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I
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E
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l.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
3
7
3
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Mar
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Tea
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ti
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b
e
h
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v
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B)
is
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ize
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lex
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c
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t
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ld
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t
IW
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in
n
o
v
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ti
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li
m
a
te
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h
a
s
e
m
e
rg
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d
a
s
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c
ru
c
ial
d
e
term
in
a
n
t.
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we
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se
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x
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e
m
e
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h
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iate
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k
b
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p
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re
se
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y
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t
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se
lf
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ts
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s
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m
e
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i
p
s.
Re
su
lt
s
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firme
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t
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t
sc
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s
p
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siti
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ly
c
o
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late
d
with
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n
d
th
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t
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h
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ip
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s
p
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m
e
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iate
d
b
y
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h
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rs’
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E.
Th
e
se
re
su
lt
s
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CT,
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e
m
p
h
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tera
c
ti
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d
p
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to
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o
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ly
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ste
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a
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IC
t
h
a
t
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s tea
c
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rs’ S
E,
t
h
e
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b
y
p
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o
m
o
ti
n
g
t
h
e
ir
IW
B.
K
ey
w
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d
s
:
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
clim
ate
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
er
Sch
o
o
l m
an
a
g
em
en
t
Self
-
ef
f
icac
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W
o
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k
b
eh
av
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o
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T
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s
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CC B
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li
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se
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C
o
r
r
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s
p
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ing
A
uth
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r
:
Saf
iek
Mo
k
h
lis
Facu
lty
o
f
B
u
s
in
ess
,
E
co
n
o
m
i
cs a
n
d
So
cial
Dev
elo
p
m
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t,
U
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lay
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s
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T
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Ma
lay
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m
ail: saf
iek
@
u
m
t.e
d
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ith
th
e
r
ap
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
t
r
e
n
d
s
n
o
wad
a
y
s
,
in
n
o
v
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n
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
co
r
n
er
s
to
n
e
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
o
f
all
ty
p
es,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
ls
ar
e
c
er
tain
ly
n
o
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
.
I
n
n
o
v
at
io
n
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
d
r
iv
in
g
f
o
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ce
b
eh
in
d
a
c
u
ltu
r
e
o
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g
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in
g
lear
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in
g
a
n
d
im
p
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eq
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p
p
in
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ch
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to
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n
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ca
ti
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al
ch
allen
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es
an
d
r
ea
d
ily
ad
ap
t
to
ch
a
n
g
es
with
ag
ilit
y
[
1
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
in
n
o
v
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n
h
as
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
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m
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icien
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m
b
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u
s
im
p
er
ativ
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f
o
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an
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r
esp
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d
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p
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o
f
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in
g
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p
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ten
tial o
f
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in
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tech
n
o
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ies an
d
ev
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lv
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p
ed
ag
o
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ic
al
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em
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d
s
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u
ltima
tely
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s
u
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ter
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s
u
cc
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a
p
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t o
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s
tu
d
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ts
’
lear
n
in
g
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x
p
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ce
s
[
2
]
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
u
n
d
en
iab
l
y
h
o
ld
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
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in
th
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s
u
cc
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o
f
in
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o
v
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in
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
g
iv
en
th
eir
s
tatu
s
a
s
th
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lar
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est
u
n
it
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t
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u
ca
tio
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ec
to
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p
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im
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d
r
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s
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f
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u
ca
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al
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tem
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th
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in
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willin
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ex
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,
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s
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cr
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to
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in
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tr
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s
f
o
r
m
ativ
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ch
an
g
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in
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ch
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o
ls
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
P
r
im
ar
ily
,
I
W
B
ac
ts
as
a
ca
ta
ly
s
t
f
o
r
elev
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g
th
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
o
f
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
e
r
s
ar
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
in
lo
o
k
in
g
f
o
r
o
r
ig
in
al
way
s
an
d
u
n
iq
u
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
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&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
7
3
5
-
3743
3736
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tan
tly
ev
o
lv
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
T
h
eir
willin
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to
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b
r
ac
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in
n
o
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f
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class
r
o
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m
s
with
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p
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m
o
tiv
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tu
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ev
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p
as
cr
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th
in
k
er
s
an
d
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
e
r
s
[
5
]
–
[
8
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
teac
h
er
s
ac
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cu
ltiv
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a
cu
ltu
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ar
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lear
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f
o
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ter
in
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in
cr
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ed
co
llab
o
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atio
n
as
th
ey
c
o
llectiv
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ex
p
lo
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e
n
o
v
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id
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s
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
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u
s
en
h
an
cin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
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s
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d
ar
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th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t [
9
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
c
u
l
ti
v
a
t
i
n
g
I
W
B
am
o
n
g
t
e
a
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s
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r
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th
o
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s
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c
e
o
v
e
r
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
i
s
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
s
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
d
is
c
o
u
r
ag
e
s
t
e
ac
h
e
r
s
t
o
t
a
k
e
r
i
s
k
s
o
r
g
o
b
e
y
o
n
d
t
h
e
e
s
t
a
b
li
s
h
e
d
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
a
r
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
a
s
a
f
o
r
m
i
d
a
b
l
e
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
i
s
r
e
s
i
s
ta
n
c
e
t
o
c
h
a
n
g
e
,
p
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
t
a
m
o
n
g
b
o
t
h
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
d
r
iv
en
b
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
p
o
ten
tial
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
s
o
r
d
is
r
u
p
t
i
o
n
s
[
1
2
]
.
