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[
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J
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&
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Vo
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39
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
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20
25
:
1
5
2
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1
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4
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1526
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o
p
ag
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
o
n
ly
af
ter
n
ec
ess
ar
y
tu
n
in
g
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
u
f
f
er
a
n
d
in
v
er
te
r
a
d
d
itio
n
.
T
h
i
s
tech
n
ical
m
eth
o
d
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
ev
en
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
o
f
clo
c
k
s
ig
n
als
to
all
r
el
ev
an
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
h
e
n
ce
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
esig
n
in
m
ee
tin
g
s
tr
in
g
en
t tim
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
Sig
n
if
ican
t c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
in
clu
d
e:
−
T
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
c
h
o
r
es
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
n
etlis
t
o
f
in
ter
in
te
g
r
ated
cir
c
u
it
(
I
2
C
)
d
esig
n
b
lo
ck
s
with
p
o
w
er
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
v
i
o
latin
g
p
ath
s
.
−
Dev
elo
p
ed
th
e
cc
o
p
t_
s
p
ec
f
il
e,
co
n
g
esti
o
n
r
e
p
o
r
t
,
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
em
u
s
in
g
tim
in
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
at
ea
ch
d
esig
n
s
tep
,
an
d
f
ix
ed
d
esig
n
v
io
latio
n
s
.
−
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
g
lo
b
al
f
iles
an
d
m
m
m
c.
tcl
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
s
ig
n
is
em
p
h
asized
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
I
2
C
b
lo
c
k
tim
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
u
s
in
g
c
u
s
to
m
ized
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
f
iles
an
d
m
o
d
i
f
ied
C
T
S
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
p
o
wer
-
co
n
s
cio
u
s
tim
in
g
clo
s
u
r
e
an
d
p
ath
v
i
o
latio
n
f
ix
in
g
.
Desig
n
in
g
an
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
r
eli
ab
le
v
er
y
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
in
teg
r
atio
n
(
VL
SI)
ci
r
cu
it
is
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
d
esig
n
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
d
esig
n
r
u
le
v
i
o
latio
n
s
,
an
d
tim
in
g
clo
s
u
r
e.
A
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
y
ca
n
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
ch
allen
g
es,
wh
ich
m
a
y
s
m
o
o
th
ly
p
r
o
v
id
e
cl
o
ck
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
o
p
tim
ize
p
ath
d
e
lay
,
an
d
in
te
g
r
ate
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ch
an
g
e
o
r
d
er
(
E
OC
)
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
d
is
cu
s
s
es
v
ar
io
u
s
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
h
an
d
le
th
ese
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
r
ec
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
tim
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
lay
o
u
t
p
r
ec
is
io
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
VL
SI
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
m
o
tiv
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
,
wh
ic
h
aim
s
to
b
u
ild
o
n
to
p
o
f
t
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
n
ew
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
f
u
r
th
e
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
esig
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
in
co
m
p
lex
VL
SI
s
y
s
tem
s
.
R
o
y
et
a
l.
[
3
]
aim
ed
t
o
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
g
ated
clo
ck
tr
ee
s
b
y
a
cc
o
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
lev
els
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
a
r
ts
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
an
d
th
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
eg
is
ter
s
an
d
a
d
d
r
ess
es
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
d
esig
n
in
g
clo
c
k
tr
ee
s
th
at
ar
e
b
o
t
h
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
v
ar
y
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
(
PVT)
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
aim
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
clo
c
k
tr
ee
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
tim
in
g
clo
s
u
r
e
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
m
o
d
es
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
an
a
d
v
an
ce
d
clo
ck
tr
e
e
r
esy
n
th
esis
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Lu
et
a
l.
[
4
]
estab
lis
h
ed
a
g
ated
C
T
S
tech
n
iq
u
e
t
h
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
s
lew
r
ate
to
en
h
an
ce
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
VL
SI
s
y
s
tem
s
.
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
5
]
h
av
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
g
ate
d
clo
c
k
tr
ee
d
esig
n
,
aim
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
clo
c
k
tr
ee
p
o
wer
with
less
g
atin
g
lo
g
ic
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
i
o
r
clo
c
k
g
ati
n
g
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
eir
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
eth
o
d
o
g
ies
ac
h
iev
ed
a
3
0
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
cl
o
ck
d
iv
er
g
e
n
ce
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
k
ew
v
ar
iat
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
i
o
u
s
co
r
n
er
s
,
with
a
m
in
im
al
1
%
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
wir
e
len
g
th
an
d
a
2
%
r
is
e
in
th
e
b
u
f
f
er
a
r
ea
,
as
d
etec
ted
in
m
u
ltip
le
test
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
J
o
ão
et
a
l.
[
6
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
v
esti
g
ated
cr
itical
ch
allen
g
es in
VL
SI
cir
cu
it d
esig
n
f
o
r
test
ab
ilit
y
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
to
en
h
a
n
ce
I
C
test
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Sriv
atsa
et
a
l
.
[
7
]
ex
h
ib
its
h
ig
h
er
f
au
lt
co
v
er
a
g
e
th
an
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
d
esig
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
twea
k
ed
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
p
o
r
t
C
T
S
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
ce
n
ter
o
f
t
h
e
b
lo
ck
an
d
Mu
lti
-
So
u
r
ce
C
T
S
with
a
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
H
-
tr
ee
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
r
ed
u
ce
d
laten
cy
,
s
k
ew,
an
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
W
u
et
a
l.
[
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
lo
w
clo
c
k
s
k
ew
ap
p
lica
b
le
to
m
ain
s
tr
ea
m
in
d
u
s
tr
y
C
T
S
d
esig
n
f
lo
w.
Pra
n
a
v
an
d
Hir
em
at
h
[
9
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
r
ail
an
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
p
o
wer
g
r
i
d
q
u
ality
,
ai
d
in
g
in
d
eb
u
g
g
in
g
I
R
d
r
o
p
is
s
u
es
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
f
o
r
lo
wer
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
n
o
d
es.
