Inter
national
J
our
nal
of
P
o
wer
Electr
onics
and
Dri
v
e
System
(IJPEDS)
V
ol.
16,
No.
3,
September
2025,
pp.
1881
∼
1896
ISSN:
2088-8694,
DOI:
10.11591/ijpeds.v16.i3.pp1881-1896
❒
1881
Impr
o
ving
electrical
ener
gy
efciency
thr
ough
h
ydr
oelectric
po
wer
and
turbine
optimization
at
the
El
Oued
water
demineralization
plant
in
Algeria
Khaled
Miloudi
1,2
,
Ali
Medjghou
3,4
,
Ala
Eddine
Djokhrab
1,2
,
Mosbah
Laouamer
1,2
,
Souhaib
Remha
1,2
,
Y
acine
Aoun
1,2
1
Department
of
Mechanical
Engineering,
F
aculty
of
T
echnology
,
Uni
v
ersity
of
El
Oued,
El
Oued,
Algeria
2
UDERZA
Unit,
F
aculty
of
T
echnology
,
Uni
v
ersity
of
El
Oued,
El
Oued,
Algeria
3
Department
of
Electronics,
Institute
of
Science,
Uni
v
ersity
Center
of
T
ipaza,
T
ipaza,
Algeria
4
Laboratory
of
Adv
anced
Automation
and
Systems
Analysis,
Department
of
Electronics,
F
aculty
of
T
echnology
,
Uni
v
ersity
of
Batna
2,
Batna,
Algeria
Article
Inf
o
Article
history:
Recei
v
ed
Oct
25,
2024
Re
vised
Apr
4,
2025
Accepted
May
25,
2025
K
eyw
ords:
Albian
aquifer
Hydroelectric
po
wer
Rene
w
able
ener
gy
T
urbine-generator
group
W
ater
demineralization
plant
ABSTRA
CT
This
paper
pre
sents
an
in
v
estig
ation
into
the
ener
gy
potential
of
the
Albian
aquifer
in
the
Algerian
Sahara
at
the
El
Oued
w
ater
demineralization
plant,
focusing
on
its
capacity
to
generate
electrical
po
wer
due
to
its
high-pressure
and
high-temperature
w
ater
reserv
es.
W
e
designed
and
implemented
a
turbine-generator
system
to
con
v
ert
h
ydraulic
ener
gy
into
electricity
,
achie
ving
an
a
v
erage
annual
ener
gy
output
of
1,804,560
kWh,
which
translates
to
a
nancial
g
ain
of
approximately
345,888,600
DZD
per
year
from
ener
gy
sa
vings.
The
selection
of
a
F
rancis
turbine
w
as
justied
based
on
its
ef
cienc
y
,
which
ranges
from
90%
to
95%,
and
the
system
design
w
as
simulated
using
MA
TLAB-Simulink,
demonstrating
its
rob
ustness
and
ef
fecti
v
eness
in
managing
the
electrical
netw
ork
parameters.
Our
economic
analysis
indicates
a
high
return
on
in
v
estment,
conrming
the
feasibility
of
utilizing
the
Albian
aquifer
as
a
strate
gic
asset
for
clean
and
reliable
ener
gy
production
in
the
re
gion.
This
is
an
open
access
article
under
the
CC
BY
-SA
license
.
Corresponding
A
uthor:
Khaled
Miloudi
Department
of
Mechanical
Engineering,
F
aculty
of
T
echnology
,
Uni
v
ersity
of
El
Oued
Chott
City
,
B.P
.
789,
El
Oued
39000,
Algeria
Email:
miloudi-khaled@uni
v-eloued.dz,
khaled.miloudi.dz@gmail.com
1.
INTR
ODUCTION
In
Sub-Saharan
Africa,
o
v
er
50%
of
the
population
lacks
access
to
clean
ener
gy
,
as
reported
by
the
International
Ener
gy
Agenc
y
[1].
Electricity
demand
is
projected
to
increase
by
4.6%
due
to
industrial
gro
wth
and
population
increase
[2].
This
re
gion
must
e
xplore
alternati
v
e
ener
gy
sources
to
impro
v
e
its
capacity
for
electricity
generation.
Furthermore,
the
en
vironmental
consequences
of
the
hea
vy
dependence
on
fossil
fuels
require
immediate
action
to
address
these
challenges
and
promote
sustainable
ener
gy
solutions
[3].
Industrial
operations
in
both
de
v
eloped
and
de
v
eloping
nations
contrib
ute
signicantly
to
climate
change
through
high
ener
gy
consumption
and
emissions
of
pollutants
link
ed
to
global
w
arming
[4].
The
2015
P
aris
Conference
brought
together
w
orld
leaders
to
address
this
issue,
agreeing
to
limit
temperature
increases
to
2
de
grees
Celsius
[5].
The
discussions
emphasized
in
v
esting
in
rene
w
able
ener
gy
and
transitioning
to
lo
w-carbon
emission
systems
to
mitig
ate
en
vironmental
impacts.
Rese
arch
indicates
that
rene
w
able
ener
gy
can
ef
fecti
v
ely
replace
J
ournal
homepage:
http://ijpeds.iaescor
e
.com
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
1882
❒
ISSN:
2088-8694
high-carbon
fuels,
impro
ving
econom
ic
gro
wth
through
electricity
sales
[6].