S
t
u
d
ie
s
o
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
a
t
m
a
n
y
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
i
t
i
a
t
i
v
es
f
a
il
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
,
o
v
e
r
t
i
m
e
,
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
o
f
t
e
n
r
e
v
e
r
t
t
o
t
h
e
i
r
f
a
m
i
l
i
a
r
r
o
u
t
i
n
es
,
a
b
a
n
d
o
n
i
n
g
th
e
n
e
w
l
y
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
es
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
C
o
m
p
licatin
g
m
atter
s
f
u
r
th
er
ar
e
b
u
r
ea
u
c
r
atic
an
d
co
n
s
er
v
ativ
e
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ativ
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
wh
ich
h
in
d
er
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
b
y
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
id
ea
s
cu
m
b
er
s
o
m
e
[
1
5
]
.
An
o
th
er
m
ajo
r
co
m
p
licatio
n
is
lim
ited
tim
e
a
n
d
f
in
a
n
cial
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
r
estrictin
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
in
itiativ
es
s
u
ch
as
in
v
esti
n
g
in
th
e
latest
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
o
r
em
b
r
ac
in
g
n
o
v
el
teac
h
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
i
n
in
n
o
v
atio
n
-
r
elate
d
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
u
n
d
er
m
in
es
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
in
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
p
r
ac
tices
in
t
o
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
[
1
7
]
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
g
r
o
win
g
in
te
r
est
with
in
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ities
to
id
en
tif
y
t
h
e
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
im
p
ac
t
teac
h
er
s
’
I
W
B
with
th
e
aim
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
tr
at
eg
ies.
R
esear
ch
h
as
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
id
en
tifie
d
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
teac
h
er
s
’
I
W
B
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
s
ch
o
o
l
in
n
o
v
atio
n
clim
at
e
(
I
C
)
h
as
b
ee
n
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies.
I
C
d
e
n
o
tes
teac
h
er
s
’
co
llectiv
e
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
l’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
cr
ea
te
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
to
en
g
ag
e
in
I
W
B
[
2
0
]
.
Stu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
atio
n
ca
n
cu
ltiv
ate
all
k
e
y
asp
ec
ts
o
f
I
W
B
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
A
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
cli
m
ate,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
elem
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
r
ewa
r
d
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
co
m
m
it
m
en
t,
h
as
b
ee
n
lin
k
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
d
teac
h
er
s
’
I
W
B
[
2
3
]
.
R
es
ea
r
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
b
o
th
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
an
d
ch
allen
g
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
clim
ates
[
2
4
]
,
as
well
as
th
e
o
v
er
all
I
C
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
2
5
]
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
teac
h
e
r
s
’
I
W
B
.
W
h
en
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ac
tiv
ely
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
g
u
id
an
ce
,
co
n
s
u
ltatio
n
,
d
eleg
atio
n
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
I
W
B
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
C
o
n
clu
s
iv
ely
,
th
ese
o
u
tco
m
es
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
e
v
ital
r
o
le
o
f
I
C
i
n
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
I
W
B
am
o
n
g
te
ac
h
er
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
cu
ltiv
ate
a
co
n
d
u
ci
v
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t f
o
r
teac
h
er
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
s
ch
o
o
ls
’
I
C
an
d
I
W
B
m
ay
ap
p
ea
r
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
at
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
in
tr
icate
an
d
ca
n
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
W
h
ile
I
C
m
ay
cr
ea
te
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
eith
e
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
o
r
in
h
ib
itiv
e,
it
is
o
f
ten
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
d
r
iv
in
g
f
o
r
ce
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
em
b
r
ac
e
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
lem
e
n
t
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
ac
tices.
On
e
p
o
ten
tial
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
in
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
teac
h
er
s
’
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
(
SE)
,
wh
ich
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
eir
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
th
eir
o
wn
ab
ilit
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
d
ex
ec
u
te
th
e
task
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
r
ea
ch
th
eir
g
o
als
[
2
9
]
.
E
x
te
n
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
’
SE
o
n
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
r
ac
tice,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
q
u
ality
[
3
0
]
,
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
ef
f
icac
y
[
3
1
]
,
teac
h
e
r
–
s
tu
d
en
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
[
3
2
]
,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
citizen
s
h
ip
b
e
h
av
io
r
[
3
3
]
,
a
n
d
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
3
4
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
in
d
icate
d
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
SE
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
i
n
s
till
in
g
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
i
n
th
eir
a
b
ilit
y
to
e
n
g
ag
e
in
I
W
B
s
u
ch
as
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
n
o
v
el
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
ex
p
er
im
en
tin
g
with
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
ad
ap
tin
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
to
m
ee
t
d
iv
er
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
n
ee
d
s
[
5
]
,
[
3
5
]
–
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
en
s
e
o
f
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
o
tiv
ates
teac
h
er
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
n
ew
id
ea
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
b
u
t
also
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
th
ei
r
r
esil
ien
ce
in
o
v
er
co
m
i
n
g
c
h
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ad
o
p
tin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es [
3
9
]
.
