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I
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16
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No
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3
,
Sep
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b
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20
25
:
198
3
-
1
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0
1984
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u
ch
as
f
itn
ess
tr
ac
k
er
s
an
d
g
lu
co
s
e
m
o
n
ito
r
s
,
to
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tab
le,
r
eliab
le,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
to
o
p
er
ate
co
r
r
ec
tly
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
in
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
also
n
ee
d
to
ad
d
r
ess
s
ize
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
Min
iatu
r
izatio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
ess
en
tial,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
p
o
r
tab
le
an
d
im
p
lan
tab
le
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices.
T
h
is
h
as
led
to
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ials
,
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
cir
cu
its
,
an
d
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
allo
w
f
o
r
s
m
aller
,
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
lo
n
g
er
-
last
in
g
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices [
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Dir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
to
m
an
ag
e
p
o
wer
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
b
atter
y
-
p
o
wer
ed
d
ev
ices,
s
u
ch
as
p
ac
em
ak
er
s
an
d
wea
r
ab
le
m
o
n
ito
r
s
,
wh
er
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ex
ten
d
in
g
b
atter
y
life
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Hig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
allo
w
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
with
o
u
t
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
h
ea
t
g
en
er
atio
n
o
r
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices,
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
r
in
g
aid
s
an
d
g
lu
co
s
e
m
o
n
ito
r
s
,
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
wh
ich
s
tep
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e)
an
d
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
(
wh
ich
s
tep
u
p
v
o
ltag
e)
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
d
ev
ices
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
f
o
r
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
in
im
ize
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
an
d
h
ea
t g
en
er
atio
n
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice
[
1
2
]
.
Po
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
teg
r
ated
cir
cu
its
(
PMI
C
s
)
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
p
o
wer
in
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices.
T
h
ese
in
teg
r
ated
cir
cu
its
r
eg
u
late
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
lev
els.
I
n
im
p
lan
tab
le
d
ev
ices
an
d
p
o
r
tab
le
m
ed
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
PMI
C
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
o
wer
u
s
ag
e,
r
ed
u
ce
n
o
is
e,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
.
PMI
C
s
also
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
d
ev
ice’
s
b
atter
y
is
ch
ar
g
ed
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
ef
f
icien
tly
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
ex
ten
d
b
atter
y
life
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
t
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
,
wh
ich
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t in
im
p
lan
tab
le
d
ev
ices w
h
er
e
b
atter
y
r
ep
lace
m
en
t r
eq
u
ir
es m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
5
]
.
E
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
elev
an
t
f
o
r
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wea
r
ab
les
an
d
im
p
lan
tab
le
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
an
d
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
m
ater
ials
en
ab
le
d
ev
ices
to
g
en
er
ate
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
b
o
d
y
h
ea
t
o
r
m
o
v
em
en
t.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
an
d
s
o
lid
-
s
tate
b
atter
ies,
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
lo
n
g
er
-
last
in
g
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
wea
r
ab
le
d
ev
ices,
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
lem
en
t
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
t
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
h
ar
v
ested
en
er
g
y
is
ef
f
icien
tly
co
n
v
er
ted
an
d
s
to
r
ed
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
d
ev
ice
to
o
p
er
ate
f
o
r
lo
n
g
er
p
er
io
d
s
with
o
u
t e
x
ter
n
al
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
va
n
ce
s
in
me
d
ica
l p
o
w
er e
lectro
n
ics:
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
llen
g
es
(
Ha
mza
A
b
u
Ow
id
a
)
1985
W
ir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
(
W
PT)
is
an
em
er
g
in
g
ar
ea
in
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
d
ev
ices
to
b
e
p
o
wer
ed
o
r
ch
ar
g
ed
with
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
v
asiv
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
p
o
wer
th
r
o
u
g
h
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
b
atter
ies
in
im
p
lan
tab
le
d
ev
ices
o
r
p
o
wer
ex
ter
n
al
m
ed
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
[
1
9
]
.
W
PT
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
n
an
d
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
ass
o
ciate
d
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
r
b
atter
y
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
.