L
u
an
d
T
ask
in
[
1
0
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
o
s
t
-
C
T
S
clo
ck
d
ela
y
in
s
er
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
tly
u
s
in
g
lim
ited
d
elay
in
s
er
tio
n
s
p
ac
e,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
tim
in
g
v
io
la
tio
n
s
,
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
clo
ck
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
s
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
3
]
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
tu
n
a
b
le
clo
ck
b
u
f
f
er
s
a
n
d
in
v
er
ter
s
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
clo
ck
s
k
ew
o
p
tim
izatio
n
in
p
r
e
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
C
T
S
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
L
as
tly
,
th
e
p
ap
er
[
1
4
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
r
ee
m
ajo
r
clu
s
ter
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
VL
SI
cir
cu
i
t
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
K
-
m
ed
o
id
m
o
d
el’
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Utilit
y
th
eo
r
y
is
s
u
g
g
ested
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
ce
ll
p
lace
m
en
t
p
r
o
b
lem
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
u
n
d
er
r
is
k
an
d
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
.
Ma
d
h
u
r
a
an
d
J
am
u
n
a
[
1
5
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
s
u
g
g
ested
a
s
ca
n
in
s
er
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
d
ef
ec
t a
n
aly
s
is
in
th
e
d
esig
n
s
y
n
th
esis
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Stath
is
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
,
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
u
tili
ze
d
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
V
L
SI
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
to
g
en
er
ate
c
lo
ck
tr
ee
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
a
b
u
tm
en
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Static
tim
in
g
an
aly
s
is
(
STA)
was
u
s
ed
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
s
ca
lab
le
R
C
T
th
e
ab
u
tm
en
t
b
u
ilt.
T
h
e
p
ap
e
r
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
ch
i
p
’
s
cr
itical
p
ath
laten
c
y
an
d
clo
ck
p
ath
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
d
ec
lin
atio
n
,
r
is
e
in
th
e
clo
ck
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
r
g
e
in
clo
ck
tr
ee
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
timiz
in
g
timin
g
clo
s
u
r
e
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
efficien
cy
in
r
tl d
esig
n
:
a
fo
c
u
s
o
n
… (
Ma
d
h
u
r
a
R
a
meg
o
w
d
a
)
1527
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
t
h
at
th
e
C
T
S
is
a
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
th
at
v
alid
ates
th
e
m
o
ck
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
C
T
S
to
m
ak
e
a
p
r
e
-
esti
m
ate
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
h
eu
r
is
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
o
u
t
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
li
ce
n
s
ed
E
DA
to
o
l.
L
o
p
er
a
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
h
av
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
wo
r
s
t
-
ca
s
e
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
te
n
u
n
d
er
esti
m
ate
d
esig
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
d
ee
p
s
u
b
-
m
icr
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Fo
r
th
e
ch
o
s
en
Sy
s
tem
o
n
C
h
ip
(
So
C
)
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
7
0
%
o
f
v
io
latin
g
p
at
h
s
wer
e
r
eso
lv
ed
b
y
d
ata
p
ath
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
with
th
e
r
em
ain
d
er
,
30
%,
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
b
y
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll
an
d
E
OC
p
atch
es.
T
h
eir
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
o
n
th
e
in
cr
em
e
n
tal
E
OC
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
ix
es
9
9
.
0
7
%
o
f
v
i
o
latio
n
s
in
two
r
o
u
n
d
s
with
o
n
ly
3
0
%
m
an
u
al
ef
f
o
r
t,
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
t
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
l
o
w’
s
9
6
.
4
3
% f
i
x
r
ate
an
d
1
0
0
% m
a
n
u
al
ef
f
o
r
t.
Y.
Kim
an
d
T
.
K
im
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Su
p
er
Flo
w,
wh
ich
is
c
u
s
to
m
ized
f
o
r
ad
iab
atic
q
u
an
tu
m
-
f
lu
x
-
p
ar
am
etr
o
n
(
A
QFP)
s
u
p
er
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
ci
r
cu
it
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
p
h
ase,
S
u
p
er
Flo
w
r
esp
ec
ts
th
e
clo
ck
in
g
a
n
d
m
ix
ed
ce
ll
-
s
ize
lim
itatio
n
s
in
AQFP
cir
cu
its
wh
ile
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
o
p
tim
iz
in
g
wir
elen
g
th
a
n
d
tim
in
g
.
B
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
im
en
ta
l
r
esu
lts
,
Su
p
er
Flo
w
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
th
an
o
th
er
d
esig
n
to
o
ls
f
o
r
AQFP
cir
cu
its
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tim
e
an
d
wir
elen
g
t
h
,
lay
in
g
a
s
o
lid
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
AQFP
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Min
n
ella
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
a
u
n
iv
er
s
al
R
T
L
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
im
p
le
o
p
er
at
o
r
g
r
ap
h
(
SOG)
th
at
u
tili
ze
d
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
Ma
ch
in
e
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
ar
ea
,
p
o
wer
,
w
o
r
s
t
n
eg
ativ
e
s
lack
(
W
NS)
,
an
d
to
tal
n
eg
ativ
e
s
lack
(
T
NS)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
ey
p
r
esen
ted
two
d
at
a
au
g
m
en
tatio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
R
T
L
d
esig
n
s
th
at
clo
s
ely
r
esem
b
le
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
d
ata,
t
h
u
s
r
eso
lv
i
n
g
d
ata
s
ca
r
city
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
I
n
th
ese
p
ap
er
s
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
o
n
s
y
n
th
esis
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
s
lack
ti
m
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
f
lo
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
f
o
r
h
ig
h
n
etwo
r
k
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
esear
ch
,
we
h
av
e
u
tili
ze
d
an
I
2
C
d
esig
n
at
th
e
R
T
L
an
d
co
n
d
u
cted
s
y
n
th
esis
to
g
en
er
ate
a
g
ate
-
lev
el
n
etlis
t.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
s
y
n
o
p
s
y
s
d
esig
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
(
SDC
)
wer
e
g
en
er
ated
to
d
ef
in
e
th
e
d
esig
n
’
s
tim
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
ed
as
in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
ese
ac
tiv
ities
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
an
aly
ze
tim
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
PVT
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
th
u
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
t in
to
th
e
s
etu
p
a
n
d
h
o
ld
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
h
y
s
ic
al
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
an
I
2
C
R
T
L
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
is
to
s
y
n
th
esize
th
e
R
T
L
to
o
b
tain
a
g
ate
-
lev
el
n
etlis
t
an
d
SDC
,
th
at
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
task
s
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
la
y
o
u
t.
