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Intellig
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K
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s
:
ANN
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
C
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in
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MPPT
Ph
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tem
Sli
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ab
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Pro
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f
r
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h
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h
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tr
en
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h
ig
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s
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is
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en
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eq
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o
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p
r
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ar
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p
ar
t
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ly
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s
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ch
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im
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o
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allen
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m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t tr
ac
k
in
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(
MPPT)
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
o
p
tim
ize
en
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ca
p
tu
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d
en
h
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o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
]
-
[
4
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
a
v
ar
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o
f
M
PP
T
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
5
]
-
[
8
]
.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
p
er
tu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
[
6
]
a
n
d
in
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
(
I
C
)
[
3
]
ar
e
wid
el
y
r
en
o
wn
ed
f
o
r
th
eir
s
im
p
licity
,
lo
w
co
s
t,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
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ess
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
u
n
lig
h
t
an
d
tem
p
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co
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d
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n
s
.
T
h
e
p
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tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
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v
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(
P&
O)
m
eth
o
d
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
p
r
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r
r
ed
in
ar
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a
s
with
co
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s
tan
t
s
o
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ir
r
ad
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an
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m
in
im
al
en
v
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o
n
m
en
tal
v
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r
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s
.
Ho
wev
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,
it
f
ac
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s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
c
h
allen
g
es
wh
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d
ea
lin
g
with
r
ap
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
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co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
7
]
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
lo
wer
r
esp
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n
s
e
tim
es,
p
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s
is
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t o
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cillatio
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s
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
ax
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u
m
p
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in
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an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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N:
2088
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8
6
9
4
I
n
tellig
en
t MP
P
T sys
tem
imp
r
o
ve
d
w
ith
s
lid
in
g
mo
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
S
a
id
Da
n
i
)
1927
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
wh
ich
ca
n
lim
it
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
ese
is
s
u
es
ar
e
esp
ec
i
ally
cr
itical
in
ar
ea
s
with
r
ap
id
ly
ch
a
n
g
in
g
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as tr
o
p
ical
o
r
m
o
u
n
tain
o
u
s
r
eg
i
o
n
s
[
9
]
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
(
FLC),
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
4
]
,
g
e
n
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
(
GA)
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
W
h
en
d
ea
li
n
g
with
co
m
p
lex
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
f
er
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
ef
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icien
c
y
.
FLC
-
b
ased
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
im
p
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v
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
es
an
d
m
itig
ate
o
s
cillatio
n
s
[
1
0
]
,
wh
ile
GA
p
r
o
v
es
h
ig
h
ly
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f
ec
tiv
e
in
lo
ca
tin
g
t
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e
g
lo
b
al
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
u
n
d
e
r
p
ar
tial sh
ad
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
[
1
7
]
.
Ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
wi
d
ely
s
tu
d
ied
in
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
1
]
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
ANN
-
b
ased
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
u
s
e
R
B
FN
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
f
o
r
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
PV
ar
r
ay
s
,
in
te
g
r
ate
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
r
esp
o
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s
e
tim
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d
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ilit
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o
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s
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f
ield
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o
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ted
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o
l t
o
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p
tim
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ze
th
e
f
r
eq
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o
f
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in
v
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s
ig
n
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tl
y
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
n
eu
r
a
l
n
etwo
r
k
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
e
en
u
s
ed
in
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
PV
p
u
m
p
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
o
f
u
r
t
h
er
e
n
h
a
n
ce
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
s
l
i
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
le
r
s
(
S
MCs
)
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
el
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
th
e
lit
er
at
u
r
e
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
7
]
-
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
es
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
le
r
s
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
t
ab
le
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
b
y
m
ai
n
ta
in
in
g
a
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
at
t
h
e
lo
a
d
,
ev
en
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ta
l
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
,
t
h
u
s
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
a
n
d
p
r
ec
is
i
o
n
.
