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I
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Ma
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
p
lay
a
cr
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cial
r
o
le
in
g
lo
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s
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cio
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n
o
m
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d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
a
s
th
ey
ar
e
p
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y
s
ical
s
p
ac
es
wh
er
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
is
g
en
er
ated
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
ar
e
f
o
r
g
ed
.
T
h
is
v
ital
f
u
n
ctio
n
d
em
an
d
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
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ch
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b
u
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s
,
it
is
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s
s
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b
s
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r
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m
p
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m
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ed
u
ca
tio
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al
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ality
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s
u
s
tain
ab
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o
f
th
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f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
ass
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[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
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is
m
ain
te
n
a
n
ce
p
r
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ce
s
s
h
as
e
v
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lv
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.
I
ts
d
ev
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p
m
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t
h
as
b
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n
m
o
tiv
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b
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tec
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s
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tech
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iq
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u
s
tain
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le
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m
a
n
ag
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en
t
p
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ac
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lo
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aliza
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,
g
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p
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liti
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l,
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
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ic,
s
o
c
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cu
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r
al
co
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d
itio
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s
,
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d
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n
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m
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tr
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s
f
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r
m
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s
[
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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2252
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8
8
2
2
Ma
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3491
T
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cu
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tate
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ca
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wo
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Go
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Acc
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tab
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Of
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(
GAO)
[
6
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r
ev
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en
s
u
r
e
a
s
af
e
r
etu
r
n
to
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
class
es.
T
h
is
r
ea
lity
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
in
eq
u
ality
in
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
allo
ca
te
d
to
s
ch
o
o
l
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Ok
o
y
e
et
a
l.
[
7
]
n
o
ted
th
at
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
lim
i
ted
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et,
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
ele
m
en
ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
to
t
h
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
s
(
HE
I
s
)
in
th
e
L
AT
AM
r
eg
io
n
.
I
n
P
e
r
u
,
d
es
p
i
t
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
o
r
ts
m
ad
e
,
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
es
p
e
r
s
is
t
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
i
n
f
r
as
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
,
e
s
p
e
ci
a
l
ly
i
n
r
u
r
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
es
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
i
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
f
a
c
i
li
t
ie
s
,
s
h
o
r
ta
g
e
o
f
r
es
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
i
n
s
o
m
e
c
as
e
s
,
i
n
s
t
it
u
t
i
o
n
s
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
r
e
m
i
s
es
t
h
a
t
d
o
n
o
t
m
e
e
t
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
g
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
n
o
t
a
b
l
e
l
a
c
k
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
,
w
h
i
ch
i
s
a
c
r
u
c
i
al
a
s
p
ec
t
i
n
t
o
d
a
y
’
s
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
e
r
a
[
9
]
–
[
1
1
]
.
T
o
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
t
h
e
s
e
c
h
al
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
i
t
i
s
e
s
s
e
n
ti
a
l
t
o
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
as
p
e
c
ts
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
f
a
i
r
a
n
d
e
q
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
a
s
w
e
l
l
as
t
h
e
i
r
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
a
n
d
u
s
e
f
u
l
n
es
s
i
n
m
e
e
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
a
cc
o
u
n
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
-
o
r
i
e
n
t
e
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
n
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
es
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Pu
b
lic
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
PM)
p
l
ay
s
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
r
o
le
in
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Ma
r
tín
ez
[
1
4
]
d
ef
in
es
PM
as
“
th
e
ex
er
cise
o
f
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t,
wh
ic
h
in
clu
d
e
s
all
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
a
n
d
ac
tio
n
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
p
u
b
l
ic
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
eir
g
o
als
.
”
T
h
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
to
im
p
lem
en
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
licies
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
.
Vid
al
-
C
h
am
o
r
r
o
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
em
p
h
asize
th
at
PM
is
an
“
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
m
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
welf
ar
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
to
g
iv
e
im
p
etu
s
t
o
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
co
u
n
tr
y
.