L
ater
th
e
ti
m
in
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
a
r
e
g
en
er
ated
t
o
v
e
r
if
y
to
m
e
et
th
e
d
esig
n
t
im
in
g
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
t
o
tu
n
e
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
task
s
to
m
ee
t
th
e
tim
in
g
co
n
tr
ain
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
T
h
e
Pro
p
o
s
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
is
es o
f
f
iv
e
b
lo
ck
s
.
E
ac
h
a
r
e
d
escr
ib
ed
:
a)
I
2
C
R
T
L
d
esig
n
:
t
h
e
R
T
L
f
o
r
I
2
C
d
esig
n
u
s
in
g
it a
s
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
d
esig
n
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
b)
Sy
n
th
esis
:
t
h
e
g
en
u
s
to
o
l
is
u
ti
lized
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
s
y
n
t
h
esis
wi
th
SDC
a
s
in
p
u
t
to
g
et
g
ate
lev
el
n
etlis
t
an
d
SDC
as o
u
tp
u
t
.
c)
Gate
lev
el
n
etlis
t:
t
h
e
r
esu
lt o
f
th
e
s
y
n
th
esis
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
a
g
ate
-
lev
el
n
etlis
t,
wh
ich
is
a
tex
tu
al
d
ep
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
lo
g
ic
g
ates
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
in
a
cir
cu
it.
I
t
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
b
asi
s
f
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
to
o
ls
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
ch
ip
lay
o
u
t.
d)
Ph
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
task
s
:
t
h
ese
ta
s
k
s
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
with
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
f
lo
w.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
f
lo
w,
s
tar
tin
g
w
ith
th
e
d
esig
n
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
a
n
d
p
o
wer
p
lan
n
in
g
.
L
ater
,
p
h
y
s
ical
o
n
l
y
ce
lls
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
th
e
d
esig
n
to
en
h
an
ce
s
ig
n
al
in
t
eg
r
ity
th
at
h
elp
s
in
p
o
wer
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
.
L
ater
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ce
lls
ar
e
p
lace
d
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
wh
ile
C
T
S e
n
s
u
r
es th
e
tim
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
clo
c
k
s
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tag
e
co
m
p
lete
s
th
e
d
esig
n
b
y
c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
all
th
e
ce
lls
wh
ile
m
ee
tin
g
tim
in
g
a
n
d
d
esig
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
f
lo
w
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tep
s
,
i
n
itialize
th
e
d
esig
n
s
etu
p
,
c
o
n
d
u
ct
f
lo
o
r
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
i
n
s
er
t
p
h
y
s
ical
-
o
n
ly
ce
lls
,
I
m
p
lem
en
t
p
o
wer
p
lan
n
in
g
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
lace
m
en
t,
e
x
ec
u
te
C
T
S
,
an
d
c
ar
r
y
o
u
t r
o
u
tin
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
39
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
5
2
5
-
1
5
4
0
1528
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ph
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
f
lo
w
2
.
1
.
I
nitia
liza
t
io
n o
f
des
ig
n set
up
I
n
th
e
in
itial
s
tag
e
o
f
o
u
r
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
th
e
R
T
L
d
esig
n
is
es
tab
lis
h
ed
,
d
ef
in
in
g
th
e
d
ig
ita
l
cir
cu
it’s
b
eh
av
io
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
ar
d
war
e
d
e
s
cr
ip
tio
n
lan
g
u
ag
es
s
u
ch
as
V
er
ilo
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
R
T
L
d
esig
n
ea
r
ly
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
at
d
o
w
n
s
tr
ea
m
s
y
n
th
esis
s
tag
es
ar
e
less
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
R
T
L
q
u
ality
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ass
ess
in
g
R
T
L
q
u
ality
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
HDL
co
d
e
is
a
ch
allen
g
in
g
an
d
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
.
I
m
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
d
esig
n
is
a
cr
u
cial
s
tep
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
lo
o
r
p
la
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
n
ec
ess
itates
f
u
r
n
is
h
in
g
all
ess
en
tial
i
n
p
u
ts
to
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
to
o
l
to
p
r
o
g
r
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
ea
ch
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t stag
e
s
ea
m
less
ly
.
Gen
er
atin
g
m
m
m
c
f
ile
.
T
h
e
m
u
ltimo
d
e
m
u
lti
co
r
n
er
(
MM
MC)
f
ile
is
cr
ea
ted
b
y
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
tatic
tim
in
g
an
aly
s
is
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
a
cr
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
o
ltag
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
PVT)
co
r
n
er
s
,
an
d
p
ar
asit
ic
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ts
.
T
h
is
f
ile
is
g
en
er
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
n
n
o
v
u
s
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
to
o
l,
an
d
co
r
r
ec
t
in
p
u
ts
will
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
es
ig
n
im
p
o
r
t
win
d
o
w.
T
h
is
f
il
e
in
clu
d
es
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
lik
e
th
e
Netlis
t:
Netlis
t_
m
o
d
u
le_
i2
c_
g
ln
.
v
,
L
i
b
r
ar
y
E
x
ch
a
n
g
e
Fo
r
m
at:
g
s
clib
0
4
5
.
f
ix
ed
2
.
lef
f
iles
,
an
d
Vi
ew
Def
in
itio
n
VSS
f
iles
,
p
o
wer
n
ets:
i2
c.
v
iew.
p
o
wer
n
et
-
VDD,
g
r
o
u
n
d
n
ets:
VSS
an
d
last
ly
a
v
iew
f
ile
is
cr
ea
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
f
in
d
in
g
a
b
alan
ce
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
wo
r
s
t
-
ca
s
e
an
d
b
est
-
ca
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
an
d
also
en
tails
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
to
m
ee
t
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
ea
liti
es.
