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N
T
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ac
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m
an
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d
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tio
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b
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[
1
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a
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d
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in
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p
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in
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s
tu
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[
2
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[
3
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I
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lates
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if
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[
4
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[
5
]
–
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
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ac
co
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in
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p
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s
k
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[
9
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Ma
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k
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[
1
0
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[
1
1
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I
f
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DI
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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R
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1
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[
1
7
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;
it
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a
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d
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o
m
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s
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ies.
T
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u
s
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at
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alter
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ativ
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th
at
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h
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e
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u
cc
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f
DI
[
1
8
]
.
T
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q
u
ir
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alif
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in
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s
tu
d
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’
ab
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an
d
ap
titu
d
es
[
1
9
]
,
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
i
n
clin
atio
n
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
s
ty
les.
Scien
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teac
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s
f
u
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n
e
ed
to
b
e
f
am
iliar
with
all
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
i
n
tellig
en
ce
s
.
T
h
ey
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
h
o
u
ld
en
r
ich
th
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
r
elate
d
to
g
r
o
u
p
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
d
iv
er
s
if
ied
co
n
ten
t
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
2
0
]
,
m
a
n
ag
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
a
n
d
in
te
g
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
ac
tiv
ities
.
Sev
er
al
s
t
u
d
ies
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
en
ess
o
f
s
ci
e
n
ce
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
DI
m
et
h
o
d
,
w
h
ic
h
h
a
d
a
cle
ar
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
ac
a
d
em
i
c
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
t
u
d
en
ts
a
n
d
t
h
ei
r
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
i
n
le
ar
n
i
n
g
a
cti
v
iti
es
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
Mu
r
s
i
[
2
4
]
i
n
d
i
ca
t
e
d
t
h
e
p
o
s
it
i
v
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
DI
o
n
t
h
e
att
it
u
d
es
o
f
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
b
asi
c
-
s
ta
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
i
n
th
e
K
in
g
d
o
m
o
f
S
au
d
i
A
r
a
b
i
a
t
o
wa
r
d
lea
r
n
i
n
g
s
cie
n
c
e.
S
im
i
la
r
l
y
,
t
h
e
s
am
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
w
er
e
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
b
y
Al
-
S
h
o
g
r
aa
n
[
2
5
]
i
n
a
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
J
o
r
d
a
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
i
n
th
e
b
as
ic
s
ta
g
e
t
h
at
s
h
o
w
e
d
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
DI
o
n
t
h
e
a
cq
u
i
s
iti
o
n
o
f
s
ci
en
tif
ic
co
n
c
e
p
ts
a
n
d
s
c
ie
n
c
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
s
,
i
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
t
o
i
ts
i
m
p
a
ct
o
n
t
h
e
at
tit
u
d
e
t
o
wa
r
d
le
ar
n
i
n
g
s
ci
en
ce
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiatio
n
in
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
th
e
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
m
u
s
t
estab
lis
h
a
lin
k
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
a
r
ea
s
an
d
th
e
DI
elem
e
n
ts
[
1
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
d
if
f
er
en
tiates
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
th
at
i
n
clu
d
es
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
,
s
cien
tific
p
r
i
n
cip
les,
f
ac
ts
,
id
ea
s
,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
g
en
e
r
aliza
tio
n
s
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
h
o
u
ld
lear
n
in
th
e
s
ci
en
ce
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
[
2
7
]
,
b
u
t
also
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
co
n
ten
t
in
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
ee
d
s
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
teac
h
er
d
eter
m
i
n
e
s
th
e
tim
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
r
esen
t
th
e
co
n
ten
t,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
le
ar
n
in
g
s
p
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiatin
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t.
Scien
ce
teac
h
er
s
co
u
l
d
f
u
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiate
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
an
d
ac
tiv
ities
b
y
wh
ich
co
n
ten
t
is
p
r
esen
ted
d
u
r
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
3
0
]
.