This
collecti
v
e
ef
fort
aims
to
combat
climate
change
and
promote
sustainable
de
v
elopment.
The
transition
from
fossil
fuels
to
rene
w
able
ener
gy
is
signicantly
inuenced
by
adv
ances
in
rene
w
able
technologies
[7].
Histor
ically
,
high
production
costs
ha
v
e
hindered
the
inte
gration
of
green
ener
gy
into
e
xisting
netw
orks
and
limited
its
commercial
viability
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
recent
reductions
in
equi
pment
prices
ha
v
e
made
rene
w
able
ener
gy
more
accessible
globally
,
f
acilitating
its
adoption
[8].
This
shift
is
crucial
to
achie
v
e
net
zero
emissions
and
combat
climate
change,
as
outlined
in
the
P
aris
Agreement
[9].
According
to
the
Ener
gy
Institute’
s
Statistical
Re
vie
w
of
W
orld
Ener
gy
,
fossil
fuels
accounted
for
81.5%
of
global
primary
ener
gy
consumption
in
2023
[10],
[11].
The
production
of
electricity
from
rene
w
able
ener
gy
sources
is
an
important
strate
gy
to
reduce
greenhouse
g
as
emissions,
as
indicated
[12]-[15].
Hydroelectric
po
wer
is
a
leading
rene
w
able
ener
gy
source,
contrib
uting
approximately
2.5
%
of
the
total
ener
gy
resources
of
the
w
orld
and
a
substantial
15.9
%
of
global
electricity
generation
[16],
[17].
Its
ef
cienc
y
and
reliability
as
an
electricity
source
are
well
documented
in
the
ener
gy
sector
.
The
Albian
aquifer
,
located
approximately
1500
meters
under
ground,
is
a
v
ast
w
ater
reserv
e
in
the
Algerian
Sahara
[18],
[19].
It
serv
es
not
only
as
a
source
of
freshw
ater
,
b
ut
also
as
a
signicant
ener
gy
accumulator
.
It
is
considered
a
strate
gic
resource
because
the
w
ater
emer
ges
with
a
pressure
of
20
bar
when
the
v
alv
e
is
closed
and
a
temperature
of
60
°C.
Pre
vious
studies
conducted
by
the
Sahara
and
Sahel
Observ
atory
(OSS)
ha
v
e
sho
wn
that
the
aquifer
layer
can
pro
vide
a
continuous
supply
of
ener
gy
for
at
least
40
years,
with
each
well
capable
of
generating
up
to
35
kilo
w
atts
of
electrical
po
wer
[20].
Hydroelectric
po
wer
plants
are
crucial
in
global
ener
gy
production,
accounting
for
about
20%
of
the
w
orld’
s
electricity
[21].
These
plants
harness
the
ener
gy
of
mo
ving
w
ater
to
dri
v
e
turbines,
which
in
turn
po
wer
generators
to
produce
electricity
.
This
well-established
technology
of
fers
se
v
eral
adv
antages
[22],
[23],
such
as
lo
w
mar
ginal
costs
and
minimal
greenhouse
g
as
emissions
[24].
Ho
we
v
er
,
the
potential
of
aquifer
w
ater
has
not
been
fully
and
rati
onally
e
xploited,
and
the
actual
cost
per
cubic
meter
of
w
ater
from
the
Albian
well
remains
unkno
wn.
The
w
ater
in
this
aquifer
is
highly
ener
gy-intensi
v
e
and
requires
a
motor
of
approximately
75
kW
for
direct
utilization.
It
is
important
not
to
underestimate
the
ener
gy
content
of
this
w
ater
,
especially
considering
the
initial
ener
gy
losses.
The
h
ydraulic
po
wer
a
v
ailable
from
the
operational
wells
is
substantial,
and
each
well
is
capable
of
producing
around
50
kW
.
In
some
areas,
this
capacity
is
e
v
en
higher
.
This
h
ydraulic
po
wer
can
be
ef
ciently
con
v
erted
into
electrical
ener
gy
using
turbine-
generator
sets.
It
is
essent
ial
to
c
o
ns
ider
that
the
a
v
ailable
h
ydraulic
ener
gy
will
diminish
o
v
er
time
due
to
well
aging,
the
construction
of
additional
producti
v
e
wells,
and
the
increasing
interference
of
neighboring
wells
in
re
gions
such
as
El
M’Ghair
,
Djamaa,
and
T
ouggourt.
Therefore,
the
design
and
sizing
of
these
turbine
generator
sets
must
tak
e
these
f
actors
into
account.
A
yuan
and
Emetere
[25]
analyze
the
potential
of
wind
ener
gy
generation
in
Y
undum
and
Basse,
emplo
ying
the
W
eib
ull
and
Raleigh
distrib
utions.
The
ndings
indicate
a
signicant
potential
for
wind
po
wer
,
with
v
arying
densities,
suggesting
strong
prospects
for
wind
ener
gy
de
v
elopment
at
both
locations.
Furthermore,
A
yua
and
Emetere
[26],
proposed
a
h
ybrid
rene
w
able
ener
gy
po
wer
system
(HREPS)
for
the
Basse
district
of
the
Gambia,
inte
grating
wind
and
solar
ener
gy
with
battery
storage.