”
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
tr
ess
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t stra
teg
ies th
at
tr
a
n
s
ce
n
d
p
o
liti
ca
l c
y
cles a
n
d
g
e
n
er
ate
last
in
g
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
s
o
cie
ty
.
T
h
e
PM
is
a
m
o
d
el
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
aim
ed
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ice,
c
o
n
s
o
lid
at
in
g
its
elf
as
an
u
n
av
o
id
ab
le
co
n
ce
r
n
o
f
an
y
s
o
ciety
[
1
6
]
.
C
o
n
ce
iv
ed
as
a
n
ef
f
icien
t
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
y
th
e
s
tate.
T
h
e
PM
allo
ws
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
licies
estab
li
s
h
ed
b
y
“
n
atio
n
al
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
tal
en
titi
es,
wh
ich
n
ee
d
f
o
r
th
eir
co
r
r
ec
t
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
an
ac
tiv
e
s
u
b
ject,
wh
o
s
e
m
ain
m
is
s
io
n
is
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
State'
s
ca
p
it
al
to
s
o
lv
e
s
o
cial
n
ee
d
s
”
[
1
7
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
a
r
ea
s
co
v
er
ed
b
y
PM
is
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
er
e
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
ch
allen
g
es
ar
e
ev
id
en
t
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
en
titi
es th
at
m
ak
e
u
p
th
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
lex
an
d
c
o
s
tly
ch
allen
g
e.
Stu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
m
ain
ten
an
ce
ac
t
iv
ities
ca
n
co
n
s
titu
te
u
p
to
6
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
co
s
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
life
cy
cle
o
f
a
b
u
ild
in
g
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
r
ea
lity
d
em
a
n
d
s
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
in
teg
r
ate
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
e
th
o
d
s
th
at
o
p
tim
ize
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
l
o
n
g
-
ter
m
co
s
ts
.
L
u
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
ass
er
ts
th
at
ef
f
icien
t
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
il
ity
o
f
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
life
tim
e
b
y
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
p
lan
n
in
g
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
Me
an
wh
ile,
Ma
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
d
escr
ib
e
it
as
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
m
ax
im
ize
r
etu
r
n
o
n
in
v
estme
n
t.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
h
o
lis
tic
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
e
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
s
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
ateg
y
s
elec
tio
n
,
task
p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
,
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t w
o
r
k
o
r
d
e
r
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
c
o
n
tex
t,
f
ac
ilit
ies
m
ain
ten
an
ce
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
la
r
g
est
o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
s
t,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
%
to
1
5
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
b
u
d
g
et.
Ho
wev
er
,
ef
f
icien
cy
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
ese
s
p
ac
es
is
wo
r
r
y
in
g
l
y
lo
w,
with
u
tili
za
ti
o
n
r
ates
v
ar
y
in
g
b
etwe
en
2
0
%
an
d
4
0
%.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
a
g
e
o
f
m
an
y
f
ac
ilit
ies,
b
u
ilt
in
th
e
1
9
6
0
s
an
d
1
9
7
0
s
,
p
r
esen
ts
ad
d
itio
n
al
ch
allen
g
e
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tech
n
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
o
b
s
o
let
e
d
esig
n
s
.
Ma
n
y
o
f
th
ese
wer
e
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
-
ca
ll
ed
to
tal
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
(
T
PM)
[
2
3
]
.
Ma
i
n
te
n
an
ce
is
d
e
f
i
n
ed
as
a
s
e
t
o
f
ac
ti
v
iti
es
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
to
p
r
e
s
er
v
e
o
r
r
est
o
r
e
a
n
o
b
j
ec
t,
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e,
o
r
eq
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
b
r
i
n
g
i
t
to
a
s
ta
te
i
n
wh
ic
h
it
c
an
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
ce
r
ta
in
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
tas
k
[
2
4
]
.
