C
om
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
ie
n
c
e
an
d
I
n
f
or
m
at
io
n
T
e
c
h
n
ol
ogi
e
s
V
ol
.
6
, N
o.
3
,
N
ove
m
be
r
20
25
, pp.
307
~
314
I
S
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/cs
it
.
v
6
i
3
.
pp
307
-
314
307
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ia
e
s
pr
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.c
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.php/c
s
it
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i
ng, U
ni
ve
r
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s
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a
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t
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, I
ndone
s
i
a
2
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m
be
dde
d
S
ys
t
e
m
a
nd P
ow
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l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
s
R
e
s
e
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r
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r
oup, Y
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r
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ndone
s
i
a
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
D
e
c
2
,
2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
J
un
18
,
2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
J
ul
3
,
2025
The
smart
e
-
bike
ecosystem,
a
combination
of
internet
of
things
(Io
T)
and
artificial
intell
igence
(AI)
,
has
transformed
urban
mobility.
This
stud
y
aims
to
shed
light
on
the
transformative
potential
of
the
smart
e
-
bike
ecosys
tem
in
the
context
of
urban
transportation
solutions.
It
includes
re
al
-
time
navigation,
crash
detection,
and
a
smart
electric
drive
to
enc
ourage
sustainable
practices
and
reduce
reliance
on
traditional
vehicles.
The
use
of
smart
locks
and
parking
beacon
systems
creates
a
safe
and
efficie
nt
urban
infrastruc
ture,
encoura
ging
e
-
bike
use.
This
approach
reduces
traffic
congesti
on
and
carbon
emissi
ons.
IoT
frameworks
in
smart
e
-
bikes
improve
the
user
experience
and
contribute
to
urban
mobility
solutions.
Re
al
-
time
monitoring
of
critical
paramete
rs,
such
as
battery
levels,
spee
d,
and
maintenanc
e
requireme
nts,
keeps
riders
informed
and
safe
at
all
time
s.
IoT
-
enabled
features,
such
as
navigati
on
assistan
ce,
shorten
travel
tim
es
and
improve
the
efficie
ncy
of
urban
transporta
tion
systems.
The
evolut
i
on
of
smart
e
-
bikes
is
consistent
with
the
anticipated
improvements
of
6G
networks,
which
promise
to
transform
communication
infrastructur
es.
AI
-
powered
features
such
as
real
-
time
navigation
and
crash
detection
make
rides
safer.
The
use
of
smart
electric
drives
and
cloud
server
tech
nology
promotes
a
data
-
driven
approach
to
transportation.
Future
researc
h
and
development
should
look
into
the
use
of
advanced
localization
techni
ques
to
improve
user
experie
nce
while
addressing
accura
cy
and
energy
consu
mption
is
sues.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
I
nt
e
r
ne
t
of
t
hi
ngs
N
a
vi
ga
ti
on
S
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
U
r
ba
n m
obi
li
ty
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
T
ol
e
S
ut
ik
no
M
a
s
te
r
P
r
ogr
a
m
of
E
le
c
t
r
ic
a
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, U
ni
ve
r
s
it
a
s
A
hm
a
d D
a
hl
a
n
Y
ogya
ka
r
ta
, I
ndone
s
ia
E
m
a
il
:
to
le
@
te
.ua
d.a
c
.i
d
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
C
ha
nge
s
in
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
te
c
hnol
ogy
h
a
ve
s
p
a
r
ke
d
c
ha
ng
e
s
in
pe
r
s
ona
l
tr
a
ve
l,
of
f
e
r
in
g
ne
w
w
a
y
s
to
im
pr
ove
c
it
y
li
v
in
g.
A
t
th
e
c
e
nt
e
r
of
th
is
c
ha
nge
is
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
ys
te
m
,
w
hi
c
h
c
onne
c
ts
th
e
in
te
r
ne
t
of
th
in
gs
(
I
oT
)
a
nd
a
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
(
A
I
)
to
c
ha
nge
th
e
bi
k
in
g
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
.
F
e
a
tu
r
e
s
li
ke
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
m
a
ps
,
c
r
a
s
h
a
le
r
ts
,
a
nd
a
s
m
a
r
t
e
le
c
tr
ic
m
ot
or
not
onl
y
m
a
ke
bi
ki
ng
s
a
f
e
r
e
a
s
ie
r
but
a
ls
o
he
lp
pr
om
ot
e
e
c
o
-
f
r
ie
ndl
y
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
by
le
s
s
e
ni
ng
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
r
e
gul
a
r
c
a
r
s
.
I
n
a
ddi
ti
on,
s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
ks
a
nd
a
pa
r
ki
ng
s
ig
na
l
s
ys
te
m
c
r
e
a
te
a
s
a
f
e
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
it
y
s
e
tu
p,
m
a
ki
ng
m
or
e
pe
opl
e
li
k
e
ly
to
us
e
e
-
bi
ke
s
a
nd
e
ve
n
c
onve
nt
io
na
l
bi
ke
.
T
hi
s
a
ll
-
e
nc
om
pa
s
s
in
g
m
e
th
od
e
nc
our
a
ge
s
a
s
m
a
r
te
r
c
om
m
ut
in
g
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
,
le
a
di
ng
to
le
s
s
tr
a
f
f
ic
ja
m
s
a
nd
f
e
w
e
r
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
s
.
B
y
us
in
g
I
oT
a
nd
A
I
,
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
y
s
te
m
of
f
e
r
s
a
s
tr
ong
e
xa
m
pl
e
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
ur
ba
n
tr
a
ns
por
t
opt
io
ns
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
C
om
put
S
c
i
I
nf
T
e
c
hnol
,
V
ol
.
6
, N
o.
3
,
N
ove
m
be
r
20
25
:
307
-
314
308
T
he
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
e
c
os
y
s
te
m
is
a
m
ix
of
a
dva
n
c
e
d
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
m
a
de
to
im
pr
ove
c
it
y
tr
a
ve
l.
K
e
y
pa
r
ts
in
c
lu
de
s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
k
s
a
nd
s
y
s
te
m
s
f
or
m
oni
to
r
in
g
in
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
th
a
t
s
e
c
ur
e
a
nd
m
a
ke
e
-
bi
ke
s
e
a
s
y
to
a
c
c
e
s
s
.
W
it
h
I
oT
s
e
ns
or
s
,
th
e
s
e
e
-
bi
ke
s
pr
ovi
de
na
vi
ga
ti
on
a
nd
c
r
a
s
h
a
le
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ts
,
w
hi
c
h
gr
e
a
tl
y
e
nha
nc
e
s
a
f
e
ty
f
or
r
id
e
r
s
.
T
hi
s
is
ve
r
y
im
por
ta
nt
in
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
ie
s
,
w
he
r
e
bl
e
ndi
ng
t
r
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
a
nd
c
it
y
pl
a
nni
ng
is
c
r
it
ic
a
l
f
or
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
publ
ic
tr
a
ns
it
[
1]
.
A
ls
o,
th
e
e
c
os
ys
t
e
m
ba
c
ks
s
ha
r
e
d
tr
a
n
s
por
t
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
w
it
h
to
ol
s
li
k
e
th
e
bi
ke
s
ha
r
e
I
oT
de
vi
c
e
,
w
hi
c
h
m
a
ke
s
r
e
nt
in
g
e
a
s
y
a
nd
he
lp
s
m
a
na
ge
bi
ke
f
le
e
ts
us
in
g
c
lo
ud
te
c
hnol
ogy.
O
ve
r
a
ll
,
th
e
s
e
pa
r
ts
not
onl
y
m
e
e
t
us
e
r
ne
e
ds
but
a
ls
o
he
lp
in
a
c
hi
e
vi
ng
goa
ls
of
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
ur
ba
n
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y f
ound in m
ode
r
n s
m
a
r
t
c
it
y de
s
ig
ns
[
2]
.
T
he
us
e
of
a
d
va
n
c
e
d
te
c
hn
ol
og
ie
s
is
c
ha
ngi
ng
m
ode
r
n
tr
a
ns
po
r
t
a
t
io
n
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
l
ly
i
n
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
b
ik
e
a
r
e
a
.
B
y
us
in
g
th
e
I
oT
a
n
d
A
I
,
th
e
s
e
s
ys
te
m
s
i
m
p
r
o
ve
us
e
r
e
x
pe
r
ie
nc
e
w
it
h
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
li
ke
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
tr
a
c
ki
ng
a
n
d
na
vi
g
a
t
io
n
,
p
r
ov
id
in
g
bo
th
c
o
nve
ni
e
nc
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a
n
d s
a
f
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.
F
o
r
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xa
m
p
le
,
I
oT
de
v
ic
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s
i
n s
m
a
r
t
e
-
b
ik
e
s
of
f
e
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to
ol
s
s
uc
h
a
s
c
r
a
s
h
de
te
c
t
io
n
a
nd
lo
c
a
ti
on
t
r
a
c
ki
ng,
w
h
ic
h
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ke
y
f
o
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qu
ic
k
in
c
id
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r
e
s
p
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a
n
d
s
a
f
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ty
[
3]
.
A
d
di
ti
ona
ll
y,
a
s
s
m
a
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t
t
r
a
ns
po
r
ta
t
io
n
de
ve
lo
ps
,
it
he
lp
s
c
r
e
a
te
u
r
ba
n
m
ob
i
li
ty
pa
tt
e
r
ns
,
m
a
k
in
g
t
r
a
f
f
ic
m
a
na
g
e
m
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nt
a
n
d
r
e
s
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ur
c
e
us
e
m
o
r
e
f
le
x
ib
le
[
2]
.
T
h
is
m
i
x
o
f
I
oT
a
nd
A
I
n
ot
o
nl
y
b
oos
ts
e
f
f
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nc
y
b
ut
a
ls
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u
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a
ge
s
c
oo
pe
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twe
e
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ls
a
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r
s
,
s
u
pp
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os
ys
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th
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t
m
e
e
ts
t
he
c
ha
n
gi
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ne
e
ds
o
f
u
r
ba
n
tr
a
ns
p
or
ta
t
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n.