No
twith
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
I
C
,
SE,
an
d
I
W
B
,
a
n
o
tab
le
g
ap
p
er
s
is
ts
in
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
Alth
o
u
g
h
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
I
C
o
n
teac
h
e
r
s
’
I
W
B
o
r
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
SE
o
n
th
eir
I
W
B
,
th
er
e
is
a
lack
o
f
f
o
cu
s
ed
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
in
t
o
h
o
w
teac
h
er
s
’
SE
m
ig
h
t
m
e
d
iate
th
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
I
C
an
d
I
W
B
.
T
h
is
cr
u
cial
asp
ec
t
r
em
ain
s
in
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
ad
d
r
ess
ed
,
d
esp
ite
SE
b
ei
n
g
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
a
k
ey
m
ed
iatin
g
v
ar
iab
le
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
b
eh
av
i
o
r
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
SE
in
t
h
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
ch
o
o
ls
’
I
C
an
d
I
W
B
.
B
y
s
h
ed
d
in
g
lig
h
t
o
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th
is
m
ed
iatin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
en
r
ic
h
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
b
o
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
wled
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e
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d
o
f
f
er
s
ch
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o
l
lead
er
s
an
d
p
o
licy
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ak
er
s
u
s
ef
u
l in
s
ig
h
ts
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T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
m
ay
o
f
f
e
r
g
u
id
a
n
ce
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
a
n
in
n
o
v
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u
ltu
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with
in
s
ch
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ls
an
d
th
e
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
co
n
f
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a
n
d
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
ac
tices,
u
ltima
tely
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o
s
ter
in
g
im
p
r
o
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d
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
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tco
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es f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
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ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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&
R
es E
d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
ch
o
o
l i
n
n
o
v
a
tio
n
clima
te
a
s
a
d
r
iver o
f te
a
ch
ers
’
in
n
o
v
a
tive
w
o
r
k
b
eh
a
vio
r
:
th
e
…
(
S
a
fie
k
Mo
kh
lis
)
3737
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
o
u
tlin
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
I
C
,
teac
h
er
s
’
SE
,
a
n
d
I
W
B
.
So
cial
co
g
n
itiv
e
th
eo
r
y
(
SC
T
)
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
p
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
4
0
]
,
wh
ich
h
o
ld
s
th
at
h
u
m
an
b
eh
av
io
r
is
a
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
e
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal,
p
er
s
o
n
al,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
th
eo
r
y
is
m
ain
ly
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
wit
h
h
o
w
SE,
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
eir
a
b
ilit
y
to
ex
e
cu
te
a
ce
r
tain
ac
tio
n
,
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
h
u
m
an
b
e
h
av
io
r
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
W
ith
in
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
I
C
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
,
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
teac
h
er
s
’
SE
as
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
ac
to
r
,
wh
ich
,
in
tu
r
n
,
im
p
ac
ts
th
eir
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
I
W
B
as
a
b
eh
av
io
r
al
o
u
tco
m
e
.
A
p
o
s
itiv
e
I
C
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
cu
ltiv
ates
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
at
em
p
o
wer
s
teac
h
er
s
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
g
r
ea
ter
b
elief
in
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
em
b
r
ac
e
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
SE
lead
s
to
a
g
r
ea
ter
willin
g
n
ess
to
en
g
ag
e
in
I
W
B
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
r
ee
h
y
p
o
th
eses
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
:
-
H1
:
I
C
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t o
n
teac
h
e
r
s
’
SE.
-
H2
:
T
ea
ch
er
s
’
SE
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
I
W
B
.
-
H3
: T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
I
C
an
d
I
W
B
is
m
ed
iated
b
y
te
ac
h
er
s
’
SE.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
was
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
t
o
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
I
C
an
d
I
W
B
,
wh
ile
al
s
o
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
SE.
Fo
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
a
s
elf
-
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
ad
ap
te
d
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
was
c
r
ea
ted
,
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
s
ev
en
item
s
o
n
I
C
[
2
0
]
,
s
ix
item
s
o
n
teac
h
er
s
’
SE
[
4
3
]
,
an
d
2
0
ite
m
s
o
n
I
W
B
[
4
]
.
T
o
ass
ess
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es,
a
7
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
,
s
tar
tin
g
with
1
f
o
r
“stro
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
”
an
d
e
n
d
in
g
with
7
f
o
r
“stro
n
g
ly
a
g
r
ee
.
”
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
v
ar
iab
les
q
u
esti
o
n
ed
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
g
e
n
d
er
,
ag
e,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
an
d
y
ea
r
s
o
f
s
er
v
ice.
Fo
llo
win
g
p
r
e
-
test
in
g
with
n
in
e
ex
p
er
ts
t
o
estab
lis
h
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
was
p
ilo
ted
wit
h
5
8
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
two
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
ass
ess
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
id
en
tify
p
o
ten
tial
is
s
u
es,
an
d
co
llect
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
r
r
ef
in
em
en
t.
Sev
e
r
al
m
o
d
i
f
icatio
n
s
wer
e
m
ad
e
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
clar
ity
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
clu
d
es
p
er
m
an
en
t
teac
h
er
s
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
teac
h
in
g
in
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Ku
ala
T
er
en
g
g
a
n
u
,
Ma
lay
s
ia.