W
PT
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
s
ef
u
l
in
im
p
lan
tab
le
d
ev
ices,
wh
er
e
b
atter
y
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
s
u
r
g
er
ies
ca
n
b
e
av
o
id
ed
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
is
u
s
ed
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
wir
eless
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
p
o
wer
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
it is
d
eliv
er
ed
ef
f
icien
tly
an
d
s
af
ely
to
th
e
d
ev
ice
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
in
th
e
m
ed
ical
f
ield
,
d
etailin
g
its
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
k
ey
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
v
o
lv
ed
,
d
esig
n
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
th
e
latest
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
en
d
s
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
s
u
ch
as
m
in
iatu
r
izatio
n
,
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
,
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ials
,
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
n
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ice
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
co
n
clu
d
es
with
an
o
u
tlo
o
k
o
n
h
o
w
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
will
co
n
tin
u
e
to
s
h
ap
e
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
2.
MED
I
CA
L
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
S UTI
L
I
Z
I
NG
P
O
WE
R
E
L
E
CT
RO
NIC
S
I
m
p
lan
tab
le
m
ed
ical
d
e
v
ices
(
I
MD
s
)
,
s
u
ch
as
p
ac
em
ak
er
s
,
d
ef
ib
r
illato
r
s
,
co
ch
lear
im
p
lan
ts
,
an
d
n
eu
r
o
s
tim
u
lato
r
s
,
r
eq
u
ir
e
h
ig
h
ly
r
eliab
le
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
t
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
o
v
e
r
ex
ten
d
ed
p
er
io
d
s
(
6
)
.
T
h
ese
d
ev
ices
ar
e
o
f
ten
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
b
atter
ies
th
at
m
u
s
t
last
s
ev
er
al
y
ea
r
s
with
o
u
t
r
ep
lace
m
en
t,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
a
d
v
an
ce
d
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
o
p
tim
ize
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
8
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
o
n
f
ar
-
f
ield
r
ad
io
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
p
o
wer
in
g
f
o
r
I
MD
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
an
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
e
q
u
ip
p
ed
with
a
m
in
im
u
m
tr
an
s
m
it
p
o
wer
o
f
0
.
4
W
to
m
ain
tai
n
an
o
u
ta
g
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
b
elo
w
1
0
-
1
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
also
estab
lis
h
ed
th
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
t
an
d
th
e
b
o
d
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
ex
ce
ed
0
.
5
m
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
[
2
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
illu
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
o
wn
lin
k
p
h
ase
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
u
p
l
in
k
p
h
ase.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sy
s
tem
m
o
d
el
illu
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
o
wn
-
lin
k
p
h
ase
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
u
p
-
lin
k
p
h
ase
An
o
th
er
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
icr
o
b
ial
f
u
el
ce
lls
(
MFC
s
)
p
lace
d
in
th
e
h
u
m
an
lar
g
e
in
test
in
e
to
p
o
wer
I
MD
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ac
h
iev
ed
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
with
an
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
5
5
2
.
2
m
V
an
d
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
o
f
7
3
.
3
m
W
/m
2
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
MFC
s
lo
ca
ted
in
th
e
lar
g
e
in
test
in
e
co
u
ld
g
en
er
ate
7
-
1
0
m
W
o
f
p
o
wer
,
wh
ich
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t f
o
r
m
an
y
I
MD
s
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
,
a
s
in
g
le
-
lo
o
p
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
with
an
ad
ju
s
tab
le
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
was p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
n
s
tan
t v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
ly
with
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
r
eg
u
latin
g
cir
cu
it
in
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
s
h
o
wed
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
lo
ad
r
esis
tan
ce
s
(
1
0
0
Ω
to
5
0
0
Ω
)
an
d
co
u
p
lin
g
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
3
.
4
V
[
2
3
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ted
a
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
n
it
(
MCU)
with
r
em
o
tely
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ab
le
f
ea
tu
r
es,
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
I
MD
s
u
s
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
clo
ck
g
atin
g
,
p
o
wer
g
atin
g
,
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
et
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
T
h
is
MCU
was
f
ab
r
icate
d
with
a
s
ca
le
o
f
7
9
.
1
K
eq
u
iv
alen
t
g
ates
in
s
tan
d
ar
d
0
.
1
8
μ
m
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
m
etal
-
o
x
id
e
-
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
(
C
MO
S
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t a
n
d
f
lex
ib
le
I
MD
d
esig
n
s
[
2
4
]
.
W
ea
r
ab
le
h
ea
lth
d
ev
ices,
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
r
t
r
ate
m
o
n
ito
r
s
,
b
lo
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
d
g
lu
co
s
e
m
o
n
ito
r
s
,
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
o
p
u
lar
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e.
