
in
g
,
a
n
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
io
n
f
ilter
lay
er
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
id
e
r
ea
ctio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
.
Ma
g
n
esiu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
r
ese
ar
ch
ed
i
n
r
esear
c
h
Su
n
et
a
l
.
[
4
2
]
,
Su
n
et
a
l
.
[
4
3
]
,
C
h
ai
et
a
l
.
[
4
4
]
,
a
n
d
Din
g
et
a
l
.
[
4
5
]
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
Seco
n
d
ar
y
b
atter
ies
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
r
o
m
zin
c
-
wate
r
an
d
alu
m
in
u
m
-
air
b
atte
r
ies
ar
e
also
in
th
e
s
p
o
tlig
h
t.
Fan
et
a
l
.
[
4
6
]
,
L
in
et
a
l
.
[
4
7
]
,
Me
n
g
et
a
l
.
[
4
8
]
,
an
d
Sh
ah
za
d
a
n
d
C
h
ee
m
a
[
4
9
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
d
e
n
d
r
ite
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
zin
c
a
n
o
d
es
th
at
ca
u
s
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
its
,
s
id
e
r
ea
ctio
n
s
(
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
ev
o
lu
tio
n
)
,
an
d
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
th
at
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
cy
cle.
Me
an
wh
ile,
t
h
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
alu
m
in
u
m
-
ai
r
b
atter
ies
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
C
h
en
et
a
l
.
[
5
0
]
an
d
Sh
en
g
et
a
l
.
[
5
1
]
w
h
ich
d
ev
elo
p
s
an
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
el
o
f
an
alu
m
in
u
m
-
air
b
atter
y
th
at
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
to
o
b
tain
th
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
SOC
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ately
.
An
o
th
er
ty
p
e
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
b
atter
y
th
at
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
to
p
ic
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
is
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
s
o
d
iu
m
-
m
etal
b
atter
y
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
Z
h
a
o
et
a
l
.
[
5
2
]
an
d
H
u
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
5
3
]
,
an
d
s
o
d
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
ies d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
by
Pin
jar
i
et
a
l
.
[
5
4
]
an
d
Ku
ai
et
a
l
.
[
5
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
186
5
-
1
8
8
0
1872
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Pu
b
licatio
n
"
air
b
att
er
y
"
b
y
ty
p
e
a
n
d
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
:
(
a)
p
u
b
licatio
n
ty
p
e
an
d
(
b
)
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Vis
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
b
atter
ies in
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
: (
a)
air
b
atter
ies an
d
Z
n
-
air
b
atter
ies
an
d
(
b
)
air
b
atter
ies an
d
alu
m
i
n
u
m
-
air
b
atter
ies
3.
3.
Resea
rc
h t
re
nd
s
a
nd
pu
bli
ca
t
io
n dis
t
rib
utio
n o
f
a
ir
ba
t
t
er
ies a
nd
f
ly
a
s
h
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
o
f
air
b
att
er
ies
an
d
f
ly
ash
in
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
b
etwe
en
co
u
n
tr
ies
(
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
)
,
air
b
atter
y
an
d
f
ly
ash
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ar
e
d
o
m
in
ate
d
b
y
C
h
in
a
,
with
3
7
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
4
.
I
n
d
ia
an
d
th
e
Un
ited
States
d
o
m
in
ate
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
with
1
5
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ea
ch
.
I
n
d
o
n
esia
d
o
m
in
ates
in
th
ir
d
p
lace
with
1
2
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
J
ap
an
r
an
k
s
f
o
u
r
th
with
1
1
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Po
r
tu
g
al,
So
u
th
Ko
r
ea
,
T
aiwa
n
,
T
u
r
k
ey
,
an
d
Ger
m
a
n
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
5
-
8
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ten
co
u
n
tr
ies
m
en
tio
n
ed
ar
e
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
t
h
at
h
av
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
ted
g
r
ea
tly
to
air
b
atter
y
a
n
d
f
ly
ash
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
in
2019
-
2
0
2
3
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
ar
e
lik
ely
to
m
ak
e
C
h
in
a
h
av
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
b
ec
au
s
e
C
h
in
a
h
as
im
p
lem
en
ted
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
p
o
licies
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
clea
n
en
er
g
y
an
d
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
n
atio
n
al
in
itiativ
es,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
"
m
ad
e
i
n
C
h
in
a
2
0
2
5
"
a
n
d
"
d
u
al
ca
r
b
o
n
g
o
als
"
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
in
v
estme
n
t
in
b
atter
y
r
esear
c
h
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
C
h
in
a.
