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14
,
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.
5
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20
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3
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CC B
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C
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Un
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4
7
3
0
1
Petalin
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J
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Selan
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Ma
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E
m
ail:
s
h
r
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co
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1.
I
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D
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Giv
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t r
elev
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t set o
f
p
r
io
r
ities
an
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es [
1
]
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
k
ey
ten
s
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s
wi
th
in
ea
r
ly
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f
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e
f
o
r
p
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r
m
ativ
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[
2
]
.
T
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ten
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d
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p
ly
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ted
with
in
wid
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s
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cieta
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[
3
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,
a
d
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in
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p
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id
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[
4
]
.
T
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lead
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(
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r
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with
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th
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p
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d
lea
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in
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en
v
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Ma
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
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t
J
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v
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&
R
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c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
7
6
5
-
3773
3766
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
in
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ly
ch
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h
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u
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co
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o
u
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lear
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[
5
]
.
L
ea
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er
s
in
th
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ite
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ar
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co
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tin
u
ally
tr
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u
lat
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[
6
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I
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ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
ar
e
ca
lled
u
p
o
n
to
n
a
v
ig
ate
co
m
p
etin
g
d
em
an
d
s
wh
ile
also
s
ee
k
in
g
way
s
to
lim
it
ex
clu
s
io
n
ar
y
p
r
ac
tices
[
7
]
.
Ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Sis
s
o
n
et
a
l
.
[
8
]
,
e
n
g
ag
in
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
th
at
cr
ea
te
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
im
p
r
o
v
ed
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
o
u
tco
m
es f
o
r
c
h
ild
r
en
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies [
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
co
n
tr
ad
ictio
n
s
b
ec
am
e
m
o
r
e
ac
u
te
wh
e
n
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
th
e
q
u
al
ity
o
f
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
tal
tr
ajec
to
r
ies.
I
n
th
e
lig
h
t
o
f
t
h
at,
ea
r
ly
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
clu
d
es,
p
r
o
m
o
tes
an
d
ch
am
p
io
n
s
in
clu
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
an
en
titl
em
en
t
an
d
as
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
r
ig
h
t.
I
t
b
ec
am
e
a
p
o
liti
ca
lly
p
o
p
u
lar
ter
m
with
in
p
u
b
lic
p
o
licy
an
d
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
er
e
h
a
s
b
ee
n
a
s
u
r
g
e
o
f
in
ter
est
in
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t,
an
d
it
h
as
also
b
ec
o
m
e
a
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
clu
s
io
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
v
alu
es
an
d
p
r
in
cip
les
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
p
r
ac
tice
b
u
t
to
d
o
th
is
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
th
e
r
e
ar
e
g
ap
s
b
etwe
en
th
eo
r
y
an
d
p
r
ac
tice,
th
is
is
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
i
n
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
,
an
d
b
y
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
o
cial
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
p
r
ej
u
d
ices
[
1
1
]
.
Ko
n
g
[
1
2
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ian
co
n
tex
ts
wh
er
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
o
f
ten
lag
s
b
eh
in
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
it is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
clo
s
e
th
at
g
ap
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
h
o
w
p
o
licies ca
n
b
etter
en
g
ag
e
with
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
lev
el
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
wh
at
ten
s
io
n
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
le
ad
er
s
an
d
m
an
ag
er
s
f
ac
e
in
E
C
E
s
ettin
g
s
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
p
lay
-
b
ased
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ies.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
ex
am
i
n
es
h
o
w
lead
er
s
an
d
m
an
ag
er
s
n
eg
o
tiate
th
e
ten
s
io
n
s
an
d
wh
at
it
m
ea
n
s
f
o
r
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices.
I
t
also
ex
am
in
es
h
o
w
th
ese
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als p
u
t in
clu
s
iv
e
p
r
a
ctice
s
in
to
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
(
R
Qs)
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
:
-
R
Q1
:
Ho
w
d
o
E
C
E
lead
er
s
an
d
m
an
ag
e
r
s
b
alan
ce
s
ch
o
lar
l
y
p
o
licy
m
an
d
ates w
ith
p
lay
-
b
as
ed
lear
n
in
g
?