The
optimal
system,
designed
using
PVsyst
softw
are,
includes
20
photo
v
oltaic
modules
and
a
1
kW
wind
generator
,
capable
of
meeting
an
annual
load
of
2,555
MWh.
The
system
sho
ws
reliable
performance
and
substantial
ener
gy
storage
potential.
Furthermore,
Emetere
et
al.
[27]
e
xplore
Pico
h
ydroelectric
systems
as
a
viable
ener
gy
solution
for
Nigeria,
addressi
ng
the
gro
wing
ener
gy
demands
and
en
vironmental
issues
of
the
country
.
The
y
e
v
aluated
the
cost
(738,000.00
₦
)
and
feasibility
of
the
system,
noting
the
ab
undance
of
w
ater
resources
in
southern
Nigeria.
The
study
highlights
construction
techniques,
including
the
selection
of
w
ater
sources
and
turbines,
concluding
that
Pico
h
ydroelectric
systems
can
signicantly
reduce
dependence
on
fossil
fuels
and
air
pollution.
These
studies
underscor
e
the
di
v
erse
rene
w
able
ener
gy
potentials
in
Africa
and
their
role
in
reducing
greenhouse
g
as
emissions.
Although
Nigeria
and
The
Gambia
ha
v
e
e
xplored
Pico
h
ydroelectric
and
h
ybrid
rene
w
able
systems,
respecti
v
ely
,
Algeria’
s
focus
has
been
on
harnessing
the
h
ydraulic
ener
gy
of
the
Albian
aquifer
.
Our
w
ork
specically
addresses
the
con
v
ersion
of
this
aquifer’
s
high-pressure
and
high-temperature
w
ater
reserv
es
into
electrical
po
wer
,
a
resource
that
has
not
been
fully
e
xploited
in
the
El
Oued
re
gion
in
the
Algerian
Sahara.
The
study
focuses
on:
−
Design
and
implementation:
De
v
eloping
a
turbine-generator
system
to
con
v
ert
the
aquifer’
s
h
ydraulic
ener
gy
into
electricity;
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst,
V
ol.
16,
No.
3,
September
2025:
1881–1896
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst
ISSN:
2088-8694
❒
1883
−
Ener
gy
output
and
nancial
g
ains:
Achie
ving
an
a
v
erage
annual
ener
gy
output
of
1,804,560
kWh,
with
a
nancial
g
ain
of
345,888,600
DZD
per
year
due
to
ener
gy
sa
vings;
−
T
echnology
selection:
Justifying
the
use
of
a
Francis
turbine
for
its
high
ef
cienc
y
(90%-95%);
−
Simulation
and
v
alidation:
Simulating
the
system
using
MA
TLAB-Simulink
to
demonstrate
its
rob
ustness
and
ef
fecti
v
eness
in
managing
electrical
netw
ork
parameters;
and
−
Economic
feasibility:
Conduct
an
economic
analysis
to
conrm
the
high
return
on
in
v
estment
and
v
alidate
the
feasibility
of
utilizing
the
aquifer
as
a
strate
gic
clean
ener
gy
resource.
2.
MA
TERIALS
AND
METHODS
2.1.
The
study
ar
ea
and
data
sour
ce
description
The
Albien
aquifer
is
located
lar
gely
in
the
Algerian
Sahara
and
is
the
lar
gest
freshw
ater
reserv
e
in
the
w
orld,
see
Figure
1.
Co
v
ers
an
area
of
650,000
km²
[18].
Groundw
ater
reserv
es
include
shallo
w
aquifers,
typically
under
100
meters
deep,
which
a
re
rechar
ged
by
surf
ace
w
ater
,
rain,
or
w
aste
w
ater
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
high
salinity
limits
their
agricultural
use.
The
Albian
aquifer
,
spanning
o
v
er
a
million
km²
beneath
Algeria,
T
unisia,
and
Libya,
holds
approximately
31,000
billion
m³
of
w
ater
.
In
El
Oued,
four
Albian
wells
supply
a
demineralization
plant
with
a
capacity
of
30,000
m³
per
day
,
processing
w
ater
at
a
o
w
rate
of
540
m³/hour
and
a
pressure
of
around
5
bar
.
These
reserv
es
are
crucial
for
re
gional
w
ater
supply
and
management.
These
wells
act
as
pumps
with
a
well-dened
operating
point,
see
Figure
2(a).
Figure
2(b)
displays
the
components
of
h
ydroelectric
plants.
The
operational
process
of
a
h
ydroelectric
po
wer
plant
consists
of
four
primary
phases:
−
Phase
1:
W
ater
is
channeled
through
conduits
kno
wn
as
forced
dri
ving,
b
uilding
up
signicant
pressure;
−
Phase
2:
The
po
werful
o
wer
spins
the
turbines
within
the
generator
,
con
v
erting
kinetic
ener
gy
to
electrical;
−
Phase
3:
The
generated
electricity
is
then
passed
through
a
transformer
to
increase
it
to
a
high-v
oltage
current;
and
−
Phase
4:
The
high
v
oltage
electricity
is
then
fed
into
the
po
wer
grid
for
distrib
ution
to
metropolitan
areas.
2.2.