As
ex
p
lain
ed
in
th
e
"Gu
id
e
to
C
h
in
ese
C
lim
ate
Po
l
icy
2
0
2
2
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
1
:
C
lean
E
n
er
g
y
R
&
D"
th
at
th
e
C
h
in
ese
Go
v
er
n
m
en
t
h
as
s
p
en
t
$
4
-
6
b
illi
o
n
an
n
u
ally
o
n
clea
n
en
er
g
y
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
(
R
&
D)
.
T
h
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
E
n
e
r
g
y
A
g
e
n
cy
(
I
E
A)
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
e
n
er
g
y
p
aten
ts
in
C
h
in
a
h
av
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
d
r
asti
ca
lly
ev
er
y
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
s
in
ce
2
0
0
0
,
o
n
e
o
f
wh
ich
is
lo
w
-
ca
r
b
o
n
en
er
g
y
p
aten
ts
in
b
atter
y
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
[
5
6
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
l
a
r
g
e
s
u
b
s
i
d
i
es
t
o
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
s
t
itu
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
o
f
n
e
w
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
C
h
i
n
a
a
ls
o
h
a
s
a
h
i
g
h
l
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
e
c
o
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
u
c
h
as
C
A
T
L
a
n
d
VY
D
l
ea
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
a
y
i
n
t
h
e
g
l
o
b
a
l
b
a
t
te
r
y
m
a
r
k
e
t
,
s
o
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
i
s
cl
o
s
el
y
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
n
g
w
it
h
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
cs
o
n
n
e
w
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
r
ese
a
r
c
h
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
t
il
i
z
at
i
o
n
o
f
f
l
y
a
s
h
a
s
a
n
al
t
e
r
n
a
ti
v
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
.
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
es
a
n
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
s
t
it
u
t
e
s
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
a
r
e
a
l
s
o
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
h
a
v
e
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
c
c
es
s
to
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
f
a
c
i
l
i
ti
e
s
t
h
a
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
C
h
i
n
a
h
a
s
d
o
m
i
n
a
t
e
d
t
h
e
g
l
o
b
a
l
L
i
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
a
n
d
i
s
p
r
o
je
c
t
e
d
t
o
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
t
h
at
p
o
s
i
ti
o
n
o
f
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
c
e
u
n
t
i
l
2
0
5
0
.
C
h
i
n
a
h
a
s
s
p
e
n
t
d
e
c
a
d
e
s
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
d
o
m
e
s
t
i
c
i
n
f
r
as
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
s
u
c
h
a
s
i
ts
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
f
a
c
i
l
i
ti
es
,
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
m
i
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
ie
s
.
E
v
e
n
t
o
b
e
a
b
l
e
t
o
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
w
i
t
h
C
h
i
n
a
,
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
es
i
n
t
h
e
U
S
a
n
d
E
U
a
r
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
ie
s
b
as
e
d
o
n
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
b
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
a
t
c
e
r
ta
i
n
le
v
e
l
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
,
s
u
c
h
as
b
at
t
e
r
y
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
a
n
o
d
e
s
[
5
7
]
.
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
g
i
an
t
C
A
T
L
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
B
ib
lio
metric v
is
u
a
liz
a
tio
n
o
f m
eta
l
-
a
ir
b
a
tter
y
r
esea
r
ch
tr
e
n
d
s
(
S
a
tr
ia
P
in
a
n
d
ita
)
1873
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
b
a
t
te
r
y
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
er
s
a
r
e
a
ct
i
v
e
i
n
E
u
r
o
p
e
,
w
h
e
r
e
C
h
i
n
es
e
,
J
a
p
a
n
es
e
,
an
d
K
o
r
e
a
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
e
d
f
o
r
n
e
a
r
l
y
h
a
l
f
o
f
t
h
e
p
l
a
n
n
e
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
ci
t
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
2
0
3
0
[
5
8
]
.