T
h
at
n
av
ig
atio
n
h
as to
b
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
lo
o
k
in
g
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t p
ar
a
m
eter
s
in
th
e
MM
MC b
r
o
wser
f
o
r
th
e
r
ig
h
t v
iew
f
iles
.
T
h
e
tech
n
ical
s
tep
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
cr
ea
tin
g
a
v
iew
f
ile
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
MM
MC
b
r
o
wser
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
−
C
h
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t lib
r
ar
y
s
et:
M
ax
(
m
ax
.
lib
)
lib
r
ar
y
s
et
o
r
m
in
(
m
i
n
.
lib
)
lib
r
a
r
y
s
et.
−
Select
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
R
C
(
R
e
s
is
tan
ce
-
C
ap
ac
itan
ce
)
co
r
n
er
s
: m
ax
.
r
c
o
r
m
in
.
r
c.
−
Settin
g
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
:
E
ith
er
m
ax
.
o
p
o
r
m
in
.
o
p
m
u
s
t
b
e
ch
o
s
en
th
en
s
elec
t
th
e
d
elay
co
r
n
er
s
b
y
s
elec
tin
g
m
ax
_
d
elay
o
r
m
i
n
_
d
elay
.
−
Def
in
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
t m
o
d
es in
v
o
lv
es d
eter
m
in
in
g
w
h
ich
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
e
th
e
d
esig
n
m
u
s
t sati
s
f
y
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
v
iews a
r
e:
−
T
h
e
s
lo
w
o
r
f
ast
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
as
to
b
e
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
o
v
er
all
v
ie
ws
o
f
an
aly
s
is
,
as
it
will
a
f
f
ec
t
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
p
ee
d
o
f
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
−
A
ch
o
ice
b
etwe
en
s
lo
w
an
d
f
ast
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
as
to
b
e
m
ad
e
w
h
ile
s
ettin
g
th
e
an
aly
s
is
v
iews,
as
it
d
ir
ec
tly
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
s
etu
p
an
aly
s
is
;
th
e
s
am
e
ap
p
lie
s
to
h
o
ld
an
aly
s
is
v
iews.
T
h
es
e
ch
o
ices
will
allo
w
u
s
er
s
to
ad
ap
t
t
h
eir
v
ie
w
f
ile
cr
ea
tio
n
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
eir
d
esig
n
’
s
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ee
d
s
a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
d
ef
f
icien
t a
n
aly
s
is
.
2
.
2
.
F
l
o
o
r
pla
nn
ing
ph
a
s
e
Ou
r
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
f
lo
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
b
lo
ck
s
with
in
th
e
ch
ip
ar
ea
.
T
h
is
m
eticu
lo
u
s
p
lan
n
in
g
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
ar
ea
,
p
o
wer
,
a
n
d
s
ig
n
al
r
o
u
tin
g
,
aim
in
g
to
ac
h
iev
e
an
ef
f
icien
t
la
y
o
u
t
th
at
o
p
tim
izes
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
f
lo
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
in
v
o
l
v
e
s
cr
u
tial step
s
th
at
ar
e
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t in
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ch
ip
d
esig
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
timiz
in
g
timin
g
clo
s
u
r
e
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
efficien
cy
in
r
tl d
esig
n
:
a
fo
c
u
s
o
n
… (
Ma
d
h
u
r
a
R
a
meg
o
w
d
a
)
1529
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
co
m
p
r
is
es,
th
e
Netlis
t
wh
ich
is
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
w
ith
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
lib
r
ar
y
th
at
allo
ws
ea
s
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
ess
en
tial
d
esig
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
to
th
e
lay
o
u
t.
A
co
r
e
in
itial
is
cr
ea
ted
to
ac
t
as
th
e
b
asic
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
wh
ich
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
is
b
u
ilt.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
t
ep
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
o
u
tp
u
t
(
I
O)
p
in
s
,
last
ly
a
p
ad
r
in
g
wo
u
ld
b
e
cr
ea
ted
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
lay
o
u
t
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
alit
y.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
co
n
tin
u
es
with
p
lacin
g
m
ac
r
o
s
o
r
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ce
lls
an
d
p
lace
m
en
t
b
lo
ck
ag
es.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
p
o
wer
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
n
ets
ar
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
,
as
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ar
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
to
th
e
ch
ip
’
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
p
o
wer
an
d
m
ac
r
o
r
i
n
g
s
ar
e
ac
cu
r
ately
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
o
f
p
o
wer
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
n
ets
ar
e
wel
l
o
r
g
a
n
ized
to
m
ain
tain
co
h
er
en
ce
in
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
a
n
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
in
th
e
d
esig
n
.
Fin
ally
,
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
v
al
id
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
t
o
d
etec
t
an
d
r
ec
tif
y
an
y
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
d
esig
n
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
id
elit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
al
l
ch
ip
d
esig
n
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
m
eti
cu
lo
u
s
f
l
o
o
r
p
la
n
n
in
g
in
d
r
i
v
in
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
c
h
ip
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
2
.
3
.
I
nco
rpo
ra
t
ing
ph
y
s
ica
l
-
o
nly
ce
lls
Du
r
in
g
th
e
lay
o
u
t
p
h
ase,
p
h
y
s
ical
-
o
n
ly
ce
lls
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wh
ich
is
also
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
f
iller
ce
lls
.
T
h
ese
ce
lls
s
er
v
e
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
f
i
llin
g
g
ap
s
,
s
ea
m
less
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
to
t
h
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
u
n
if
o
r
m
ity
an
d
m
an
u
f
a
ctu
r
ab
i
lity
in
th
e
lay
o
u
t.
I
n
c
h
ip
d
esi
g
n
,
th
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
ce
l
ls
with
in
th
e
d
esig
n
n
etlis
t
s
ig
n
als
th
eir
in
clu
s
io
n
en
tire
ly
as
p
h
y
s
ical
ce
lls
.