Sam
p
l
e
s
ize
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
a
f
o
r
m
u
la
[
4
4
]
,
an
d
it
was
es
tab
lis
h
ed
th
at
f
o
r
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
4
,
1
9
9
teac
h
e
r
s
,
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
3
5
2
wo
u
ld
b
e
ad
eq
u
ate.
Ho
wev
er
,
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
p
o
ten
tial
non
-
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
u
n
u
s
ab
le
d
ata,
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
en
lar
g
ed
to
5
0
0
.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
2
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
lis
t
o
f
p
u
b
lic
s
ch
o
o
ls
u
s
in
g
a
s
tr
atif
ied
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
t
o
two
s
tr
ata:
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ate
tech
n
i
q
u
e
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
m
an
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
wo
u
ld
b
e
s
am
p
led
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
in
ea
ch
s
tr
atu
m
wer
e
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
s
im
p
le
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
.
Fin
a
lly
,
with
in
ea
c
h
s
elec
ted
s
ch
o
o
l,
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ate
tech
n
iq
u
e
was u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
h
o
w
m
a
n
y
teac
h
e
r
s
wo
u
ld
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
s
am
p
le.
C
o
n
s
en
t
was
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
u
r
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
co
n
d
u
cted
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
Plan
n
in
g
R
esear
ch
Div
is
io
n
(
E
PR
D)
,
th
e
State
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Dep
ar
tm
en
t,
an
d
th
e
h
ea
d
teac
h
er
s
at
s
elec
ted
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Dr
o
p
-
o
f
f
an
d
p
ick
-
u
p
(
DOPU)
wer
e
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
ap
p
lied
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
t
o
m
itig
ate
p
o
ten
tial
non
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
ias
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
c
r
ea
s
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate
[
4
5
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
a
v
is
it
was
m
ad
e
to
ea
ch
s
elec
ted
s
ch
o
o
l
to
p
e
r
s
o
n
ally
d
eliv
e
r
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
t
o
a
d
esig
n
ate
d
teac
h
er
,
ty
p
ically
ap
p
o
in
ted
b
y
th
e
h
ea
d
teac
h
e
r
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
u
r
v
ey
ad
m
in
is
tr
a
tio
n
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
co
m
p
leted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
co
llect
ed
af
ter
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
p
er
io
d
.
O
u
t o
f
th
e
5
0
0
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es d
eliv
er
ed
,
4
6
5
wer
e
r
e
tu
r
n
ed
,
a
n
d
3
7
6
wer
e
d
ee
m
e
d
u
s
ab
le.
T
h
e
co
llected
d
ata
wer
e
f
ir
s
t
en
ter
ed
in
to
SP
SS
f
o
r
in
itial
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
u
s
in
g
AM
OS
v
er
s
io
n
2
4
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
an
d
m
o
d
el
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
el
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
SEM
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
b
ased
o
n
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
test
an
en
tire
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
d
is
tin
ct
h
y
p
o
th
e
tical
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
SEM
also
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ates
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
er
r
o
r
,
in
teg
r
ates
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
(
C
FA)
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
to
ev
alu
ate
m
o
d
el
f
it,
r
e
n
d
er
in
g
it
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
i
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
th
e
m
ed
iatin
g
ef
f
ec
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
[
4
6
]
.
SEM
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
two
s
tag
es.
Firs
t,
a
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
was
as
s
ess
ed
to
s
ee
h
o
w
well
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
a
r
iab
les
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
m
o
d
el
was
ex
am
in
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
in
d
i
r
e
ct
ef
f
ec
ts
b
etwe
en
co
n
s
tr
u
cts an
d
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
its
th
e
d
ata
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
7
3
5
-
3743
3738
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
De
m
o
g
r
a
ph
ic
pro
f
ile
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
co
m
p
r
is
ed
2
1
8
p
r
im
ar
y
(
5
8
%)
an
d
1
5
8
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
(
4
2
%)
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
ey
wer
e
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
a
n
tly
f
e
m
ale
(
8
0
.
1
%)
an
d
co
m
p
leted
at
least
a
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
(
8
4
%).
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ag
ed
4
1
t
o
5
0
m
ad
e
u
p
th
e
lar
g
est
g
r
o
u
p
(
5
0
%).
R
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
with
a
s
er
v
ice
o
f
o
v
er
2
1
y
e
ar
s
m
ad
e
u
p
5
0
.
8
%
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le,
wh
ile
th
o
s
e
w
h
o
h
ad
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
b
etwe
en
1
1
an
d
2
0
y
ea
r
s
m
ad
e
u
p
4
1
.
5
%.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
with
b
elo
w
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
s
er
v
ice
w
as
7
.
7
%.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
s
am
p
le
was
n
o
tab
le
d
u
e
to
its
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
f
em
ale
te
ac
h
er
s
,
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
,
lar
g
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
m
i
d
-
ca
r
ee
r
teac
h
e
r
s
.
3
.
2
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
mo
del
T
h
e
in
itial
s
tag
e
in
SEM
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el.
T
o
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
th
is
,
a
p
o
o
led
C
FA
u
s
in
g
m
ax
im
u
m
-
lik
elih
o
o
d
(
ML
)
esti
m
atio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
ass
es
s
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
[
4
6
]
.
Fo
u
r
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
f
it
in
d
ices,
n
a
m
ely
χ
2
/d
f
(
<0
.