Ma
i
n
te
n
an
ce
a
cti
o
n
s
ar
e
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
t
o
m
a
in
tai
n
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
a
p
r
o
j
ec
t
o
r
s
e
r
v
ic
e;
as
a
c
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e,
p
r
o
p
e
r
m
a
in
te
n
a
n
c
e
r
es
u
lts
i
n
a
g
o
o
d
p
r
o
je
ct
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
ad
e
q
u
ate
i
n
f
r
as
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
a
n
d
its
p
o
o
r
m
ai
n
te
n
a
n
ce
ar
e
c
h
a
r
a
cte
r
is
tic
o
f
d
e
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
es.
P
u
b
lic
in
f
r
ast
r
u
ct
u
r
e
is
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
t
o
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
s
u
s
tai
n
a
b
l
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
ese
n
at
io
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
t
e
x
t
,
m
ai
n
t
en
an
ce
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
t
ak
es
o
n
g
r
ea
t
r
e
le
v
a
n
c
e,
as
it
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
as
a
s
ta
r
t
in
g
p
o
i
n
t
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
q
u
ali
ty
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
t
h
ese
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
es
m
u
s
t
d
ea
l
w
it
h
e
x
c
ess
i
v
e
r
eg
u
l
at
o
r
y
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
a
n
d
p
e
r
m
it
ti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
,
wh
ic
h
r
e
p
r
es
en
ts
an
a
d
d
it
io
n
a
l
ch
all
e
n
g
e
[
2
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
4
9
0
-
3501
3492
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
g
o
es
b
ey
o
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es;
it
en
co
m
p
ass
es
a
co
m
p
lete
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
ed
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
is
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
as
a
s
et
o
f
s
p
ac
es
th
at
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
n
ee
d
ed
“
to
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
,
an
d
th
en
b
u
ilt
an
d
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
,
all
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
er
v
ice
”
[
2
8
]
.
So
to
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
p
o
in
ts
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
ea
ch
s
p
a
ce
an
d
f
u
r
n
itu
r
e
in
th
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
th
ese
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
s
p
ac
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
h
o
u
s
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
b
u
t
also
d
ir
ec
tly
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
cu
r
r
icu
lar
co
m
p
eten
cies
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
s
u
m
,
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
m
an
a
g
em
en
t o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
em
er
g
e
s
as
a
cr
it
ical
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
x
ce
llen
ce
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
its
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
,
o
p
er
atio
n
al
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
th
e
welf
ar
e
o
f
th
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ar
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
.
T
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
q
u
esti
o
n
g
u
id
in
g
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
w
h
at
is
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
?
I
n
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
q
u
esti
o
n
,
th
e
aim
is
to
id
en
ti
f
y
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
in
m
ain
ten
an
ce
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
em
as
in
n
o
v
at
iv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
a
d
ap
ted
to
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
ts
,
f
r
o
m
r
u
r
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
lar
g
e
u
n
iv
er
s
it
y
ca
m
p
u
s
es.
T
h
e
u
ltima
te
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
to
d
escr
ib
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
in
s
p
ir
e
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
f
o
r
g
en
er
atio
n
s
to
c
o
m
e.
Fro
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
a
s
o
cio
-
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
n
at
u
r
e,
w
h
ich
ju
s
tifie
s
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
s
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
its
p
o
s
s
ib
le
lin
k
ag
e
with
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
g
o
al
s
.
T
h
is
with
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
an
aly
zi
n
g
th
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
I
n
th
is
s
en
s
e,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
d
eter
m
in
e
to
wh
at
ex
ten
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es
o
r
lim
itatio
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e,
e
q
u
itab
le
an
d
q
u
ality
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
as
well
as
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
i
n
g
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
in
h
ea
lth
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
3
2
]
.