-
R
Q2
:
Ho
w
d
o
E
C
E
lead
e
r
s
a
n
d
m
a
n
ag
er
s
im
p
lem
en
t
in
cl
u
s
io
n
wh
en
th
ey
ar
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
?
-
R
Q3
:
W
h
at
ar
e
E
C
E
lead
er
s
’
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
an
d
teac
h
in
g
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
i
n
clu
s
iv
ity
in
d
i
v
er
s
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ch
o
o
ls
?
-
R
Q4
:
Ho
w
d
o
E
C
E
m
an
ag
e
r
s
wo
r
k
to
in
teg
r
ate
t
h
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
s
o
cial
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
with
ch
ild
-
ce
n
ter
ed
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t?
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es (
R
Os)
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
:
-
R
O1
:
t
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
E
C
E
lead
er
s
b
alan
ce
p
lay
with
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
im
p
er
ati
v
e
s
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
-
R
O2
:
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ch
alle
n
g
es
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
E
C
E
lead
er
s
in
d
esig
n
in
g
in
clu
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
s
p
ac
es
u
n
d
er
s
tr
ict
p
o
licy
m
o
d
els.
-
R
O3
:
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
h
o
w
E
C
E
m
an
ag
e
r
s
im
p
lem
en
t
cu
ltu
r
al
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
an
d
in
clu
s
io
n
in
E
C
E
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
-
R
O4
:
t
o
d
is
cu
s
s
h
o
w
E
C
E
lead
er
s
n
eg
o
tiate
b
etwe
en
p
o
licy
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
an
d
c
h
ild
r
en
’
s
wh
o
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t n
ee
d
s
in
ea
r
ly
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
S
T
UDI
E
S
I
n
th
e
r
a
p
id
ly
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
o
f
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
p
ay
atten
tio
n
to
m
ajo
r
tr
en
d
s
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
o
ciet
y
,
s
in
ce
th
e
y
ar
e
d
ee
p
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
t
h
e
lead
er
s
h
i
p
an
d
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t p
r
ac
tices
in
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
s
ettin
g
s
,
th
ese
tr
en
d
s
h
a
v
e
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
wa
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
o
licies
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
in
clu
s
iv
ity
ar
e
s
h
ap
e
d
,
an
d
h
o
w
th
e
p
r
io
r
ities
o
f
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
lead
er
s
an
d
m
an
a
g
er
s
ar
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
s
o
cieta
l
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
b
y
p
ay
in
g
atte
n
tio
n
to
th
ese
s
h
if
ts
,
we
ca
n
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
ess
o
f
E
C
E
.
Kin
ze
l
[
1
3
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
cr
u
cial
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
i
n
d
ig
en
o
u
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
E
C
E
to
b
u
ild
r
ec
o
n
ciliatio
n
in
o
u
r
n
est.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
cr
itically
s
h
o
ws
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
p
r
a
ctice
s
to
en
h
an
ce
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
p
r
ac
tices
in
ea
r
ly
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
s
ettin
g
s
.
R
ah
m
atu
llah
et
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
v
iewe
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
lo
ca
l
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ca
r
e
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ce
n
ter
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
ted
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
s
h
ap
in
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
in
ea
r
ly
ch
il
d
h
o
o
d
s
ettin
g
s
.
B
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
th
e
lo
ca
l
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
,
ch
ild
r
en
ca
n
f
ee
l
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
en
r
o
llin
g
in
an
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ce
n
ter
as
th
ey
alr
ea
d
y
k
n
o
w
s
o
m
e
f
am
iliar
f
ac
es
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
an
d
th
is
will
en
ab
le
th
em
to
in
teg
r
ate
well
in
th
e
n
ew
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
C
o
o
p
er
an
d
Mc
Kee
[
1
5
]
s
tu
d
ied
t
h
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
an
ce
o
f
E
C
E
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lea
d
ers
h
ip
a
n
d
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
:
n
a
vig
a
tin
g
co
n
tr
a
d
ictio
n
s
a
n
d
…
(
Ma
n
o
h
a
r
a
n
N
a
llia
h
)
3767
in
C
an
ad
a
th
eir
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o
wed
th
e
d
iv
er
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e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
in
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
E
C
E
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
u
n
tr
ies.
