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C
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ail:
m
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b
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s
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a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast
d
ec
ad
es
in
I
T
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
s
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
ad
o
p
tio
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is
d
r
iv
en
b
y
its
b
en
ef
its
s
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as
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cr
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t
esti
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icien
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,
c
o
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g
e,
ti
m
e
,
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d
c
o
s
ts
.
T
est
au
to
m
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well
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s
u
ited
to
co
v
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th
e
r
eg
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ess
io
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test
th
at
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o
m
m
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as
a
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t
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im
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tim
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an
d
s
av
es
o
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izatio
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'
s
m
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ey
[
2
]
.
Ho
wev
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r
,
o
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s
f
r
eq
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en
tly
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ail
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to
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tic
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ag
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ac
h
,
an
d
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s
u
f
f
icien
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s
[
3
]
.
I
n
a
r
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s
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v
ey
am
o
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g
p
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titi
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n
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s
,
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tated
t
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at
test
au
to
m
ati
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n
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
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m
o
s
t
ch
allen
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in
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test
in
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ac
tiv
ity
.
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r
d
in
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to
th
e
s
u
r
v
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y
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f
tes
tin
g
p
r
ac
tices
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b
lis
h
ed
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n
t
er
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al
So
f
twar
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T
esti
n
g
Q
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alif
icatio
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B
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(
I
STQB),
ar
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0
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s
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ir
test
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p
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ly
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id
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f
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tiv
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th
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co
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(
C
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co
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tex
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test
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s
co
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ch
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f
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ch
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le
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s
af
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p
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u
ct
q
u
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d
r
elea
s
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elay
[
4
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Mif
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m
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p
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with
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p
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liter
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ig
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to
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d
h
o
w
it
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
o
r
g
an
izati
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s
.
Fro
m
th
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ac
ad
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s
p
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s
p
ec
tiv
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W
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
4
]
,
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
s
elf
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ass
es
s
m
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
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v
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test
au
to
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m
atu
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ity
th
r
o
u
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h
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liter
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r
e
r
e
v
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f
2
5
s
o
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r
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to
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th
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in
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tr
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m
en
t.
T
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g
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t
th
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ass
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en
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W
a
n
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co
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1
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d
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h
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u
ld
f
o
cu
s
to
ass
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test
au
to
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m
atu
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ity
:
test
au
to
m
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s
tr
ateg
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,
r
eso
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s
,
test
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r
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k
n
o
wled
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tr
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s
f
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test
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s
elec
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,
tes
t
to
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ag
e,
test
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v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
r
est
r
eq
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ir
em
en
ts
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test
d
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test
ex
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tio
n
,
v
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d
i
cts,
test
au
to
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p
r
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s
s
,
s
o
f
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m
ea
s
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r
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en
t,
an
d
q
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ality
attr
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u
tes
[
5
]
.
T
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tain
th
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in
s
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h
t
r
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a
r
d
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g
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e
b
est
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ac
tices
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m
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f
r
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p
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an
g
[
3
]
wer
e
d
o
in
g
a
s
u
r
v
ey
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
with
1
5
1
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
e
r
s
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
1
0
1
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
an
d
2
5
co
u
n
tr
ies.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
,
th
ey
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
th
at
th
e
lev
el
o
f
au
to
m
atio
n
m
atu
r
ity
in
ea
ch
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
m
ig
h
t
b
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
ac
tices
th
ey
a
d
o
p
t.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
b
y
W
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
4
]
e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
test
au
to
m
at
io
n
m
atu
r
ity
to
war
d
s
th
e
q
u
al
ity
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
test
au
to
m
atio
n
ef
f
o
r
t
a
n
d
r
elea
s
e
cy
cle
in
C
I
ar
ea
f
r
o
m
3
7
o
p
e
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
p
r
o
jects.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
t
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
lev
els
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
m
atu
r
ity
,
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
o
f
its
in
f
lu
en
c
e
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
ct
q
u
ality
an
d
s
h
o
r
ter
r
elea
s
e
cy
cle
[
4
]
.
W
h
en
ev
alu
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
g
en
er
al
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
test
au
to
m
atio
n
,
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
in
teg
r
atin
g
task
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
it
(
T
T
F)
with
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
s
m
o
d
el
(
T
AM
)
.
T
AM
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
Dav
is
,
ha
s
two
b
i
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
p
er
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
(
PEOU
)
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
e
s
s
(
PU)
.
T
h
ese
two
wer
e
p
r
o
v
en
to
b
e
af
f
ec
tin
g
a
ttit
u
d
es
to
war
d
s
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
it
[
6
]
.
W
h
ile
T
T
F
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
t
o
wh
ich
a
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
elp
s
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
in
d
o
in
g
h
is
o
r
h
e
r
task
.