T
echnical
importance
of
the
Francis
turbine
and
theor
etical
calculations
The
search
for
technically
secure
and
economically
viable
solutions
for
the
e
xploitation
of
h
ydraulic
sites
has
led,
o
v
er
the
years,
to
a
small
number
of
types
of
turbines
[28].
Each
of
these
types
has
a
preferred
eld
of
a
p
pl
ication.
W
ithout
mentioning
mini-h
ydraulics,
whose
selection
criteria
are
based
on
other
foundations,
we
distinguish
three
f
amilies
of
turbines
for
the
generation
of
industrial
h
ydroelectric
po
wer
[29].
T
able
1
pro
vides
another
assessment
of
the
dif
ferences
between
the
main
types
of
turbines.
Another
k
e
y
f
actor
in
selecting
the
appropriate
turbine
type
is
the
specic
speed.
This
parameter
represents
the
rotational
speed
in
re
v
olutions
per
minut
e
(rpm)
of
a
turbine
operating
under
a
unit
head
and
generating
a
unit
of
po
wer
output.
Impulse
turbines
typically
ha
v
e
lo
w
specic
speeds,
Francis
turbines
f
all
in
the
medium
range,
and
propeller
or
Kaplan
turbines
e
xhibit
hi
gh
specic
speeds.
The
speci
c
speed
of
a
turbine
can
be
calculated
using
(1)
[30],
[31].
n
q
=
n
·
Q
1
/
2
E
3
/
4
(1)
Where,
n
=
60
·
f
p
and
E
=
g
·
H
;
with:
n
is
the
rotational
speed
of
the
turbi
n
e
in
(rpm);
Q
is
the
o
w
in
(m³/s);
f
is
the
frequenc
y
of
the
electri
c
system
in
(Hz);
p
is
the
number
of
pairs
of
poles
of
the
trubine
generator;
E
is
the
specic
h
ydraulic
ener
gy
of
the
machine
in
(J/kg);
g
is
the
gra
vitational
constant
in
(m/s²);
H
is
the
net
head
in
(m).
The
range
of
head
is
a
critical
f
actor
in
selecting
the
appropriate
turbine
for
a
specic
site,
as
it
directly
inuences
the
turbine’
s
performance
and
ef
cienc
y
.
T
able
2
represents
the
range
of
operating
heads
for
dif
ferent
types
of
turbine
used
in
the
generation
of
h
ydroelectric
po
wer
.
T
able
2
pro
vides
a
criterion
for
estimating
a
suitable
turbine
for
a
h
ydroelectric
project
based
on
the
net
head,
which
is
the
height
of
standing
w
ater
a
v
ailable
for
po
wer
production.
Impr
o
ving
electrical
ener
gy
ef
ciency
thr
ough
hydr
oelectric
power
and
...
(Khaled
Miloudi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
1884
❒
ISSN:
2088-8694
Figure
1.
Location
of
the
aquifer’
s
e
xistence
in
Algeria
(a)
(b)
Figure
2.
Components
and
operational
phases
of
h
ydroelectric
po
wer
plants:
(a)
Albian
drilling
in
El
Oued
(T
ouggourt
road)
and
(b)
w
orking
principle
of
h
ydroelectric
po
wer
plant
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst,
V
ol.
16,
No.
3,
September
2025:
1881–1896
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst
ISSN:
2088-8694
❒
1885
T
able
1.
Comparison
for
the
three
main
types
of
turbines
[29]
P
arameter
Francis
Pelton
Kaplan
Specic
speed
(rpm)
30
to
400
3
to
36
300
to
1000
Drop
height
(m)
15
to
300
100
to
1000
2
to
30
Po
wer
up
to
(MW)
15
15
15
Ef
cienc
y
(%)
94
93
94
T
able
2.
Range
of
head
[32]
T
urbine
type
T
ypical
range
of
heads
(
H
=
head
in
m
)
Kaplan
and
Propeller
2
<
H
<
40
Francis
25
<
H
<
350
Pelton
50
<
H
<
1300
2.3.
Choice
of
a
supplier
F
ollo
wing
our
online
research
and
re
vie
w
of
potential
turbine
suppliers,
we
eng
aged
with
a
Chinese
supplier
.
After
sharing
our
requirements,
the
y
suggested
that
a
Francis
turbine
with
200
kW
type
HLA550-WJ-45
capacity
w
ould
be
the
most
suitable
for
our
needs,
particularly
for
dri
ving
the
cooling
to
wer
machines
which
ha
v
e
a
com
bined
po
wer
of
150
kW
.
The
technical
specications
for
both
the
generator
and
the
turbine,
including
accessories,
along
with
the
purchase
price
in
US
dollars,
are
listed
in
T
ables
3
and
4.
2.4.
The
curr
ent
generator
Once
in
motion,
the
turbi
ne
dri
v
es
the
current
generator
,
which
transforms
the
mechanical
ener
gy
a
v
ailable
on
the
shaft
into
electrical
ener
gy
.
The
frequenc
y
of
the
current
generator
is
a
multiple
of
the
number
of
re
v
olutions
of
the
dri
v
e
shaft.
The
generator
is
separated
from
the
turbine
by
a
special
shield
that
protects
it
from
an
y
contact
with
w
ater
.