I
t
also
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
o
n
e
-
s
ize
-
f
its
-
all
s
tr
ateg
ies
t
h
at
ca
n
ap
p
ly
to
al
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
an
d
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
th
is
s
ec
to
r
to
b
e
f
o
s
ter
ed
an
d
s
h
ap
ed
.
B
esid
es
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
a
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el
o
f
m
i
d
d
le
-
lev
el
m
an
ag
er
s
wo
r
k
in
g
in
E
C
E
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
jo
b
d
ef
in
itio
n
an
d
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
t
o
b
e
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
in
E
C
E
to
s
h
ap
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
6
]
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Ali
[
1
7
]
i
s
a
n
in
ter
esti
n
g
s
tu
d
y
th
at
d
is
cu
s
s
e
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
E
C
E
b
y
aim
in
g
to
d
escr
ib
e
p
att
er
n
s
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t.
His
r
esu
lt
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t in
E
C
E
to
ad
ap
t in
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
ch
a
n
g
in
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
.
D
is
tr
ib
u
ted
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
in
E
C
E
(
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
co
-
cr
e
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es),
b
u
t
th
eir
w
o
r
k
is
n
o
t
v
er
y
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
Ma
lay
s
ia’
s
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
p
o
licy
c
o
n
tex
t
[
1
8
]
.
So
d
o
es
Stam
o
p
o
u
lo
s
[
1
9
]
,
wh
o
ca
ll
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
p
r
e
-
s
ch
o
o
l,
b
u
t
wh
o
d
o
es
n
o
t
e
v
en
t
ak
e
th
e
tim
e
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
wh
at
is
at
s
tak
e
h
er
e,
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
in
p
lay
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
v
er
s
u
s
ac
ad
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
E
m
p
ir
ically
d
es
cr
ib
e
th
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
E
C
E
,
b
y
d
r
awin
g
o
n
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
p
r
ac
tices,
with
o
u
t
g
o
in
g
in
t
o
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
p
o
licy
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ia
[
2
0
]
.
Sira
j
-
B
latch
f
o
r
d
an
d
Ma
n
n
i
[
2
0
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
u
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
o
licy
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
th
at
g
u
id
e
th
e
ac
tio
n
s
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ian
E
C
E
l
ea
d
er
s
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Mu
ijs
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
ev
alu
ate
d
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
s
tu
d
ies
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
an
d
n
o
te
a
r
ea
s
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
th
at
h
av
e
n
o
t
y
et
b
ee
n
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
,
with
o
u
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
c
h
allen
g
es
o
f
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
p
lay
w
ith
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
-
b
ased
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
R
esear
ch
b
y
R
o
d
d
[
2
2
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
ea
r
ly
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
eo
r
ies
an
d
p
r
ac
tices,
wh
ich
is
a
g
o
o
d
r
e
f
er
en
ce
b
o
o
k
b
u
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
ad
d
r
ess
Ma
lay
s
ia
s
p
ec
if
ically
n
o
r
h
o
w
cu
ltu
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
im
p
ac
t
E
C
E
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
Heik
k
a
an
d
Hu
jala
[
2
3
]
wer
e
em
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
wh
ich
o
f
f
er
a
r
ich
e
r
v
i
ew
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
wi
th
o
u
t
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
E
C
E
lead
er
s
’
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
p
lay
-
b
ased
lea
r
n
in
g
a
n
d
s
ch
o
o
l p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
C
o
lm
er
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
co
n
s
id
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
s
ettin
g
s
b
u
t
r
ep
o
r
t
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
with
o
u
t
talk
in
g
to
Ma
lay
s
ian
E
C
E
lead
er
s
o
n
p
o
licy
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e
ch
allen
g
es.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Sims
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
t
h
e
id
ea
s
ab
o
u
t
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
an
d
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
-
in
ter
esti
n
g
r
ea
d
in
g
,
b
u
t
it
was
n
o
t
an
ac
co
u
n
t
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
r
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ten
s
io
n
s
b
etwe
en
p
lay
-
b
ased
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
a
n
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
p
o
licies.