T
h
ese
d
ev
ices
r
eq
u
ir
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
to
m
an
ag
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
ey
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
f
o
r
lo
n
g
p
er
io
d
s
with
o
u
t
f
r
eq
u
en
t
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
[
2
5
]
.
PMI
C
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
r
eg
u
late
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
in
th
ese
d
ev
ices
[
2
6
]
.
E
n
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
th
er
m
o
elec
tr
ic
g
en
er
ato
r
s
(
T
E
Gs)
an
d
p
iezo
elec
tr
ic
m
ater
ials
,
ar
e
also
b
ein
g
in
teg
r
ated
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
198
3
-
1
9
9
0
1986
in
to
wea
r
ab
les
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
b
o
d
y
h
ea
t
o
r
m
o
v
em
en
t.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
m
an
ag
in
g
an
d
co
n
v
er
tin
g
th
is
h
ar
v
ested
en
er
g
y
in
to
u
s
ab
le
p
o
wer
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
ice,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ex
ter
n
al
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
t c
h
ar
g
in
g
[
2
5
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
R
F
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
r
ec
tifie
r
cir
cu
it
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
o
wer
in
g
wea
r
ab
le
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
with
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ac
h
iev
ed
a
m
ax
im
u
m
R
F
-
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
8
4
.
6
3
%
at
1
0
d
B
m
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
,
with
a
s
im
u
lated
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
3
.
5
6
3
V,
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
en
er
g
ize
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
wea
r
ab
le
s
m
ar
t
b
r
ac
elet
u
s
in
g
f
lex
ib
le
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
as a
n
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
ed
u
p
to
9
0
% e
n
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
en
ab
lin
g
a
s
elf
-
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
wir
eless
wea
r
ab
le
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
-
f
ield
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
a
s
in
g
le
f
lex
ib
le
s
o
lar
p
an
el
co
u
ld
h
ar
v
est u
p
to
1
6
m
W
o
f
p
o
wer
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
an
d
0
.
2
1
m
W
in
d
o
o
r
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
atien
t m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
[
2
8
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
R
F
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
r
ec
tifie
r
cir
cu
it
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
o
wer
in
g
wea
r
ab
le
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
with
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ac
h
iev
ed
a
m
ax
im
u
m
R
F
-
DC
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
8
4
.
6
3
%
at
1
0
d
B
m
in
p
u
t
p
o
wer
,
with
a
s
im
u
lated
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
3
.
5
6
3
V,
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
en
er
g
ize
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
ly
,
a
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
u
s
in
g
UK
B
io
b
an
k
d
ata
f
r
o
m
o
v
er
6
7
,
0
0
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
ev
ea
led
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
p
o
ten
tial
f
r
o
m
h
u
m
an
m
o
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
an
in
v
er
s
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
,
p
ar
ticip
an
t
ag
e
,
an
d
id
en
tifie
d
th
at
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
ed
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as d
iab
etes,
co
u
ld
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
r
ed
u
ce
en
er
g
y
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
o
u
tp
u
t b
y
o
v
er
2
1
%.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
m
ee
tin
g
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
is
ea
s
es
wh
ile
aim
in
g
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
au
to
n
o
m
y
in
wea
r
ab
le
d
ev
ices [
2
9
]
.
R
o
b
o
tic
s
u
r
g
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
in
m
in
im
ally
in
v
asiv
e
s
u
r
g
er
ies,
wh
er
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
e
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
r
ely
o
n
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lied
to
m
o
to
r
s
,
ac
tu
ato
r
s
,
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
p
r
ec
is
e
m
o
v
em
en
ts
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
r
g
er
y
[
3
0
]
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
also
h
elp
m
in
im
ize
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
r
o
b
o
tic
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
f
o
r
ex
ten
d
ed
p
er
io
d
s
with
o
u
t o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
o
r
p
o
wer
f
ailu
r
e
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
u
r
o
lo
g
y
,
r
o
b
o
tic
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
s
h
o
wn
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
esu
lts
in
o
v
er
co
m
in
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
ass
o
ciate
d
with
p
u
r
e
lap
ar
o
s
co
p
y
.