The
choice
of
generator
essentially
depends
on
the
use
of
the
ener
gy
produced.
2.5.
Mechanical
po
wer
The
mechanical
po
wer
generated
by
the
turbine
can
be
calculated
using
(2).
Where
P
mec
is
the
mechanical
po
wer
of
the
turbine
shaft
(W),
W
:
W
ork
done
(J),
t
is
the
time
duration
(s),
F
is
the
force
applied
on
the
turbine
blades
(N),
l
is
the
distance
mo
v
ed
by
the
force
(m),
v
is
the
v
e
locity
of
the
turbine
blades
(m/s),
w
is
the
angular
v
elocity
of
the
turbine
shaft
(rad/s),
R
is
the
radius
of
the
turbine
(m),
C
is
the
torque
e
x
erted
on
the
turbine
shaft
(N·m).
P
mec
=
W
t
=
F
·
l
t
=
F
·
v
=
w
·
F
·
R
=
w
·
C
(2)
2.6.
Electric
po
wer
Electrical
po
wer
is
the
po
wer
directly
a
v
ailable
at
the
generator
output.
It
is
obtained
from
the
v
oltage,
current,
and
po
wer
f
actor
pro
vided
by
the
manuf
acturer
,
as
well
as
the
e
xploitable
potential
(h
ydraulic
po
wer)
and
the
ef
ciencies
of
the
turbine
and
generator
.
P
el
ec
=
η
t
.η
g
.Q.ρ.E
(3)
Where
P
el
ec
is
the
electrical
po
wer
,
η
t
is
the
turbine
ef
cienc
y
at
o
w
Q
,
η
g
is
the
generator
ef
cienc
y
,
ρ
is
the
density
of
w
ater
(kg/m³).
The
actual
po
wer
output
of
a
small
h
ydroelectric
plant
for
a
gi
v
en
o
w
rate
Q
is
obtained
from
(4).
P
T
=
Z
P
el
ec
·
dt
⇒
P
T
=
η
t
.η
g
.Q.ρ.g
.H
Z
dV
(4)
Where
P
T
is
the
total
electrical
ener
gy
generated
(J),
g
is
the
acceleration
due
to
gra
vity
(m/s²),
H
is
the
net
head
or
height
dif
ference
of
w
ater
(m),
dV
is
the
dif
ferential
v
olume
of
w
ater
(m³).
Impr
o
ving
electrical
ener
gy
ef
ciency
thr
ough
hydr
oelectric
power
and
...
(Khaled
Miloudi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
1886
❒
ISSN:
2088-8694
T
able
3.
200
kW
h
ydro
turbine
generator
quotation
sheet
Name
Unit
price
(USD)
Quantity
Picture
Hydro
turbine
HLA550-WJ-45
1
set
21,700
Generator
SFW200-6/650
11,590
1
set
Go
v
ernor
YWT
-300
(Microcomputer)
7,930
1
set
Electric
g
ate
v
alv
e
Z945T
-10DN350
2,170
1
set
Generator
inte
grated
protection
screen
PKF-W
-200/400
5,070
2
units
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst,
V
ol.
16,
No.
3,
September
2025:
1881–1896
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst
ISSN:
2088-8694
❒
1887
T
able
4.
Conguration
list
of
h
ydroelectric
po
wer
plant
P
arameters
Description
V
alue
Basic
Design
head
H
r
(m)
50
Maximum
head
H
max
(m)
–
Minimum
head
H
min
(m)
–
Design
dischar
ge
Q
(m³/s)
0.5
Installed
capacity
N
(kW)
200
Altitude
∇
(m)
–
T
urbine
T
urbine
type
HLA550-WJ-45
Layout
pattern
Horizontal
Runner
diameter
D
l
(cm)
45
Unit
speed
n
11
(r/min)
63.6
Unit
dischar
ge
Q
11
(L/s)
349
Model
ef
cienc
y
(design
point)
η
m
(%)
92.7
Prototype
ef
cienc
y
η
t
(%)
88
Max.
model
ef
cienc
y
η
t
(%)
92.7
Rated
speed
n
(r/min)
1000
Rated
output
P
(kW)
215.8
Max.
axial
h
ydraulic
thrust
P
Z
(T)
1
Ca
vitation
coef
cient
σ
0.055
Runa
w
ay
speed
n
R
(r/min)
1752
W
eight
of
runner
(t)
2
T
urbine
weight
(t)
0.02
Max.
hoisting
piece
(T
urbine)
(t)
3
Generator
generator
type
SFW200-6/650
Layout
pattern
Horizontal
Rated
po
wer
P
(kW)
200
Rated
v
oltage
V
(V)
400
Rated
current
I
(A)
360.9
Po
wer
f
actor
cos
ϕ
0.8
(lagging)
Excitation
v
oltage
(V)
40
Excitation
current
(A)
116
Generator
ef
cienc
y
η
g
(%)
93
Generator
speed
n
(r/min)
1000
Number
of
phases
3
Frequenc
y
f
(Hz)
50
Insulation
class
F/F
Excitation
mode
Brushless
e
xciter
Generator
weight
(t)
3
Max.
hoisting
piece
(generator)
(t)
3
2.7.