L
astl
y
,
r
esear
ch
b
y
W
an
ig
an
a
y
ak
e
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
E
C
E
b
u
t
ar
e
m
er
ely
b
r
o
a
d
in
s
co
p
e,
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
ad
d
r
ess
Ma
lay
s
ia’
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
p
o
licy
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
ich
is
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
t
h
is
p
ap
er
will
attem
p
t
to
clo
s
e
th
is
v
o
id
with
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
g
iv
in
g
a
f
r
esh
lo
o
k
in
to
th
e
way
s
E
C
E
lead
er
s
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
p
ar
ticu
lar
is
s
u
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
an
en
ab
ler
in
n
a
v
ig
atin
g
co
n
t
r
ad
ictio
n
s
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
ac
tices
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
cl
u
s
iv
ity
.
I
n
th
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
tu
d
y
,
Kir
b
y
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
was
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
a
n
ew
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
E
C
E
lead
er
s
h
ip
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
in
th
e
E
C
E
.
Stu
d
y
by
B
all
[
6
]
n
o
te
d
t
h
at
n
eo
lib
er
al
p
r
ess
u
r
es
to
war
d
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
q
u
an
tifia
b
le
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
liter
ac
y
a
n
d
n
u
m
er
ac
y
m
ar
g
i
n
alize
k
ey
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
tal
asp
ec
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
s
o
cial
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
An
em
p
h
asis
o
n
m
a
r
k
etize
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
v
er
th
e
‘
ce
n
tr
al
te
n
ets
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
’
ca
n
lead
to
a
m
a
r
g
in
aliza
tio
n
o
f
p
lay
,
wh
ich
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
to
p
lay
i
n
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
o
v
er
all
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
On
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
o
te,
Vy
g
o
ts
k
ian
th
eo
r
ies
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
la
y
in
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e,
s
o
cial
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
,
an
d
it
is
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
th
is
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
g
r
o
win
g
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
th
at
p
lay
is
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
as
it
h
elp
s
ch
ild
r
en
d
ev
el
o
p
th
e
v
ital
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
th
ey
n
ee
d
[
2
8
]
.
Hav
i
n
g
ex
a
m
in
ed
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
in
ter
p
lay
am
o
n
g
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
,
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t,
co
n
tr
ad
ictio
n
s
,
a
n
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
ac
tices
in
E
C
E
,
th
is
r
e
v
iew
estab
lis
h
es
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
illi
n
g
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
ef
icien
cies
b
y
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
tar
g
eted
r
esear
ch
en
q
u
ir
ies
th
at
s
ee
k
to
f
u
r
th
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
in
ter
ac
t
to
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
in
cl
u
s
iv
en
ess
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
m
ain
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es wh
at
ten
s
io
n
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es lea
d
er
s
an
d
m
an
a
g
er
s
f
ac
e
in
E
C
E
s
ettin
g
s
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
p
lay
-
b
ased
p
ed
ag
o
g
ies.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
q
u
alitati
v
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
an
d
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
s
o
f
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
lea
d
er
s
an
d
m
a
n
ag
er
s
.
Qu
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
is
m
o
s
t
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
r
ich
,
co
m
p
lex
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
th
at
ar
e
d
ee
p
ly
co
n
tex
t
-
b
o
u
n
d
as
is
th
e
ca
s
e
h
e
r
e,
with
an
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
lead
er
s
h
i
p
,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
a
x
is
an
d
in
cl
u
s
iv
ity
in
E
C
E
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
e
m
p
h
as
is
o
n
q
u
alitativ
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
en
a
b
les
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
d
elv
e
i
n
to
th
e
d
etails
o
f
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
an
d
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
is
s
u
es
th
at
lead
er
s
an
d
m
an
ag
e
r
s
f
ac
e
in
b
ec
o
m
in
g
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
tak
es
p
lace
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ettin
g
s
in
Ma
lay
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4.