5
0
)
,
T
u
ck
er
-
L
ewis’s
in
d
e
x
(
T
L
I
>
0
.
9
0
)
,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
ex
(
C
FI>
0
.
9
0
)
an
d
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A<
0
.
0
8
)
,
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
m
o
d
el
f
it
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
e
in
i
tial
m
o
d
el
f
ailed
to
m
ee
t
th
r
ee
o
f
th
ese
cr
iter
ia,
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
it
in
d
ices:
χ
2
/d
f
=3
.
6
2
6
,
T
L
I
=
0
.
8
6
6
,
C
FI=
0
.
8
7
6
,
an
d
R
MSE
A
=0
.
0
8
4
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it,
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
iab
l
es with
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
b
elo
w
0
.
5
0
an
d
item
s
with
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
in
d
ices
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
1
5
wer
e
r
em
o
v
ed
[
4
6
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
1
2
item
s
wer
e
e
lim
in
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
o
d
el.
W
h
ile
th
is
r
ed
u
ctio
n
m
ig
h
t
in
itially
s
ee
m
to
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
b
r
ea
d
th
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts,
it
was
a
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
tep
to
r
ef
in
e
th
e
m
o
d
el,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
f
o
cu
s
,
r
elev
an
ce
,
an
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
clar
ity
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
T
h
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
item
s
r
etain
ed
th
e
co
r
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
s
ca
l
es
r
em
ain
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
c
o
n
ce
p
t
s
.
I
n
f
ac
t,
th
ese
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
r
e
s
u
lted
in
im
p
r
o
v
ed
f
it in
d
ices: χ
2
/d
f
=2
.
7
2
4
,
T
L
I
=
0
.
9
3
6
,
C
FI=
0
.
9
4
5
,
an
d
R
MSE
A
=0
.
0
6
8
.
C
o
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
in
d
icato
r
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
c
o
r
r
elat
ed
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
co
n
ce
p
t
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
is
was
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
an
aly
zin
g
t
h
e
item
lo
a
d
in
g
o
n
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
As
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
T
a
b
le
1
,
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
esti
m
ates
f
o
r
all
item
s
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
1
t
o
0
.
9
4
an
d
th
u
s
ex
ce
ed
e
d
th
e
0
.
5
0
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
v
alu
e
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ct’
s
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
an
d
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
c
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
ap
p
ea
r
ed
t
o
b
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
cu
t
-
o
f
f
p
o
in
ts
o
f
0
.
7
0
an
d
0
.
5
0
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
4
6
]
.
Af
ter
estab
lis
h
in
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
,
th
e
√
AVE
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
at
all
th
e
√
AVE
s
ex
ce
ed
ed
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct’
s
co
r
r
el
atio
n
with
its
o
wn
item
was
s
tr
o
n
g
er
th
an
th
at
wi
th
th
e
o
th
er
co
n
s
tr
u
cts’
item
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
n
o
t
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
8
5
[
4
8
]
,
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
with
in
th
e
f
u
ll
m
o
d
el
ex
h
ib
ite
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
alid
ity
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Facto
r
l
o
ad
in
g
,
C
R
,
an
d
AVE
F
i
r
st
o
r
d
e
r
S
e
c
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
I
t
e
m
Lo
a
d
i
n
g
CR
AVE
O
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
y
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
O
E)
O
E3
0
.
7
4
5
0
.
8
3
1
0
.
6
2
1
O
E4
0
.
8
1
3
O
E5
0
.
8
0
5
I
d
e
a
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
I
G
)
I
G
1
0
.
7
1
0
0
.
8
4
8
0
.
6
5
3
I
G
3
0
.
8
5
3
I
G
4
0
.
8
5
2
I
d
e
a
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
o
n
(
I
P
)
I
P
3
0
.
8
4
1
0
.
9
2
3
0
.
8
0
0
I
P
4
0
.
9
4
3
I
P
5
0
.
8
9
7
I
d
e
a
r
e
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
I
R
)
I
R
1
0
.
8
2
3
0
.
8
6
9
0
.
6
8
9
I
R
2
0
.
8
6
2
I
R
3
0
.
8
0
4
I
W
B
OE
0
.
8
4
1
0
.
8
9
0
0
.
6
7
0
IG
0
.
8
7
8
IP
0
.
7
4
0
IR
0
.
8
0
9
IC
I
C
4
0
.
8
3
4
0
.
9
0
5
0
.
7
0
4
I
C
5
0
.
7
6
3
I
C
6
0
.
9
1
3
I
C
7
0
.
8
3
9
SE
S
E2
0
.
7
9
1
0
.
8
9
4
0
.
6
3
1
S
E3
0
.
6
3
0
S
E4
0
.
8
6
2
S
E5
0
.
8
3
3
S
E6
0
.
8
3
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
ch
o
o
l i
n
n
o
v
a
tio
n
clima
te
a
s
a
d
r
iver o
f te
a
ch
ers
’
in
n
o
v
a
tive
w
o
r
k
b
eh
a
vio
r
:
th
e
…
(
S
a
fie
k
Mo
kh
lis
)
3739
T
ab
le
2
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t v
ali
d
ity
I
t
e
m
I
W
B
IC
SE
I
W
B
0
.