All
th
is
i
s
in
tr
in
s
ically
r
elate
d
to
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
an
ad
e
q
u
ate
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
teac
h
in
g
-
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
f
av
o
r
s
o
p
tim
al
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
e
s
af
e
ex
er
cise o
f
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
lin
e
with
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
estab
lis
h
ed
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
s
cien
tifi
c
liter
atu
r
e
[
3
3
]
r
elate
d
to
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
titi
es
wa
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
.
T
h
e
c
h
o
ice
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
is
b
ased
o
n
its
ab
ilit
y
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
id
en
tify
,
ev
al
u
ate,
an
d
s
y
n
th
esize
th
e
av
ailab
le
e
m
p
ir
ical
ev
id
e
n
ce
.
T
h
is
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
if
p
r
e
-
estab
lis
h
ed
elig
ib
il
ity
cr
iter
ia
a
r
e
m
e
t
to
ad
d
r
ess
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
ad
h
er
ed
to
th
e
g
u
id
elin
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es (
PR
I
SMA)
s
tat
em
en
t,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
i
d
es g
u
id
elin
es f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
[
3
5
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
cr
itical
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
c
h
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
th
r
ee
s
tag
es:
id
en
tific
atio
n
a
n
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
,
s
elec
tio
n
,
a
n
d
f
ilter
in
g
u
n
d
er
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
cr
it
er
ia,
an
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
an
aly
s
is
.
I
n
th
e
in
itial p
h
ase,
S
co
p
u
s
,
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
(
W
o
S)
,
an
d
E
R
I
C
d
atab
ases
wer
e
d
elim
ited
d
u
e
to
th
eir
q
u
ality
g
u
id
elin
es,
an
d
r
ele
v
a
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
atab
ases
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
i
n
clu
d
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
d
ir
ec
tly
lin
k
ed
to
r
esear
ch
lin
es f
r
am
ed
in
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
an
d
p
u
b
lic
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
th
e
elig
ib
ilit
y
cr
iter
ia
[
3
7
]
wer
e
estab
lis
h
ed
,
lim
itin
g
th
e
r
ev
iew
to
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
b
o
th
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
Sp
an
is
h
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
ar
ticles
o
f
b
o
th
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
r
esear
c
h
,
r
ev
iew,
o
r
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
.
Prio
r
ity
was
g
iv
en
to
ar
ticles
p
u
b
li
s
h
ed
in
o
p
en
-
ac
ce
s
s
in
d
ex
ed
j
o
u
r
n
als,
ex
clu
d
i
n
g
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
ap
er
s
an
d
d
o
cto
r
al
th
eses
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
elig
ib
ilit
y
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
estab
lis
h
ed
[
3
7
]
,
lim
itin
g
th
e
r
ev
iew
to
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
Sp
an
is
h
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
ar
ticles
with
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
r
esear
ch
,
r
e
v
iew
o
r
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
Prio
r
ity
was
g
iv
en
t
o
a
r
ticles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
o
p
en
ac
ce
s
s
in
d
ex
e
d
jo
u
r
n
als,
an
d
co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
p
a
p
e
r
s
an
d
d
o
cto
r
al
th
eses
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
.
At
th
is
s
tag
e,
th
e
ex
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
,
wh
ich
ar
e
d
etailed
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
to
r
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
t
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
wer
e
“
m
ain
ten
an
ce
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
”
,
“
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
”
,
“
p
u
b
lic
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
”
an
d
“
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
”
.
T
h
ese
ter
m
s
wer
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
B
o
o
lean
o
p
er
ato
r
s
AND
-
OR
,
g
en
er
ati
n
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ea
r
c
h
f
o
r
m
u
la
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
ea
ch
s
tu
d
y
was
ev
alu
ated
f
o
r
in
clu
s
io
n
i
n
th
e
r
ev
iew,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
estab
lis
h
ed
cr
iter
ia.
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
is
i
n
itial
s
elec
tio
n
p
h
ase,
6
0
0
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
th
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
,
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
as:
3
5
0
in
Sco
p
u
s
,
2
0
0
in
E
R
I
C
,
an
d
5
0
i
n
W
o
S.