T
h
ese
p
h
y
s
ical
ce
lls
,
lack
s
r
ep
r
e
s
en
tatio
n
in
tim
in
g
p
ath
way
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
ar
e
ty
p
ically
in
teg
r
ated
in
th
e
ch
ip
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t in
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
T
ap
ce
lls
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
n
o
n
-
lo
g
ic
en
ti
ties
wh
ich
ar
e
e
q
u
ip
p
e
d
wit
h
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
ties
,
h
ea
lth
y
ties
,
o
r
b
o
th
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ar
r
an
g
ed
with
in
s
tan
d
ar
d
ce
ll
r
o
ws
at
p
r
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
i
n
ter
v
als,
ad
h
er
in
g
to
g
u
id
elin
es
o
u
tlin
e
d
in
th
e
d
esig
n
r
u
le
h
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
.
T
ap
ce
lls
b
ec
o
m
e
in
v
alu
ab
le
wh
en
m
o
s
t
o
r
all
n
o
r
m
al
ce
lls
with
in
th
e
lib
r
ar
y
lack
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
o
r
well
tap
s
,
en
s
u
r
es th
e
in
teg
r
ity
a
n
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
th
e
ch
i
p
d
esig
n
.
An
o
th
er
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
ch
ip
d
esig
n
is
th
e
e
n
d
-
ca
p
ce
ll,
wh
ich
is
ty
p
ically
d
ev
o
i
d
o
f
lo
g
ic
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
b
u
t
s
er
v
es
v
ar
io
u
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
ac
tin
g
as
a
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
r
ail.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
itab
le
en
d
-
ca
p
ce
lls
,
as
th
e
to
o
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
an
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
ce
ll
in
ten
d
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
T
h
e
in
ten
tio
n
al
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
o
p
er
en
d
-
ca
p
ce
lls
h
elp
s
d
esig
n
er
s
co
n
tr
o
l
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
n
d
m
ain
tain
s
ig
n
al
in
teg
r
ity
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
o
v
er
al
l
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
a
ch
ip
d
esig
n
.
2
.
4
.
P
o
wer
pla
nn
ing
ph
a
s
e
Ou
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
in
clu
d
es
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
o
wer
p
la
n
n
in
g
p
h
ase,
m
ain
l
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
p
o
wer
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
is
s
tep
aim
s
to
m
in
im
ize
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
an
d
m
itig
ate
n
o
i
s
e,
ev
en
tu
ally
elev
ates
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
I
C
.
T
h
e
I
C
d
esig
n
in
v
o
lv
es
a
co
m
p
lex
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
co
n
tain
s
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
cr
itical
elem
en
ts
to
co
n
d
u
ct
p
o
wer
s
m
o
o
th
ly
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ch
ip
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
s
titu
en
t
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
es p
o
wer
r
i
n
g
s
th
at
b
asically
cr
ea
te
a
lo
o
p
f
o
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
VDD
p
o
wer
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
c
h
ip
an
d
en
s
u
r
es th
at
s
u
f
f
icien
t p
o
wer
is
s
u
p
p
lied
to
ev
er
y
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
r
in
g
s
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
p
o
wer
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ch
an
n
els
an
d
h
elp
s
to
s
tab
ilize
v
o
ltag
e
l
ev
els b
y
s
m
o
o
th
i
n
g
o
u
t v
ar
iati
o
n
s
in
th
e
cir
c
u
it.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
p
o
wer
r
in
g
s
with
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
,
p
o
wer
s
tr
ip
s
s
er
v
e
as
in
ter
m
ed
iar
y
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
t
h
at
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
u
r
ce
(
VSS)
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
ain
s
u
p
p
l
y
(
VD
D)
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
in
g
s
to
o
th
er
c
h
ip
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
.
A
n
o
th
er
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
ese
p
o
wer
s
tr
ip
s
is
to
k
ee
p
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
p
o
wer
u
n
if
o
r
m
f
o
r
all
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
b
lo
c
k
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ce
lls
,
th
u
s
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
ch
ip
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
o
wer
v
o
ltag
es
a
n
d
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
ce
lls
ar
e
m
a
d
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
r
ails
,
wh
ich
allo
w
d
ir
ec
t p
o
we
r
in
g
o
f
ce
r
tain
ce
lls
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
ch
i
p
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
m
ig
r
atio
n
(
E
M)
an
d
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
(
I
R
)
ar
e
ess
en
tial
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
in
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
.
E
M
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
b
y
wh
ich
elec
tr
o
n
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
etallic
tr
ac
es
lead
s
to
th
e
g
r
ad
u
al
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
an
d
,
h
en
ce
,
ca
lls
f
o
r
ca
r
ef
u
l
p
la
n
n
in
g
a
n
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
g
o
f
p
o
wer
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
to
av
o
id
th
e
r
is
k
s
o
f
h
ig
h
cu
r
r
en
t
d
e
n
s
ities
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
I
R
r
ef
er
s
to
o
p
p
o
s
itio
n
to
b
e
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
with
in
th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
a
ch
i
p
(
No
C
)
,
im
p
ac
tin
g
b
o
t
h
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
an
d
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
.
T
h
e
C
o
r
e
Po
wer
R
in
g
with
v
e
r
tical
an
d
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
p
o
wer
s
tr
ap
s
h
elp
s
ef
f
icien
tly
to
s
u
p
p
ly
p
o
wer
to
th
e
co
r
e
elem
en
t
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
d
is
s
ip
ate
p
o
wer
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
co
r
e
ar
ea
an
d
also
ea
ch
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
u
n
it
ac
q
u
ir
e
en
o
u
g
h
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
th
is
ch
ip
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
a
s
et
o
f
s
p
ec
ialized
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
es
th
e
C
o
r
e
Po
wer
R
in
g
a
n
d
v
e
r
tical
an
d
h
o
r
iz
o
n
tal
p
o
wer
s
tr
ap
s
,
wh
ich
a
r
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
c
o
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
en
a
b
le
th
e
ev
e
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
r
e
ar
ea
s
o
th
at
all
th
e
b
asic f
u
n
ctio
n
al
u
n
its
ad
eq
u
ate
en
er
g
y
to
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
o
p
tim
ally
.