R
o
b
o
t
-
ass
is
ted
s
u
r
g
er
y
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ap
p
lied
to
tr
ea
t
g
en
ito
u
r
in
ar
y
d
is
ea
s
es
s
u
ch
as
b
lad
d
er
ca
n
ce
r
an
d
u
r
eter
o
p
elv
ic
ju
n
ctio
n
o
b
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
b
u
ild
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
r
o
b
o
t
-
ass
is
ted
p
r
o
s
tatec
to
m
y
an
d
p
ar
tial
n
ep
h
r
ec
to
m
y
[
3
2
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
in
h
ea
d
an
d
n
ec
k
s
u
r
g
er
y
ev
alu
ated
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
r
o
b
o
t
-
ass
is
ted
s
u
r
g
er
y
v
ia
a
tr
an
s
o
r
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
1
4
1
p
atien
ts
,
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
all
s
u
r
g
er
ies
with
a
m
ea
n
r
o
b
o
tic
o
p
er
ativ
e
tim
e
o
f
6
9
.
3
m
in
u
tes
an
d
an
av
er
ag
e
b
lo
o
d
lo
s
s
o
f
2
9
.
6
m
l.
Patien
ts
ex
p
r
ess
ed
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
b
o
th
co
s
m
etic
r
esu
lts
an
d
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
r
o
b
o
tic
s
y
s
tem
s
in
th
is
co
m
p
lex
s
u
r
g
ical
ar
ea
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
r
o
b
o
tic
s
y
s
tem
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
u
r
g
er
y
tim
e
(
MD
-
8
6
.
2
4
4
7
m
in
u
tes),
lo
wer
ed
m
o
r
tality
r
ates
(
OR
0
.
3
6
5
2
)
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
n
eu
r
o
lo
g
ical
o
u
tco
m
es
as
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
m
o
d
if
ied
R
an
k
in
Scale
an
d
Glasg
o
w
Ou
tco
m
e
Scale
s
co
r
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
r
eb
leed
in
g
an
d
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
[
3
4
]
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
h
ap
tic
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
r
o
b
o
tic
s
u
r
g
er
y
h
as
s
h
o
wn
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
esu
lts
.
A
s
tu
d
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
f
o
r
ce
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
in
to
r
o
b
o
tic
s
u
r
g
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
f
o
r
ce
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lead
s
to
b
etter
tis
s
u
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
u
s
in
g
o
n
ly
v
is
u
al
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
f
o
r
ce
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
a
teleo
p
er
atio
n
p
latf
o
r
m
r
esu
lted
in
lo
wer
p
ea
k
f
o
r
ce
s
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
r
g
ical
knot
-
ty
in
g
task
s
,
p
o
ten
tially
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
u
r
g
ical
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
s
af
ety
[
3
5
]
.
3.
CH
AL
L
E
NG
E
S IN P
O
W
E
R
E
L
E
C
T
RO
NIC
S F
O
R
M
E
DIC
AL
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
S
Me
d
ical
d
ev
ices
m
u
s
t
m
ee
t
s
tr
in
g
en
t
s
af
ety
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
as
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
s
ca
n
h
av
e
s
er
io
u
s
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
m
u
s
t
en
s
u
r
e
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
,
ev
en
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
elec
tr
ical
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
f
ailu
r
es.
R
o
b
u
s
t
d
esig
n
an
d
test
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
m
ee
t
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
p
atien
t
s
af
ety
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
o
f
ten
o
p
er
ate
in
cr
itical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
wh
er
e
th
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
f
ailu
r
e
ar
e
life
-
th
r
ea
ten
in
g
,
s
u
ch
as
in
life
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
im
p
lan
tab
le
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
th
ese
ap
p
licatio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
f
au
lt
-
to
ler
an
t,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
d
esp
ite
p
o
ten
tial p
o
wer
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
t m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
s
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
in
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices is
cr
itical,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
life
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
im
p
lan
tab
le
d
ev
ices,
wh
er
e
f
ailu
r
e
ca
n
b
e
life
-
th
r
ea
ten
in
g
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
with
s
tan
d
h
ar
s
h
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
b
o
d
y
f
lu
id
s
,
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
th
at
m
ay
b
e
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
in
s
id
e
o
r
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
h
u
m
an
b
o
d
y
.
Du
r
ab
ilit
y
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
tab
ilit
y
ar
e
k
ey
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
as
an
y
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
in
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
co
u
ld
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ice
an
d
jeo
p
ar
d
ize
p
atien
t
s
af
ety
[
3
7
]
.