Calculation
of
h
ydr
oelectric
po
wer
of
a
turbine
T
o
calculate
the
po
wer
output
of
a
h
ydroelectric
turbine,
the
basic
formula
is
gi
v
en
by
(5).
P
hy
d
=
ρ.Q.g
.H
.η
(5)
Where:
ρ
:
densi
ty
of
w
ater
(kg/m³),
Q
:
w
ater
o
w
rate
in
the
pipeline
(m³/s),
g
:
Ne
wton’
s
gra
vitational
constant
(m/s²),
H
:
W
aterf
all
height
(m),
η
:
ef
cienc
y
ratio
(typically
between
0.7
and
0.9).
2.8.
Efciency
The
Francis
turbine
is
highly
ef
cient,
achie
ving
performance
le
v
els
of
90
%
to
95
%
.
Its
e
xceptional
ef
cienc
y
is
due
to
the
blade
design
that
utilizes
both
reaction
and
impulse
forces
from
o
wing
w
ater
.
The
quality
of
the
turbine
is
measured
by
its
ef
cienc
y
η
t
,
which
indicates
the
ratio
between
tw
o
po
wers.
η
t
=
P
mec
P
hy
d
(6)
Where
P
hy
d
is
h
ydraulic
po
wer
.
The
ef
cienc
y
of
the
generator
also
tak
es
the
same
form,
as
(7).
η
g
=
P
el
ec
P
mec
(7)
Impr
o
ving
electrical
ener
gy
ef
ciency
thr
ough
hydr
oelectric
power
and
...
(Khaled
Miloudi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
1888
❒
ISSN:
2088-8694
Ho
we
v
er
,
it
is
common
to
consider
an
o
v
erall
ef
cienc
y
of
the
turbine-generator
set,
which
is
as
(8).
η
T
=
P
el
ec
P
hy
d
=
P
el
ec
P
mec
P
mec
P
hy
d
=
η
t
.η
g
(8)
This
o
v
erall
ef
cienc
y
v
aries
between
0.7
and
0.9,
depending
on
the
type
of
turbine
and
generator
used.
The
electrical
ener
gy
produced
o
v
er
one
year
is
the
main
f
actor
in
determining
the
protability
of
the
w
ork.
2.9.
Calculation
of
h
ydr
oelectric
ener
gy
pr
oduction
of
a
turbine
W
e
will
apply
the
parameters
we
ha
v
e
to
calculate
the
e
xploitable
po
wer
.
W
ater
ener
gy
potential:
if
we
tak
e
the
data
we
ha
v
e
for
the
04
wells:
o
w
rate:
0.5
m³/s,
pipeline
diameter:
630
cm,
pipe
line
section:
28.2743
m²,
gra
vitational
constant:
9.81
m/s²,
w
aterf
all
height:
50
m,
and
density:
1000
kg/m³
(typically
1000
kg/m³
for
w
ater).
After
applying
as
(8),
we
obtain
the
maximum
po
wer
before
losses:
245
kW
.
Ef
cienc
y
losses
and
actual
electrical
ener
gy
a
v
ailable
at
the
turbine
outlet:
after
obtaining
the
electrical
and
mechanical
ef
ciencies
of
the
plant
from
a
manuf
acturer
,
which
are:
turbine
ef
cienc
y:
92
%
,
head
loss
coef
cient:
95
%
;,
other
losses:
98
%
,
and
o
v
erall
ef
cienc
y:
81
%
.
W
e
ha
v
e
found
that
the
useful
electrical
po
wer
is:
206
kW
.
2.10.
Effects
of
turbine
integration
on
the
functioning
of
the
water
demineralization
plant
The
w
ater
emer
ges
from
the
well
under
pressure
ranging
from
10
to
30
bars
and
at
a
temperature
between
40
°C
and
80
°C.
Then
it
tra
v
els
through
transfer
pipes
to
the
top
of
the
cooling
to
wer
,
as
sho
wn
in
Figure
3(a).
Despite
its
ab
undance,
w
ater
is
not
suitable
for
immediate
human
consumption
because
of
its
high
temperature.
The
w
ater
then
passes
through
openings
in
the
cool
er
and
is
cooled
to
25
°C
at
the
t
op
of
the
cooling
to
wer
by
forced
v
entilation,
which
promotes
heat
transfer
through
e
v
aporation.
This
cooling
process
in
v
olv
es
dispersing
the
w
ater
into
ne
droplets
on
metal
s
lats.
As
atmospheric
air
comes
into
contact
with
w
ater
,
it
absorbs
heat
and
changes
from
ambient
humidity
le
v
els
to
near
saturation
by
e
v
aporating
a
portion
of
the
w
ater
intended
for
cooling,
as
depicted
in
Figure
3(b).
Since
the
cooling
process
in
v
olv
es
forced
v
entilation,
the
e
xtraction
of
hot
and
humid
air
is
carried
out
by
means
of
an
e
xtractor
f
an
with
a
diameter
of
5
meters
Figure
3(c),
which
requires
a
motor
with
a
po
wer
of
75
kW
operating
at
380
V
Figure
3(d).
T
able
5
pro
vides
detailed
characteristics
of
the
electric
motor
used
in
the
h
ydroelectric
po
wer
system
described
in
the
study
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure
3.