A
m
a
in
co
n
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
t
r
a
ck
i
n
g
(
MPP
T
)
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
s
li
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
S
MC)
wit
h
a
r
ti
f
i
cia
l
n
eu
r
a
l
n
etw
o
r
k
s
(
ANN
)
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
S
MC
u
s
u
all
y
s
u
f
f
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
c
h
att
e
r
i
n
g
is
s
u
es
,
t
h
is
li
m
i
tati
o
n
h
as
b
e
e
n
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
es
u
lts
i
n
s
m
o
o
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
i
g
n
als
,
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
t
ab
ili
ty
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
a
n
d
e
f
f
ici
en
t
MPPT
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e.
Si
m
u
la
ti
o
n
r
es
u
lts
a
r
e
u
s
e
d
to
e
v
al
u
at
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
est
e
d
m
et
h
o
d
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
t
h
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
to
t
h
e
s
t
an
d
ar
d
P&
O
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
a
n
d
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
ANN
-
P
I
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
n
d
e
r
d
iv
e
r
s
e
i
r
r
a
d
ia
n
ce
a
n
d
t
em
p
er
at
u
r
e
s
ce
n
a
r
i
o
s
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
as
f
o
ll
o
ws:
Sectio
n
2
d
ea
ls
with
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
a
n
d
th
e
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
ANN
an
d
its
r
o
le
in
g
en
er
atin
g
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
e.
Sectio
n
4
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
to
d
es
ig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
th
e
s
lid
in
g
-
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
h
o
w
it
r
e
d
u
ce
s
ch
atter
in
g
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
r
es
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Sectio
n
5
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
c
o
n
tex
t,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
v
er
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
an
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
C
o
n
clu
d
in
g
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
Sectio
n
6
p
r
o
p
o
s
es p
o
ten
tial a
v
en
u
es f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
.
2.
SYST
E
M
M
O
D
E
L
I
NG
2
.
1
.
P
ho
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
m
o
del
So
lar
ce
lls
ar
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ices
th
at
g
e
n
er
ate
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
wh
en
s
u
n
lig
h
t
h
its
th
eir
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
it,
k
n
o
wn
as
t
h
e
o
n
e
-
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el,
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
a
s
in
g
le
d
io
d
e,
a
n
d
two
r
esis
to
r
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
[
2
3
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
c
an
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
law
o
f
Kir
c
h
h
o
f
f
,
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
)
.
=
ℎ
−
−
ℎ
=
ℎ
−
−
+
.
ℎ
(
1
)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
Sh
o
c
k
ley
eq
u
atio
n
,
th
e
d
io
d
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
2
)
.
=
0
(
(
(
+
.
)
)
−
1
)
(
2
)
wh
er
e
0
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
ev
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
B
o
ltzm
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
elem
en
tar
y
ch
a
r
g
e,
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
p
-
n
j
u
n
ctio
n
,
a
n
d
in
d
icate
s
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
I
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
PV
ce
ll
m
o
d
el
m
ay
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
s
u
b
s
u
m
in
g
(
2
)
in
to
(
1
)
,
as d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
b
e
lo
w
.
In
(
3
)
in
d
icate
s
h
o
w
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
af
f
ec
t th
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t
ℎ
.
=
ℎ
−
(
(
(
+
.
)
)
−
1
)
−
+
.
ℎ
(
3
)
=
[
+
(
−
298
)
.
1000
(
4
)
W
h
er
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
,
is
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
at
25
°C
an
d
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
,
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
.
A
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
is
g
e
n
er
ally
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
s
ev
er
al
PV
ce
lls
ar
r
an
g
ed
in
s
er
ies
o
r
p
ar
allel
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
m
o
d
u
le
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
PV
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
ar
allel
an
d
PV
ce
lls
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
192
6
-
1
9
3
8
1928
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
I
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
e
d
as
(
5
)
an
d
(
6
)
.
=
.
(
5
)
=
.
(
6
)
W
e
o
b
tain
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le'
s
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t b
y
s
u
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
5
)
a
n
d
(
6
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t
o
(
3
)
.
=
.
ℎ
−
.
0
(
(
(
+
.