B
e
t
te
r
c
on
ne
c
ti
vi
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th
us
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a
ds
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o
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m
a
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te
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s
t
r
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nge
r
c
it
y i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
uc
tu
r
e
.
T
he
s
m
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t
e
-
bi
ke
e
c
os
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te
m
s
ha
v
e
be
e
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th
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s
u
bj
e
c
t
o
f
nu
m
e
r
o
us
s
tu
d
ie
s
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
.
D
ubl
in
'
s
e
-
bi
ke
s
ha
r
in
g
s
ys
t
e
m
,
w
h
ic
h
c
ons
is
ts
o
f
12
s
t
a
t
io
ns
(
e
H
U
B
s
)
,
ha
s
be
e
n
th
o
r
ou
gh
ly
e
va
l
ua
t
e
d
us
in
g
a
m
e
t
hod
ol
ogy
de
v
e
l
ope
d
by
[
7]
.
T
he
e
c
o
-
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
o
f
e
a
c
h
e
H
U
B
i
n
u
ti
li
z
in
g
l
oc
a
l
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
t
ur
e
,
th
e
pe
op
le
in
th
e
c
a
tc
h
m
e
n
t
r
e
g
io
n,
a
nd
lo
c
a
t
io
n
t
o
a
c
c
om
pl
is
h
t
a
r
ge
te
d
e
c
o
no
m
ic
,
s
o
c
ia
l,
a
nd
e
n
vi
r
o
nm
e
nt
a
l
out
c
om
e
s
is
e
va
lu
a
te
d
us
i
ng
da
ta
e
n
ve
l
op
m
e
n
t
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
s
i
x
m
o
nt
hs
of
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
r
id
in
g
da
ta
.
F
in
di
ngs
s
how
th
a
t
th
e
s
ys
te
m
'
s
e
c
o
-
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
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is
o
n
th
e
r
is
e
.
D
e
m
a
n
d
pa
t
te
r
n
a
na
l
ys
is
is
us
e
d
i
n
a
n
um
be
r
o
f
da
t
a
-
dr
iv
e
n
te
c
h
ni
que
s
[
8
]
.
T
o
m
a
ke
e
-
bi
ke
s
ha
r
in
g s
ys
te
m
s
m
o
r
e
a
f
f
o
r
da
bl
e
a
n
d
us
e
r
-
f
r
ie
nd
ly
,
th
e
y
r
e
c
om
m
e
n
d
im
p
le
m
e
n
ti
ng
a
ne
w
s
pa
t
ia
l
uni
t.
W
it
h
a
bo
ut
1
.5
t
i
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
r
i
de
r
s
hi
p,
a
2
0%
r
e
d
uc
t
io
n
in
v
e
hi
c
le
id
l
e
ti
m
e
,
a
n
d
a
r
e
s
pe
c
ta
b
le
m
o
nt
hl
y
ne
t
r
e
te
n
ti
on
r
a
te
o
f
a
b
o
ut
60
%
,
th
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
s
h
ow
t
ha
t
th
e
d
e
r
iv
e
d
ope
r
a
t
io
na
l
s
o
lu
ti
ons
g
r
e
a
t
ly
e
n
ha
n
c
e
th
e
s
e
r
v
ic
e
.
S
t
il
o
e
t
al
.
[
9]
us
e
d
m
a
r
ke
t
r
e
vi
e
w
s
a
nd
a
ns
w
e
r
s
f
r
om
638
p
ot
e
nt
ia
l
c
us
t
om
e
r
s
,
pr
im
a
r
il
y
f
r
o
m
N
o
r
th
A
m
e
r
ic
a
a
nd
E
ur
ope
,
to
d
e
te
r
m
in
e
us
e
r
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
f
o
r
e
a
s
e
a
nd
s
a
f
e
ty
.
O
v
e
r
a
ll
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
gs
s
h
ow
th
a
t
t
he
e
nt
i
r
e
s
a
m
pl
e
s
iz
e
p
la
c
e
d
e
qua
l
p
r
io
r
i
ty
on
c
on
ve
n
ie
nc
e
a
n
d
s
a
f
e
ty
a
s
pe
c
ts
.
T
he
m
os
t
f
a
vo
r
e
d
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
nd
c
o
nve
ni
e
nc
e
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
w
e
r
e
"
B
r
a
ke
L
i
ght
s
&
I
nd
ic
a
to
r
s
"
a
nd
"
G
r
a
d
ie
n
t
C
li
m
b
A
s
s
is
t,
"
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
E
-
bi
ke
s
a
r
e
th
e
onl
y
opt
io
n
th
a
t
c
om
bi
ne
s
th
e
be
ne
f
it
s
of
in
c
lu
s
iv
e
ne
s
s
a
nd
a
c
ti
ve
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
be
c
a
us
e
of
it
s
e
le
c
tr
ic
e
ngi
ne
a
nd
pe
da
l
a
s
s
i
s
t
f
e
a
tu
r
e
,
w
hi
c
h
e
na
bl
e
s
r
id
e
r
s
to
go
f
a
r
th
e
r
.
S
in
c
e
th
e
m
ot
or
he
lp
s
r
id
e
r
s
ov
e
r
c
om
e
obs
t
a
c
le
s
li
ke
s
te
e
p
in
c
li
ne
s
a
nd
th
e
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
f
or
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
phys
ic
a
l
e
xe
r
ti
on,
e
-
bi
ke
s
a
r
e
s
ui
ta
bl
e
f
or
a
w
id
e
s
pe
c
tr
um
of
u
s
e
r
s
[
10]
–
[
12]
.
T
hi
s
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
e
na
bl
e
s
e
-
bi
ke
s
to
c
ove
r
di
s
ta
nc
e
s
th
a
t
w
oul
d
ty
pi
c
a
ll
y
c
a
ll
f
or
pr
iv
a
te
a
ut
om
obi
le
s
or
m
ul
ti
m
oda
l
t
r
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on,
s
uc
h
a
s
r
id
in
g
a
bi
c
yc
le
a
nd
ta
ki
ng
publ
ic
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
in
th
e
s
a
m
e
a
r
e
a
.
T
hi
s
m
a
ke
s
e
-
bi
ke
s
a
s
t
a
nd
-
a
lo
ne
tr
a
ve
l
a
lt
e
r
na
ti
ve
in
a
ddi
ti
on t
o be
in
g a
n i
nc
lu
s
iv
e
a
nd a
c
ti
ve
f
or
m
of
t
r
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
[
13]
.
M
c
Q
ue
e
n
e
t
al
.
[
14]
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
d
how
e
-
bi
ke
s
m
ig
ht
r
e
duc
e
gr
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
m
is
s
io
ns
in
P
or
tl
a
nd.
U
s
in
g
lo
c
a
l
da
ta
f
r
om
a
n
e
-
bi
ke
ow
ne
r
s
ur
ve
y
a
nd
a
m
ode
r
e
pl
a
c
e
m
e
nt
m
ode
l,
th
e
y
w
e
r
e
a
bl
e
to
id
e
nt
if
y
e
-
bi
ke
e
m
is
s
io
n
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
s
a
nd
e
s
ti
m
a
te
e
m
is
s
io
ns
.
T
h
e
ir
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
ho
w
s
th
a
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
c
a
n
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
lo
w
e
r
c
a
r
bon
e
m
is
s
io
ns
w
h
e
n
us
e
d
m
or
e
r
e
gul
a
r
ly
,
m
a
ki
ng
th
e
m
a
f
e
a
s
ib
le
w
a
y
to
r
e
duc
e
c
a
r
bon
e
m
is
s
io
ns
in
ur
ba
n
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on.
M
a
ny
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
oc
us
on
e
s
ti
m
a
ti
n
g
th
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
r
e
duc
ti
ons
th
a
t
r
e
s
ul
t
f
r
om
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d us
e
of
e
-
bi
ke
s
f
or
bot
h publi
c
a
nd
pr
iv
a
te
t
r
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on. Applying geogr
a
phi
c
a
l
m
ic
r
os
im
ul
a
ti
on t
o
s
ur
ve
y
da
ta
th
a
t
is
a
nonymou
s
.
P
hi
li
ps
e
t
al
.
[
15]
a
im
e
d
to
a
s
c
e
r
ta
in
th
e
e
xt
e
nt
to
w
hi
c
h
e
-
bi
ke
s
c
oul
d
r
e
duc
e
CO
2
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
in
e
ve
r
y
c
om
m
uni
ty
in
E
ngl
a
nd.
T
he
c
a
p
a
bi
li
ti
e
s
of
e
-
bi
ke
s
a
nd
e
xi
s
ti
ng
w
a
lk
in
g
a
nd
r
id
in
g
ga
dge
ts
w
e
r
e
c
om
pa
r
e
d
in
th
e
s
tu
dy.
I
t
w
a
s
s
how
n
th
a
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
ha
d
th
e
gr
e
a
te
s
t
pot
e
nt
ia
l
to
lo
w
e
r
C
O
2
e
m
is
s
io
ns
pe
r
pe
r
s
on
a
nd
pe
r
s
m
a
ll
a
r
e
a
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
in
r
ur
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
a
nd
a
lo
ng
th
e
bor
de
r
be
twe
e
n
r
ur
a
l
a
nd
ur
ba
n a
r
e
a
s
.
D
e
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
s
in
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
w
o
r
ld
s
how
how
I
oT
a
nd
A
I
c
om
e
to
ge
th
e
r
,
w
it
h
e
a
c
h
pa
r
t
w
or
ki
ng
w
e
ll
to
im
pr
ove
c
it
y
tr
a
ve
l.
B
y
lo
oki
ng
in
to
s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
ks
,
li
ve
m
oni
to
r
in
g,
a
nd
c
r
a
s
h
de
te
c
ti
on,
th
is
s
tu
dy
w
il
l
e
xpl
a
in
how
th
e
s
e
ne
w
to
ol
s
not
onl
y
m
a
k
e
us
in
g
e
-
bi
ke
s
be
tt
e
r
but
a
ls
o
h
e
lp
c
it
ie
s
be
m
or
e
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
.