C
h
i
n
a'
s
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
c
e
i
n
"
ai
r
b
a
t
te
r
i
e
s
"
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
s
t
a
te
wi
l
l
p
l
a
y
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
r
o
le
i
n
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
i
za
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
e
ta
l
-
a
i
r
b
at
t
e
r
y
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
I
f
t
h
i
s
t
r
e
n
d
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
s
,
m
a
t
e
r
ia
l
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
,
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
a
n
d
e
v
e
n
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
p
o
l
ic
i
es
a
r
e
l
i
k
el
y
t
o
b
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
d
b
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
r
e
s
u
l
ts
f
r
o
m
C
h
i
n
a.
T
h
i
s
w
il
l
o
f
c
o
u
r
s
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
il
i
t
y
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
g
l
o
b
a
l
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
w
i
l
l
b
e
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
.
As
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
[
5
9
]
t
h
a
t
it
is
a
f
a
c
t
t
h
a
t
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
s
c
i
e
n
ti
s
t
s
a
r
e
at
t
h
e
f
o
r
e
f
r
o
n
t
as
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
l
i
f
i
c
w
r
i
t
e
r
s
.
T
h
is
i
s
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
b
e
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
f
u
l
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
C
h
i
n
es
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
s
ci
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
,
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
[
6
0
]
,
t
h
e
l
a
c
k
o
f
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
d
e
v
el
o
p
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
i
s
d
u
e
t
o
s
h
o
r
t
a
g
e
s
i
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
k
i
l
ls
,
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
il
ls
,
s
ci
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
,
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
g
r
a
n
t
s
.
B
u
t
i
t
is
li
k
e
l
y
t
h
a
t
s
u
c
h
a
l
a
c
k
o
f
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
is
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
a
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
o
f
e
x
c
l
u
s
i
v
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
li
ca
ti
o
n
s
o
n
a
ir
b
at
te
r
ies
a
n
d
f
l
y
as
h
i
n
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
ei
r
af
f
il
iati
o
n
(
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
)
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
I
n
d
o
n
esia
is
r
a
n
k
e
d
f
i
r
s
t
,
r
e
p
r
ese
n
t
ed
b
y
S
eb
elas
M
ar
et
U
n
i
v
er
s
it
y
wit
h
7
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
p
o
s
i
ti
o
n
i
s
o
c
c
u
p
i
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
M
i
n
i
s
t
r
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
e
o
p
l
e'
s
R
e
p
u
b
l
ic
o
f
C
h
i
n
a
w
it
h
5
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
f
o
l
l
o
w
e
d
b
y
Z
h
e
n
g
z
h
o
u
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
it
y
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
d
a
d
e
d
e
C
o
i
m
b
r
a
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
id
a
d
e
d
e
A
v
e
i
r
o
,
A
J
a
m
e
s
C
la
r
k
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
C
o
im
b
r
a
w
i
t
h
4
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
ac
h
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
i
l
e
,
t
h
e
b
o
t
t
o
m
t
h
r
e
e
a
r
e
o
c
c
u
p
i
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
C
e
n
t
r
al
M
e
t
al
l
u
r
g
i
c
al
R
es
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
I
n
s
t
it
u
t
e
,
t
h
e
T
e
c
h
n
i
ca
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
it
y
o
f
D
e
n
m
a
r
k
,
a
n
d
Ne
w
Y
o
r
k
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
w
h
ic
h
e
a
ch
h
a
s
3
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
a
i
r
b
a
t
te
r
i
e
s
.