Enhancing
cooling
ef
cienc
y
and
w
ater
quality:
(a)
w
ater
outlet
at
the
cooler
,
(b)
pipeline
for
con
v
e
ying
well
w
ater
,
(c)
cooler
hot
air
e
xtractor
,
and
(d)
motor
used
at
cooling
to
wer
top
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst,
V
ol.
16,
No.
3,
September
2025:
1881–1896
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst
ISSN:
2088-8694
❒
1889
T
able
5.
Motor
characteristics
T
ype
V
alue
Picture
Motor
size/service
f
actor
280
M4
/
1.1
Number
of
poles
4
Instantaneous
unit
po
wer
75
kW
Instantaneous
module
po
wer
75
kW
T
otal
instantaneous
po
wer
150
kW
Absorbed
unit
po
wer
67.5
kW
Absorbed
module
po
wer
67.5
kW
T
otal
absorbed
po
wer
135
kW
Speed
1440
Rpm
V
oltage/frequenc
y
400/50
V
olt/Hz
Insulation
class
IP55
module
Protection
type
F/B
module
Note:
Electric
motor
type:
totally
enclosed
f
an
cooled
(TEFC)
asynchronous
3-phase
motor
with
special
high-quality
bearings
(SKF
type
2RSC3)
lubricated
for
life
and
are
totally
w
atertight
2.11.
Rotational
speed
of
the
turbine-generator
gr
oup
The
rotation
speeds
of
synchronous
generators
v
ary
depending
on
the
number
of
poles
the
y
ha
v
e:
1
pair
of
poles
(n
=
3000
rpm),
2
pairs
of
poles
(n
=
1500
rpm),
3
pairs
of
poles
(n
=
1000
rpm),
4
pairs
of
poles
(n
=
750
rpm),
5
pairs
of
poles
(n
=
600
rpm),
and
6
pairs
of
poles
(n
=
500
rpm).
In
practice,
the
maximum
speed
is
limited
to
1500
rpm
(2
pole
pairs)
to
account
for
o
v
erspeed
during
run-up.
Exceeding
this
speed
can
cause
signicant
mechanical
stress.
As
a
result,
generators
with
a
single
pole
pair
are
rarely
installed
(run-up
speed
of
6000
rpm).
Belo
w
6000
rpm
(6
pole
pairs
or
more),
the
size
of
the
generator
,
and
thus
its
cost
relati
v
e
to
the
installed
po
wer
,
increases,
while
ef
cienc
y
decreases
due
to
increased
losses,
particularly
magnetic
losses.
When
the
turbine
rotation
speed
is
belo
w
600
rpm,
it
typically
dri
v
es
a
lo
w-pole
generator
(1000
or
1500
rpm)
through
a
belt
dri
v
e
or
a
gear
multiplier
,
for
e
xample.
2.12.
Consequences
of
turbine
integration
Inte
grating
turbines
into
the
system
in
v
olv
es
installing
turbine-generator
units
on
the
cooling
t
o
wer’
s
roof,
which
requires
modications
to
the
e
xisting
pipeline
to
maintain
adequate
pressure
upstream.
A
shut-of
f
v
alv
e
and
a
bypass
v
alv
e
are
essential
at
the
turbine
inlet.
This
inte
gration
capitalizes
on
the
syner
gy
between
h
ydraulics
and
mechanics,
allo
wing
the
utilization
of
pre
viously
w
asted
ener
gy
.
Before
inte
gration,
the
w
ater
e
xited
at
high
pressure,
passed
through
the
pipeline,
and
ended
up
at
atmospheric
pressure,
resulting
in
ener
gy
loss.
After
turbine
installation,
e
v
en
minimal
ener
gy
is
harnessed,
making
it
cost-ef
fecti
v
e
o
v
er
time.
The
h
ydroelectric
plant
can
reco
v
er
all
the
ener
gy
needed
to
operate
the
tw
o
75
kW
cooling
to
wer
m
o
t
ors,
with
the
selected
turbine
rated
at
200
kW
.
2.13.
Economic
considerations
Hydroelectric
ener
gy
production
and
nancial
g
ain:
W
e
can
esti
mate
the
g
ain
that
can
be
achie
v
ed
after
one
year
of
operation
of
the
po
wer
plant
as
sho
wn:
The
a
v
er
age
annual
ener
gy
production
of
the
h
ydroelectric
turbine
is
estimated
at
1,804,560
kWh,
which
translates
to
a
total
nancial
g
ain
o
f
345,888,600
DZD/year
based
on
an
ener
gy
cost
of
265
DZD
per
kW
sa
v
ed.
Furthermore,
we
ha
v
e
included
a
breakdo
wn
of
the
initial
in
v
estment
required
for
the
po
wer
plant,
which
is
approximately
7,200,000
DZD.
This
analysis
highlights
the
potential
for
signicant
long-term
sa
vings,
as
the
return
on
in
v
estment
is
projected
to
be
achie
v
ed
within
a
fe
w
years
of
operation,
considering
the
high
ef
cienc
y
of
the
selected
Francis
turbine,
which
operates
at
an
ef
cienc
y
rate
of
92%.
Furthermore,
we
discuss
the
implications
of
reduced
operational
costs
due
to
the
inte
gration
of
the
turbine-generator
system,
which
allo
ws
the
reco
v
ery
of
ener
gy
that
w
ould
otherwise
be
w
asted,
thereby
enhancing
the
o
v
erall
economic
viability
of
the
project.