W
e
w
il
l
di
s
c
u
s
s
in
te
ll
ig
e
nt
s
y
s
te
m
s
li
ke
s
m
a
r
t
e
le
c
tr
ic
dr
iv
e
s
a
nd
na
vi
ga
ti
on
to
ol
s
to
pr
ovi
de
a
c
le
a
r
pi
c
tu
r
e
of
how
th
e
s
e
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
h
e
lp
m
e
e
t
th
e
goa
l
s
of
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
ie
s
,
s
im
il
a
r
to
th
e
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
ul
c
it
y
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
m
e
nt
io
ne
d
in
[
1]
.
A
ddi
t
io
na
ll
y,
th
is
a
na
ly
s
is
w
il
l
go
f
ur
th
e
r
th
a
n
ju
s
t
how
th
in
gs
w
or
k,
e
xpl
or
in
g
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
t
he
s
e
s
m
a
r
t
de
vi
c
e
s
on r
ul
e
s
a
nd pr
of
e
s
s
io
na
l
w
or
k, a
s
hi
ghl
ig
ht
e
d i
n
[
16
]
.
I
n
t
he
e
nd, t
hi
s
s
tu
dy
a
im
s
to
s
how
th
e
c
ha
ngi
ng
im
pa
c
t
of
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
e
c
os
ys
te
m
w
it
hi
n
th
e
la
r
ge
r
s
c
e
ne
of
ur
ba
n
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on s
ol
ut
io
ns
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
C
om
put
S
c
i
I
nf
T
e
c
hnol
I
S
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
T
he
s
m
ar
t
e
-
bi
k
e
e
c
os
y
s
te
m
i
nt
e
gr
at
e
s
i
nt
e
r
n
e
t
of
t
hi
ngs
and ar
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
(
T
ol
e
Sut
ik
no
)
309
2.
T
H
E
R
O
L
E
O
F
I
O
T
I
N
S
M
A
R
T
E
-
B
I
K
E
S
T
he
us
e
of
ne
w
te
c
h
in
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
m
a
ke
s
th
e
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
be
tt
e
r
a
nd
s
uppor
ts
ur
ba
n
tr
a
ns
por
t
s
ol
ut
io
ns
.
W
it
h
I
oT
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
th
e
s
e
bi
ke
s
c
a
n
tr
a
c
k
im
por
ta
nt
f
a
c
to
r
s
li
ke
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
ta
tu
s
,
s
pe
e
d,
a
nd
m
a
in
te
na
nc
e
ne
e
ds
in
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
,
ke
e
pi
ng
r
id
e
r
s
in
f
or
m
e
d
a
nd
s
a
f
e
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
I
oT
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
na
vi
ga
ti
on
he
lp
us
e
r
s
f
in
d
be
tt
e
r
r
out
e
s
,
w
hi
c
h
c
a
n
c
ut
dow
n
tr
a
ve
l
ti
m
e
s
a
nd
im
pr
ove
ur
ba
n
tr
a
ns
por
t
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y.
K
e
y
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
li
ke
c
r
a
s
h
de
te
c
ti
on
s
y
s
te
m
s
s
how
how
I
oT
c
a
n
boos
t
s
a
f
e
ty
by
qui
c
kl
y
s
e
ndi
ng
a
c
c
id
e
nt
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
to
e
m
e
r
ge
nc
y
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
. T
hi
s
i
s
s
im
il
a
r
to
pr
ogr
e
s
s
in
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
y
pr
oj
e
c
t
s
th
a
t
u
s
e
te
c
h
to
s
ol
ve
c
it
y
pr
obl
e
m
s
[
17]
.
A
ls
o,
th
e
gr
ow
th
of
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
goe
s
a
lo
ng
w
it
h
th
e
e
xpe
c
te
d
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
of
6G
ne
twor
ks
,
w
hi
c
h
a
r
e
s
e
t
to
c
ha
nge
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
s
,
th
us
e
nh
a
nc
in
g
s
m
a
r
t
m
obi
li
ty
s
e
tu
ps
[
18]
.
2.1. Re
al
-
t
im
e
m
on
it
or
in
g of
b
ik
e
p
e
r
f
or
m
an
c
e
U
s
in
g
a
dva
nc
e
d
I
oT
de
vi
c
e
s
in
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
y
s
te
m
a
ll
ow
s
f
or
m
oni
to
r
in
g
bi
ke
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
in
r
e
a
l
ti
m
e
,
im
pr
ovi
ng
us
e
r
e
xp
e
r
ie
nc
e
a
nd
s
a
f
e
ty
.
B
y
a
ddi
ng
s
e
ns
or
s
th
a
t
ke
e
p
tr
a
c
k
of
th
in
g
s
li
ke
s
pe
e
d,
pe
da
li
ng
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y,
a
nd
ba
tt
e
r
y
li
f
e
,
c
yc
li
s
t
s
c
a
n
ge
t
qui
c
k
f
e
e
d
ba
c
k
to
m
a
ke
th
e
ir
r
id
e
s
be
tt
e
r
. T
hi
s
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
is
us
e
f
ul
f
or
de
c
i
s
io
n
-
m
a
ke
r
s
a
nd
f
le
e
t
m
a
na
g
e
r
s
,
he
lp
in
g
th
e
m
m
a
na
ge
f
le
e
ts
a
nd
im
pr
ove
ope
r
a
ti
ons
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
th
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
f
r
om
th
e
s
e
s
ys
t
e
m
s
c
a
n
le
a
d
to
be
tt
e
r
bi
ke
de
s
ig
n
s
a
nd
m
a
in
te
n
a
nc
e
r
out
in
e
s
,
e
xt
e
ndi
ng
th
e
li
f
e
of
e
-
bi
ke
s
[
19]
.
T
he
us
e
of
da
ta
th
r
ough
c
lo
ud
s
e
r
ve
r
s
a
nd
A
I
a
na
ly
ti
c
s
not
onl
y
m
a
ke
s
bi
ki
ng
s
m
a
r
te
r
but
a
ls
o
he
lp
s
w
it
h
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
is
s
ue
s
by
s
uppor
ti
ng
a
c
onne
c
t
e
d,
e
le
c
tr
ic
,
a
nd
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
m
obi
li
ty
s
ys
te
m
[
2]
. I
n c
onc
lu
s
io
n, r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
m
oni
t
or
in
g i
s
ke
y t
o i
m
pr
ovi
ng
s
a
f
e
ty
a
nd e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
in
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
ys
te
m
.
F
ig
ur
e
1
s
how
s
th
e
c
on
c
e
pt
of
I
oT
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
a
nd
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
on
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
e
c
os
ys
t
e
m
.
T
he
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
m
oni
to
r
in
g s
ys
te
m
(
S
E
M
S
)
i
s
a
pl
a
tf
or
m
f
o
r
t
he
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
a
c
qui
s
it
io
n of
us
a
ge
da
ta
f
r
om
e
le
c
tr
ic
a
ll
y
-
a
s
s
is
te
d
bi
ke
s
(
a
ls
o
c
a
ll
e
d
pe
d
e
le
c
s
or
e
-
bi
ke
s
)
.
I
n
[
5]
S
E
M
S
w
a
s
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
on
30
bi
ke
s
a
nd
c
ol
le
c
te
d
d
a
ta
dur
in
g
10
m
ont
hs
of
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
d
tr
ia
ls
in
th
e
U
K
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
d
e
ta
il
s
th
e
de
s
ig
n
a
nd
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
th
e
ha
r
dw
a
r
e
a
nd
s
of
twa
r
e
,
di
s
c
us
s
e
s
th
e
s
ys
te
m
us
e
a
nd
e
xpl
or
e
s
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
de
s
ig
n i
te
r
a
ti
ons
.
F
ig
ur
e
1. T
he
I
oT
i
nt
e
gr
a
ti
on a
nd i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on on s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
e
c
os
y
s
te
m
2.2. S
m
ar
t
l
oc
k
t
e
c
h
n
ol
ogy f
or
e
n
h
an
c
e
d
s
e
c
u
r
it
y
A
s
c
it
ie
s
put
in
m
or
e
s
m
a
r
t
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
be
tt
e
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
a
r
e
ve
r
y
im
por
ta
nt
f
or
pr
ot
e
c
ti
ng
pe
r
s
ona
l
be
lo
ngi
ngs
.
U
s
in
g
s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
k
te
c
hnol
ogy
in
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
ys
te
m
s
how
s
a
good
s
te
p
f
or
w
a
r
d
in
s
e
c
ur
it
y
opt
io
ns
.
T
he
s
e
lo
c
ks
le
t
us
e
r
s
c
h
e
c
k
th
e
ir
bi
ke
s
in
r
e
a
l
ti
m
e
,
s
e
ndi
ng
a
le
r
ts
a
nd
upda
te
s
a
bout
th
e
ir
s
ta
tu
s
,
w
hi
c
h
he
lp
s
pr
e
ve
nt
th
e
f
t
a
nd
unw
a
nt
e
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
th
e
c
onne
c
ti
on
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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om
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6
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,
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ove
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be
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20
25
:
307
-
314
310
a
nd
c
lo
ud
s
e
r
ve
r
s
m
a
ke
s
s
e
c
ur
it
y
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
be
tt
e
r
,
le
tt
in
g
us
e
r
s
lo
c
k
th
e
ir
bi
ke
s
f
r
om
f
a
r
a
w
a
y.
T
hi
s
ki
nd
of
c
ont
r
ol
f
it
s
in
to
th
e
bi
gge
r
I
oT
pi
c
tu
r
e
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
a
s
e
xa
m
pl
e
s
f
r
om
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
ie
s
s
how
how
im
por
ta
nt
it
is
to
s
ha
r
e
da
ta
a
nd
h
a
ve
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
or
k
to
ge
th
e
r
[
20]
–
[
22]
.
B
y
us
in
g
s
tr
ong
s
e
c
ur
it
y
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
li
ke
bi
om
e
tr
ic
c
he
c
ks
a
nd
e
nc
r
ypt
e
d c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on, s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
ks
do mor
e
t
ha
n j
us
t
ke
e
p e
-
bi
ke
s
s
a
f
e
;
th
e
y a
ls
o he
lp
c
r
e
a
te
a
s
m
a
r
te
r
t
r
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on s
ys
te
m
, m
a
ki
ng ur
ba
n t
r
a
ve
l
s
a
f
e
r
.