)
)
−
1
)
−
.
+
.
ℎ
(
7
)
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ar
r
a
y
d
escr
i
b
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
e
r
ca
n
g
e
n
er
ate
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
1
0
0
.
8
k
W
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
STC).
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
6
4
s
tr
in
g
s
,
ea
ch
co
n
tain
in
g
5
m
o
d
u
les co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies,
with
ea
ch
m
o
d
u
le
h
a
v
in
g
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
3
1
5
.
0
7
3
W
.
T
h
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
is
ca
lcu
lated
as
f
o
llo
ws:
64
×
5
×
315
.
072
=
100
.
8
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
Su
n
Po
wer
SPR
-
305E
-
W
HT
-
D
m
o
d
u
le
u
n
d
er
STC
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ar
r
ay
,
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
5
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
u
les
an
d
6
4
p
ar
allel
s
tr
in
g
s
,
ar
e
il
lu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
es
2
an
d
3
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
I
-
V
a
n
d
P
-
V
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r
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es
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n
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er
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ar
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ir
r
ad
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d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
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n
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itio
n
s
,
r
esp
ec
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ely
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Su
n
Po
wer
SP
R
-
305E
-
W
HT
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m
o
d
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le
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ar
am
eter
s
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n
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er
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P
a
r
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me
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e
r
V
a
l
u
e
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
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e
r
P
m
pp
3
1
5
.
0
7
3
W
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
t
I
m
pp
5
.
7
6
A
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
t
V
m
pp
5
4
.
7
V
S
h
o
r
t
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
I
sc
6
.
1
4
A
O
p
e
n
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
oc
6
4
.
6
V
N
o
.
o
f
c
e
l
l
s
p
e
r
m
o
d
u
l
e
96
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t e
lectr
ical
cir
cu
it o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
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tics
o
f
t
h
e
PV a
r
r
ay
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
lev
els at
T
=
2
5
°C
in
(
a)
I
-
V
ch
a
r
ac
ter
i
s
tic
an
d
(
b
)
P
-
V
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
tellig
en
t MP
P
T sys
tem
imp
r
o
ve
d
w
ith
s
lid
in
g
mo
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
S
a
id
Da
n
i
)
1929
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
I
-
V
an
d
P
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
t
h
e
PV a
r
r
ay
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
at
G
=
1
0
0
0
W
/m
2
in
(
a)
I
-
V
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
an
d
(
b
)
P
-
V
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tic
2
.
2
.
B
o
o
s
t
c
o
nv
er
t
er
m
o
de
l
ing
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
ed
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
B
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
d
er
i
v
ed
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
b
asic
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
d
iag
r
am
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
8
)
-
(
1
0
)
.
{
̇
1
=
1
−
2
1
̇
2
=
1
−
(
1
−
)
3
̇
3
=
−
3
2
+
(
1
−
)
2
2
(
8
)
(
9
)
(
1
0
)
W
h
er
e
=
[
1
2
3
]
=
[
0
]
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
is
p
o
wer
e
d
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
,
is
s
u
b
ject
to
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
ch
an
g
in
g
we
ath
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
ted
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
tr
ac
k
s
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
ar
r
a
y
.
T
h
e
ele
ctr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
a
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
ch
e
m
atic
T
ab
le
2
.
Ma
in
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
I
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
L
5
mH
I
n
p
u
t
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
1
1
mF
O
u
t
p
u
t
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
C
2
5
mF
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
f
5
K
H
z
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
192
6
-
1
9
3
8
1930
3.
CO
NT
RO
L
O
F
T
H
E
SYS
T
E
M
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
h
y
b
r
id
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
co
m
b
in
in
g
ANN
an
d
SMC
to
en
h
an
ce
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
ANN
p
r
ed
icts
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
ref
)
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
b
y
an
aly
zin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
i
atio
n
s
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
SMC
ca
lcu
lates th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
(
u
)
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
V
re
f
with
th
e
ac
tu
al
PV
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
pv
).