T
h
is
th
eo
r
y
d
r
iv
es
th
e
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
I
S)
an
d
o
b
tai
n
in
g
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
u
tco
m
e
ar
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
wh
e
n
th
er
e
is
a
m
atch
b
etwe
en
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
I
S
an
d
th
e
task
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Me
s
k
ao
u
i
an
d
E
lk
h
ar
r
az
[
8
]
aim
ed
to
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
n
ex
t
en
s
iv
e
m
o
d
el
t
h
at
co
n
n
ec
ts
T
AM
with
T
T
F
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
q
u
ality
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
tr
u
s
t,
an
d
m
an
a
g
er
ial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
MS)
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
th
e
in
d
en
ted
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
b
ig
d
at
a
an
aly
tics
(
B
DA)
in
b
an
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
in
s
u
r
a
n
ce
f
ir
m
s
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
two
m
o
d
els,
th
ey
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
T
T
F
an
d
tr
u
s
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
B
DA.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Qu
ality
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
PU
an
d
PEOU
.
As
f
o
r
MS
p
r
o
v
en
to
b
e
th
e
m
ed
iato
r
b
etwe
en
PU
an
d
in
te
n
tio
n
to
u
s
e
(
I
U)
B
DA,
wh
ile
s
ec
u
r
ity
h
as
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
a
f
f
ec
ted
th
e
I
U
,
a
n
d
MS
was n
o
t m
ed
iato
r
o
f
PEOU
[
8
]
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Kam
d
jo
u
n
g
[
9
]
h
as
ex
a
m
in
ed
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
I
C
T
in
r
em
o
te
wo
r
k
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
p
a
n
d
em
i
c
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
T
T
F
th
e
o
r
y
with
T
AM
an
d
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
(
DOI
)
t
h
eo
r
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
is
co
v
er
t
h
at
T
AM
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
c
o
r
r
elate
d
with
T
T
F.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
h
a
s
h
ig
h
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
(
I
P),
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
(
O
P),
an
d
I
S c
o
n
tin
u
an
ce
i
n
ten
tio
n
.
I
n
r
eg
ar
d
s
o
f
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
test
in
g
,
On
g
et
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
an
d
ex
am
in
ed
d
eter
m
in
a
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
a
ca
r
ee
r
s
witch
er
in
u
s
in
g
s
o
f
twar
e
test
in
g
ar
tifa
cts
an
d
its
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
d
u
r
in
g
C
o
v
id
-
1
9
b
y
ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
T
AM
in
teg
r
ated
with
T
T
F
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
On
g
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
T
T
F
h
a
d
m
o
r
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
p
er
ce
iv
ed
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
a
ct.
C
o
m
p
u
ter
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
(
C
SE)
was
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
ed
ictin
g
th
e
PEOU
.
PEOU
af
f
ir
m
ed
T
AM
as
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
o
f
ac
tu
al
s
y
s
tem
u
s
e
(
AU)
.
W
h
ile
I
U,
PU,
AU,
a
n
d
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
wer
e
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
t f
ac
to
r
i
n
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
0
]
.
W
h
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
test
au
to
m
atio
n
m
at
u
r
ity
an
d
b
est
p
r
ac
tices,
lim
it
ed
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
its
in
itial
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
g
ap
b
y
e
x
am
in
in
g
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
af
f
ec
tin
g
test
au
to
m
atio
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia's
I
T
in
d
u
s
tr
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
AM
-
T
T
F
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
t
o
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
d
eter
m
i
n
an
t
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
m
i
g
h
t
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
in
I
T
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
u
s
in
g
T
AM
-
T
T
F
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
o
d
er
ated
b
y
ex
ter
n
al
v
a
r
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
MS
s
,
in
d
iv
id
u
al,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
mo
del
Fig
u
r
e
1
o
f
f
er
s
a
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
T
AM
,
T
T
F,
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
v
ar
ia
b
les
s
u
ch
as
MS,
I
P,
an
d
OP.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
clar
ity
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t
test
au
to
m
atio
n
,
s
atis
f
ied
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
n
ee
d
s
o
f
u
s
er
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
also
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
m
o
d
els
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
willin
g
n
es
s
,
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
u
s
e
[
1
1
]
.
T
T
F
is
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
t
o
wh
ich
a
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ab
le
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
p
er
s
o
n
to
co
m
p
lete
th
eir
wo
r
k
[
8
]
.
T
T
F
is
also
u
tili
ze
d
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
ex
te
n
t
to
wh
ich
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
e
n
h
an
c
es
task
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
T
T
F
c
o
u
ld
b
e
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
a
s
th
e
s
tate
to
wh
ic
h
u
s
er
s
(
s
o
f
t
war
e
test
er
)
co
u
ld
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
test
au
to
m
atio
n
t
o
ac
ce
ler
ate
t
h
eir
task
in
test
in
g
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
o
f
twar
e
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
tly
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
8
2
6
-
1
8
3
6
1828
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
T
T
F
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
P
U
an
d
PEOU
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t,
it
co
u
ld
b
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
th
at:
−
H1
: T
T
F h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
t
h
e
PU.