8
1
9
*
IC
0
.
7
5
4
0
.
8
3
9
*
SE
0
.
6
7
1
0
.
6
4
4
0
.
7
9
4
*
*
e
x
c
e
e
d
e
d
t
h
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
s
Ach
iev
in
g
u
n
i
v
ar
iate
an
d
m
u
lt
iv
ar
iate
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
th
e
d
ata
is
ess
en
tia
l f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
SEM
an
aly
s
is
[
4
8
]
.
T
o
ev
alu
ate
u
n
iv
a
r
iate
n
o
r
m
ality
,
ea
ch
v
a
r
iab
le’
s
s
k
ewn
ess
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
es
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
.
Sk
ewn
ess
v
alu
es
wer
e
b
etwe
en
-
0
.
5
4
9
a
n
d
0
.
0
3
2
,
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
v
alu
es
wer
e
b
etwe
en
-
0
.
4
2
4
an
d
1
.
0
3
7
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
as
all
v
alu
es
f
ell
with
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
an
g
es
o
f
+
2
f
o
r
s
k
ewn
ess
an
d
+
7
f
o
r
k
u
r
to
s
is
[
4
8
]
.
Ma
r
d
ia’
s
co
ef
f
icien
t,
wh
ic
h
m
ea
s
u
r
es
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
n
o
r
m
ality
,
is
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
b
e
lo
wer
th
an
p
(
p
+2
)
,
wh
er
e
p
r
e
p
r
es
en
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
v
ar
iab
les
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tain
ed
2
1
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
a
r
iab
les;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
t
h
r
esh
o
l
d
v
alu
e
was
4
8
3
.
W
ith
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
Ma
r
d
ia’
s
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
1
6
5
.
2
6
,
we
wer
e
ab
le
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
m
u
ltiv
ar
i
ate
n
o
r
m
ality
was a
ch
iev
e
d
.
3
.
3
.
Str
uct
ura
l
m
o
del
On
ce
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
l’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
we
r
e
v
er
if
ied
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
test
ed
with
SEM
u
s
in
g
ML
e
s
tim
atio
n
.
T
h
r
ee
m
o
d
els
wer
e
test
ed
:
i
)
th
e
f
u
ll
m
o
d
el;
ii
)
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
m
o
d
el
(IC
→
I
W
B
=0
,
co
n
s
tr
ain
in
g
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
p
ath
f
r
o
m
I
C
to
I
W
B
as
ze
r
o
)
;
a
n
d
iii
)
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
m
o
d
el
(IC
→
SE=
0
,
SE
→
I
W
B
=0
,
co
n
s
tr
ain
in
g
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
ath
f
r
o
m
I
C
to
SE
a
n
d
t
h
at
f
r
o
m
SE
to
I
W
B
as
ze
r
o
)
.
T
h
e
SEM
f
it
in
d
ices
f
o
r
th
r
ee
co
m
p
etin
g
m
o
d
els
we
r
e
d
ee
m
e
d
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
ig
n
if
ied
th
e
p
r
e
s
en
ce
o
f
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
o
d
el
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
escr
ib
i
n
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
les th
at
p
r
ed
i
cted
I
W
B
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Fit
in
d
ices f
o
r
f
u
ll,
in
d
ir
ec
t a
n
d
d
ir
ec
t m
o
d
els
I
n
d
i
c
e
s
χ
2
/
d
f
TLI
C
F
I
R
M
S
EA
Le
v
e
l
o
f
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
<
5
.
0
>
0
.
9
0
>
0
.
9
0
<
0
.
0
8
F
u
l
l
2
.
7
2
4
0
.
9
3
6
0
.
9
4
5
0
.
0
6
8
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
2
.
8
5
8
0
.
9
3
1
0
.
9
4
0
0
.
0
7
0
D
i
r
e
c
t
4
.
0
8
9
0
.
8
8
6
0
.
9
0
0
0
.
0
9
1
A
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
.
As
h
y
p
o
t
h
esized
,
I
C
was
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
el
ated
to
SE
(
β=0
.
6
4
4
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
len
d
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
o
H1
.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
wh
o
h
eld
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
I
C
h
a
d
a
h
ig
h
e
r
lik
elih
o
o
d
to
p
o
s
s
ess
g
r
ea
ter
lev
els
o
f
SE.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
SE
an
d
I
W
B
(
β=0
.
5
4
9
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
teac
h
er
s
w
h
o
h
ig
h
l
y
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
th
eir
SE
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
en
g
ag
e
in
I
W
B
.
T
h
u
s
,
H2
was
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
.
I
n
ex
am
in
i
n
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
b
o
th
I
C
an
d
SE
o
n
I
W
B
,
it
b
ec
am
e
ev
id
en
t
t
h
at
SE
h
ad
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
e
b
eta
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
SE
o
n
I
W
B
(
β=0
.
5
4
9
)
was
n
o
tab
l
y
h
ig
h
er
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
t
h
e
b
eta
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
I
C
o
n
I
W
B
(
β=0
.
3
1
7
)
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
SE
was
a
m
o
r
e
i
n
f
lu
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
in
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
I
W
B
th
an
th
e
I
C
its
elf
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
wh
ile
b
o
th
I
C
an
d
SE
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
I
W
B
,
SE
p
lay
ed
a
m
o
r
e
cr
itical
an
d
d
ir
ec
t
r
o
le
in
d
r
iv
in
g
teac
h
er
s
’
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
SE
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
I
W
B
.