As
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
b
ec
o
m
e
s
m
aller
an
d
m
o
r
e
p
o
r
tab
le,
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
m
in
iatu
r
izin
g
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
I
n
wea
r
ab
le
d
ev
ices,
s
u
ch
as
f
itn
ess
tr
ac
k
er
s
o
r
h
ea
lth
m
o
n
ito
r
s
,
an
d
im
p
lan
tab
le
d
ev
ices,
lik
e
p
ac
em
ak
er
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
va
n
ce
s
in
me
d
ica
l p
o
w
er e
lectro
n
ics:
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
llen
g
es
(
Ha
mza
A
b
u
Ow
id
a
)
1987
an
d
n
eu
r
al
s
tim
u
lato
r
s
,
co
m
p
ac
t
d
esig
n
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
f
it
with
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
s
p
ac
es
av
ailab
le.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics m
u
s
t p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
m
in
im
al
h
ea
t g
en
er
atio
n
to
p
r
ev
en
t d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t o
r
tis
s
u
e
d
am
ag
e.
T
h
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
p
ac
k
ag
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
cr
itical
in
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
in
th
ese
m
in
iatu
r
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
tr
en
d
to
war
d
m
in
iatu
r
izatio
n
h
as
d
r
iv
en
r
esear
ch
in
to
in
teg
r
atin
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
co
m
p
ac
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
o
r
ev
en
g
r
ea
ter
lev
els o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
R
ec
en
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ials
an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
en
ab
led
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
m
aller
,
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
wid
e
-
b
an
d
g
ap
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ials
,
h
av
e
allo
wed
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
in
s
m
aller
p
ac
k
ag
es.
Galliu
m
n
itrid
e
(
GaN
)
an
d
s
ilico
n
ca
r
b
id
e
(
SiC
)
d
ev
ices,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
ar
e
p
lay
in
g
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
in
m
o
d
er
n
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
co
n
tin
u
e
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
n
ex
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
u
ltra
-
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
im
p
lan
tab
le
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
er
e
p
o
wer
b
u
d
g
ets
ar
e
ex
tr
em
ely
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
[
4
0
]
.
E
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
is
a
cr
itical
co
n
ce
r
n
in
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
b
atter
ies
o
r
en
er
g
y
-
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fo
r
wea
r
ab
le
an
d
im
p
lan
tab
le
d
ev
ices,
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
d
ev
ices
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
f
o
r
ex
ten
d
ed
p
er
io
d
s
with
o
u
t
f
r
eq
u
en
t
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
o
r
b
atter
y
r
ep
lace
m
en
t,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
p
atien
t
co
m
f
o
r
t
an
d
co
m
p
lian
ce
.
B
atter
y
lo
n
g
ev
ity
is
esp
ec
ially
cr
u
cial
in
im
p
lan
tab
le
d
ev
ices,
wh
er
e
r
ep
lacin
g
th
e
b
atter
y
m
ay
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
u
r
g
er
y
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
m
u
s
t
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
d
ev
ices
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
f
o
r
lo
n
g
p
er
io
d
s
with
o
u
t
f
r
eq
u
en
t
r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
o
r
b
atter
y
r
ep
lace
m
en
t.
Fo
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
d
ev
ices,
s
u
ch
as
im
ag
in
g
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t [
4
1
]
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
p
lay
s
a
k
ey
r
o
le
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
,
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
d
ev
ices
o
p
er
ate
with
in
th
eir
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
r
an
g
es.
Ad
v
an
ce
s
in
p
o
wer
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
GaN
an
d
SiC
d
ev
ices,
h
av
e
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
in
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
m
ater
ials
o
f
f
er
lo
wer
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es,
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
b
etter
th
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
en
er
g
y
-
cr
itical
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices.
B
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
th
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le,
lo
n
g
er
-
last
in
g
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
[
4
2
]
.
Me
d
ical
d
ev
ices
m
u
s
t
o
p
er
ate
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
with
o
th
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
wh
er
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
(
E
MI
)
an
d
n
o
is
e
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
,
b
u
t
th
ey
ca
n
also
b
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
E
MI
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
witch
in
g
cir
cu
its
.