−
H2
: T
T
F h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
t
h
e
PEOU
.
C
SE
i
s
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
h
is
o
r
h
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
co
m
p
lete
wo
r
k
s
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
a
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ac
k
ag
e.
I
n
r
eg
ar
d
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
C
SE
ca
n
b
e
d
ec
lar
ed
as
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
in
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
test
in
g
in
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
te
s
t
au
to
m
atio
n
.
Pre
v
i
o
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
C
SE
h
as
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
al’
s
PEO
U
an
d
PU
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
−
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
ar
e
m
ad
e.
−
H3
: CS
E
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
t
h
e
PU.
−
H4
: CS
E
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
t
h
e
PEOU
.
PU
i
s
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
in
th
e
s
tate
o
f
b
elief
th
at
u
s
in
g
a
s
y
s
tem
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
will
d
ev
elo
p
h
is
o
r
h
e
r
wo
r
k
.
PU
h
as
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
o
h
a
v
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
PU
o
f
test
au
t
o
m
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
e
f
in
ed
as
th
e
f
ac
to
r
th
a
t
f
o
r
m
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
in
te
n
tio
n
to
u
s
e
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
th
at:
−
H5
: PU
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
c
e
o
n
th
e
I
U
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
.
PEOU
is
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
h
is
o
r
h
er
ab
ilit
y
to
co
m
p
lete
a
ce
r
tain
wo
r
k
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
y
s
tem
[
1
0
]
.
PEOU
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
b
elief
in
h
is
o
r
h
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
test
in
g
b
y
u
s
in
g
test
au
to
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wn
th
at
PE
OU
h
as
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
o
n
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
o
f
u
s
in
g
ce
r
tain
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
−
[
1
4
]
.
I
t
was
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
th
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
esis
:
−
H6
: PE
OU
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
I
U
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
.
Prio
r
r
esear
ch
h
as
em
er
g
e
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
MS
r
o
le
as
a
m
ain
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
id
e
n
tify
in
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
I
S
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
o
p
m
a
n
a
g
em
e
n
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
p
a
y
m
en
t
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
MS
m
ed
iated
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
in
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
b
ig
d
ata
an
aly
tics
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
d
id
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
th
e
o
r
y
t
h
at
MS
h
ig
h
ly
m
ed
iates
th
e
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
e
ase
o
f
u
s
e
o
n
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
in
te
n
tio
n
[
8
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wo
u
ld
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
b
elo
w
h
y
p
o
th
eses
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
t
h
e
in
te
n
tio
n
to
u
s
e
test
au
to
m
atio
n
in
s
o
f
twar
e
test
in
g
:
−
H7
: T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
PU a
n
d
I
U
o
f
test
au
to
m
ati
o
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
o
d
er
at
e
d
b
y
MS.
−
H8
: T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
PEOU
an
d
I
U
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
m
o
d
er
ated
b
y
MS.
−
H9
: M
S h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
AU
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
.
I
U
is
th
e
p
eo
p
le’
s
in
ten
tio
n
i
n
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Prio
r
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
id
en
tifie
d
a
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
im
p
ac
t
o
f
I
U
o
n
th
e
ac
tu
al
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ted
th
at
in
te
n
tio
n
to
u
s
e
a
ce
r
tai
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
av
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
ac
tu
al
u
s
ag
e
o
f
it
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
wo
u
ld
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
te
s
t a
u
to
m
atio
n
an
d
th
e
ac
tu
al
u
s
e
o
f
it,
th
u
s
it wa
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cte
d
th
at:
−
H1
0
: I
U
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
AU
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
n
b
o
th
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
9
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
an
ac
tu
al
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
f
twar
e
test
in
g
ar
t
if
ac
ts
h
as
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
iv
id
u
al
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
w
o
u
ld
ex
am
in
e
th
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
th
e
ac
tu
al
u
s
e
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
o
n
b
o
th
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
h
e
n
ce
it wa
s
h
y
p
o
th
esized
th
at:
−
H1
1
: A
U
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
h
av
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
I
P.
−
H1
2
: A
U
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
h
av
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
o
n
O
P.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
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J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Un
ve
ilin
g
crit
ica
l fa
cto
r
s
o
f te
s
t a
u
to
ma
tio
n
a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
s
o
f
tw
a
r
e
test
in
g
(
Mif
ta
h
u
l Ka
h
fi
A
l F
a
th
)
1829
2
.
2
.
Su
rv
ey
des
ig
n a
nd
ex
ec
utio
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ad
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
t
o
d
is
co
v
e
r
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
t f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
u
s
e
an
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
test
au
to
m
ati
o
n
in
I
T
c
o
m
p
an
y
in
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia.