2.3. I
n
t
e
gr
at
io
n
of
b
ik
e
s
h
ar
e
I
oT
d
e
vi
c
e
s
N
e
w
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
in
c
it
y
tr
a
ve
l
a
r
e
c
h
a
ngi
ng
how
bi
k
e
-
s
ha
r
in
g
s
ys
te
m
s
w
or
k.
B
y
u
s
in
g
I
oT
de
vi
c
e
s
li
ke
s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
ks
a
nd
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
f
or
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
m
oni
to
r
in
g,
c
it
i
e
s
a
r
e
im
pr
ovi
ng
bot
h
us
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
a
nd
ope
r
a
ti
on.
T
he
s
e
d
e
vi
c
e
s
he
lp
u
s
e
r
s
f
in
d
a
nd
s
e
c
ur
e
bi
ke
s
e
a
s
il
y,
w
hi
le
a
ls
o
pr
ovi
di
ng
na
vi
ga
ti
on
a
id
s
a
nd
c
r
a
s
h
a
le
r
ts
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
th
e
da
ta
g
a
th
e
r
e
d
by
th
e
s
e
I
oT
d
e
vi
c
e
s
c
a
n
be
u
s
e
d
to
im
pr
ove
f
le
e
t
m
a
n
a
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd
s
a
f
e
ty
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
how
s
th
a
t
us
in
g
s
uc
h
s
m
a
r
t
tr
a
ns
por
t
s
ol
ut
io
ns
is
im
por
ta
nt
f
or
m
a
ki
ng
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
ie
s
,
s
how
in
g
how
c
onne
c
te
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
c
a
n
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
m
e
th
ods
[
1]
.
A
ls
o,
us
in
g
lo
w
-
pow
e
r
w
id
e
-
a
r
e
a
ne
twor
ks
(
L
P
W
A
N
)
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
a
nd
ot
he
r
m
e
th
ods
f
or
f
in
di
ng
lo
c
a
ti
ons
boos
ts
th
e
pr
e
c
is
io
n
of
bi
ke
-
s
ha
r
in
g s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
, gi
vi
ng a
ns
w
e
r
s
t
ha
t
f
it
t
he
c
ha
ngi
ng ne
e
ds
of
c
it
y c
om
m
ut
e
s
[
1
]
. T
he
r
e
f
or
e
, a
ddi
ng
I
oT
de
vi
c
e
s
t
o bi
ke
s
ha
r
e
pr
ogr
a
m
s
i
s
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
in
t
he
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k.
3.
T
H
E
I
M
P
A
C
T
O
F
A
I
O
N
U
S
E
R
E
X
P
E
R
I
E
N
C
E
I
n
th
e
f
a
s
t
-
c
ha
ngi
ng
w
or
ld
of
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
,
AI
gr
e
a
tl
y
i
m
pr
o
ve
s
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
w
it
h
c
us
to
m
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
ol
ut
io
ns
.
A
I
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
li
ke
li
ve
na
vi
ga
ti
on
a
nd
c
r
a
s
h
a
le
r
ts
m
a
ke
r
id
e
s
s
a
f
e
r
a
nd
m
or
e
f
un,
c
ha
ngi
ng
how
us
e
r
s
in
te
r
a
c
t
w
it
h
th
e
ir
e
-
bi
ke
s
.
P
lu
s
,
u
s
in
g
I
oT
ga
dge
ts
s
uc
h
a
s
s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
ks
a
nd
pa
r
ki
ng
s
ig
n
a
ls
gi
ve
s
r
id
e
r
s
m
or
e
c
onve
ni
e
nc
e
a
nd
s
a
f
e
ty
.
T
hi
s
c
onne
c
ti
on
he
lp
s
c
r
e
a
te
a
m
or
e
in
vol
ve
d
a
nd
a
w
a
r
e
us
e
r
gr
oup
s
in
c
e
th
e
ir
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
im
pr
ove
w
it
h
ongoing
da
ta
s
ha
r
in
g
be
twe
e
n
th
e
e
-
bi
ke
a
nd
a
c
e
nt
r
a
l
c
lo
ud
s
ys
te
m
.
A
ls
o,
ne
w
id
e
a
s
li
ke
ve
hi
c
l
e
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n
in
s
h
a
r
e
d
m
obi
li
ty
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
s
how
how
A
I
c
a
n
m
a
k
e
f
le
e
t
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
be
tt
e
r
a
nd
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
us
e
r
ha
ppi
ne
s
s
,
de
m
on
s
tr
a
ti
ng
it
s
a
bi
li
ty
to
c
ha
nge
ur
ba
n
tr
a
ns
por
t
a
nd
s
uppor
t
pe
opl
e
in
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
ie
s
[
1]
,
[
19]
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
ul
t,
us
in
g
A
I
not
onl
y
e
nha
n
c
e
s
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
but
a
ls
o
pr
om
ot
e
s
t
he
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
gr
ow
th
of
ur
ba
n t
r
a
ns
por
t
s
ys
te
m
s
.
3.1. Re
al
-
t
im
e
n
avi
gat
io
n
an
d
r
ou
t
e
op
t
im
iz
at
io
n
T
he
m
ix
o
f
ne
w
te
c
h
a
nd
t
r
a
ns
po
r
t
s
ys
te
m
s
ha
s
c
ha
nge
d
h
o
w
pe
op
le
m
ov
e
in
c
i
ti
e
s
,
e
s
pe
c
i
a
l
ly
w
it
h
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
us
i
ng
I
oT
a
nd
A
I
.
T
he
s
e
ne
w
to
ol
s
he
lp
w
it
h
l
iv
e
na
v
ig
a
ti
on
a
nd
r
o
ut
e
p
la
n
ni
ng,
w
hi
c
h
is
i
m
po
r
ta
n
t
f
o
r
m
a
ki
ng
r
i
de
r
s
m
or
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
a
nd
s
a
f
e
r
.
W
i
th
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
d
a
ta
,
e
-
bi
ke
s
c
a
n
c
h
a
ng
e
th
e
i
r
pa
th
s
ba
s
e
d
on
t
hi
ngs
l
ik
e
t
r
a
f
f
ic
ja
m
s
,
w
e
a
th
e
r
,
or
r
oa
d
b
lo
c
ka
g
e
s
,
m
a
ki
ng
t
r
ip
s
qu
ic
ke
r
a
n
d
e
a
s
ie
r
.
A
ls
o,
a
s
s
e
e
n
in
s
m
a
r
t
t
r
a
ns
po
r
t
s
ys
t
e
m
s
,
be
tt
e
r
c
on
ne
c
ti
ons
f
r
o
m
f
u
tu
r
e
ne
two
r
ks
l
ik
e
6
G
w
i
ll
m
a
ke
r
o
ut
e
p
la
n
ni
ng
to
o
ls
m
o
r
e
d
e
pe
n
da
b
le
,
a
l
lo
w
in
g
e
-
b
ik
e
s
a
nd
c
l
ou
d
s
e
r
ve
r
s
t
o
s
ha
r
e
da
ta
in
s
ta
n
tl
y
[
18
]
.
P
lu
s
,
ne
w
l
oc
a
t
io
n
m
e
t
hods
us
i
ng
L
P
W
A
N
te
c
h
c
a
n
m
a
ke
p
os
i
ti
on
d
a
ta
m
o
r
e
a
c
c
ur
a
te
,
he
lp
in
g
us
e
r
s
w
it
h
na
vi
ga
t
io
n
[
19
]
.
T
oge
t
he
r
,
th
e
s
e
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
n
ot
on
ly
he
l
p
i
ndi
vi
dua
l
t
r
ip
s
b
ut
a
ls
o
a
s
s
is
t
in
w
id
e
r
tr
a
f
f
ic
c
o
nt
r
o
l
a
n
d
e
c
o
-
f
r
ie
ndl
y
goa
ls
.
3.2. Cr
as
h
d
e
t
e
c
t
io
n
an
d
s
af
e
t
y f
e
at
u
r
e
s
T
he
us
e
of
ne
w
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
e
s
p
e
c
ia
ll
y
I
oT
a
nd
A
I
,
c
ha
nge
s
c
it
y
tr
a
ve
ls
a
lo
t,
br
in
gi
ng
ne
w
s
a
f
e
ty
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
to
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
e
-
bi
ke
s
ha
ve
a
dva
nc
e
d
c
r
a
s
h
de
te
c
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
s
th
a
t
c
a
n
qui
c
kl
y
de
te
c
t
a
c
c
id
e
nt
s
,
in
f
or
m
in
g
e
m
e
r
ge
nc
y
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
a
nd
th
e
r
id
e
r
s
'
e
m
e
r
ge
nc
y
c
ont
a
c
ts
r
ig
ht
a
w
a
y. T
he
s
e
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
m
a
ke
us
in
g
th
e
e
-
bi
ke
s
be
tt
e
r
a
nd
gr
e
a
tl
y
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
th
e
s
a
f
e
ty
of
c
it
y
tr
a
ns
por
t.
D
ig
it
a
l
m
a
ppi
ng
a
nd
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
s
a
ls
o
he
lp
pr
e
ve
nt
a
c
c
id
e
nt
s
by
gi
vi
ng
r
id
e
r
s
im
por
ta
nt
in
f
or
m
a
ti
on
a
bout
tr
a
f
f
ic
pa
tt
e
r
ns
a
nd
da
nge
r
ous
a
r
e
a
s
,
he
lp
in
g
th
e
m
c
hoos
e
be
tt
e
r
r
out
e
s
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
lo
oki
ng
a
t
th
e
la
r
ge
r
pi
c
tu
r
e
o
f
in
f
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
,
th
e
m
ix
of
di
gi
ta
l
a
nd
te
c
h
c
ha
nge
s
gi
ve
s
a
n
a
dv
a
nt
a
ge
in
s
a
f
e
ty
in
nova
ti
on
s
,
m
a
ki
ng
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
im
por
ta
nt
in
c
ha
ngi
ng
ho
w
pe
opl
e
tr
a
ve
l
in
c
it
ie
s
[
23]
,
[
24]
.