Scien
ce
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
T
h
e
s
cien
ce
tea
ch
er
,
h
en
ce
,
d
esig
n
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
in
ter
est
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
s
u
it
th
eir
n
ee
d
s
,
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
th
em
to
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
th
i
n
k
in
g
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
s
ty
les.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
le
ar
n
in
g
s
ty
les
in
clu
d
e
p
r
ac
tical
in
v
esti
g
ativ
e
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
class
if
icatio
n
,
ex
p
er
im
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
g
r
ap
h
s
,
an
d
m
ap
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
g
u
id
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t f
ield
ac
ti
v
ities
s
u
ch
as c
o
llectin
g
s
am
p
les o
f
p
lan
t le
av
es,
r
o
ck
s
,
an
d
i
n
s
ec
ts
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
t
h
i
r
d
el
em
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
s
t
r
u
cti
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
t
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ac
h
i
ev
e
u
n
d
er
th
ei
r
tea
ch
e
r
’
s
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e,
ac
h
i
ev
es
d
i
f
f
er
en
tia
t
io
n
.
T
h
is
o
u
tc
o
m
e
is
at
tai
n
e
d
a
f
te
r
ass
i
g
n
in
g
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
t
ask
s
t
o
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
g
i
v
i
n
g
th
e
m
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
c
e
to
s
ele
ct
t
h
e
s
u
it
ab
le
tas
k
,
wh
ic
h
wo
u
l
d
r
es
u
lt
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
l
ea
r
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
l
e
v
els
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
c
o
u
l
d
i
n
c
lu
d
e
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
m
o
d
els
t
h
at
m
i
m
ic
n
atu
r
e
a
n
d
l
if
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a,
c
r
ea
ti
n
g
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
,
wr
it
in
g
s
ci
en
ti
f
ic
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
a
n
d
d
is
p
la
y
i
n
g
d
a
ta
.
T
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
co
u
l
d
b
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
tia
te
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
u
c
h
as s
o
u
n
d
r
ec
o
r
d
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
P
ai
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
t
er
n
et
,
o
r
m
u
lt
ip
le
c
o
m
p
u
t
er
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
g
o
als
o
f
DI
,
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
class
r
o
o
m
clim
ate
f
u
ll
o
f
lo
v
e,
f
r
ie
n
d
lin
ess
,
an
d
c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
t
h
e
teac
h
er
ac
ce
p
ts
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
ies.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
h
o
u
ld
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
at
ea
ch
in
d
iv
id
u
al
is
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
ca
s
e
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
s
,
with
th
eir
in
ter
ests
,
in
clin
atio
n
s
,
an
d
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
o
s
t
lear
n
in
g
task
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
c
o
o
p
er
ati
v
e
an
d
f
lex
i
b
le
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
clea
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
th
at
s
er
v
e
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
’
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t a
n
d
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
f
u
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
e
d
c
la
s
s
r
o
o
m
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
t
h
e
s
ci
e
n
c
e
t
ea
c
h
e
r
t
o
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
t
o
o
l
s
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
a
b
i
l
i
ti
es
,
r
e
a
d
i
n
es
s
,
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
s
t
y
l
es
,
t
e
n
d
e
n
ci
e
s
,
a
n
d
n
e
e
d
s
.
I
t
a
ls
o
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
ta
s
k
s
a
n
d
a
c
t
i
v
i
ti
es
i
n
c
o
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
p
e
o
p
l
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
cie
n
c
e
l
a
b
,
m
u
s
e
u
m
,
g
a
r
d
e
n
,
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a
r
o
o
m
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
i
n
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
ti
o
n
,
a
s
e
t
o
f
t
a
s
k
s
a
n
d
a
c
ti
v
i
t
ie
s
a
r
e
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
t
o
s
t
u
d
y
n
atu
r
al
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
i
n
s
p
a
c
e
,
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
s
o
i
l
,
w
a
t
e
r
,
s
ea
s
,
f
o
r
e
s
t
s
,
a
n
d
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
c
h
a
n
g
es
.
T
h
e
y
a
r
e
a
ls
o
in
ter
ested
i
n
o
b
s
er
v
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
tu
d
y
in
g
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
t
o
w
h
i
c
h
h
u
m
a
n
s
a
r
e
e
x
p
o
s
e
d
,
s
u
c
h
as
g
r
o
w
t
h
,
d
i
s
ea
s
e
,
a
n
d
d
is
as
t
e
r
,
a
s
w
ell
as
th
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
n
h
u
m
a
n
s
a
n
d
n
a
t
u
r
e
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
y
i
m
p
l
em
e
n
t
s
ci
e
n
t
i
f
ic
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
ts
in
t
h
e
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
o
r
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
s
c
i
e
n
ti
f
i
c
r
e
p
o
r
ts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
b
y
p
i
c
t
u
r
e
s
,
v
i
d
e
o
s
,
f
i
g
u
r
e
s
,
a
n
d
g
r
a
p
h
s
[
3
4
]
.