C
o
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
as
a
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
ab
ilis
tic
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
u
r
v
ey
to
g
ath
er
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
in
ter
est
in
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
s
u
r
v
ey
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
r
esear
c
h
in
So
f
twar
e
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
a
r
ea
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
wh
o
wo
r
k
an
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
as
s
o
f
twar
e
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
c
e
(
I
SQA
)
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
au
to
m
atio
n
r
o
le
in
th
e
I
T
s
er
v
ice
in
d
u
s
tr
y
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
As
th
e
ex
ac
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
(
QA)
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
r
em
ain
u
n
k
n
o
wn
,
h
en
ce
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
th
is
p
ap
er
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
L
em
esh
o
w’
s
f
o
r
m
u
la
with
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
el.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
g
iv
e
n
f
o
r
m
u
la,
o
b
tain
ed
m
i
n
9
5
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
d
o
cu
m
e
n
te
d
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
th
r
ee
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
Sectio
n
I
is
an
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
to
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
,
d
etails
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
co
n
t
en
t,
an
d
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e.
On
ly
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wh
o
a
d
m
it
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
th
e
r
ig
h
t
au
d
ien
ce
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
g
iv
e
n
cr
iter
ia
an
d
willin
g
ly
t
o
b
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
d
ir
ec
ted
to
s
ec
tio
n
I
I
,
o
th
er
wis
e,
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
is
clo
s
ed
.
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
1
,
s
ec
tio
n
I
I
p
r
esen
ts
3
7
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
ete
r
m
in
an
t
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
th
e
u
s
er
i
n
ad
o
p
tin
g
an
d
u
s
in
g
test
au
to
m
atio
n
in
s
o
f
twar
e
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
h
o
u
ld
an
s
wer
ea
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
u
s
in
g
a
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le;
1
.
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
2
.
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
3
.
n
eu
tr
al,
4
.
ag
r
ee
,
5
.
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
.
Sectio
n
I
I
I
p
r
esen
ts
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
q
u
esti
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25
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8
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co
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L
in
k
ed
I
n
)
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
1
0
9
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
av
e
f
illed
o
u
t
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
r
o
m
2
9
th
o
f
M
ay
–
5
th
o
f
J
u
ly
2
0
2
4
.
Sev
en
(
7
)
o
f
th
em
d
id
n
o
t
p
ass
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
iv
en
cr
iter
ia,
th
u
s
,
th
eir
d
ata
was
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
wo
r
k
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
QA
an
d
test
au
to
m
atio
n
a
n
d
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
an
d
e
x
ec
u
tin
g
au
to
m
atio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
lo
ca
ted
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Hen
ce
,
th
er
e
wer
e
1
0
2
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
h
av
e
s
u
cc
ee
d
ed
in
co
m
p
letin
g
t
h
e
g
iv
en
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
b
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
au
to
m
atio
n
test
to
o
ls
an
d
tec
h
s
tack
m
o
s
tly
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
QA
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
I
n
te
r
m
s
o
f
its
p
latf
o
r
m
,
web
s
till
b
ein
g
th
e
to
p
p
latf
o
r
m
u
s
ed
to
b
e
a
u
to
m
ated
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
s
er
v
ices
an
d
m
o
b
ile.
Fo
r
th
e
tech
s
tack
,
Selen
iu
m
,
wh
ich
u
s
ed
to
a
u
to
m
ate
web
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
b
ein
g
th
e
au
t
o
m
atio
n
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
m
o
s
tly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
an
d
en
ter
p
r
is
es
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
An
o
th
er
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
u
ch
as
Ap
p
iu
m
an
d
Po
s
t
m
an
also
s
till
b
ein
g
m
o
s
tly
u
s
ed
in
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
b
y
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
wh
ich
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
Selen
iu
m
to
b
e
th
e
t
o
b
e
th
e
b
etter
test
in
g
to
o
ls
in
ter
m
s
o
f
its
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
an
d
cr
o
s
s
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
th
an
o
th
er
s
s
u
ch
as
L
o
ad
R
u
n
n
er
,
J
u
n
it,
C
y
p
r
ess
,
R
ap
is
e,
Ser
en
it
y
,
Gale
n
,
Av
o
Ass
u
r
e,
Ko
b
ito
n
,
an
d
Z
ap
T
est
[2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t d
em
o
g
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p
h
ic
M
e
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su
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V
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l
u
e
P
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r
c
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n
t
a
g
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n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
7
6
.
5
%
F
e
mal
e
2
3
.
5
%
A
g
e
17
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20
1%
21
-
29
5
7
.
8
%
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-
39
3
9
.
2
%
>
4
0
2
.
0
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A
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r
k
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F
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e
sh
g
r
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a
t
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3
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9
%
1
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2
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e
a
r
s
3
0
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4
%
3
-
5
y
e
a
r
s
3
0
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4
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5
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1
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y
e
a
r
s
3
0
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4
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0
y
e
a
r
s
4
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9
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P
o
si
t
i
o
n
/
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o
l
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I
n
t
e
r
n
3
.
9
%
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t
a
f
f
6
7
.
6
%
Le
a
d
/
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P
V
2
0
.