T
he
s
e
im
pr
ove
m
e
nt
s
le
a
d
th
e
w
a
y
f
or
f
ut
ur
e
pr
oj
e
c
ts
t
ha
t
a
im
t
o c
r
e
a
te
s
a
f
e
r
a
nd mor
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
c
it
y e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
.
3.3. S
m
ar
t
e
le
c
t
r
ic
d
r
iv
e
f
or
i
m
p
r
ove
d
e
f
f
ic
i
e
n
c
y
I
n t
he
l
a
s
t
f
e
w
ye
a
r
s
, us
in
g ne
w
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
i
n t
r
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
ha
s
be
c
om
e
m
or
e
c
om
m
on, e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
in
th
e
de
s
ig
n
a
nd
u
s
e
of
e
le
c
tr
ic
dr
iv
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
S
m
a
r
t
e
le
c
tr
ic
d
r
iv
e
s
ys
te
m
s
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
th
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
of
e
-
bi
ke
s
by
us
in
g
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
da
ta
a
nd
c
onn
e
c
ti
vi
ty
th
r
ough
th
e
I
oT
.
T
he
s
e
s
ys
te
m
s
a
ll
ow
c
on
s
ta
nt
c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
th
e
e
-
bi
ke
a
nd
it
s
s
ur
r
oundings
,
m
a
ki
ng
it
pos
s
ib
le
to
m
oni
to
r
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
a
nd
ba
tt
e
r
y
s
ta
tu
s
a
ll
th
e
ti
m
e
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
s
m
a
r
t
e
le
c
tr
ic
dr
iv
e
s
s
uppor
t
a
dj
us
ta
bl
e
p
ow
e
r
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
,
w
hi
c
h
h
e
lp
s
to
opt
im
iz
e
e
ne
r
gy
us
e
de
pe
ndi
ng
on
how
r
id
e
r
s
a
c
t
a
nd
th
e
te
r
r
a
in
,
th
us
r
e
duc
in
g
w
a
s
te
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
th
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
of
th
e
s
e
s
ys
te
m
s
is
li
m
it
e
d
w
it
hout
s
tr
ong
ne
twor
ki
ng
a
nd
c
om
put
in
g
pow
e
r
,
li
ke
w
ha
t
is
e
xp
e
c
te
d
f
r
om
f
ut
ur
e
6G
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
C
om
put
S
c
i
I
nf
T
e
c
hnol
I
S
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
T
he
s
m
ar
t
e
-
bi
k
e
e
c
os
y
s
te
m
i
nt
e
gr
at
e
s
i
nt
e
r
n
e
t
of
t
hi
ngs
and ar
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
(
T
ol
e
Sut
ik
no
)
311
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
w
hi
c
h
w
il
l
im
pr
ove
th
e
s
pe
e
d
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
of
da
ta
s
ha
r
in
g
in
ve
hi
c
le
ne
twor
ks
[
18]
.
T
hi
s
c
om
bi
na
ti
on
c
r
e
a
te
s
a
n
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
w
he
r
e
be
tt
e
r
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
not
onl
y
be
ne
f
it
s
in
di
vi
dua
l
r
id
e
r
s
but
a
ls
o
s
uppor
ts
br
oa
de
r
ur
ba
n s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
goa
ls
[
25]
.
4.
T
H
E
F
U
T
U
R
E
O
F
S
M
A
R
T
E
-
B
I
K
E
E
C
O
S
Y
S
T
E
M
S
A
s
c
it
ie
s
f
a
c
e
m
or
e
tr
a
f
f
ic
a
nd
pol
lu
ti
on
pr
obl
e
m
s
, s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
ys
te
m
s
a
r
e
a
pr
om
is
in
g
a
ns
w
e
r
th
a
t
m
ix
e
s
ne
w
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
to
im
pr
ove
g
e
tt
in
g
a
r
ound.
B
y
us
in
g
I
oT
ga
dg
e
ts
a
nd
A
I
,
th
e
s
e
s
ys
te
m
s
c
a
n
ke
e
p
tr
a
c
k of
bi
ke
c
ondi
ti
ons
i
n r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
, a
ll
ow
in
g
f
or
qui
c
k
r
e
pa
ir
s
a
nd l
e
s
s
dow
nt
im
e
. A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y, f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
l
ik
e
s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
ks
a
nd
c
r
a
s
h
de
te
c
ti
on
im
pr
ove
s
a
f
e
ty
a
nd
bui
ld
u
s
e
r
tr
us
t
in
s
ha
r
e
d
m
obi
li
ty
opt
io
ns
.
T
hi
s
s
e
tu
p
s
uppor
ts
a
n
a
c
ti
ve
m
obi
li
ty
s
ys
te
m
,
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ng
tr
e
nds
in
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
y
pr
oj
e
c
ts
w
he
r
e
in
nova
ti
on
pl
a
ys
a
ke
y
r
ol
e
in
s
ol
vi
ng
c
it
y
is
s
ue
s
,
a
s
not
e
d
in
[
17]
.
A
ls
o,
w
it
h
6G
te
c
h
nol
ogy
c
om
in
g
s
oon,
be
tt
e
r
c
onne
c
ti
vi
ty
w
il
l
gr
e
a
tl
y i
m
pr
ove
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
s
, e
na
bl
in
g s
m
oot
h na
vi
ga
ti
on a
nd c
om
m
uni
c
a
ti
on be
twe
e
n
e
-
bi
ke
s
a
nd s
m
a
r
t
s
ys
te
m
s
,
a
s
m
e
nt
io
ne
d
in
[
18]
.
I
n
th
e
e
nd,
th
e
s
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
s
in
di
c
a
te
a
m
a
jo
r
c
ha
nge
in
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on,
le
a
di
ng t
o gr
e
e
ne
r
a
nd mor
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
c
it
y e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
s
.
4.1.
C
lo
u
d
s
e
r
ve
r
i
n
t
e
gr
at
io
n
f
or
d
at
a m
an
age
m
e
n
t
A
dd
in
g
a
c
lo
ud
s
e
r
ve
r
t
o
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
b
ik
e
s
ys
te
m
i
m
p
r
o
ve
s
h
ow
da
ta
is
m
a
na
ge
d
b
y
m
a
ki
ng
c
om
m
un
ic
a
ti
on
a
nd
r
e
a
l
-
t
im
e
i
nf
o
r
m
a
ti
on
a
na
ly
s
is
s
m
oo
th
.
B
y
us
in
g
c
l
ou
d
t
e
c
h
nol
og
y,
da
t
a
f
r
om
m
a
ny
pl
a
c
e
s
-
li
k
e
s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
ks
,
na
vi
g
a
t
io
n
t
oo
ls
,
a
nd
c
r
a
s
h
s
e
ns
or
s
-
c
a
n
be
ga
th
e
r
e
d
a
nd
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
d
w
e
l
l.
T
hi
s
m
e
t
hod
a
l
lo
w
s
f
or
ne
w
s
e
r
v
ic
e
s
th
a
t
g
o
be
yo
nd
s
in
g
le
I
o
T
s
ys
te
m
s
,
e
n
c
ou
r
a
gi
ng
p
a
r
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
s
a
m
ong
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
g
r
o
ups
a
n
d
le
a
d
in
g
to
s
m
a
r
t
e
r
u
r
b
a
n
m
o
bi
li
ty
o
pt
io
ns
.
A
dd
it
io
na
l
ly
,
a
s
n
ot
e
d
in
t
he
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
goo
d
da
t
a
s
ha
r
in
g
a
n
d
de
c
e
nt
r
a
l
iz
in
g
da
ta
a
na
l
ys
is
a
c
r
os
s
c
lo
u
d,
f
o
g,
a
n
d
e
dge
s
ys
te
m
s
s
ig
ni
f
i
c
a
n
tl
y
boos
t
r
e
s
po
ns
e
ti
m
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
s
ou
r
c
e
us
e
[
2
2]
.
A
ls
o,
us
i
ng
L
P
W
A
N
s
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
t
he
p
r
e
c
is
i
on
of
lo
c
a
t
io
n
s
e
r
v
ic
e
s
,
w
h
ic
h
is
vi
ta
l
f
or
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
s
m
a
r
t
e
le
c
t
r
i
c
d
r
i
ve
s
a
nd
pa
r
k
in
g
in
di
c
a
to
r
s
w
hi
le
a
ls
o
s
a
v
in
g
e
ne
r
gy
[
2]
.
T
hi
s
in
te
g
r
a
ti
on
no
t
on
ly
e
nha
nc
e
s
ho
w
w
e
l
l
t
he
s
ys
te
m
w
or
ks
but
a
ls
o
he
l
ps
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
b
ik
e
e
c
os
ys
te
m
g
r
ow
.
4.2. De
ve
lo
p
m
e
n
t
of
p
ar
k
in
g b
e
ac
on
s
f
or
u
r
b
an
m
ob
il
it
y
E
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
c
it
y
m
obi
li
ty
m
or
e
a
nd
m
or
e
de
pe
nds
on
ne
w
te
c
hnol
ogy
th
a
t
s
ol
ve
s
th
e
c
om
pl
ic
a
te
d
pr
obl
e
m
s
c
r
e
a
te
d
by
la
r
ge
r
c
it
y
popula
ti
ons
.
T
he
c
r
e
a
ti
on
of
pa
r
ki
ng
be
a
c
ons
is
a
n
im
por
ta
nt
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
th
a
t
im
pr
ove
s
th
e
u
s
e
r
e
xp
e
r
ie
nc
e
in
th
e
S
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
ys
te
m
by
c
om
bi
ni
ng
I
oT
a
nd
A
I
.
T
he
s
e
be
a
c
ons
c
a
n
gi
ve
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
upda
te
s
on
ope
n
pa
r
ki
ng
s
pot
s
,
m
a
ki
ng
th
e
hunt
f
or
pa
r
ki
ng
f
a
s
te
r
a
nd
im
p
r
ovi
ng
tr
a
f
f
ic
f
lo
w
in
th
e
c
it
y.