RE
SU
L
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S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
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T
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ip
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io
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ativ
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l
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ip
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d
m
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ag
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ly
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q
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s
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m
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ter
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ly
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tically
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tally
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T
ab
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1.
T
h
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co
d
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a
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d
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tr
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Th
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“
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h
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m
y
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p
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h
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ha
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h
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F
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We
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Fig
u
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1
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r
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ter
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p
m
en
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ca
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T
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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v
al
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lea
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3
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Stam
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1
9
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f
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th
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h
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ir
r
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lects
th
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p
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ac
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ap
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ar
y
to
b
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p
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m
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t
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l
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d
s
f
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x
am
p
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wh
at
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d
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wh
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p
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ak
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ip
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R
ah
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.
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1
4
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,
th
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]
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T
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s
h
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in
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ev
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t
h
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o
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s
tr
ates
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co
m
m
itm
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to
lead
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g
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h
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to
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v
elo
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k
ills
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th
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ter
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m
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f
th
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.
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ev
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tiv
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it
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ev
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t
th
at
th
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ar
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s
u
p
p
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ted
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tu
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lead
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q
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ality
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to
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eted
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d
e
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o
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m
en
t.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
p
o
in
t
to
a
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
ten
s
io
n
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
with
in
ea
r
ly
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u
ca
tio
n
(
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical,
an
th
r
o
p
o
lo
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s
o
cial,
em
o
tio
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al,
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
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tal
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d
p
o
liti
ca
l)
an
d
to
h
o
w
th
ese
ten
s
io
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s
ca
n
b
e
n
eg
o
tiated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
o
f
in
d
iv
id
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als
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d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
d
ee
p
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
p
o
licy
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
id
ea
ls
-
in
th
is
ca
s
e,
in
clu
s
iv
e
,
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tally
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
ed
ag
o
g
ies.
I
n
tak
in
g
t
h
is
n
u
an
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
an
a
g
in
g
th
e
ten
s
io
n
s
th
at
ex
is
t
wit
h
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
in
h
ar
m
o
n
y
with
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
A
c
o
m
m
o
n
th
e
m
e
in
th
is
liter
atu
r
e
is
th
at,
u
n
d
er
n
eo
lib
er
al
p
r
ess
u
r
es,
co
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
elem
en
ts
in
E
C
E
p
er
s
is
t
as
o
f
ten
m
ar
g
in
al
ized
f
o
r
ce
s
.
As
we
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
,
a
n
u
an
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
an
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
,
in
tu
r
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
ain
tain
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
’
s
c
o
r
e
elem
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
n
ew
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
es to
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
7
6
5
-
3773
3770
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
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ts
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ad
v
an
ce
s
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
E
C
E
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
p
lay
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
o
licy
-
d
r
iv
en
s
ch
o
lar
ly
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
S
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
em
p
h
asized
th
e
n
eo
lib
e
r
al
s
h
if
t
to
wa
r
d
tes
tab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
at
ty
p
ically
ex
clu
d
es
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
tal
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
lik
e
p
lay
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Stam
o
p
o
u
lo
s
[
1
9
]
s
im
ilar
ly
ca
lls
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
p
lay
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
p
o
licy
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Nich
o
ls
o
n
et
a
l
.
[
5
]
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
also
lo
o
k
s
at
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licies
o
n
in
clu
s
iv
it
y
,
th
is
wo
r
k
d
i
g
s
a
litt
le
d
ee
p
er
an
d
a
d
d
r
ess
es
Ma
lay
s
ian
E
C
E
lead
er
s
’
ac
tu
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
M
o
s
h
el
a
n
d
B
er
k
o
v
ich
[
1
6
]
s
tu
d
y
o
n
lead
er
s
h
i
p
im
p
lies
f
l
u
id
,
co
n
tex
t
-
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
an
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
th
at
r
u
n
s
w
ell
with
th
is
p
ap
e
r
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
An
o
th
er
r
esear
c
h
[
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
ag
r
ee
s
with
th
e
n
o
tio
n
t
h
at
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
in
clu
s
io
n
wo
r
k
in
m
u
ltira
cial
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ad
d
to
th
is
ev
o
lv
in
g
r
esear
c
h
co
ll
ec
tio
n
in
th
at
th
ey
p
r
o
v
id
e
ev
i
d
en
ce
ab
o
u
t
th
e
w
ay
Ma
lay
s
ian
E
C
E
lead
er
s
m
an
ag
e
th
ese
co
n
f
licts
.