6
%
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a
n
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g
e
r
6
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9
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r
e
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l
a
n
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e
r
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Ed
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c
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t
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o
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p
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B
a
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l
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S
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a
s
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S
2
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t
a
r
t
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up
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T
c
o
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l
t
a
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t
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r
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t
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d
2
8
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4
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t
a
t
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o
w
n
e
d
4
.
9
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G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
2
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9
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o
n
-
P
r
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f
i
t
O
r
g
1%
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o
m
p
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b
u
s
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n
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ss s
e
c
t
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r
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a
n
k
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i
n
t
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c
h
2
9
.
4
%
e
-
c
o
m
merc
e
2
0
.
6
%
S
a
a
S
1
7
.
6
%
H
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
2
.
9
%
P
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
2
.
9
%
so
c
i
a
l
me
d
i
a
3
.
9
%
R
i
d
e
H
a
i
l
i
n
g
4
.
9
%
P
u
b
l
i
c
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
2
.
9
%
O
t
h
e
r
s
1
2
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Un
ve
ilin
g
crit
ica
l fa
cto
r
s
o
f te
s
t a
u
to
ma
tio
n
a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
s
o
f
tw
a
r
e
test
in
g
(
Mif
ta
h
u
l Ka
h
fi
A
l F
a
th
)
1831
T
ab
le
3
.
T
est au
to
m
ati
o
n
tech
s
tack
M
e
a
su
r
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u
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8
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o
b
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71
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5
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La
n
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r
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a
mm
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Jav
a
7
4
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a
scri
p
t
5
2
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94
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h
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t
o
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3
6
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27
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r
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v
y
2
5
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4
9
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b
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8
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8
2
%
N
o
c
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e
(
p
l
a
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& re
c
o
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d
)
7
.
8
4
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t
h
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s
5
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8
8
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o
t
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i
n
3
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92
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o
l
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3
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9
2
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R
u
b
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8
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K
o
t
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n
3
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9
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Te
st
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u
t
o
ma
t
i
o
n
f
r
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mew
o
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k
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e
l
e
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i
u
m
7
5
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5
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p
p
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u
m
6
1
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o
st
m
a
n
5
9
.
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%
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a
t
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l
o
n
4
9
%
C
y
p
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e
ss
3
3
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3
0
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l
a
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w
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i
g
h
t
3
3
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3
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o
b
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f
r
a
m
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4
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st
A
ss
u
r
e
d
2
6
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a
r
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t
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6
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w
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8
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O
ute
r
m
o
del
m
ea
s
urement
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
test
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
esp
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d
en
t'
s
u
n
d
er
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tan
d
in
g
o
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th
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tatem
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t
with
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d
in
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ac
to
r
g
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ter
th
a
n
0
.
7
[
1
1
]
.
T
ab
le
4
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
test
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
in
d
icat
o
r
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
ws
th
at
all
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d
icato
r
s
h
av
e
a
lo
ad
in
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t
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r
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
7
,
th
u
s
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
is
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
t
est
La
t
e
n
t
v
a
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TTF
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2
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3
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P
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U
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U
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U
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U
4
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8
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8
B
esid
es
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
test
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
also
u
s
ed
a
d
i
s
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
test
(
f
o
r
m
e
ll
-
lar
ck
er
cr
iter
ia)
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t’
s
an
s
wer
to
t
h
e
v
ar
ia
b
le
is
n
o
t
d
is
tu
r
b
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
v
ar
iab
le.
T
o
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
,
th
eir
s
q
u
a
r
e
r
o
o
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
in
ter
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
r
r
elatio
n
[
8
]
.
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
at
all
co
n
s
tr
u
ct’
AVE
v
alu
e
wer
e
g
r
ea
te
r
th
an
t
h
eir
s
h
ar
ed
v
ar
ian
t w
ith
o
t
h
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
h
e
n
ce
all
u
s
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
cts ar
e
v
alid
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
8
2
6
-
1
8
3
6
1832
T
ab
le
5
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t v
ali
d
ity
test
(
f
o
r
m
ell
-
lack
er
c
r
iter
ia)
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
AU
C
S
E
IP
IU
MS
P
EO
U
PU
TTF
AU
0
.
8
6
5
C
S
E
0
.
6
9
0
0
.
8
7
0
IP
0
.
5
9
9
0
.
5
5
3
0
.
8
5
4
IU
0
.
6
2
1
0
.
6
5
1
0
.
8
0
4
0
.
9
0
6
MS
0
.
5
2
7
0
.
5
3
2
0
.
6
4
9
0
.
6
4
9
0
.
8
2
6
OP
0
.
5
7
6
0
.
5
0
8
0
.
7
0
4
0
.
6
6
6
0
.
6
9
4
P
EO
U
0
.
6
2
6
0
.
7
6
4
0
.
5
4
3
0
.
6
1
1
0
.
5
4
8
0
.
8
8
8
PU
0
.
5
3
8
0
.
5
4
0
0
.
6
7
3
0
.