H3
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
S
E
p
lay
s
a
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
I
C
an
d
I
W
B
.
Me
d
iatio
n
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
wh
en
th
er
e
is
an
alter
atio
n
i
n
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
an
ex
o
g
en
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
le
(
I
C
)
a
n
d
an
en
d
o
g
en
o
u
s
v
ar
ia
b
le
I
W
B
af
ter
a
m
ed
iato
r
v
ar
iab
le
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
m
ed
iatio
n
is
i
n
d
icate
d
b
y
a
d
i
m
in
u
tio
n
in
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
t
p
ath
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
x
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
le
(
I
C
)
to
th
e
en
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
le
I
W
B
af
ter
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
th
e
m
ed
iat
o
r
(
SE)
in
th
e
m
o
d
el
[
4
6
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
I
C
an
d
I
W
B
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
m
o
d
el
was
s
ta
tis
tica
lly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
β=0
.
6
7
1
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
i
n
th
e
f
u
ll
m
o
d
el,
wh
ile
th
is
p
ath
r
em
ai
n
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
th
e
r
e
was
a
n
o
tab
le
d
im
in
u
tio
n
in
t
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
weig
h
t
f
o
r
th
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
I
C
a
n
d
I
W
B
(
β=0
.
3
1
7
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
is
d
im
i
n
u
tio
n
in
t
h
e
d
i
r
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
in
d
icate
d
th
at
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
I
C
an
d
I
W
B
was
ex
p
lain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
SE.
T
h
e
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iatio
n
ef
f
ec
t
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
wh
ile
I
C
d
ir
ec
tly
i
n
f
lu
en
c
ed
I
W
B
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
t
h
is
ef
f
ec
t
was
ch
an
n
eled
th
r
o
u
g
h
SE.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
I
C
im
p
ac
ted
I
W
B
n
o
t
o
n
ly
d
ir
ec
tly
b
u
t
also
in
d
ir
ec
tly
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
teac
h
er
s
’
SE,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
p
r
o
m
o
ted
th
eir
I
W
B
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
H3
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
em
p
ir
ic
al
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
I
C
o
n
I
W
B
was p
ar
tially
m
ed
iated
b
y
SE.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
7
3
5
-
3743
3740
T
ab
le
4
.
Path
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
P
a
t
h
F
u
l
l
I
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
D
i
r
e
c
t
IC
-
>
S
E
0
.
6
4
4
*
*
*
0
.
6
6
6
*
*
*
SE
-
>
I
W
B
0
.
5
4
9
*
*
*
0
.
7
7
0
*
*
*
IC
-
>
I
W
B
0
.
3
1
7
*
*
*
0
.
6
7
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
3
.
4
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
all
th
r
ee
h
y
p
o
th
eses
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
I
C
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
teac
h
er
s
’
I
W
B
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
tly
th
r
o
u
g
h
SE
as
a
m
ed
iato
r
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
d
u
al
r
o
l
e
o
f
b
o
th
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
I
W
B
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
.
A
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
I
C
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
teac
h
er
s
to
en
g
ag
e
in
I
W
B
b
u
t
also
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
th
eir
b
elief
in
th
eir
o
wn
ab
ilit
ies
to
d
o
s
o
.
T
h
is
en
h
an
ce
d
SE,
in
tu
r
n
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
tiv
ates
th
em
to
tak
e
in
itiativ
e,
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
with
n
ew
id
ea
s
,
an
d
p
e
r
s
is
t
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
SE
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
wh
ile
ex
ter
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
cr
u
cial,
in
ter
n
al
co
n
f
id
en
ce
p
la
y
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ar
t
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
clim
ate
in
to
ac
tu
al
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ac
tio
n
s
.
Fro
m
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
id
ea
s
o
f
SC
T
th
at
em
p
h
asize
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
r
e
cip
r
o
ca
l
d
eter
m
in
is
m
,
wh
ich
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
s
ch
o
o
ls
’
I
C
p
r
ed
icted
teac
h
er
s
’
SE
illu
m
in
ates
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
tial
r
o
le
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
s
h
ap
in
g
an
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al’
s
s
elf
-
b
elief
,
a
c
o
r
e
elem
en
t
o
f
SE
th
eo
r
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
SE
m
ed
iated
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
I
C
a
n
d
I
W
B
alig
n
s
wi
th
th
e
th
eo
r
y
’
s
em
p
h
asis
o
n
SE
as
a
co
g
n
itiv
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
in
ter
p
r
et
an
d
ac
t
u
p
o
n
th
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
eir
SE
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t in
to
ac
tu
al
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
w
o
r
k
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
as
well
as
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
.
Firstl
y
,
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
cr
ea
t
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
I
C
b
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
cu
ltu
r
e
th
at
e
n
co
u
r
ag
es
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
r
is
k
-
tak
in
g
,
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
taf
f
.
B
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
,
tr
ain
in
g
,
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
I
C
,
wh
ich
,
in
tu
r
n
,
ca
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
SE
b
elie
f
s
an
d
t
h
eir
willin
g
n
ess
to
en
g
ag
e
in
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
ac
tices.