B
y
us
in
g
s
e
ns
or
te
c
h
a
nd
da
ta
a
na
ly
s
is
,
pa
r
ki
ng
be
a
c
ons
c
a
n
e
x
a
m
in
e
de
ta
il
e
d
da
ta
s
tr
e
a
m
s
,
he
lp
in
g
e
-
bi
ke
us
e
r
s
w
it
h
be
tt
e
r
na
vi
ga
ti
on
a
nd
a
w
a
r
e
ne
s
s
of
th
e
ir
s
ur
r
oundings
[
19]
.
A
ls
o,
a
s
c
it
ie
s
m
ove
to
w
a
r
ds
be
in
g
m
or
e
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
,
pa
r
ki
ng
be
a
c
ons
c
a
n
a
id
in
pr
om
ot
in
g
e
le
c
tr
ic
ve
hi
c
le
s
-
li
ke
bi
c
yc
le
s
-
by
f
in
di
ng
th
e
be
s
t
c
ha
r
gi
ng
s
pot
s
,
w
hi
c
h
e
nc
our
a
ge
s
gr
e
e
n
tr
a
ns
por
t
opt
io
ns
in
ur
ba
n
a
r
e
a
s
[
26]
.
I
n
s
um
m
a
r
y
,
put
ti
ng
pa
r
ki
ng
be
a
c
ons
in
pl
a
c
e
i
s
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
bui
ld
in
g
a
s
m
a
r
t
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ur
ba
n
m
obi
li
ty
s
ys
te
m
.
F
ig
ur
e
2
s
how
s
t
he
c
onc
e
pt
of
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
pa
r
ki
ng s
ta
ti
on de
s
i
gn.
4.3. P
ot
e
n
t
ia
l
f
or
e
xp
an
s
io
n
i
n
s
m
ar
t
c
it
y i
n
it
ia
t
iv
e
s
T
he
us
e
of
s
m
a
r
t
te
c
hnol
ogy
in
c
it
y
tr
a
ve
l
of
f
e
r
s
bi
g
c
ha
nc
e
s
f
or
gr
ow
in
g
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
y
pr
oj
e
c
ts
.
A
s
c
it
ie
s
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
or
ne
w
w
a
y
s
to
ha
ndl
e
c
it
y
is
s
u
e
s
,
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
ys
te
m
s
how
s
how
be
tt
e
r
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
ne
twor
ks
c
a
n
s
uppor
t
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y.
T
hi
s
s
ys
te
m
,
w
hi
c
h
in
c
lu
de
s
I
oT
to
ol
s
li
ke
s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
ks
a
nd
a
c
c
id
e
nt
de
te
c
ti
on
to
ol
s
,
a
ll
ow
s
f
or
r
e
a
l
-
t
im
e
tr
a
c
ki
ng
a
nd
r
out
e
pl
a
nni
ng,
w
hi
c
h
is
i
m
por
ta
nt
f
or
s
ol
vi
n
g
pr
obl
e
m
s
li
ke
tr
a
f
f
ic
a
nd
s
a
f
e
ty
.
A
ls
o,
r
e
c
e
nt
s
tu
di
e
s
e
m
ph
a
s
iz
e
th
a
t
bui
ld
in
g
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
ie
s
r
e
li
e
s
on
a
m
ix
of
s
oc
ia
l
a
nd
te
c
h a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
,
im
pa
c
ti
ng
a
r
e
a
s
li
ke
tr
a
ve
l
a
nd
e
c
o
-
f
r
ie
ndl
in
e
s
s
[
17]
.
W
or
ki
ng
to
ge
th
e
r
a
m
ong
th
os
e
in
vol
ve
d
c
a
n
he
lp
s
pr
e
a
d
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
tr
ia
l
pr
oj
e
c
ts
a
nd
us
e
da
ta
-
ba
s
e
d
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
,
a
s
di
s
c
us
s
e
d
in
th
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
c
r
e
a
te
d
by
[
17]
.
I
n
th
e
e
nd,
s
uc
h
pr
oj
e
c
ts
not
onl
y
e
nha
nc
e
th
e
li
vi
ng
s
ta
nda
r
ds
f
or
lo
c
a
ls
but
a
ls
o
he
lp
c
it
ie
s
c
om
pe
te
be
tt
e
r
on a
gl
ob
a
l
s
c
a
le
.
A
s
th
e
m
e
e
ti
ng
of
I
oT
a
nd
A
I
in
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
pa
c
e
ke
e
ps
c
ha
ngi
ng,
th
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
on
f
ut
ur
e
s
tu
dy
a
nd
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
a
r
e
de
e
p.
S
tu
dyi
ng
th
e
m
ix
of
be
tt
e
r
lo
c
a
ti
on
te
c
hni
que
s
,
e
s
pe
c
ia
ll
y
u
s
in
g
L
P
W
A
N
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
f
or
li
ve
tr
a
c
ki
ng
a
nd
gui
da
nc
e
,
c
a
n
boos
t
th
e
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
w
hi
le
ta
c
kl
in
g
is
s
ue
s
of
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
a
nd
ba
tt
e
r
y
us
e
[
17]
.
A
ls
o,
lo
oki
ng
c
lo
s
e
ly
a
t
pi
lo
t
pr
oj
e
c
ts
c
a
n
he
lp
te
s
t
ne
w
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
,
li
ke
c
r
a
s
h
a
le
r
ts
a
nd
s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
ks
,
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
in
m
a
jo
r
a
dva
nc
e
s
in
c
it
y
tr
a
ve
l
[
17
]
.
T
hi
s
la
ye
r
e
d
m
e
th
od
not
onl
y
tr
ie
s
to
c
opy
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
y
pl
a
ns
but
a
ls
o
to
f
in
d
ne
w
w
a
ys
f
or
e
c
o
-
f
r
ie
ndl
y
t
r
a
ns
por
t
s
ol
ut
io
ns
.
I
n
th
e
e
nd,
m
o
r
e
e
xa
m
in
a
ti
on
of
th
e
s
e
a
s
pe
c
ts
c
a
n
le
a
d
to
a
m
or
e
c
onne
c
te
d,
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
,
a
nd
s
a
f
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
ne
twor
k
th
a
t
s
e
r
ve
s
t
he
va
r
ie
d ne
e
ds
of
c
om
m
uni
ti
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
C
om
put
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c
i
I
nf
T
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c
hnol
,
V
ol
.
6
, N
o.
3
,
N
ove
m
be
r
20
25
:
307
-
314
312
F
ig
ur
e
2. S
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
pa
r
ki
ng s
ta
ti
on de
s
ig
n
5.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
A
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
ys
te
m
w
it
h
I
oT
a
nd
A
I
c
a
n
im
p
r
ove
c
it
y
t
r
a
ve
l
a
s
c
it
ie
s
us
e
m
or
e
te
c
hnol
ogy.
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
li
ke
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
m
oni
to
r
in
g
a
nd
na
vi
ga
ti
on
im
pr
ove
r
out
e
s
a
nd
u
s
e
r
s
a
f
e
ty
in
th
is
s
ys
t
e
m
.
B
y
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
s
a
f
e
ty
a
nd
bi
ke
a
va
il
a
bi
li
ty
,
c
r
a
s
h
de
te
c
ti
on
a
nd s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
ks
im
pr
ove
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
.
D
a
ta
s
how
s
th
a
t
e
c
onomi
c
a
nd
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
dr
iv
e
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
y
pr
oj
e
c
ts
,
m
a
ki
ng
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l.
S
m
a
r
t
e
le
c
tr
ic
dr
iv
e
s
a
nd
c
lo
ud
s
e
r
ve
r
te
c
hnol
ogy
e
n
a
bl
e
da
ta
-
f
oc
u
s
e
d
tr
a
ve
l,
pr
ovi
di
ng
m
e
tr
ic
s
a
nd
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
ons
f
or
r
e
pl
ic
a
ti
ng
s
uc
c
e
s
s
. O
ve
r
a
ll
,
th
e
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
y
s
te
m
is
th
e
f
ut
ur
e
of
c
it
y
tr
a
ns
por
t,
c
om
bi
ni
ng
in
nova
ti
on
a
nd
eco
-
f
r
ie
ndl
in
e
s
s
t
o m
e
e
t
to
da
y'
s
ne
e
ds
. T
he
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
e
c
os
ys
te
m
us
e
s
I
oT
a
nd A
I
t
o i
m
p
r
ove
c
it
y m
obi
li
ty
.
I
ns
ta
nt
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
th
e
be
s
t
r
out
e
s
a
nd
s
a
f
e
ty
w
a
r
ni
ngs
f
r
om
r
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
m
oni
to
r
in
g
a
nd
na
vi
ga
ti
on
f
e
a
tu
r
e
s
r
e
duc
e
s
a
c
c
id
e
nt
s
a
nd
im
pr
ove
s
s
a
f
e
ty
.
T
h
e
s
m
a
r
t
lo
c
k
a
nd
s
m
a
r
t
e
le
c
tr
ic
dr
iv
e
im
pr
ove
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ie
nc
e
a
nd
s
ha
r
e
d
m
obi
li
ty
s
ys
t
e
m
e
c
o
-
f
r
ie
ndl
in
e
s
s
.
B
ik
e
-
s
ha
r
in
g s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
t
ha
t
us
e
a
dva
nc
e
d
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
to
pl
a
c
e
bi
ke
s
in
bus
y
a
r
e
a
s
de
m
ons
tr
a
te
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
c
oor
di
na
ti
on
a
nd
d
a
ta
-
dr
iv
e
n
de
c
is
io
ns
in
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
s
dur
in
g
s
ha
r
e
d
m
ic
r
om
obi
li
ty
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
T
h
e
s
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
s
a
dd
r
e
s
s
ur
ba
n
tr
a
ns
por
t
is
s
ue
s
a
nd c
r
e
a
te
s
m
a
r
te
r
,
m
or
e
c
onne
c
te
d
c
it
ie
s
.
I
nnova
ti
ons
li
ke
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
s
how
h
ow
s
oc
ie
ty
is
m
ovi
ng
to
w
a
r
d
e
c
o
-
f
r
ie
ndl
in
e
s
s
a
nd
ur
ba
n
m
obi
li
ty
.