Seb
elas
Ma
r
et
Un
iv
er
s
ity
h
as
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
r
esear
ch
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
m
ater
ials
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
ce
n
ter
s
th
at
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
waste
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
ly
ash
in
clea
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
co
m
p
an
ies
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
an
d
m
ater
ials
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
also
allo
ws
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
r
esear
ch
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ap
p
licab
le
an
d
o
r
ien
ted
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Seb
elas M
ar
et
Un
iv
er
s
ity
is
ac
tiv
ely
r
esear
c
h
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
ly
ash
as a
n
alter
n
ativ
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
m
ater
ial.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
w
i
th
th
e
n
atio
n
al
p
o
licy
in
r
e
d
u
cin
g
co
al
in
d
u
s
tr
y
waste
an
d
p
o
u
r
in
g
m
o
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
l
y
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
with
lo
ca
l
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
Seb
elas
Ma
r
e
t
Un
iv
er
s
ity
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
lific
in
s
titu
tio
n
in
r
esear
ch
o
n
air
b
atter
ies
an
d
f
ly
ash
,
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
also
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia
an
d
th
e
B
an
d
u
n
g
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
s
h
o
wn
b
y
Seb
elas
Ma
r
et
Un
iv
er
s
ity
m
ay
h
av
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
'
s
r
o
le
as a
n
in
n
o
v
atio
n
ce
n
ter
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
waste
-
b
ased
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
Seb
elas
Ma
r
et
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
(
I
n
d
o
n
esia)
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
air
b
atter
y
an
d
f
ly
ash
r
esear
ch
,
w
h
ile
C
h
in
a
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
r
esear
ch
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
b
et
wee
n
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
in
th
e
Un
ite
d
States
an
d
E
u
r
o
p
e
f
o
cu
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
asp
ec
ts
o
f
m
at
er
ials
s
cien
ce
an
d
elec
tr
o
d
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
,
co
u
n
tr
ies
with
s
tr
o
n
g
b
atter
y
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
s
u
ch
as
C
h
in
a
an
d
So
u
th
Ko
r
ea
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
r
esear
ch
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
ile
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
f
o
cu
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
asp
ec
ts
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
in
ter
n
atio
n
a
l
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
is
lik
ely
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e,
s
ev
er
al
o
b
s
tacle
s
ar
e
lik
ely
to
o
cc
u
r
in
t
h
is
g
lo
b
al
r
esear
ch
co
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
n
es
ar
e
lim
ited
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ata
an
d
r
esear
c
h
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
i
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
an
d
r
e
g
u
latio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
f
ly
waste.
I
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
o
p
er
atio
n
in
air
-
b
atter
y
an
d
f
ly
ash
r
esear
ch
ca
n
b
e
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
r
e
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
g
lo
b
al
f
u
n
d
in
g
s
ch
em
es
an
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
c
o
al
in
d
u
s
tr
y
waste
as a
n
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
m
ater
ial.
J
u
d
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
wh
o
ar
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
lific
r
esear
ch
i
n
g
air
b
atter
ies
an
d
f
ly
ash
(
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
c)
)
,
it
s
h
o
ws
th
e
to
p
1
0
r
esear
ch
er
s
i
n
air
b
atter
y
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
to
p
au
th
o
r
with
5
air
b
atter
y
p
u
b
l
icatio
n
s
is
wr
itten
b
y
Pu
r
wan
to
.
Ay
d
ilek
,
B
an
d
a
r
r
a,
J
u
m
ar
i,
Ma
r
tin
s
,
Per
eir
a,
an
d
Qu
in
a
as
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
o
s
t
au
th
o
r
s
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
as
m
a
n
y
as
4
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
Ab
d
el
Az
iz,
Ab
o
u
E
l
-
Kh
air
,
an
d
Dao
u
d
ar
e
r
an
k
ed
th
ir
d
o
r
lo
west
with
3
air
b
atter
y
p
u
b
l
icatio
n
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e,
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ai
r
b
atter
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
is
5
5
.
4
%
in
t
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles,
1
9
%
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
r
e
v
iew
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
th
e
r
est
in
o
th
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
co
n
f
er
en
ce
p
ap
er
s
1
3
.
3
%,
b
o
o
k
ch
ap
te
r
s
2
.
6
%,
an
d
s
o
o
n
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
.
J
u
d
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
th
at
co
n
tain
th
e
m
o
s
t
air
b
atter
i
es
ar
e
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
(
2
0
.
9
%),
m
ater
ial
s
cien
ce
(
1
8
%),
c
h
e
m
is
tr
y
(
2
2
.