T
h
ey
af
f
ir
m
ca
lls
m
a
d
e
by
Sis
s
o
n
et
a
l
.
[
8
]
f
o
r
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices th
at
ca
n
m
ee
t th
e
p
o
licy
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
o
f
E
C
E
.
Fin
ally
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
h
ed
s
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
in
g
E
C
E
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
in
r
ec
o
n
cilin
g
p
lay
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
with
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
-
b
ased
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
o
licy
.
Su
ch
r
esu
lts
p
ar
allel
m
u
ch
wid
er
th
in
k
in
g
o
n
n
e
o
lib
er
al
p
r
ac
tices
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le
in
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
B
all
[
6
]
w
h
er
e
p
o
licy
-
d
r
iv
e
n
em
p
h
asis
o
n
o
u
tco
m
es
is
in
c
o
m
p
atib
le
with
wh
o
le
-
ch
ild
p
r
a
ctice
.
Yet
o
u
r
wo
r
k
is
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
in
th
at
6
we
p
lace
th
ese
co
n
f
licts
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
Ma
lay
s
ia’
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
p
o
licy
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
with
its
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
c
o
m
p
licates
th
e
liv
es
o
f
E
C
E
lead
er
s
,
wh
o
m
u
s
t
s
h
if
t
th
eir
p
r
ac
tices
in
o
r
d
er
to
b
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
m
ee
t
n
atio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ex
p
e
ctatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ten
s
io
n
d
em
an
d
s
p
o
licy
s
p
ac
e
th
at
is
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
f
o
r
p
la
y
-
b
as
ed
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
tak
in
g
t
h
eir
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
m
er
its
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
cr
ete:
Ma
lay
s
ian
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
m
ig
h
t
b
e
in
clin
ed
to
ad
o
p
t
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
s
th
at
p
lace
in
clu
s
iv
ity
an
d
a
f
air
s
h
a
r
e
o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
at
th
e
f
o
r
ef
r
o
n
t.
Fo
r
all
th
e
less
o
n
s
h
er
e,
th
e
w
o
r
k
is
b
o
u
n
d
ed
b
y
th
e
c
o
n
f
i
n
es
o
f
th
is
o
n
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
m
ig
h
t
b
u
ild
u
p
o
n
th
ese
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
to
p
r
o
b
e
s
im
ilar
is
s
u
es
in
o
th
er
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
p
o
licy
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
m
i
g
h
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ad
a
p
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
at
will
h
elp
d
r
iv
e
a
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e,
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tally
s
en
s
itiv
e
E
C
E
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
4
.
1
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
n o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
o
in
t
to
im
p
o
r
tan
t
less
o
n
s
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
an
d
E
C
E
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
.
First,
th
e
ten
s
io
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
h
er
en
t
v
ir
tu
e
o
f
p
lay
an
d
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
r
ig
o
r
p
o
s
es
ch
allen
g
es
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
th
at
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
th
e
c
o
llectiv
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
lay
-
b
ased
lea
r
n
i
n
g
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
c
u
r
r
ic
u
lar
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
E
s
s
en
tially
,
wh
at
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
ests
is
th
at,
f
r
o
m
p
o
licy
m
ak
in
g
lev
els
d
o
wn
to
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
-
lev
el
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
d
ev
elo
p
f
lex
i
b
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
an
d
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
th
at
b
alan
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
r
ig
o
r
.