S
cien
ce
teac
h
er
f
ac
es
m
an
y
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
DI
[
1
3
]
a
n
d
t
h
is
m
ak
es
th
em
i
n
co
n
s
tan
t
n
ee
d
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
q
u
alif
y
in
g
to
co
n
tin
u
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
t
h
e
ch
an
g
es
th
at
h
elp
in
th
is
f
ield
.
T
o
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
m
an
ag
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
c
lass
,
a
teac
h
er
n
ee
d
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
all
elem
en
t
s
an
d
p
ar
ties
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
J
o
r
d
an
,
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
tr
en
d
s
in
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
d
ee
p
e
n
s
with
tim
e.
B
ec
au
s
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
d
o
in
g
wo
r
s
e
o
n
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
cien
c
e
test
s
,
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
u
n
d
er
a
lo
t
o
f
p
r
ess
u
r
e
to
u
s
e
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
ca
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t,
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
eir
n
ee
d
s
a
n
d
te
n
d
en
cies,
an
d
th
eir
m
ain
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
4
1
6
4
-
417
2
4166
r
o
les
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
wh
ile
also
tak
in
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
h
o
w
ea
ch
s
tu
d
en
t
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
[
3
6
]
.
O
n
to
p
o
f
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
is
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
to
DI
,
wh
ich
cr
ea
tes
an
ex
citi
n
g
,
f
air
,
an
d
eq
u
itab
le
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
tak
es
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
it
d
ev
elo
p
s
th
eir
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
s
k
ills
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
cr
ea
tiv
ity
.
T
h
is
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wh
ich
r
e
q
u
ir
e
s
s
k
ills
in
p
lan
n
in
g
f
o
r
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
d
esig
n
in
g
s
cien
tific
m
ater
ial,
test
s
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
an
d
m
an
ag
i
n
g
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
p
en
s
th
e
d
o
o
r
to
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
q
u
esti
o
n
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiated
s
cien
ce
class
.
J
o
r
d
an
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
wh
er
e
th
e
g
en
d
er
g
ap
in
ed
u
c
atio
n
ap
p
ea
r
s
m
o
s
t
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
g
e
n
d
er
o
f
th
e
s
cien
c
e
teac
h
er
in
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
ag
em
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
alwa
y
s
in
d
icate
d
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
tea
ch
er
s
’
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
n
t
h
eir
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
s
k
ills
in
s
id
e
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
[
3
8
]
,
w
h
ich
p
r
o
m
p
ted
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
o
n
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
t
h
eir
p
o
s
s
ess
io
n
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiated
c
lass
r
o
o
m
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
p
lan
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
o
als,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
k
n
o
w
all
t
h
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
th
at
a
f
f
ec
t
th
is
tr
en
d
,
f
o
r
em
o
s
t
o
f
wh
ich
is
th
e
teac
h
er
,
wh
o
is
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
wh
o
im
p
lem
en
ts
id
ea
s
an
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
with
in
th
is
s
y
s
tem
.
R
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
an
d
b
el
ief
s
ad
o
p
ted
b
y
th
e
teac
h
er
m
ay
b
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t step
i
n
p
lan
n
in
g
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
g
o
als o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
cien
ce
is
m
o
s
t
r
elate
d
to
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
to
k
ee
p
p
ac
e
with
th
e
d
ee
p
en
in
g
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
DI
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
J
o
r
d
an
,
esp
ec
iall
y
in
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
cien
ce
in
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
will
id
en
tify
th
e
esti
m
ates
o
f
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
,
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
wh
ic
h
th
ey
m
ee
t
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
a
n
d
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
i
ch
th
ey
ar
e
af
f
ec
te
d
b
y
ce
r
tai
n
v
a
r
iab
les
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
o
b
jectiv
es a
r
e
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
W
h
at
is
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
wh
ic
h
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t?
ii)
Do
es
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
to
wh
ic
h
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
ti
ated
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
ag
em
en
t
v
ar
y
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
th
eir
g
e
n
d
er
?
iii)
Do
es
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
to
wh
ic
h
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
ti
ated
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
ag
em
en
t
v
ar
y
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
e
r
ien
c
e?