2
.
5
.
P
l
a
ce
m
ent
ph
a
s
e
T
h
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
p
h
ase
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
l
o
g
ic
ce
lls
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
o
n
th
e
c
h
ip
with
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lac
em
en
t
th
at
m
i
n
im
izes
wir
elen
g
th
an
d
m
a
x
im
izes
th
e
tim
in
g
.
Placem
en
t
in
c
h
ip
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
39
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
5
2
5
-
1
5
4
0
1530
d
esig
n
is
a
s
tep
o
f
th
e
p
la
ce
a
n
d
r
o
u
te
(
Pn
R
)
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
wh
er
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ce
lls
ar
e
p
lace
d
o
p
tim
ally
in
th
e
co
r
e
ar
ea
.
Stan
d
ar
d
ce
lls
ar
e
ess
en
tial
b
u
ild
in
g
b
l
o
ck
s
d
e
f
in
ed
lo
g
ically
in
th
e
Netlis
t.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
it
is
p
lace
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
in
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
ch
i
p
with
r
eg
a
r
d
s
to
m
an
y
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
d
ef
in
ed
i
n
th
e
lay
o
u
t e
x
ch
an
g
e
f
o
r
m
at
(
L
E
F)
f
iles
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
ce
ll
p
lace
m
en
t
is
a
v
er
y
co
m
p
lex
an
d
ch
allen
g
in
g
task
s
in
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
p
lace
m
en
ts
h
as
a
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
cr
u
cial
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
r
o
u
tin
g
.
I
n
c
r
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
,
lo
wer
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
laten
cy
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
o
n
ly
with
an
o
p
tim
al
p
lace
m
en
t.
A
d
esig
n
with
o
p
tim
al
p
lace
m
en
t
allo
ws
r
eli
ab
le
s
ig
n
al
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ath
s
,
f
e
wer
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
lo
wer
p
ar
asit
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
.
Fu
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
co
n
t
r
ib
u
t
es
to
war
d
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
th
e
d
esig
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
s
u
ch
as
tim
in
g
,
ar
ea
,
an
d
p
o
wer
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
lace
m
en
t q
u
ality
h
as a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t e
f
f
ec
t o
n
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
e
wh
o
le
ch
ip
d
esig
n
;
h
en
ce
it
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
u
cial
s
tep
s
in
th
e
Pn
R
f
lo
w.
Desig
n
er
s
g
en
er
ally
r
eso
r
t
to
co
m
p
le
x
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
tim
u
m
p
lace
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
.
So
m
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
ad
o
p
ted
t
o
b
alan
ce
co
n
f
lictin
g
g
o
als
an
d
o
p
tim
iz
e
s
ev
er
al
m
etr
ics
ap
p
en
d
an
al
y
tical
p
lace
m
en
t,
in
cr
e
m
en
tal
p
lace
m
en
t,
g
l
o
b
al
p
lace
m
en
t,
tim
in
g
clo
s
u
r
e,
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
,
a
n
d
wir
elen
g
th
.
B
esid
es,
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
p
lace
m
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
h
a
n
d
le
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
d
esig
n
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
k
illed
ce
ll
p
lace
m
en
t
is
cr
itical
in
o
b
tain
in
g
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
ef
f
icien
t a
r
ea
u
tili
za
ti
o
n
,
an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
a
b
ilit
y
.
2
.
6
.
CT
S
ph
a
s
e
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
will
g
en
er
ate
th
e
C
T
S
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
clo
ck
n
etwo
r
k
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
lev
el
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
th
e
clo
ck
s
ig
n
al
to
all
t
h
e
s
eq
u
en
ce
p
iece
s
with
a
m
in
im
al
s
k
ew
f
o
r
a
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
.
C
T
S
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
u
n
d
am
en
ta
l
s
tep
s
in
s
eq
u
en
tial
cir
cu
it
d
e
s
ig
n
f
lo
ws.
I
t
aim
s
to
b
alan
ce
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
clo
ck
p
i
n
s
b
y
th
e
i
n
s
er
tio
n
o
f
in
v
er
ter
s
o
r
b
u
f
f
er
s
.
T
h
e
u
tm
o
s
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
C
T
S
is
to
elim
in
ate
asy
m
m
etr
y
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
th
e
laten
cy
tr
i
g
er
r
ed
b
y
th
ese
ad
d
itio
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
th
e
clo
ck
s
ig
n
al
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ch
ip
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
cr
itic
al
to
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izin
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
elem
en
ts
,
th
u
s
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
y
p
ically
,
a
s
in
g
le
clo
ck
s
o
u
r
ce
d
r
iv
es
all
clo
c
k
p
in
s
,
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lan
n
in
g
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
clo
ck
b
alan
ce
an
d
m
ee
t
s
tr
in
g
e
n
t
d
esig
n
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
.
Fo
r
s
ig
n
als
th
at
f
ail
to
v
io
late
d
esig
n
r
u
le
c
h
ec
k
(
DR
C
s
)
,
in
p
a
r
ticu
lar
t
h
e
r
eset
a
n
d
s
ca
n
en
a
b
le
s
ig
n
als
with
lar
g
e
f
an
o
u
ts
,
ar
e
ac
cu
s
to
m
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
ig
n
al
in
teg
r
ity
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
d
elay
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
clo
ck
s
ig
n
als,
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
itical
to
m
ee
t
tim
in
g
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
,
a
r
e
n
o
t
b
u
f
f
er
e
d
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
v
ital
r
o
le
in
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
t
im
i
n
g
ac
cu
r
ate.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
tim
in
g
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
is
r
elev
an
t
to
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
r
r
ec
t
d
ata
ca
p
t
u
r
e
in
f
lip
-
f
l
o
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
etu
p
ti
m
e
is
wh
en
th
e
s
ig
n
al
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
tab
le
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
clo
ck
ed
g
e
s
ets
th
e
tim
in
g
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
d
ata
ar
r
iv
al
at
t
h
e
d
esti
n
at
io
n
f
lip
-
f
l
o
p
.