T
h
e
p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
p
ap
er
s
was
b
ased
o
n
titl
e
an
d
a
b
s
tr
ac
t,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
f
u
ll
-
tex
t
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
h
o
r
tlis
ted
ar
ticles.
A
10
-
y
ea
r
ag
e
p
e
r
io
d
,
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
3
to
2
0
2
3
,
was
in
itially
estab
lis
h
ed
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Ma
in
ten
a
n
ce
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
o
f
p
h
ysica
l in
fr
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
…
(
J
u
lis
a
d
el
R
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s
a
r
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Qu
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ilca
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lo
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te
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m
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t r
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t p
u
b
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s
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Du
r
in
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r
ev
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d
ta
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u
latio
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o
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ticles ac
co
r
d
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g
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eir
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u
b
licatio
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ate,
it
was
ap
p
r
ec
iated
t
h
at
th
e
y
ea
r
s
2
0
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3
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d
2
0
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4
d
i
d
n
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t
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
p
a
p
er
s
,
s
o
th
e
i
n
ter
v
al
was
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
o
th
e
y
ea
r
s
2
0
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5
to
2
0
2
3
.
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h
e
r
elev
an
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
s
tu
d
y
was
ex
tr
ac
te
d
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
ized
in
a
ca
r
d
th
at
co
m
p
iled
th
e
m
o
s
t sig
n
if
ican
t
d
ata
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
cr
iter
ia.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
llo
wed
f
o
r
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
t
h
e
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
to
b
e
ex
a
m
in
ed
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
th
r
ee
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
h
ases
:
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
r
ev
iew
an
d
in
clu
s
io
n
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase,
6
0
0
r
ec
o
r
d
s
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
:
3
5
0
i
n
th
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Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase,
2
0
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E
R
I
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an
d
5
0
in
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S.
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to
tal
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f
3
9
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u
p
licates
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d
8
6
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
wer
e
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
th
e
4
7
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id
e
n
tifie
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p
ap
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f
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ich
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p
u
b
lis
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ed
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e
f
o
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e
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0
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n
d
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2
2
with
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ce
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s
wer
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clu
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ed
,
r
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ltin
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in
2
8
8
p
o
ten
tially
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le
p
ap
er
s
.
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h
ese
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
in
d
etail
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
o
f
8
2
r
ec
o
r
d
s
f
o
r
n
o
t
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies,
4
0
f
o
r
b
ei
n
g
in
a
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
th
er
th
an
E
n
g
lis
h
o
r
Sp
an
is
h
,
an
d
1
5
0
b
etwe
en
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
a
n
d
th
eses
.
Fin
ally
,
1
6
ar
ticles we
r
e
in
clu
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
lan
n
e
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
i
o
n
cr
iter
ia
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
-
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
b
o
t
h
E
n
g
l
i
sh
a
n
d
S
p
a
n
i
sh
-
S
t
u
d
i
e
s wi
t
h
a
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
-
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
,
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
/
o
r
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
-
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s w
i
t
h
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n
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o
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p
l
e
t
e
a
b
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t
r
a
c
t
-
Th
e
m
a
t
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c
a
r
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a
o
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e
r
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h
a
n
p
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c
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l
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n
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r
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st
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c
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t
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a
n
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n
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a
t
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s
f
r
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m
2
0
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3
t
o
2
0
2
3
-
D
o
c
u
me
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
r
e
st
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i
c
t
e
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
-
P
u
b
l
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c
a
t
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o
n
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
2
0
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3
-
D
o
n
o
t
c
i
t
e
e
mp
i
r
i
c
a
l
a
r
t
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c
l
e
s
-
P
r
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c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
c
o
n
g
r
e
sses
o
r
d
e
g
r
e
e
t
h
e
s
e
s
T
ab
le
2
.