On
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
to
im
p
lem
en
t
r
eg
u
lar
b
r
ain
s
to
r
m
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
wh
er
e
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
t
o
s
h
ar
e
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
n
ew
i
d
ea
s
with
o
u
t
f
ea
r
o
f
cr
iticis
m
.
Su
ch
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
th
e
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
d
o
p
tin
g
a
“f
ai
l
-
f
o
r
war
d
”
m
in
d
s
et,
wh
ich
v
i
ews
m
is
tak
es
as
v
alu
ab
le
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
r
ath
er
th
an
im
p
ed
im
e
n
ts
.
Sch
o
o
ls
co
u
ld
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
in
itiativ
es
s
u
ch
as
a
g
r
an
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
in
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
o
r
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
jects,
th
er
eb
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
r
is
k
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
tr
y
in
g
n
ew
m
eth
o
d
s
.
An
o
th
er
k
e
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
I
C
is
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Her
e,
s
ch
o
o
ls
co
u
l
d
estab
lis
h
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
teac
h
i
n
g
tea
m
s
,
wh
er
e
teac
h
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
b
jects
co
llab
o
r
ate
to
d
esig
n
an
d
ex
ec
u
te
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
r
r
icu
lar
p
r
o
jects.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
tim
u
lates
cr
ea
tiv
ity
b
u
t
also
allo
ws
tea
ch
er
s
to
lear
n
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
o
th
er
’
s
ex
p
er
tis
e.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
in
v
esti
n
g
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
is
cr
u
cial.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
o
r
g
an
izin
g
r
eg
u
lar
s
em
in
ar
s
a
n
d
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
em
er
g
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
h
elp
teac
h
e
r
s
s
tay
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
f
ee
l
m
o
r
e
co
n
f
id
en
t
in
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
n
ew
p
r
ac
tices.
Par
tn
er
in
g
with
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
ese
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
to
teac
h
er
s
.
Fo
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
,
it
is
es
s
en
tial
to
p
r
io
r
itize
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
er
s
an
d
p
o
licies
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
teac
h
er
s
’
SE.
R
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
SE
in
d
r
i
v
in
g
I
W
B
,
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
teac
h
er
s
h
av
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
er
s
th
at
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ad
o
p
tin
g
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
p
u
ttin
g
i
n
p
lace
co
ac
h
in
g
an
d
m
e
n
to
r
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
er
s
,
in
wh
ich
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
teac
h
er
s
o
f
f
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
g
u
id
a
n
ce
to
th
eir
less
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
co
lleag
u
es,
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
tea
ch
er
s
’
SE.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
ac
tical
s
tr
ateg
ies
a
n
d
m
o
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
h
elp
in
g
n
ewe
r
teac
h
er
s
g
ain
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
in
th
eir
a
b
ilit
ies.
An
o
th
er
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
licy
to
o
l
is
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
an
d
r
ewa
r
d
s
y
s
tem
s
.
E
s
tab
lis
h
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
er
s
th
at
ce
leb
r
ate
an
d
r
ewa
r
d
teac
h
er
s
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
ac
tices c
an
en
h
a
n
ce
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
SE.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
p
u
b
lic
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
o
f
th
ese
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
ts
an
d
tan
g
ib
le
r
ewa
r
d
s
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
teac
h
er
s
to
em
b
r
ac
e
n
ew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
v
e
p
o
licies
th
at
g
r
a
n
t
teac
h
er
s
ad
eq
u
ate
p
lan
n
in
g
tim
e
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
ex
p
l
o
r
in
g
an
d
in
te
g
r
atin
g
n
ew
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial.
Po
licies
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ed
icate
d
tim
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
d
ay
f
o
r
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
lan
n
in
g
a
n
d
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
ac
tices
ca
n
h
elp
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
r
e
d
y
n
am
ic
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
B
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies,
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t te
ac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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v
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&
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es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
ch
o
o
l i
n
n
o
v
a
tio
n
clima
te
a
s
a
d
r
iver o
f te
a
ch
ers
’
in
n
o
v
a
tive
w
o
r
k
b
eh
a
vio
r
:
th
e
…
(
S
a
fie
k
Mo
kh
lis
)
3741
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
ed
t
h
e
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
SE
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
I
C
an
d
I
W
B
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
I
C
o
n
teac
h
er
s
’
SE,
as
well
a
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
SE
o
n
th
eir
I
W
B
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
p
ar
tial
m
ed
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
SE
was
also
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
t
o
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
h
o
w
SE
p
lay
s
a
r
o
le
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
I
C
an
d
I
W
B
.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
th
ese
r
esu
lt
s
in
d
icate
th
at
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
s
ter
an
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
i
n
v
est
in
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
teac
h
er
s
’
co
n
f
id
en
ce
a
n
d
s
k
ills
.
Su
ch
in
itiativ
es
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
b
etter
p
r
ep
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
c
h
allen
g
es.
B
y
p
r
i
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RE
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NC
E
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[
1
]
J.
S
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h
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n
,
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.
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[
7
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M
.
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2
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4
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8
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[
1
9
]
M
.
A
.
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.
E
.
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ssess
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sy
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0
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.
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.
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.
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.
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1
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D
.
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b
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.
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[
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2
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P
.
La
m
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3
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U
.
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