Po
licies
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
p
l
ay
f
u
l
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
p
lay
is
n
o
t set a
s
id
e
o
r
u
n
d
er
v
alu
ed
b
u
t r
ath
e
r
in
teg
r
a
ted
in
a
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
way
with
m
o
r
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
an
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
lear
n
in
g
to
o
p
tim
ize
co
g
n
itiv
e,
s
o
cial
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
Fo
r
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
tr
ess
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
’
ca
r
ee
r
s
s
o
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
k
n
o
wled
g
ea
b
le
an
d
co
m
p
eten
t
en
o
u
g
h
t
o
wo
r
k
with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
o
u
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
;
an
d
th
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
in
clu
s
iv
e
a
n
d
c
u
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
also
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ies
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
th
at
ar
e
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
to
th
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e
lear
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
o
u
r
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
al
s
o
ciety
s
u
ch
as M
alay
s
ia.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
tr
ain
i
n
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
s
u
ch
ar
e
as
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
s
ca
f
f
o
l
d
in
g
to
ad
o
p
t
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
to
m
ee
t
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
ch
an
g
in
g
s
o
ci
o
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Ultim
ately
,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
clo
s
er
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
E
C
E
s
ettin
g
s
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e,
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
.
Fo
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
s
tu
d
ies,
e
x
p
an
d
i
n
g
th
ese
an
al
y
s
es
in
to
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
es
wo
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
u
c
h
n
ee
d
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
t
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
licy
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
o
n
E
C
E
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices.
L
o
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
also
d
eter
m
in
e
h
o
w
ad
ap
tiv
e
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
s
o
cial,
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
v
er
ti
m
e
in
p
lay
-
b
ased
,
in
clu
s
iv
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
4
.
2
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
illu
s
tr
ates
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
b
etwe
en
p
o
lic
y
-
d
r
iv
e
n
ac
ad
em
ic
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
tal
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
o
f
p
lay
in
E
C
E
s
et
tin
g
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
an
d
th
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
to
m
an
ag
e
th
ese
ten
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
d
r
ew
a
p
ict
u
r
e
o
f
E
C
E
lead
er
s
an
d
m
an
a
g
er
s
b
alan
cin
g
h
ig
h
ac
ad
em
ic
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
an
d
th
eir
co
n
ce
r
n
s
f
o
r
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
with
em
p
h
ases
th
at
f
ell
with
in
th
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
lic
ies
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ch
ild
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
h
o
lis
tically
,
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
in
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
way
s
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
in
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
in
clu
s
iv
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
k
n
o
win
g
an
d
e
n
g
ag
i
n
g
with
c
h
ild
r
en
an
d
f
am
ilies
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lea
d
ers
h
ip
a
n
d
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
:
n
a
vig
a
tin
g
co
n
tr
a
d
ictio
n
s
a
n
d
…
(
Ma
n
o
h
a
r
a
n
N
a
llia
h
)
3771
T
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
s
tr
o
n
g
E
C
E
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
is
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
in
a
ch
ild
’
s
life
,
an
d
E
C
E
will
f
o
r
ev
er
r
e
m
ain
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
,
as
c
h
ild
’
s
r
ati
o
n
ale
is
d
ee
p
ly
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
a
n
d
h
u
m
a
n
is
tic.
I
t
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
im
p
e
r
ativ
e
th
at
th
er
e
ex
is
ts
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
s
y
n
er
g
y
b
etwe
en
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
to
s
ee
th
is
cr
u
cial
s
tag
e
in
a
ch
ild
’
s
li
f
e
b
ein
g
g
iv
en
t
h
e
b
est o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
to
lear
n
,
p
la
y
,
s
o
cialize
,
an
d
th
r
iv
e.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
e
x
p
o
s
ed
t
h
e
d
elic
ate
ten
s
io
n
s
with
wh
ich
lea
d
er
s
an
d
m
a
n
ag
er
s
o
f
E
C
E
s
ettin
g
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
n
av
ig
ate
b
etwe
en
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
s
f
o
r
a
ca
d
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t a
n
d
v
alu
in
g
p
lay
f
o
r
its
o
w
n
s
ak
e.