Min
im
izin
g
E
MI
is
cr
itical
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
ca
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ly
with
o
u
t
b
ein
g
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
o
r
ca
u
s
in
g
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
to
o
th
er
d
ev
ices
in
p
r
o
x
im
ity
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
in
a
h
o
s
p
ital
s
ettin
g
,
m
ed
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
s
u
ch
as
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
im
ag
in
g
m
ac
h
in
es,
m
o
n
ito
r
s
,
an
d
th
er
ap
eu
tic
d
ev
ices
m
u
s
t
o
p
er
ate
r
eliab
ly
with
o
u
t
ca
u
s
in
g
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
[
4
3
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
ch
allen
g
e,
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
in
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
m
u
s
t
in
clu
d
e
s
h
ield
in
g
,
f
ilter
in
g
,
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
E
MI
.
Pro
p
er
f
ilter
in
g
cir
cu
its
an
d
s
h
ield
in
g
m
ater
ials
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
to
b
lo
ck
o
r
d
iv
er
t
E
MI
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
in
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etica
lly
n
o
is
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
with
o
u
t
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
o
p
er
ate
at
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
with
o
u
t
g
en
er
atin
g
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
n
o
is
e,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
in
ter
f
er
e
with
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
o
th
er
m
ed
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
B
y
ad
o
p
tin
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
esig
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
n
o
is
e
-
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics s
y
s
tem
s
in
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices c
an
o
p
er
ate
s
af
ely
an
d
ef
f
icien
tly
in
co
m
p
lex
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
in
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
d
r
iv
en
b
y
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
m
in
iatu
r
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
,
is
ess
en
tial
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
[
4
5
]
-
[
5
0
]
.
As
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
will
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
,
r
eliab
le,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices c
ap
ab
le
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
atien
t c
ar
e
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
m
ed
ical
o
u
tco
m
es
[
5
1
]
-
[5
3
].
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
is
a
cr
itical
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
af
ety
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fro
m
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
im
ag
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
to
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
wea
r
ab
le
an
d
im
p
lan
tab
le
d
ev
ices,
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
en
ab
le
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
.
As
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
co
n
tin
u
e
to
ev
o
lv
e,
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
s
m
aller
,
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
b
io
co
m
p
atib
le
p
o
wer
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
will
in
cr
ea
s
e.
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
ater
ials
,
en
er
g
y
-
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
will
d
r
iv
e
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
in
m
ed
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
,
r
eliab
le,
an
d
p
atien
t
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
d
ev
ices.
W
ith
co
n
tin
u
ed
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
will
p
lay
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
atien
t
ca
r
e,
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
198
3
-
1
9
9
0
1988
T
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
en
d
s
in
m
ed
ical
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
h
ea
v
ily
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
ad
v
an
c
em
en
ts
in
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
s
tr
etch
ab
le
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
o
p
en
s
n
ew
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
f
o
r
wea
r
ab
le
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
co
n
f
o
r
m
to
th
e
b
o
d
y
'
s
s
h
ap
e,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
f
o
r
ta
b
le
an
d
s
ea
m
less
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Flex
ib
le
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
ar
e
also
m
o
r
e
d
u
r
ab
le,
with
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
s
tr
ess
es
o
f
d
aily
u
s
e
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ad
v
an
ce
s
in
W
PT
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
im
p
lan
tab
le
an
d
wea
r
ab
le
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices.
W
PT
allo
ws d
ev
ices to
b
e
p
o
wer
ed
o
r
ch
ar
g
ed
with
o
u
t th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
v
asiv
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
atien
t c
o
m
f
o
r
t a
n
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
(
A
I
)
i
n
t
o
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
s
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
r
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
i
z
e
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
.
A
I
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
p
o
w
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
c
a
n
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
s
a
g
e
,
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
p
o
w
e
r
n
e
e
d
s
,
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
i
n
r
e
a
l
t
i
m
e
.
T
h
i
s
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
t
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
,
e
x
t
e
n
d
i
n
g
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
l
i
f
e
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
A
I
c
a
n
a
l
s
o
b
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
d
e
v
i
c
e
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
s
a
n
d
a
l
e
r
t
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
m
a
l
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
o
c
c
u
r
s
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
t
h
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
u
n
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
d
o
w
n
t
i
m
e
.
B
i
o
c
o
m
p
a
t
i
b
l
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
o
u
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4
6
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[
48
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