Sear
ch
f
o
r
m
u
la
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
ea
c
h
d
atab
ase
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
S
e
a
r
c
h
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
S
c
o
p
u
s
En
g
l
i
sh
(
M
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
A
N
D
P
u
b
l
i
c
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
A
N
D
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
)
O
R
i
n
f
r
a
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
S
p
a
n
i
s
h
mai
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
p
u
b
l
i
c
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
,
o
r
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
W
o
S
En
g
l
i
sh
(
M
a
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a
n
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ma
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me
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n
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r
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ER
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C
En
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sh
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O
R
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f
r
a
st
r
u
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t
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r
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S
p
a
n
i
s
h
M
a
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m
a
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a
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d
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f
r
a
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Selectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
PR
I
SMA
f
lo
wch
ar
t)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
r
ev
ea
ls
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
at
ter
n
s
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
m
ain
ten
an
ce
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
g
lo
b
ally
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
it
id
e
n
tif
ies
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
s
u
ch
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
t
h
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
to
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lea
r
n
in
g
,
as
p
r
esen
te
d
in
T
ab
le
3
.
Sy
s
tem
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
a
p
er
s
r
ev
iewe
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
t
h
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
tr
e
n
d
s
,
r
eg
io
n
,
lin
g
u
is
tic
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
p
r
e
v
alen
t in
th
is
f
ield
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
4
9
0
-
3501
3494
T
ab
le
3
.
Ar
ticles in
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
e
r
ev
iew
Ref
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
Ty
p
e
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
R
e
g
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o
n
-
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
[
3
8
]
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[
3
9
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[
4
1
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[
4
2
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[
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[
4
4
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[
4
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[
4
6
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[
4
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[
4
8
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eq
u
en
ce
s
,
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
Nig
er
ia.
As
s
aa
d
et
a
l
.
[
2
]
ass
er
t
th
at
th
e
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
f
ac
ilit
ies
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
n
ee
d
s
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
.
A
r
ec
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
ala
r
m
in
g
f
i
n
d
in
g
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iewe
d
is
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ef
icien
cies
in
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
an
d
u
p
k
ee
p
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
u
ild
in
g
s
[
5
1
]
,
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
ic
ch
allen
g
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
,
it
d
em
an
d
s
a
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
h
if
t
in
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
io
r
itiza
tio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
at
th
e
g
lo
b
al
lev
el,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
m
an
y
ac
tio
n
s
in
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
.
Am
o
n
g
th
em
w
e
h
av
e,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
an
o
p
tim
al
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
r
o
g
r
am
th
at
m
ee
ts
all
p
r
ac
tical
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
class
r
o
o
m
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
n
o
n
-
o
p
er
atio
n
al
h
o
u
r
s
,
an
d
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
to
tal
m
ain
ten
an
ce
c
o
s
t
o
f
all
s
ch
ed
u
led
ac
tiv
ities
.
I
t is h
er
e
wh
er
e
th
e
B
I
MSM
allo
ws to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
p
ac
es.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
leg
al
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
in
L
AT
AM
an
d
r
ea
lity
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
b
s
tacle
.
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
4
3
]
em
p
h
asize
th
at
in
teg
r
ated
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
im
p
le
m
en
ted
as
a
u
n
if
ied
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
b
ef
o
r
e
a
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
s
itu
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
b
ject
to
th
e
co
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
L
AT
AM
co
u
n
tr
ies
to
n
o
m
in
ally
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
leg
al
r
h
eto
r
ic
co
n
tr
asts
s
h
ar
p
ly
with
th
e
r
ea
lity
o
b
s
er
v
ed
o
n
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
r
e
v
ea
lin
g
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
g
ap
b
etwe
en
p
o
lic
y
in
ten
tio
n
s
an
d
ac
tu
al
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
d
is
p
ar
ity
is
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
q
u
ality
a
n
d
q
u
an
tity
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
is
m
ar
k
ed
ly
b
el
o
w
th
e
wo
r
ld
av
e
r
ag
e,
p
er
p
et
u
atin
g
a
n
d
ag
g
r
av
atin
g
ex
is
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
eq
u
alities
.