1
%)
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
s
cien
ce
(
1
5
.
8
%)
,
an
d
th
e
r
est ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
.
Key
wo
r
d
m
ap
p
in
g
a
n
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
e
v
er
al
m
ain
clu
s
ter
s
in
air
b
atte
r
y
an
d
f
ly
ash
r
esear
ch
.
Ho
wev
er
,
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ef
lect
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
r
esear
ch
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ev
alu
ated
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ea
ch
clu
s
ter
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
k
e
y
wo
r
d
o
c
cu
r
r
en
ce
an
d
th
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
to
o
th
er
to
p
ics
to
id
en
tify
em
er
g
in
g
s
u
b
-
ar
ea
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
A
g
en
er
al
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
b
atter
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
(
Fig
u
r
e
9
)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
an
y
asp
ec
ts
wer
e
r
ev
i
ewe
d
b
y
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
in
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
.
I
f
elab
o
r
ated
f
u
r
th
er
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
b
atter
y
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
ar
e
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
t
o
f
ly
ash
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
waste,
b
atter
y
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
elec
tr
o
d
es,
a
n
d
s
o
o
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
b
atter
ies
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
b
y
lo
o
k
in
g
at
its
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
,
ad
v
an
tag
es,
an
d
p
o
ten
ti
al
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
I
f
d
escr
ib
ed
s
ep
ar
ately
,
t
h
e
tr
en
d
o
f
f
l
y
ash
r
esear
ch
i
n
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
,
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
f
ly
ash
an
d
its
in
f
lu
en
ce
,
th
e
co
m
p
r
es
s
iv
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
f
ly
ash
,
a
n
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
l
y
ash
in
to
c
o
n
cr
ete.
I
n
f
ly
ash
b
atter
ies,
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
v
alu
e
m
ater
ials
s
u
c
h
as
s
ilico
n
(
Si)
f
o
r
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
y
an
o
d
es
as
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
186
5
-
1
8
8
0
1874
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
waste
tr
ea
tm
en
t
,
as
in
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
[
6
1
]
,
[
6
2
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
f
l
y
ash
is
also
u
s
ed
as
th
e
m
ain
m
ater
ial
o
f
g
eo
p
o
ly
m
e
r
ce
m
en
t,
s
ilica
ae
r
o
g
el,
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
es,
an
d
r
a
d
io
ac
tiv
e
is
o
to
p
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
wh
ic
h
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
t
h
r
ea
t
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
to
x
ic
co
n
ten
t
o
f
f
l
y
ash
waste
an
d
to
r
e
d
u
ce
C
O2
em
is
s
io
n
s
as in
r
esear
ch
Go
llak
o
ta
et
a
l
.
[
6
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
ly
ash
in
b
atter
ies
in
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
h
as
b
eg
u
n
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
wo
r
l
d
.
I
n
air
b
atter
ies,
f
ly
ash
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
-
v
alu
e
m
ater
ials
s
u
ch
as
s
ilico
n
(
Si)
f
o
r
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
y
an
o
d
es
as
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
waste
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
as
in
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
[
6
1
]
,
[
6
2
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
ly
ash
is
also
u
s
ed
as
th
e
m
ain
m
ate
r
ial
o
f
g
eo
p
o
ly
m
er
ce
m
en
t,
s
ilica
ae
r
o
g
el,
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
es,
a
n
d
r
ad
i
o
ac
tiv
e
is
o
to
p
e
s
ep
a
r
atio
n
wh
ich
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
th
r
ea
t
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
to
x
i
c
co
n
ten
t
o
f
f
l
y
ash
waste
a
n
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
C
O2
em
is
s
io
n
s
as in
r
esear
ch
by
G
o
llak
o
ta
et
a
l
.
[
6
3
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
"a
ir
b
atter
y
a
n
d
f
ly
ash
"
in
2
0
1
9
-
2
0
2
3
: (
a
)
b
etwe
en
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies
,
(
b
)
b
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
af
f
iliatio
n
,
an
d
(
c)
b
ased
o
n
r
esear
ch
er
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.