7
4
2
0
.
6
0
6
0
.
5
5
2
0
.
8
9
5
TTF
0
.
6
2
5
0
.
5
6
3
0
.
7
0
0
0
.
7
7
6
0
.
5
9
1
0
.
5
2
6
0
.
7
5
0
0
.
8
8
8
T
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a.
C
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
if
th
e
v
alu
e
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
7
,
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
h
as
a
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
e.
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
'
s
alp
h
a
is
a
ca
lcu
latio
n
to
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
wh
er
e
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
am
o
u
n
t
is
0
.
6
[2
3
]
.
T
ab
le
6
s
h
o
ws
th
at
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
h
av
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
7
,
an
d
n
o
n
e
o
f
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
al
p
h
a
v
alu
e
less
th
an
0
.
6
.
T
h
u
s
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ar
e
r
el
iab
le
to
b
e
u
s
ed
as
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
T
ab
le
6
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
AVE
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
a
l
p
h
a
(
r
h
o
_
a
)
(
r
h
o
_
c
)
AU
0
.
7
4
8
0
.
8
8
7
0
.
9
1
3
0
.
9
2
2
C
S
E
0
.
7
5
7
0
.
8
9
4
0
.
8
9
9
0
.
9
2
6
IP
0
.
7
2
9
0
.
8
7
9
0
.
9
0
6
0
.
9
1
5
IU
0
.
8
2
0
0
.
9
2
7
0
.
9
3
2
0
.
9
4
8
MS
0
.
6
8
3
0
.
8
4
4
0
.
8
5
3
0
.
8
9
6
OP
0
.
7
3
4
0
.
8
7
9
0
.
8
8
3
0
.
9
1
7
P
EO
U
0
.
7
8
8
0
.
9
1
1
0
.
9
1
7
0
.
9
3
7
PU
0
.
8
0
1
0
.
9
1
8
0
.
9
2
6
0
.
9
4
2
TTF
0
.
7
8
9
0
.
9
1
1
0
.
9
2
0
0
.
9
3
7
3
.
3
.
I
nn
er
m
o
del
m
ea
s
urement
T
h
e
R
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
v
alu
es
o
f
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
q
u
an
tif
y
th
e
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
(
4
)
lev
els
o
f
R
2
r
atin
g
in
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
is
in
d
icato
r
in
s
cien
tific
r
esear
ch
with
m
an
ag
em
en
t
is
s
u
e;
R
2
<
0
.
2
5
is
v
er
y
wea
k
,
0
.
2
5
<=
R
2
<
0
.
5
0
is
wea
k
,
0
.
5
0
<=
R
2
<
0
.
7
5
is
m
o
d
er
ate,
an
d
R
2
>=
0
.
7
5
is
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
[
9
]
.
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
l
e
7
,
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
PEOU
,
PU,
an
d
I
U
v
ar
iab
les co
u
ld
b
e
m
o
d
er
ately
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
ia
b
les.
W
h
ile
th
e
AU,
I
P,
an
d
OP
v
ar
i
ab
les
co
u
ld
b
e
wea
k
ly
e
x
p
lai
n
ed
b
y
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les.
T
ab
le
7
.
C
o
ef
f
icien
t
r
esu
lt
D
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
R2
R
2
A
d
j
u
s
t
e
d
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
P
EO
U
0
.
5
9
7
0
.
5
8
9
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
PU
0
.
5
8
3
0
.
5
7
4
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
IU
0
.
6
8
6
0
.
6
6
8
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
AU
0
.
3
8
5
0
.
3
7
9
W
e
a
k
IP
0
.
3
5
9
0
.
3
5
2
W
e
a
k
OP
0
.
3
3
2
0
.
3
2
5
W
e
a
k
3
.
4
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
t
esting
T
h
e
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
m
eth
o
d
wa
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
g
au
g
e
th
e
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
v
ar
ia
b
les.
B
ased
on
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
8
,
th
e
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
ea
ch
r
elatio
n
co
u
ld
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
T
-
s
tatis
tics
an
d
P
-
v
alu
e.
I
f
th
e
T
-
s
tatis
ti
cs
is
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
1
.
9
6
an
d
th
e
p
-
v
al
u
e
less
th
a
n
0
.
0
5
,
th
en
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
ac
ce
p
ted
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
ws
th
at
n
in
e
(
9
)
h
y
p
o
th
eses
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
en
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
ac
ce
p
ted
.
W
h
ile
th
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
(
3
)
h
y
p
o
th
eses
th
at
h
av
e
le
s
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
an
d
wer
e
r
ejec
ted
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
r
ejec
ted
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
h
av
in
g
T
-
Statis
tics
les
s
th
an
1
.
9
6
an
d
p
-
v
al
u
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
0
.