T
h
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
is
th
en
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M
)
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
’
s
s
witch
in
g
(
Q
)
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
V
pv
tr
ac
k
s
V
ref
an
d
ac
h
iev
es
MPP.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
in
c
r
ea
s
es
th
e
PV
p
an
el
v
o
ltag
e
u
s
in
g
an
in
d
u
ctan
ce
(
L
1
)
,
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
C
1
an
d
C
2
)
,
an
d
d
i
o
d
es,
co
o
r
d
i
n
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
witch
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
A
r
esis
tiv
e
lo
ad
was selec
ted
to
s
im
p
lify
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
at
e
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
co
r
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
3
.
1
.
G
ener
a
t
io
n o
f
r
ef
er
ence
by
neura
l net
wo
rk
s
M
P
P
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ANN
p
r
e
d
icted
th
e
MPP
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ar
r
ay
.
A
f
ee
d
f
o
r
war
d
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
th
r
ee
l
ay
er
s
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
r
ec
eiv
es
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iat
io
n
as
in
p
u
ts
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
em
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
id
d
en
lay
er
s
,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
ref
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
SMC
.
a)
I
n
p
u
t la
y
e
r
:
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
n
eu
r
o
n
s
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
1
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
2
.
E
ac
h
in
p
u
t
n
eu
r
o
n
h
as
a
b
ias
ter
m
,
d
en
o
ted
as 1
.
b)
Hid
d
en
lay
er
T
h
e
n
et
in
p
u
t to
a
h
id
d
en
n
eu
r
o
n
is
g
iv
en
b
y
:
=
∑
2
=
1
+
(
1
1
)
W
h
er
e
ar
e
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
s
ig
n
als
(
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
1
an
d
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
2
)
;
ar
e
th
e
weig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
n
eu
r
o
n
s
to
th
e
h
id
d
en
n
eu
r
o
n
;
an
d
is
th
e
b
ias
ter
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
h
id
d
en
n
e
u
r
o
n
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
h
id
d
e
n
n
eu
r
o
n
af
ter
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
s
ig
m
o
i
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
σ
)
is
(
1
2
)
.
ℎ
= σ
(
)
=
1
1
+
−
(
1
2
)
c)
Ou
tp
u
t la
y
er
:
T
h
e
n
et
in
p
u
t to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t n
e
u
r
o
n
k
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
3
)
.
=
∑
=
1
ℎ
+
(
13)
W
h
er
e
ℎ
ar
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
id
d
en
n
eu
r
o
n
s
;
ar
e
th
e
weig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
id
d
en
n
e
u
r
o
n
s
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
n
eu
r
o
n
k
;
is
th
e
b
ias
ter
m
f
o
r
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
n
e
u
r
o
n
k
;
an
d
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
wh
ich
is
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
at
th
e
MPP is
(
1
4
)
.
=
=
(
1
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
tellig
en
t MP
P
T sys
tem
imp
r
o
ve
d
w
ith
s
lid
in
g
mo
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
S
a
id
Da
n
i
)
1931
T
h
e
d
atab
ase
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
es
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
s
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
MPP v
o
ltag
e,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
is
d
ataset
is
d
iv
id
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
7
0
%
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
ain
i
n
g
,
1
5
%
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
,
an
d
1
5
%
f
o
r
test
in
g
th
e
f
ee
d
f
o
r
war
d
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
o
tr
ain
t
h
e
n
eu
r
al
n
e
two
r
k
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
th
e
tar
g
et
v
ar
iab
le,
th
e
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
s
er
v
es a
s
th
e
lo
s
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
as
in
d
icate
d
in
(
9
)
.
T
h
e
MSE
ass
ess
es th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
b
y
av
er
ag
in
g
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
ed
icte
d
an
d
ac
tu
al
v
alu
es.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
g
r
a
d
ien
t
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
th
is
er
r
o
r
is
m
in
im
ized
b
y
iter
ativ
ely
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
th
e
r
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
its
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
v
er
ti
m
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
ANN,
s
h
o
win
g
an
MSE
o
f
3
.