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
wh
ich
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiate
d
class
r
o
o
m
a
n
d
t
h
e
ex
te
n
t
to
wh
ich
th
is
d
eg
r
ee
is
af
f
e
cted
b
y
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
g
en
d
er
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
elec
t
io
n
o
f
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
3
7
9
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
J
o
r
d
an
u
s
in
g
a
clu
s
ter
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
p
r
ep
ar
ed
th
e
s
ca
le
(
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
ag
em
en
t)
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
DI
,
th
e
o
r
eti
ca
l
liter
atu
r
e,
an
d
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
ca
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
3
9
item
s
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
d
o
m
ain
s
:
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
class
r
o
o
m
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
m
an
ag
i
n
g
f
ee
lin
g
s
an
d
em
o
tio
n
s
in
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
class
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
ca
le’
s
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
it
was
ar
b
itra
ted
b
y
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
p
ec
ialized
ar
b
itra
to
r
s
wh
o
s
u
g
g
ested
ce
r
tain
am
en
d
m
en
ts
,
wh
ich
wer
e
m
o
d
if
ied
in
lig
h
t
o
f
th
eir
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
.
A
p
ilo
t
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
3
0
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
cien
ce
tea
ch
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
was
s
elec
ted
an
d
ex
p
o
s
ed
t
o
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
tiated
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
ca
le
twice
with
a
tim
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
o
f
two
m
o
n
t
h
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
c
o
ef
f
ic
ien
t
was
ca
lcu
lated
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
ap
p
licatio
n
tim
es a
n
d
it is
v
alu
e
was a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate.
T
ab
le
1.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
G
e
n
d
e
r
P
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
/
y
e
a
r
1
-
5
5
-
10
10
-
15
1
5
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ates o
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4169
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.
T
ab
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8
in
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9
.
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9
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ates
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with
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Siam
a
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Al
-
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[
4
1
]
,
wh
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p
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[
4
2
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,
wh
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h
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co
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clu
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th
at
ac
co
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d
in
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to
th
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m
ates,
s
cie
n
ce
teac
h
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
h
av
e
m
o
d
er
ately
d
if
f
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tiated
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
in
all
d
o
m
ain
s
.
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h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
e
s
u
lts
alig
n
with
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ea
lity
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
,
as
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
teac
h
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s
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
n
ee
d
t
o
e
n
h
an
ce
th
eir
s
k
ills
th
r
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g
h
ad
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al
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
q
u
alif
icatio
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p
r
o
g
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am
s
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
m
ale
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s
an
d
th
o
s
e
with
lim
ited
ex
p
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ien
ce
.
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h
e
teac
h
er
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’
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v
er
ag
e
d
eg
r
ee
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f
s
elf
-
esteem
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h
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i
n
g
d
if
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tiated
class
r
o
o
m
m
a
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em
e
n
t
r
eq
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ir
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e
n
ts
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
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ce
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er
s
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
t
h
ese
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
r
s
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ills
ap
p
r
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p
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d
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e
to
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ests
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at
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ies
s
h
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er
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m
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ce
i
n
s
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th
e
class
r
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m
.
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m
e
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s
h
av
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
r
eq
u
i
r
em
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ts
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d
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th
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n
o
t im
p
l
em
en
t th
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o
r
m
ay
e
n
co
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n
ter
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
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l
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
n
ee
d
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
to
en
ab
le
d
em
o
c
r
atic
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u
ca
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b
ased
o
n
eq
u
ity
,
eq
u
ality
,
a
n
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
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i
g
h
t
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
co
n
f
ir
m
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
J
o
r
d
an
,
wh
ich
is
th
e
clea
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
etwe
en
m
al
e
an
d
f
em
ale
teac
h
e
r
s
,
in
a
d
d
itio
n
to
th
e
lack
o
f
r
ef
lectio
n
o
n
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
o
n
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
n
ec
ess
itates
th
at
th
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
ad
o
p
t a
n
e
w
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
W
e
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
an
k
all
th
e
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o
r
d
an
ian
s
cien
ce
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er
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wh
o
r
esp
o
n
d
e
d
to
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
v
alu
a
b
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
F
UNDING
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NF
O
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Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
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n
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in
g
in
v
o
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ed
.
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h
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tac
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:
Ema
n
8
6
k
re
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a
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@g
m
a
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.
c
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.
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