I
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
e
v
alu
atio
n
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
th
e
im
p
er
ativ
e
n
ee
d
t
o
estab
lis
h
ad
eq
u
ate
cr
iter
ia
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies em
er
g
es.
T
h
e
r
esea
r
ch
b
y
Op
ab
o
la
[
4
6
]
an
d
Mo
r
m
ah
[
4
8
]
a
g
r
ee
with
W
an
g
an
d
Yin
[
5
]
,
wh
o
em
p
h
asize
th
e
cr
iticality
o
f
th
is
asp
ec
t
in
q
u
ality
co
n
t
r
o
l
an
d
b
u
ild
in
g
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
.
Similar
ly
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
an
in
te
g
r
ated
m
ain
ten
an
ce
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
o
f
g
r
ea
t
r
elev
an
ce
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
ield
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
e
n
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
m
ain
ten
an
c
e
ac
tiv
ities
,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
h
u
m
an
an
d
tim
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
s
ch
ed
u
les th
at
ad
d
r
ess
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
r
ev
iew
ar
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
an
d
f
ar
-
r
ea
ch
in
g
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
an
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
im
p
e
r
ativ
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
ca
teg
o
r
ically
p
r
io
r
itize
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
i
n
th
eir
b
u
d
g
et
allo
ca
tio
n
s
a
n
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lan
n
in
g
b
ec
o
m
es
ap
p
a
r
en
t
[
4
4
]
.
L
ik
e
wis
e,
th
is
en
tails
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
h
if
t,
co
n
ce
iv
in
g
m
ain
ten
an
ce
n
o
t
as
an
ex
p
e
n
s
e,
b
u
t
as
a
cr
u
cial
i
n
v
estme
n
t
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
a
lity
an
d
t
h
e
in
teg
r
al
well
-
b
ei
n
g
o
f
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
I
t
is
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
to
ad
o
p
t
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
as
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
,
tr
an
s
c
en
d
in
g
its
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
as
a
m
er
e
lo
g
is
tical
o
r
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
asp
ec
t.
T
h
is
p
o
s
itio
n
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
Vid
al
-
C
h
am
o
r
r
o
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
,
w
h
o
ar
g
u
e
t
h
at
ef
f
icien
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
f
av
o
r
s
t
h
e
well
-
b
ein
g
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes in
teg
r
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
h
u
m
an
ca
p
i
tal
s
p
ec
ialized
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
m
ain
te
n
an
ce
m
an
ag
em
en
t
em
er
g
es
as
a
p
r
ess
in
g
n
ee
d
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
b
e
m
ater
ialized
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
ec
if
ic
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
th
e
ex
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
am
o
n
g
in
s
titu
t
io
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
d
e
d
icate
d
r
o
les
with
in
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
I
n
p
ar
allel,
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
o
o
s
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
ef
f
icien
cy
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
-
aid
ed
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
ese
r
ely
o
n
th
e
d
ig
itizatio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies,
an
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es to
an
tici
p
ate
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
is
em
er
g
in
g
as
a
p
o
ten
tially
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
m
ax
im
izi
n
g
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
As
n
o
ted
b
y
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
in
v
o
lv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
p
ar
en
ts
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
m
em
b
er
s
in
t
h
e
b
a
s
ic
ca
r
e
an
d
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
o
f
f
a
cilities
ca
n
n
o
t o
n
ly
r
e
d
u
ce
co
s
ts
b
u
t a
ls
o
f
o
s
ter
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
h
ar
e
d
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e.
Fin
ally
,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
t
o
im
p
lem
en
t
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
ain
ten
an
ce
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
4
9
0
-
3501
3498
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
es
estab
lis
h
in
g
cl
ea
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
,
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
p
er
io
d
ic
ev
al
u
atio
n
s
,
an
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
in
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
co
n
tin
u
al
ly
ad
ju
s
t m
ain
ten
an
ce
p
r
ac
tice
s
.