R
e
a
l
-
ti
m
e
m
oni
to
r
in
g,
na
vi
ga
ti
on,
a
nd
c
r
a
s
h
de
te
c
ti
on
a
r
e
a
v
a
il
a
bl
e
in
th
e
ne
w
e
-
bi
ke
s
ys
te
m
,
w
hi
c
h
us
e
s
I
oT
a
nd
A
I
.
I
t
ta
c
kl
e
s
tr
a
f
f
ic
a
nd
pol
lu
t
i
on
in
bi
g
c
it
ie
s
.
I
n
te
ll
ig
e
nt
lo
c
ks
a
nd
pa
r
ki
ng
s
ig
na
ls
m
a
ke
bi
ke
-
s
ha
r
in
g
pr
ogr
a
m
s
s
a
f
e
r
a
nd
m
or
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
nt
,
m
a
ki
ng
e
-
bi
ke
s
m
or
e
a
ppe
a
li
ng
to
c
it
y
dw
e
ll
e
r
s
. T
he
s
e
a
dva
nc
e
s
ha
ve
t
he
pot
e
nt
ia
l
to
c
ha
nge
our
vi
e
w
of
t
r
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on, i
m
p
r
ovi
ng a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
il
it
y a
nd
th
e
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
.
F
or
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
to
gr
ow
r
e
s
pon
s
ib
ly
,
th
is
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
m
us
t
a
ddr
e
s
s
pr
iv
a
c
y
c
onc
e
r
ns
a
nd
dS
ig
it
a
l
a
c
c
e
s
s
g
a
ps
.
T
he
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
s
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
s
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[
1]
S
.
S
ha
he
e
n,
A
.
C
ohe
n,
M
.
D
ow
d,
a
nd
R
.
D
a
vi
s
,
“
A
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
f
or
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
ng
t
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
on
i
nt
o
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
i
e
s
,”
M
i
ne
t
a
T
r
ans
por
t
at
i
on I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e
,
2019
,
doi
:
10.31979/
m
t
i
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[
2]
A
.
M
or
a
dbe
i
ki
e
,
A
.
K
e
s
ha
va
r
z
,
H
.
R
o
s
t
a
m
i
,
S
.
P
a
i
va
,
a
nd
S
.
I
.
L
ope
s
,
“
G
ns
s
-
f
r
e
e
out
door
l
oc
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
t
e
c
hni
que
s
f
or
r
e
s
our
c
e
-
c
ons
t
r
a
i
ne
d i
ot
a
r
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
s
:
A
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
A
ppl
i
e
d Sc
i
e
nc
e
s
, vol
. 11, no
. 22, 2021, doi
:
10.3390/
a
pp112210793.
[
3]
H
.
R
uohom
a
a
,
V
.
S
a
l
m
i
ne
n,
a
nd
I
.
K
unt
t
u,
“
T
ow
a
r
ds
a
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
y
c
on
c
e
pt
i
n
s
m
a
l
l
c
i
t
i
e
s
,”
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
I
nnov
at
i
on
M
anage
m
e
n
t
R
e
v
i
e
w
, vol
. 9, no. 9, pp. 5
–
14, 2019, doi
:
10.22215/
T
I
M
R
E
V
I
E
W
/
1264.
[
4]
E
.
S
a
l
m
e
r
on
-
M
a
nz
a
no
a
nd
F
.
M
a
nz
a
no
-
A
gugl
i
a
r
o,
“
T
he
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
bi
c
yc
l
e
:
w
or
l
dw
i
de
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
t
r
e
nds
,”
E
ne
r
gi
e
s
,
vol
.
11,
no.
7,
2018, doi
:
10.3390/
e
n11071894.
[
5]
C
. K
i
e
f
e
r
a
nd F
.
B
e
hr
e
ndt
, “
S
m
a
r
t
e
-
bi
ke
m
oni
t
or
i
ng s
y
s
t
e
m
:
r
eal
-
t
i
m
e
ope
n
s
o
ur
c
e
a
nd ope
n h
a
r
dw
a
r
e
G
P
S
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
a
nd
s
e
n
s
or
da
t
a
f
or
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
l
y
-
a
s
s
i
s
t
e
d
bi
c
yc
l
e
s
,
”
I
E
T
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
T
r
ans
por
t
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
ol
.
10,
no.
2,
pp.
79
–
88,
2016,
doi
:
10.1049/
i
e
t
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i
t
s
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[
6]
R
.
S
.
M
.
W
a
ng,
Y
.
C
.
L
i
a
o,
T
.
H
.
F
e
ng,
N
.
S
r
i
s
ung,
C
.
Y
.
C
ha
ng,
a
nd
C
.
H
.
L
ung,
“
S
pe
c
ul
a
t
i
ve
de
s
i
gn
f
or
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
ur
ba
n
m
obi
l
i
t
y:
e
-
bi
ke
f
ut
ur
e
s
a
nd da
t
a
-
dr
i
ve
n i
nnova
t
i
on,”
i
n
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
of
Sc
i
e
nc
e
, vol
. 458,
2024,
doi
:
10.22323/
1.458.0040.
[
7]
K
.
H
os
s
e
i
ni
,
T
.
P
r
a
m
od
C
houdha
r
i
,
A
.
S
t
e
f
a
ni
e
c
,
M
.
O
’
M
a
hony,
a
nd
B
.
C
a
u
l
f
i
e
l
d,
“
E
-
bi
ke
t
o
t
he
f
ut
ur
e
:
s
c
a
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y,
e
m
i
s
s
i
on
-
s
a
vi
ng,
a
nd
e
c
o
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
of
s
ha
r
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
m
obi
l
i
t
y
hubs
,”
T
r
ans
por
t
at
i
on
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
P
ar
t
D
:
T
r
ans
por
t
and
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
, vol
. 133, 2024, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.t
r
d.2024.104275.
[
8]
Z
.
Z
ha
ng,
P
.
K
r
i
s
hna
kum
a
r
i
,
F
.
S
c
hul
t
e
,
a
nd
N
.
va
n
O
or
t
,
“
I
m
pr
ovi
ng
t
he
s
e
r
vi
c
e
of
e
-
bi
ke
s
ha
r
i
ng
by
de
m
a
nd
pa
t
t
e
r
n
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
:
a
da
t
a
-
dr
i
ve
n a
ppr
oa
c
h,”
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h i
n T
r
an
s
por
t
at
i
on E
c
onom
i
c
s
, vol
. 101, 2023,
doi
:
10.1016/
j
.r
e
t
r
e
c
.2023.101340.
[
9]
L
.
S
t
i
l
o,
D
.
S
e
gur
a
-
V
e
l
a
ndi
a
,
H
.
L
ugo,
P
.
P
.
C
onw
a
y,
a
nd
A
.
A
.
W
e
s
t
,
“
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
bi
c
yc
l
e
s
,
ne
xt
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on
l
ow
c
a
r
bon
t
r
a
ns
por
t
s
ys
t
e
m
s
:
a
s
ur
ve
y,”
T
r
an
s
por
t
at
i
on R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h I
nt
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
nar
y
P
e
r
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
s
, vo
l
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:
10.1016/
j
.t
r
i
p.2021.100347.
[
10]
P
.
R
é
r
a
t
,
“
T
he
r
i
s
e
of
t
he
e
-
bi
ke
:
t
ow
a
r
ds
a
n
e
xt
e
ns
i
on
of
t
he
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
of
c
y
c
l
i
ng?
,”
M
obi
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
vol
.
16,
no.
3,
pp.
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–
439,
2021
,
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:
10.1080/
17450101.2021.1897236.
[
11]
P
.
R
.
S
c
hne
i
de
r
,
“
F
r
om
e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
t
o
pol
i
c
i
e
s
:
a
s
hovi
a
n
s
oc
i
a
l
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
on
pa
t
hw
a
ys
t
o
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
e
da
i
l
y
e
-
bi
ke
c
om
m
ut
i
ng,”
T
r
ans
por
t
P
ol
i
c
y
, vol
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–
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:
10.1016/
j
.t
r
a
npol
.2023.08.015.
[
12]
S
.
J
i
,
C
.
R
.
C
he
r
r
y,
L
.
D
.
H
a
n,
a
nd
D
.
A
.
J
or
da
n,
“
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
bi
ke
s
ha
r
i
ng:
s
i
m
ul
a
t
i
on
of
us
e
r
de
m
a
nd
a
nd
s
ys
t
e
m
a
va
i
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y,”
J
our
nal
of
C
l
e
ane
r
P
r
oduc
t
i
on
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c
l
e
pr
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[
13]
K
.
H
os
s
e
i
ni
,
A
.
S
t
e
f
a
ni
e
c
,
M
.
O
’
M
a
hony,
a
nd
B
.
C
a
ul
f
i
e
l
d,
“
O
pt
i
m
i
s
i
ng
s
ha
r
e
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
m
ob
i
l
i
t
y
hubs
:
i
ns
i
gh
t
s
f
r
om
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
a
na
l
ys
i
s
a
nd
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
f
l
ue
nc
i
ng
r
i
di
ng
de
m
a
nd
,”
C
as
e
St
u
di
e
s
on
T
r
ans
por
t
P
o
l
i
c
y
, vol
.
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2023,
doi
:
10.
1016/
j
.c
s
t
p.
2023.
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2.
[
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M
.
M
c
Q
ue
e
n,
J
.
M
a
c
A
r
t
hur
,
a
nd
C
.
C
he
r
r
y,
“
T
he
e
-
B
i
ke
p
ot
e
nt
i
a
l
:
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
ng
r
e
gi
ona
l
e
-
bi
ke
i
m
pa
c
t
s
on
g
r
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
m
i
s
s
i
ons
,”
T
r
ans
po
r
t
at
i
on R
e
s
e
ar
c
h P
ar
t
D
:
T
r
an
s
por
t
and E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
, vol
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:
10.1016/
j
.t
r
d.2020.102482.
[
15]
I
.
P
hi
l
i
ps
,
J
.
A
na
bl
e
,
a
nd
T
.
C
ha
t
t
e
r
t
on,
“
E
-
bi
ke
s
a
nd
t
he
i
r
c
a
pa
bi
l
i
t
y
t
o
r
e
duc
e
c
a
r
C
O
2
e
m
i
s
s
i
ons
,”
T
r
ans
po
r
t
P
ol
i
c
y
,
vol
.