6
7
7
5
e
-
02
,
wh
ic
h
in
d
icate
s
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
r
esu
lts
.
=
1
∑
(
(
)
=
1
−
̂
(
)
)
2
(
1
5
)
W
h
er
e
n
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
at
a
p
o
in
ts
;
(
)
is
th
e
ac
tu
al
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
-
th
d
ata
p
o
in
t
;
an
d
̂
(
)
is
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
th
e
i
-
th
d
ata
p
o
in
t.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ANN
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
PV v
o
ltag
e
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Me
an
s
q
u
ar
e
e
r
r
o
r
3
.
2
.
Sli
din
g
m
o
de
co
ntr
o
l desig
n
Sli
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
SMC
)
is
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
u
s
e
w
ith
h
ig
h
ly
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ar
r
ay
s
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
SMC
is
to
o
f
f
er
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
tim
al
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
b
etwe
en
th
e
PV
ar
r
a
y
an
d
th
e
DC
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
SMC
m
eth
o
d
in
v
o
lv
e
s
d
ef
in
in
g
a
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
d
esig
n
in
g
a
co
n
tr
o
l
law
th
at
m
ain
tain
s
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
tate
at
th
is
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
B
y
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ad
ju
s
tin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
192
6
-
1
9
3
8
1932
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
in
p
u
t,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
em
ain
s
at
th
e
MPP
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
ar
r
ay
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
ap
tin
g
to
v
ar
y
i
n
g
wea
th
er
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[3
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
SMC
d
esig
n
u
s
in
g
a
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
lta
g
e,
1
=
wh
en
f
ee
d
in
g
th
e
ANN.
T
h
e
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
is
co
n
tr
o
l is d
ef
in
ed
as
(
1
6
)
.
1
=
1
−
1
(
1
6
)
W
h
er
e
1
=
.
T
ak
in
g
th
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
(
1
6
)
alo
n
g
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics g
iv
e
n
in
(
2
)
.
̇
1
=
̇
1
−
̇
1
̇
1
=
1
−
2
1
−
̇
1
(
1
7
)
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
e
r
r
o
r
,
e
2
=
̇
1
(
1
8
)
T
ak
in
g
th
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
e
2
,
̇
2
=
̈
1
=
1
1
⋅
−
̇
2
1
−
̈
1
̇
2
=
1
1
⋅
−
1
1
+
3
−
3
1
⋅
−
̈
1
(
1
9
)
T
h
e
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
(
2
0
)
.
S
=
2
+
α
.
e
1
(
2
0
)
T
h
e
d
er
iv
ativ
e
o
f
(
1
4
)
.
̇
=
̈
1
+
̇
1
=
̇
2
+
̇
1
(
2
1
)
Su
b
s
titu
tin
g
in
(
1
7
)
an
d
(
1
9
)
i
n
to
(
2
1
)
,
̇
=
1
−
1
1
+
3
1
−
3
1
⋅
−
̈
1
+
1
−
2
1
−
̇
1
Settin
g
̇
=
0
g
iv
es
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
law,
d
en
o
te
d
b
y
u
eq
,
wh
ich
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
t
h
e
d
esire
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
i.e
1
−
1
=
0
.
1
−
1
1
+
3
1
−
3
1
⋅
−
̈
1
+
1
−
2
1
−
̇
1
=
0
=
1
3
3
[
1
−
1
1
+
3
1
−
̈
1
+
1
−
2
1
−
̇
1
]
(
2
2
)
T
h
e
r
ea
c
h
in
g
law
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
=
+
.
(
)
wi
th
>
0
.
T
h
e
to
tal
co
n
tr
o
l
la
w
f
o
r
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
SMC
-
b
ased
MPPT
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
(
2
3
)
.
=
+
(
2
3
)
SMC
is
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
h
an
d
lin
g
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ity
,
b
u
t
o
f
ten
s
u
f
f
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
ch
atter
in
g
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
d
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
witch
in
g
ter
m
=
+
.