By
incorporating
these
detailed
nancial
analyses,
we
aim
to
pro
vide
a
more
rob
ust
economic
frame
w
ork
that
supports
the
feasibility
and
sustainability
of
the
proposed
system.
2.14.
Simulation
setup
The
generator
model
in
our
study
is
a
synchronous
generator
with
salient
poles,
featuring
three
s
tator
windings,
one
rotor
winding,
and
tw
o
damper
windings.
The
simulation
will
utilize
specic
mathematical
equations
[33]-[35]
that
describe
the
relationship
between
the
currents,
v
oltages,
and
ux
es
in
each
winding.
Impr
o
ving
electrical
ener
gy
ef
ciency
thr
ough
hydr
oelectric
power
and
...
(Khaled
Miloudi)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
1890
❒
ISSN:
2088-8694
F
ollo
wing
the
application
of
the
P
ark
transformation
to
these
equations,
the
model
is
represented
in
unit
form
(pu),
encompassing
electrical
v
oltage
and
current
equations,
as
well
as
mechanical
equations.
The
quantities
used
at
the
input
of
a
po
wer
system
stabilizer
(PSS)
are
generated
by
the
rotation
speed
of
the
shaft,
the
frequenc
y
,
and
the
po
wer
[36],
[37].
The
PSS
is
designed
to
dampen
po
wer
oscillations,
particularly
in
weak
signal
conditions,
thereby
enhancing
stability
.
It
w
as
in
conjunction
with
the
automatic
v
oltage
re
gulator
(A
VR)
[38]
by
pro
viding
an
additional
input
to
the
e
xcitation
system.
F
or
the
mathematical
modeling
of
the
generator
to
study
its
dynamic
beha
vior
,
the
follo
wing
simplifying
h
ypotheses
will
be
considered:
−
Assumption
1:
W
e
assume
that
the
magnetic
circuit
is
unsaturated
and
perfectly
laminated,
allo
wing
us
to
focus
on
the
currents
o
wing
through
the
windings
(inductor
,
induced,
and
dampers).
−
Assumption
2:
W
e
will
represent
the
complete
set
of
dampers
with
tw
o
simplied
windings:
one
aligned
with
the
direct
axis
(d)
and
the
other
with
the
quadrature
axis
(q).
The
turbines
are
po
wered
by
the
w
ater
that
comes
from
the
well.
Their
speed
re
gulation
system
is
ensured
by
re
gulating
v
alv
es,
which
play
an
essential
role
not
only
in
re
gulating
the
output
speed
and
po
wer
of
the
turbine
b
ut
also
in
adjusting
the
e
xtraction
pressure.
The
main
goal
is
to
control
the
output
v
alues
of
the
electrical
netw
ork
parameters
(v
oltage
and
current).
The
complete
h
ydraulic
turbine–synchronous
generator
model
represents
a
dynamically
modeled
h
ydroelectric
po
wer
plant
in
Simulink/MA
TLAB
(as
sho
wn
in
Figure
4).
It
enables
simulation
of
the
o
v
erall
system
and
analysis
of
interactions
between
the
v
arious
control
subsystems.
In
Figure
4,
the
h
ydraulic
turbine
con
v
erts
the
ener
gy
of
w
ater
(o
w
rate
and
pressure)
into
mechanical
ener
gy
,
taking
into
account
ef
cienc
y
and
losses.
Pro
vides
mechanical
torque
and
po
wer
to
the
generator
.
The
synchronous
generator
,
modeled
in
the
P
ark
transformation,
transforms
this
mechanical
ener
gy
into
electrical
ener
gy
in
the
form
of
three-phase
v
oltage
and
acti
v
e/reacti
v
e
po
wer
.
The
ST1
e
xcitation
system
uses
a
PID
controller
to
maintain
a
stable
output
v
oltage,
with
b
uilt-in
protection
limiters.
It
recei
v
es
the
reference
v
oltage
and
a
signal
from
the
po
wer
system
stabilizer
(PSS),
which
acts
on
the
e
xcitation
to
impro
v
e
stability
by
damping
oscillations
caused
by
netw
ork
disturbances.
The
go
v
ernor
re
gulates
the
w
ater
o
w
based
on
the
dif
ference
between
the
actual
and
reference
speed,
ensuring
mechanical
stability
.
The
model
displays
v
arious
electrical
v
ariables
(v
oltage,
current,
ux,
and
po
wer)
and
mechanical
v
ariables
(torque
and
speed).
Figure
4.
Block
diagram
of
the
o
v
erall
control
system
2.15.
V
oltage
r
egulation
in
the
o
v
erall
system
The
h
ybrid
model
of
the
synchronous
machine
is
combined
with
the
ST1
static
e
xcitation
system,
as
standardized
by
IEEE
and
detailed
in
[18],
[39].
T
ables
6-8
pro
vide
the
main
parameters
of
the
turbine-generator
.
The
simulation
results
follo
w
the
implementation
in
MA
TLAB
Simulink.
Int
J
Po
w
Elec
&
Dri
Syst,
V
ol.
16,
No.
3,
September
2025:
1881–1896
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.