T
h
e
s
etu
p
s
lack
co
u
ld
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
o
n
ly
wh
en
th
e
d
at
a
ar
r
iv
al
tim
e
is
id
e
n
tifie
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
elay
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
a
lau
n
ch
in
g
f
lip
-
f
l
o
p
an
d
a
b
u
f
f
er
ce
ll.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
tim
e
is
o
b
t
ain
ed
b
y
s
u
b
tr
ac
tin
g
t
h
e
s
etu
p
tim
e
o
f
th
e
ca
p
tu
r
e
f
lip
-
f
lo
p
f
r
o
m
th
e
to
tal
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
th
e
clo
c
k
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
h
o
ld
tim
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
d
u
r
atio
n
a
s
ig
n
al
m
u
s
t
r
em
ain
s
tab
le
af
ter
th
e
clo
ck
ed
g
e
f
o
r
r
eliab
le
d
at
a
ca
p
tu
r
e.
Ho
ld
s
lack
is
ca
lcu
l
ated
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
d
ata'
s
a
r
r
iv
al
tim
e
with
th
e
ca
p
tu
r
e
f
lip
-
f
l
o
p
'
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
h
o
ld
tim
e.
I
n
(
1)
-
(
3
)
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
s
etu
p
s
lack
wh
er
e,
FF
r
ep
r
esen
ts
Fli
p
f
lo
p
C
lk
,
q
is
d
elay
,
T
c
is
b
u
f
f
e
r
ce
ll
d
elay
,
C
p
is
C
lo
ck
p
er
io
d
an
d
T
su
is
s
etu
p
tim
e
o
f
ca
p
t
u
r
e
f
lip
f
lo
p
.
W
h
ile
(4
)
-
(
6
)
o
u
tlin
e
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
h
o
ld
s
lack
w
h
er
e,
T
h
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
h
o
ld
tim
e.
Po
s
itiv
e
s
lack
v
alu
es
in
d
icate
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
tim
in
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
wh
er
ea
s
n
eg
ativ
e
s
lack
v
alu
es
s
ig
n
if
y
p
o
ten
tial
tim
in
g
v
io
latio
n
s
th
at
en
tail
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
T
im
in
g
a
n
aly
s
is
to
o
ls
u
tili
ze
s
lack
v
alu
es
to
id
en
tify
cr
itical
tim
in
g
p
ath
s
,
en
a
b
les
d
esig
n
er
s
t
o
r
e
f
in
e
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
m
ee
t
tim
in
g
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
iter
ativ
ely
.
T
h
u
s
,
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
s
etu
p
a
n
d
h
o
ld
tim
in
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
c
h
ip
d
esig
n
s
.
Setu
p
s
lack
:
=
(
−
ℎ
)
+
(
)
(
1
)
=
(
)
−
(
)
(
2
)
=
−
(
3
)
Ho
ld
s
lack
:
=
(
−
ℎ
)
+
(
)
(
4
)
=
ℎ
(
ℎ
)
(
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Op
timiz
in
g
timin
g
clo
s
u
r
e
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
efficien
cy
in
r
tl d
esig
n
:
a
fo
c
u
s
o
n
… (
Ma
d
h
u
r
a
R
a
meg
o
w
d
a
)
1531
=
−
(
6
)
2
.
7
.
Ro
uting
ph
a
s
e
R
o
u
tin
g
d
esig
n
ates c
ar
ef
u
l in
t
er
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
etal
lay
er
s
in
b
etwe
en
p
lace
d
ce
lls
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
cr
itical
is
s
u
es
lik
e
tim
in
g
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
a
n
d
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
is
a
c
r
u
cial
s
tag
e
f
o
r
e
n
h
an
cin
g
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
a
well
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
ch
i
p
d
esig
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
s
et
o
f
p
r
e
-
d
ef
i
n
ed
d
esig
n
r
u
l
es,
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
a
r
t
o
f
ch
i
p
d
esig
n
in
v
o
lv
es
cr
ea
tin
g
m
etal
wir
es
to
estab
li
s
h
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
p
in
s
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
th
e
s
am
e
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
tili
ze
s
a
co
m
p
lex
wir
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
in
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
ar
ea
to
estab
lis
h
co
n
n
e
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
all
n
ets
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
th
e
n
etlis
t.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
m
p
r
is
es
s
ev
er
al
d
is
tin
ct
s
tep
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
p
ec
ial
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
g
lo
b
al
r
o
u
tin
g
,
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
a
n
aly
s
is
,
an
d
tim
in
g
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
lay
o
u
t,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
s
tu
d
y
,
d
etailed
r
o
u
tin
g
,
m
in
im
izatio
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
tim
in
g
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
,
an
d
p
a
r
asit
ic
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
an
o
r
o
u
te
en
g
i
n
e
in
t
h
e
I
n
n
o
v
u
s
to
o
l
is
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
ex
ec
u
tin
g
c
o
m
m
an
d
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
p
r
o
to
co
l.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
co
m
m
an
d
s
c
o
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
o
p
er
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
n
a
n
o
r
o
u
te
en
g
in
e
to
b
e
in
v
o
k
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
r
o
u
tin
g
.
T
h
e
n
a
n
o
r
o
u
te
en
g
in
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
o
f
wir
es
u
s
in
g
a
Ma
n
h
attan
r
o
u
ti
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wh
e
r
e
th
e
wir
es
ca
n
b
e
m
ain
ly
r
o
u
ted
h
o
r
izo
n
t
ally
o
r
v
er
tically
to
u
tili
ze
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
s
h
o
r
ten
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
d
elay
ef
f
icien
tly
.
W
ith
th
is
r
o
u
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
an
d
th
e
n
an
o
r
o
u
te
en
g
i
n
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies,
d
esig
n
er
s
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
b
est
-
in
-
class
r
o
u
tin
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
tailo
r
ed
to
th
eir
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
esig
n
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
in
teg
r
ated
ci
r
cu
it
(
I
C
)
d
esig
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
,
s
tar
t
in
g
at
th
e
Nan
o
r
o
u
te
to
o
l
in
itializatio
n
.