(
)
,
wh
ich
lead
s
to
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cies.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
r
e
p
lace
s
th
e
s
ig
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
a
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
s
atu
r
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
as:
=
+
.
(
/
Ø
)
.
W
h
er
e
Ø
d
ef
i
n
es
a
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
l
ay
er
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e.
T
h
is
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
t
s
m
o
o
t
h
en
s
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l in
p
u
t,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
o
s
cillatio
n
s
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
ac
c
u
r
a
cy
.
Stab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
u
s
es th
e
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
s
tab
ilit
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
wh
ic
h
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
(
2
4
)
.
=
1
2
2
̇
=
[
1
−
1
1
+
3
1
−
3
1
⋅
−
̈
1
+
(
1
−
2
1
−
̇
1
)
]
(
2
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
tellig
en
t MP
P
T sys
tem
imp
r
o
ve
d
w
ith
s
lid
in
g
mo
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
S
a
id
Da
n
i
)
1933
Su
b
s
titu
tin
g
(
1
7
)
in
(
1
8
)
.
̇
=
[
1
−
1
1
+
3
1
−
3
1
⋅
(
+
.
(
/
Ø
)
)
−
̈
1
+
(
1
−
2
1
−
̇
1
)
]
̇
=
.
(
−
3
1
)
.
.
(
Ø
)
T
h
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
/
Ø
)
is
b
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
−
1
≤
(
/
Ø
)
≤
1
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e:
̇
=
−
‖
3
1
‖
.
.
|
|
.
|
|
Ø
<
0
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
e
L
y
ap
u
n
o
v
f
u
n
ctio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
as
tim
e
p
ass
es,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
wh
ile
m
itig
atin
g
ch
atter
in
g
d
u
e
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
atu
r
atio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
,
a
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
ANN
-
SMC
MP
PT
tech
n
iq
u
e.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
co
m
p
lete
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
d
etails
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
SMC
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
ANN
-
SMC
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
ev
alu
ated
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
as sh
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Simu
latio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
with
ANN
-
SMC
M
PP
T
in
Simu
lin
k
:
(
a)
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
in
Simu
lin
k
an
d
(
b
)
d
etailed
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
SMC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
192
6
-
1
9
3
8
1934
T
o
ev
alu
ate
its
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was
test
ed
in
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
atin
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
tim
e
in
ter
v
al
(
0
to
0
.
5
s
)
,
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
f
u
n
ctio
n
ed
u
n
d
er
STC,
with
an
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
o
f
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²
an
d
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
°C
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
tim
e
in
ter
v
al
(
0
.
5
s
to
1
s
)
,
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
was
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²
to
5
0
0
W
/m
²,
an
d
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
was
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
2
5
°C
to
15
°C
.
I
n
th
e
f
in
al
tim
e
in
ter
v
al
(
1
s
to
1
.
5
s
)
,
th
e
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
was
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
5
0
0
W
/m
²
to
8
0
0
W
/m
²,
wh
ile
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
was
m
ain
tain
ed
at
a
co
n
s
tan
t 3
0
°C
,
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
n
d
er
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
o
lar
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
in
clu
d
es
a
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
ar
r
a
y
,
wh
ic
h
i
s
m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
-
d
io
d
e
e
q
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it,
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
,
an
d
an
M
PP
T
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
th
at
im
p
lem
en
ts
th
e
ANN
-
S
MC
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
ANN
-
SMC
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
teg
r
ates
an
ANN
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
an
d
an
S
MC
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
o
f
.
T
h
e
ANN
is
tr
ain
e
d
o
n
a
d
ataset
co
v
er
in
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
a
n
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
it
to
d
y
n
am
ically
p
r
ed
ict
th
e
o
p
tim
al
v
al
u
e.
T
h
e
SMC
u
s
es a
s
lid
in
g
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
in
im
ize
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
er
r
o
r
wh
ile
m
itig
atin
g
ch
att
er
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
A
N
N
-
S
MC
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
le
r
,
a
c
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