Acc
o
m
m
o
d
atin
g
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
with
th
em
ed
,
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
tiv
ities
th
at,
n
o
n
eth
eless
,
r
em
ain
em
b
ed
d
e
d
with
in
a
p
lay
-
b
ased
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
,
is
p
ar
t
o
f
a
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
s
tr
at
eg
y
o
f
m
a
k
in
g
s
en
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
q
u
est
to
b
ec
o
m
e
p
ar
t
o
f
a
g
lo
b
al
s
ea
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
-
r
ea
d
in
ess
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
th
at
v
alu
es
p
l
ay
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
wh
ile
co
n
v
er
s
ely
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
ex
p
licit
d
ir
ec
tiv
es
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
.
I
n
t
h
is
way
,
lead
er
s
im
p
lem
en
t
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
v
alu
e
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
f
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
ac
ad
e
m
ically
wh
ile
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
eir
h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
-
c
o
g
n
itiv
e,
s
o
cial
,
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
iew
an
al
y
s
is
p
o
in
ted
to
t
h
e
lead
er
s
’
ad
ap
tiv
ity
i
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
lay
-
r
ich
,
c
h
ild
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
I
t
d
r
aws
u
p
o
n
Vy
g
o
ts
k
ian
th
eo
r
y
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t r
esear
c
h
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
b
en
ef
its
o
f
p
la
y
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
er
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
g
r
ea
t
e
m
p
h
asis
o
n
in
clu
s
iv
ity
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
in
th
ese
E
C
E
s
,
ca
u
g
h
t
-
u
p
with
s
o
cieta
l
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
s
h
if
tin
g
p
o
licies.
E
C
E
lead
er
s
ar
e
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
eir
cu
r
r
icu
la
to
ca
ter
to
d
iv
er
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
wh
ich
r
ef
lex
iv
ely
g
u
id
es
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tice
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
r
ef
lectiv
e
o
f
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
al
co
n
t
ex
t.
R
ef
lex
iv
ely
,
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
f
lex
ib
le
E
C
E
p
o
licies,
wh
ich
s
u
its
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
ettin
g
s
,
is
p
u
r
s
u
ed
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
th
e
r
o
les
o
f
E
C
E
lead
er
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
clu
s
iv
ity
.
T
h
is
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
p
o
licy
h
as
im
p
ac
ted
p
r
a
ctice
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a.
L
astl
y
,
th
ey
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
esp
ec
ia
lly
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
in
clu
s
iv
ity
,
wh
ich
h
as
e
q
u
ip
p
e
d
th
ese
E
C
E
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
with
s
k
ills
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
d
o
E
C
E
lead
er
s
co
m
p
ly
with
a
n
d
f
o
llo
w
b
u
t
also
lead
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
th
at
b
o
th
a
f
f
o
r
d
t
h
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
h
ig
h
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
th
e
wellb
ein
g
o
f
ev
er
y
ch
ild
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
was r
ec
eiv
e
d
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ma
n
o
h
ar
an
Nalliah
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Sh
o
r
o
u
k
Ab
o
u
d
ah
er
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
L
im
W
ei
Hu
an
✓
✓
✓
✓
E
s
ay
as T
esh
o
m
e
T
ad
d
ese
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
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s
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o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
e
r
e
ar
e
n
o
c
o
m
p
etin
g
in
ter
ests
r
elate
d
to
th
is
p
u
b
licatio
n
.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
No
t
ap
p
licab
le
.
No
h
u
m
a
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
th
at
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
7
6
5
-
3773
3772
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
No
t
ap
p
licab
le
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t in
v
o
lv
e
h
u
m
an
o
r
an
im
al
s
u
b
jects r
eq
u
ir
in
g
et
h
ical
clea
r
an
ce
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
All
d
ata
g
en
er
ated
o
r
an
aly
z
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
is
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
ar
ticle.
Fu
r
th
er
in
q
u
ir
ies ca
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
H
a
z
e
g
h
,
“
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
o
n
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
s
o
f
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
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a
r
l
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c
h
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l
d
h
o
o
d
l
e
a
d
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r
s:
Emer
g
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a
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o
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a
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s
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p
,
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n
Pr
o
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e
d
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2
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AERA
A
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l
Me
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:
1
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.
3
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/
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0
.
[
2
]
E.
E
.
Ø
d
e
g
a
a
r
d
,
“
R
e
i
m
a
g
i
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