0
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Un
ve
ilin
g
crit
ica
l fa
cto
r
s
o
f te
s
t a
u
to
ma
tio
n
a
d
o
p
tio
n
in
s
o
f
tw
a
r
e
test
in
g
(
Mif
ta
h
u
l Ka
h
fi
A
l F
a
th
)
1833
T
ab
le
8
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
P
a
t
h
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
T
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
P
v
a
l
u
e
R
e
s
u
l
t
TTF
-
>
P
U
0
.
6
5
1
8
.
6
5
3
0
.
0
0
0
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
TTF
-
>
P
EO
U
0
.
1
4
0
1
.
6
9
6
0
.
0
9
0
I
n
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
C
S
E
-
>
P
U
0
.
1
7
4
2
.
3
1
8
0
.
0
2
0
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
C
S
E
-
>
P
EO
U
0
.
6
8
6
9
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
0
0
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
PU
-
>
I
U
0
.
4
7
7
3
.
4
4
6
0
.
0
0
1
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
P
EO
U
-
>
I
U
0
.
2
1
5
2
.
5
9
8
0
.
0
0
9
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
IU
-
>
A
U
0
.
6
2
1
1
0
.
8
1
1
0
.
0
0
0
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
AU
-
>
I
P
0
.
5
9
9
1
0
.
9
9
3
0
.
0
0
0
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
AU
-
>
O
P
0
.
5
7
6
7
.
0
4
0
0
.
0
0
0
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
M
S
-
>
A
U
0
.
2
1
7
2
.
0
2
2
0
.
0
4
3
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
M
S
x
P
U
-
>
I
U
-
0
.
0
8
7
0
.
7
9
0
0
.
4
2
9
I
n
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
M
S
x
P
EO
U
-
>
I
U
-
0
.
0
8
7
0
.
8
9
3
0
.
3
7
2
I
n
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
3
.
5
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
T
AM
-
T
T
F
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
i
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
w
ith
in
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
T
F
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
PU
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
test
au
to
m
a
tio
n
is
m
o
s
t
b
en
ef
icial
wh
e
n
it
alig
n
s
well
with
th
e
task
s
a
t
h
an
d
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
an
d
cu
s
to
m
izin
g
au
to
m
atio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
th
at
f
it a
n
o
r
g
an
iz
atio
n
’
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
test
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
T
F
was
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
PEOU
.
M
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
s
f
o
u
n
d
test
au
to
m
atio
n
was
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
u
s
e
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
ey
s
till
u
tili
ze
it
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
f
itn
ess
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
th
e
QA
task
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
c
o
n
tr
ad
icte
d
with
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
th
at
f
o
u
n
d
T
T
F h
a
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
PEOU
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
m
ig
h
t
o
cc
u
r
as
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
d
o
p
tio
n
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
,
t
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
m
o
r
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
a
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
is
g
ap
.
C
SE
em
er
g
ed
as
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
b
o
th
PU
an
d
PEOU
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
test
er
s
with
g
r
e
ater
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
in
th
eir
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
p
er
ce
iv
e
au
to
m
atio
n
as
m
o
r
e
b
e
n
ef
ic
ial
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
[2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
v
alid
ates
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
i
tiativ
es,
s
u
ch
as
s
k
ill
-
b
ased
tr
ain
in
g
,
m
en
to
r
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
an
d
ce
r
tific
atio
n
co
u
r
s
es,
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
elf
-
ef
f
ica
cy
am
o
n
g
QA
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als.
PU
an
d
PEOU
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
o
n
in
ten
tio
n
an
d
ac
tu
al
u
s
e
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
ea
s
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
o
f
test
au
t
o
m
atio
n
to
o
ls
an
d
h
o
w
th
e
u
s
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
ed
th
e
b
en
ef
icial
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
eir
jo
b
as
QA
E
n
g
in
ee
r
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
l
e
i
n
ad
o
p
ti
o
n
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
at
u
s
ab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
en
ef
its
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
t a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
willin
g
n
ess
to
in
teg
r
ate
n
ew
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies in
to
th
eir
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
[
8
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
AU
h
a
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
b
o
th
I
P
an
d
OP
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
F
r
eq
u
en
t
u
s
e
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
t
o
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
ef
f
i
cien
cy
,
ac
ce
ler
ated
test
in
g
p
h
ase
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
bug
d
etec
tio
n
ca
p
ab
i
liti
es
at
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
lev
el.
T
h
ese
b
e
n
ef
its
ex
ten
d
to
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
le
v
el,
wh
er
e
a
u
to
m
atio
n
f
ac
ilit
ates
f
aster
s
o
f
twar
e
r
elea
s
e
cy
cles,
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
r
o
d
u
ct
q
u
ality
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
o
v
er
all
team
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
4
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
in
m
o
d
er
n
s
o
f
tw
ar
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
r
ein
f
o
r
ci
n
g
its
r
o
le
in
d
r
i
v
in
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e.