116,
pp. 11
–
23, 2022, doi
:
10.1016/
j
.t
r
a
npol
.2021.11.019.
[
16]
S
.
V
os
hm
gi
r
,
M
.
W
i
l
de
nbe
r
g,
C
.
R
a
m
m
e
l
,
a
nd
T
.
N
ova
kovi
c
,
“
S
us
t
a
i
na
bl
e
de
ve
l
opm
e
nt
r
e
por
t
:
bl
oc
kc
ha
i
n,
t
he
W
e
b3
&
t
he
S
D
G
s
,”
W
or
k
i
ng
pape
r
s
e
r
i
e
s
/
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e
f
or
C
r
y
pt
oe
c
onom
i
c
s
/
I
nt
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
nar
y
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
2019.
[
O
nl
i
ne
]
.
A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
i
de
a
s
.r
e
pe
c
.or
g/
p/
w
i
w
/
w
us
051/
7464.ht
m
l
%
0A
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
c
or
e
.a
c
.uk/
out
put
s
/
286370731/
%
0A
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
c
or
e
.a
c
.uk/
dow
nl
oa
d/
2863
70731.pdf
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
C
om
put
S
c
i
I
nf
T
e
c
hnol
,
V
ol
.
6
, N
o.
3
,
N
ove
m
be
r
20
25
:
307
-
314
314
[
17]
M
.
A
gba
l
i
,
C
.
T
r
i
l
l
o,
I
.
A
.
I
br
a
hi
m
,
Y
.
A
r
a
yi
c
i
,
a
nd
T
.
F
e
r
na
ndo,
“
A
r
e
s
m
a
r
t
i
nnova
t
i
on
e
c
os
ys
t
e
m
s
r
e
a
l
l
y
s
e
e
ki
ng
t
o
m
e
e
t
c
i
t
i
z
e
ns
’
ne
e
ds
?
i
ns
i
ght
s
f
r
om
t
he
s
t
a
ke
hol
de
r
s
’
vi
s
i
on
on
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
y
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on,”
Sm
ar
t
C
i
t
i
e
s
,
vol
.
2,
no.
2
,
pp. 307
–
327, 2019, doi
:
10.3390/
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
i
e
s
2020019.
[
18]
A
.
A
gha
e
i
A
nvi
gh,
Y
.
K
ha
va
n,
a
nd
B
.
P
our
ghe
bl
e
h,
“
T
r
a
ns
f
or
m
i
ng
ve
hi
c
ul
a
r
ne
t
w
or
ks
:
h
ow
6G
c
a
n
r
e
vol
ut
i
oni
z
e
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
ge
nt
t
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
on?
,”
Sc
i
e
nc
e
, E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng and T
e
c
hnol
ogy
, vol
. 4, no. 1, pp. 80
–
93, 2024, doi
:
10.54327/
s
e
t
2024/
v4.i
1.127.
[
19]
K
.
S
c
hr
oe
r
,
“
S
m
a
r
t
s
us
t
a
i
n
a
bl
e
m
obi
l
i
t
y:
a
na
l
yt
i
c
s
a
nd
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
f
or
n
e
xt
-
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
on
m
obi
l
i
t
y
s
ys
t
e
m
s
,
”
P
h.D
.
T
he
s
i
s
,
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
ä
t
z
u K
öl
n, 2022.
[
20]
P
.
S
ot
r
e
s
,
J
.
L
a
nz
a
,
L
.
S
á
nc
he
z
,
J
.
R
.
S
a
nt
a
na
,
C
.
L
ópe
z
,
a
nd
L
.
M
uñoz
,
“
B
r
e
a
ki
ng
ve
ndor
s
a
nd
c
i
t
y
l
oc
ks
t
hr
ough
a
s
e
m
a
nt
i
c
-
e
na
bl
e
d
gl
oba
l
i
nt
e
r
ope
r
a
bl
e
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
-
of
-
t
hi
ngs
s
ys
t
e
m
:
a
s
m
a
r
t
pa
r
k
i
ng
c
a
s
e
,”
Se
ns
o
r
s
,
vol
.
19,
no.
2,
2019
,
doi
:
10.3390/
s
19020229.
[
21]
H
. T
. T
. T
r
uong, M
. A
l
m
e
i
da
, G
. K
a
r
a
m
e
, a
nd C
. S
or
i
e
nt
e
, “
T
ow
a
r
ds
s
e
c
ur
e
a
n
d de
c
e
nt
r
a
l
i
z
e
d s
ha
r
i
ng of
I
oT
da
t
a
,”
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
-
2019
2nd
I
E
E
E
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
B
l
oc
k
c
hai
n,
B
l
oc
k
c
hai
n
2019
,
pp.
176
–
183,
2019,
doi
:
10.1109/
B
l
oc
kc
ha
i
n.2019.00031.
[
22]
F
.
C
i
r
i
l
l
o,
“
T
ow
a
r
ds
da
t
a
s
ha
r
i
ng
a
c
r
os
s
de
c
e
nt
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
a
nd
f
e
d
e
r
a
t
e
d
I
oT
da
t
a
a
na
l
yt
i
c
s
pl
a
t
f
or
m
s
,”
P
h.D
.
T
he
s
i
s
,
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
I
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
T
e
c
hnol
ogy a
nd E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng,
U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
à
de
gl
i
S
t
udi
di
N
a
pol
i
F
e
de
r
i
c
o I
I
,
N
a
pl
e
s
, I
t
a
l
y,
2021.
[
23]
C
.
S
e
c
c
hi
a
nd
A
.
G
i
l
i
,
“
D
i
gi
t
a
l
i
s
a
t
i
on
f
or
s
u
s
t
a
i
na
bl
e
i
nf
r
a
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
:
t
he
r
oa
d
a
he
a
d,”
L
e
di
z
i
oni
,
2022
.
[
O
nl
i
ne
]
.
A
va
i
l
a
bl
e
:
ht
t
ps
:
/
/
w
w
w
.t
or
r
os
s
a
.c
om
/
i
t
/
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
/
a
n/
5394879.
[
24]
D
e
l
a
w
a
r
e
V
a
l
l
e
y R
e
gi
on
a
l
P
l
a
nni
ng C
om
m
i
s
s
i
on
, “
N
e
t
w
or
ki
ng t
r
a
ns
por
t
a
t
i
on,”
D
V
R
O
P
C
,
2017.
[
25]
M
.
P
a
p,
B
.
B
a
l
e
t
i
ć
,
a
nd
D
.
K
a
di
r
i
,
“
S
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
i
e
s
:
L
ondon,
P
a
r
i
s
,
B
a
r
c
e
l
ona
,
M
i
l
a
n,”
P
r
os
t
or
:
a
s
c
hol
ar
l
y
j
our
nal
of
ar
c
hi
t
e
c
t
ur
e
and ur
ban pl
anni
ng
, vol
. 31, no. 2(
66)
, pp. 236
–
247, 2023, doi
:
10.31522/
p.31.
2(
66)
.8.
[
26]
K
.
S
ha
r
m
a
,
A
.
K
.
D
a
s
a
r
a
t
hy,
R
.
U
pa
dhya
y,
a
nd
K
.
S
.
K
ul
ha
r
,
“
R
e
vi
e
w
of
r
e
ne
w
a
bl
e
e
ne
r
gy,
s
us
t
a
i
na
bi
l
i
t
y
c
on
c
e
r
ns
,
a
nd
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
s
ol
ut
i
ons
f
or
s
m
a
r
t
c
i
t
i
e
s
,”
E
3S W
e
b of
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
s
, vol
. 540, 2024, doi
:
10.10
51/
e
3s
c
onf
/
202454013004.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
Y
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
Tole
Sutikno
is
a
lecturer
and
the
H
ead
of
the
Master
Progra
m
of
Electrical
Engineering
at
the
Faculty
of
Industrial
Technology
at
Universitas
A
hmad
Dahlan
(UAD)
in
Yogyakarta,
Indonesia.
He
received
his
Bachelor
of
Engineering
from
Universitas
Diponegoro
in
1999,
Master
of
Engineering
from
Universitas
Gadjah
Mada
i
n
2004,
and
Doctor
of
Philosoph
y
in
Electr
ical
Engine
ering
from
Univer
siti
Teknol
ogi
Mal
aysia
in
2016.
All
thre
e
degrees
are
in
electrical
engineering.
He
has
been
a
Professor
at
UAD
in
Yogyakarta,
Indonesia,
since
July
2023,
following
his
tenure
as
an
associate
profe
sso
r
in
June
2008.
He
is
the curr
ent Editor
-
in
-
Chief of
TELKOMN
IKA an
d
Head
of
the Embe
dded Syste
ms and Pow
e
r
Electronics
Research
Group
(ESPERG).
He
is
one
of
the
top
2%
of
researchers
worldwide,
according
to
Stanford
Universi
ty
and
Elsevier
BV'
s
list
of
the
most
i
nfluenti
al
scienti
sts
from
2021
to
the
present.
His
research
interests
cover
digital
design,
industrial
applications,
industrial
electroni
cs,
industrial
informatics
,
power
electroni
cs,
motor
drives,
renewa
ble
energy,
FPGA
applicati
ons,
embedded
syst
ems,
artificial
intellige
nce,
intelligent
control,
digital libraries, and information technology. He can be
contacted at email: tole@t
e.uad.ac.id.
Hendril
Satrian
Purnama
received
his
B.Eng.
degree
in
Electric
al
Engineering
from
Universitas
Ahmad
Dahlan,
Yogyakarta,
Indonesia
in
2017.
Af
ter
receiving
his
degree,
he
became
a
member
of
the
Embedded
Systems
and
Power
Electronics
Research
Group
(ESPERG),
and worked t
here as a researcher. In ad
dition,
he
is also
ac
tive as
assistan
t edito
r
in
several
international
journals
in
the
field
of
electrical
engineerin
g,
computer
and
informat
ics
.
His
research
interests
include
power
electronics,
renewable
energy
t
echnology,
robotics
,
and
the Inter
net of Thing
s. He ca
n be conta
cted at e
mail:
lfriyan220@gmail.com
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.