I
t
p
ass
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
th
e
g
lo
b
al
an
d
d
etailed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
h
ases
f
o
r
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
is
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
tim
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
t
o
m
ee
t
tim
in
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
Fin
ally
,
it
is
s
u
cc
ee
d
ed
b
y
p
o
s
t
-
r
o
u
te
o
p
tim
izatio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
f
in
alizin
g
th
e
d
esig
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Deta
iled
r
o
u
te
in
Na
n
o
R
o
u
te
f
o
r
wir
e
an
d
tim
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
co
m
m
a
n
d
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
s
ettin
g
alter
n
ate
r
o
u
t
es
f
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
tim
i
n
g
an
d
s
ig
n
al
i
n
teg
r
ity
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
et
en
ab
les
tim
in
g
-
d
r
iv
en
a
n
d
SI
-
d
r
iv
en
(
s
ig
n
al
in
te
g
r
ity
)
r
o
u
tin
g
a
n
d
t
h
en
in
itiates
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
m
m
a
n
d
s
f
o
r
tim
in
g
-
d
r
iv
e
n
an
d
s
ig
n
al
in
teg
r
ity
-
d
r
iv
en
r
o
u
tin
g
s
etu
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
39
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
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Fig
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co
m
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d
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r
n
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f
tim
in
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d
r
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e
n
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o
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p
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r
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ily
,
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e
s
p
r
ea
d
i
n
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d
m
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lti
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n
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ain
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ter
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e
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
o
m
m
a
n
d
s
f
o
r
p
o
s
t
-
r
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u
te
o
p
tim
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n
an
d
tim
in
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
t a
d
ju
s
tm
en
ts
2
.
8
.
T
im
ing
re
po
rt
s
I
n
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
,
tim
in
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ev
alu
a
tin
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
a
cir
cu
it
’
s
tim
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
C
lo
ck
s
k
ew,
s
la
ck
,
s
etu
p
an
d
h
o
ld
v
io
latio
n
s
,
an
d
o
t
h
er
c
r
u
cial
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
tim
in
g
clo
s
u
r
e
ar
e
in
clu
d
e
d
in
th
ese
r
e
p
o
r
ts
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
c
ateg
o
r
ies
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
ti
m
in
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
s
etu
p
tim
in
g
r
ep
o
r
t,
s
lack
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s
is
,
p
ath
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is
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d
ata
ar
r
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al
tim
e,
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d
d
ata
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
tim
e.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
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T
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e
co
n
f
ig
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r
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f
a
n
I
2
C
d
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r
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ir
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r
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a
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ew
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o
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t
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ts
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etlis
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_
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ln
.
v
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,
p
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o
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id
es
th
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ical
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o
n
o
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th
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o
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in
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u
t
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L
E
F
(
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E
x
ch
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g
e
Fo
r
m
at)
f
ile
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0
4
5
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f
ix
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d
2
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lef
,
wh
ich
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escr
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e
p
h
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ical
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ar
am
eter
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o
f
th
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s
tan
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ar
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ce
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in
th
e
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esig
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r
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y
.
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h
e
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ir
d
in
p
u
t n
ee
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e
d
is
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v
iew
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ef
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itio
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ile,
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e
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es
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w
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h
e
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will
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e
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es
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ib
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g
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n
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n
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r
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esig
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ated
as
VD
D
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VSS,
r
esp
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m
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ativ
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en
s
u
r
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th
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r
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t f
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n
ctio
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o
f
th
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it.
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th
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s
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icien
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o
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ll p
lace
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en
t.
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h
is
in
v
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es sp
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ch
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ap
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e
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.
Fu
r
t
h
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o
r
e,
in
Fig
u
r
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6
,
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in
s
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i
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ec
t
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ts
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h
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etailed
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p
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en
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r
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atio
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r
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es in
th
e
ch
ip
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Fig
u
r
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6
.
I
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icate
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p
in
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in
m
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tal
2
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3
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h
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Fig
u
r
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7
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ates
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p
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lls
ex
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s
iv
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ac
c
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p
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ca
p
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tap
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d
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ig
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r
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is
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ig
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Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Po
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o
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y
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ical
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ll
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en
d
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p
ce
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,
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d
tap
ce
lls
3
.
1
.
DRC
a
nd
co
nn
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t
iv
it
y
c
heck
a
na
ly
s
is
wit
h r
o
uting
a
djustm
ent
s
T
wo
co
n
n
ec
tiv
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wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
,
alo
n
g
with
r
o
u
ti
n
g
v
io
latio
n
s
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
n
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eq
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en
tly
,
r
o
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tin
g
ad
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s
t
m
en
ts
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e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
r
o
u
tin
g
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
r
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t
h
e
elim
in
atio
n
o
f
all
DR
C
v
io
latio
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s
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Fig
u
r
e
9
il
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s
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ates
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e
r
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o
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C
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r
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Fig
u
r
e
8
.
W
in
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o
w
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tp
u
t f
o
r
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n
n
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er
if
icatio
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T
h
e
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ce
lls
is
a
cr
u
cial
asp
ec
t
o
f
VL
SI
ch
ip
p
h
y
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,
aim
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m
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ize
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e
ch
ip
s
ar
ea
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d
th
e
len
g
th
s
o
f
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es
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en
s
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r
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e
r
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wh
ich
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ep
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Fig
u
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1
0
.
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h
e
p
r
im
a
r
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o
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itio
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e
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h
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ce
s
th
e
ef
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o
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th
e
ch
ip
d
esig
n
.
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I
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2
5
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I
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&
C
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p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
39
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
5
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5
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1
5
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Fig
u
r
e
9
.
DR
C
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ly
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Fig
u
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2
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up
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2
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1
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ig
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ly
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s
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ated
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Fig
u
r
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.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
p
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d
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a
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u
m
m
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f
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d
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m
atio
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attr
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esig
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A
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etailed
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m
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er
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ak
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with
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ess
.
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