W
h
ile
MS
is
o
f
ten
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
cr
itical
f
ac
t
o
r
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
MS
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
d
er
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
PU
a
n
d
I
U,
n
o
r
b
etwe
en
PEOU
an
d
I
U
,
o
p
p
o
s
ed
with
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
wo
r
k
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
im
p
ly
t
h
at
wh
ile
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
b
ac
k
in
g
is
v
al
u
ab
le,
t
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
ad
o
p
t
au
to
m
atio
n
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
team
-
lev
e
l
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
th
e
u
s
er
,
i
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
QA
E
n
g
in
ee
r
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
o
th
e
r
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
t
h
ei
r
co
n
f
id
en
ce
s
a
n
d
tech
n
ical
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
u
tili
zin
g
test
au
to
m
atio
n
to
g
et
t
h
e
jo
b
(
s
o
f
twar
e
test
in
g
)
d
o
n
e.
T
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
,
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
lly
h
ig
h
er
-
u
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
s
h
o
u
ld
e
m
p
o
wer
QA
team
s
with
th
eir
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
in
v
estme
n
t
to
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is
alig
n
ed
wit
h
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
MS
h
as
ex
h
ib
ited
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
o
n
AU
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
id
e
n
tify
in
g
th
e
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
in
ad
o
p
tin
g
test
au
to
m
atio
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
also
c
o
llected
a
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
t
am
o
n
g
QA
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
em
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
QA
ac
tiv
ities
in
s
o
f
twar
e
test
in
g
s
u
ch
as r
eg
r
ess
i
o
n
test
s
.
T
h
ey
also
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
test
au
to
m
atio
n
i
n
ac
ce
ler
atin
g
r
e
lease
cy
cle,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
team
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ct
q
u
a
lity
.
Ho
wev
er
,
QA
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
wer
e
n
o
t
n
eg
lec
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
m
an
u
al
test
in
g
to
co
v
e
r
ce
r
tain
a
r
ea
s
th
at
test
au
to
m
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n
s
tr
u
g
g
les
to
ad
d
r
ess
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
Ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
(
UI
)
,
u
s
er
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
(
U
X)
,
as
well
as
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
ew
f
ea
t
u
r
es
s
till
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
an
u
al
test
in
g
.
As
r
esu
lted
,
h
y
b
r
id
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
m
b
in
in
g
m
an
u
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
8
2
6
-
1
8
3
6
1834
an
d
test
au
to
m
atio
n
is
wid
ely
p
r
ac
ticed
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
is
a
c
co
r
d
an
ce
to
a
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ec
e
n
t
an
n
u
al
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y
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SQA
in
2
0
2
3
,
wh
er
e
5
6
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5
% o
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2
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t
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f
4
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r
esp
o
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d
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n
ts
wer
e
p
r
ac
ticin
g
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
th
ei
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
wh
ile
m
o
s
t
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
in
wester
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e
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s
tr
o
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g
p
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r
o
f
t
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
th
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
r
em
ain
s
a
ch
allen
g
e
ev
en
wh
en
au
to
m
atio
n
alig
n
s
with
task
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
t
h
e
g
ap
s
b
etwe
en
test
au
t
o
m
atio
n
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
th
e
r
ea
l
p
r
o
ject
ap
p
licatio
n
,
m
ak
i
n
g
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
r
em
ain
a
ch
a
l
len
g
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
QAs
h
av
e
lack
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
test
in
g
p
r
in
cip
al
b
ef
o
r
e
m
ig
r
atin
g
in
to
au
t
o
m
atio
n
,
lea
d
in
g
to
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
with
in
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
an
o
th
er
in
s
ig
h
t
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
test
au
to
m
atio
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
W
h
ile
g
lo
b
al
tr
e
n
d
s
o
f
ten
em
p
h
asize
a
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
f
u
ll
au
to
m
atio
n
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
I
n
d
o
n
esian
QA
team
s
co
n
tin
u
e
to
r
ely
o
n
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
m
o
d
el.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
test
au
to
m
atio
n
was
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
d
s
an
ity
test
,
an
d
n
o
t
as
th
e
s
u
b
s
ti
tu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
wh
o
le
test
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
a
b
alan
ce
d
test
in
g
s
tr
ateg
y
r
ath
er
th
an
s
tr
iv
in
g
f
o
r
f
u
ll
a
u
to
m
atio
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
Desp
ite
it
s
ad
v
an
tag
es,
test
a
u
to
m
atio
n
ad
o
p
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
c
h
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
h
ig
h
er
in
v
estme
n
t
in
th
e
in
itial
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
tech
n
ical
s
k
ill
g
ap
s
am
o
n
g
QAs,
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
u
n
s
tab
l
e
au
to
m
atio
n
[
6
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
o
d
r
i
v
e
th
e
b
en
ef
its
,
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
en
h
a
n
ce
au
to
m
atio
n
m
atu
r
ity
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
it
t
o
C
I
/C
D,
lev
er
a
g
in
g
AI
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
t
r
ain
in
g
b
y
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ea
l
p
r
o
ject,
a
n
d
allo
ca
tin
g
a
s
u
f
f
icien
t
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