Mu
ñ
o
z
et
a
l.
[
5
3
]
em
p
h
asize
th
at
e
f
f
icien
t
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
is
k
ey
to
en
s
u
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
i
n
L
AT
AM
.
T
h
is
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
cr
u
cial
in
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
e
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
p
r
ev
ailin
g
in
th
e
r
eg
io
n
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
g
eo
p
o
liti
ca
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
g
en
er
ate
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
ce
n
ar
io
in
So
u
th
Am
er
ica
an
d
th
e
C
ar
ib
b
ea
n
,
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
p
illar
s
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
ch
o
o
l
s
af
ety
.
First,
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
af
e
lear
n
in
g
f
ac
ilit
ies;
s
ec
o
n
d
,
s
ch
o
o
l
d
is
aster
m
an
ag
em
en
t;
an
d
f
in
ally
,
r
is
k
r
ed
u
ctio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
esil
ien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
s
ee
k
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
em
er
g
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
b
u
d
g
etar
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
lack
o
f
p
o
liti
ca
l
p
r
io
r
itizatio
n
,
an
d
d
ef
icien
cies
in
tech
n
ic
al
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
es p
r
o
m
is
in
g
g
u
id
elin
e
s
th
at
o
f
f
er
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
5
]
.
A
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
an
d
s
y
n
er
g
is
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
th
at
c
o
m
b
in
es
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
p
o
licies,
s
u
s
tain
ed
in
v
estme
n
t,
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
ee
k
s
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
lear
n
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
A
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
n
o
t
o
n
ly
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
b
u
t
also
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
eq
u
it
y
.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
lates
in
to
d
ig
n
if
ied
a
n
d
s
tim
u
latin
g
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
f
o
r
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
eir
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
lo
ca
tio
n
o
r
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
r
e
v
ea
ls
its
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
g
o
al
s
,
wh
ich
ca
lls
f
o
r
a
n
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
2
0
3
0
a
g
en
d
a
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
lear
n
in
g
i
n
s
af
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
p
lan
n
ed
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
th
at
o
p
tim
izes
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
ess
e
n
tial.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
r
eliab
le
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ca
n
p
r
e
v
en
t
r
is
k
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ey
b
ec
o
m
e
s
er
io
u
s
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
s
af
ety
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
er
s
m
u
s
t im
p
lem
en
t p
u
b
lic
p
o
licie
s
th
at
id
en
tify
wea
k
n
ess
es a
n
d
p
r
ev
en
t i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
f
ailu
r
es
.
T
h
ese
p
o
lic
ies
s
h
o
u
l
d
i
n
cl
u
d
e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
m
ai
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
m
o
d
er
n
i
za
t
io
n
o
f
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
at
all
l
ev
els
o
f
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
,
w
it
h
t
o
o
ls
t
h
at
e
n
a
b
l
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
i
o
n
.
T
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
u
s
t
ai
n
a
b
i
lit
y
,
r
es
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
e
in
s
tit
u
ti
o
n
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
a
u
t
o
m
at
ed
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
h
at
o
p
ti
m
i
ze
m
ai
n
t
en
an
ce
e
x
e
c
u
ti
o
n
,
b
ett
er
a
ll
o
ca
t
e
r
es
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
s
tr
e
am
li
n
e
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
t
o
em
e
r
g
in
g
n
ee
d
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
,
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
ese
ar
c
h
ca
n
a
n
al
y
z
e
th
e
l
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
m
ai
n
te
n
an
ce
s
tr
ate
g
i
e
s
in
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
al
i
n
s
t
it
u
ti
o
n
s
,
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
a
r
at
iv
e
s
t
u
d
ies
b
e
twe
en
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
n
at
io
n
al
a
n
d
r
e
g
i
o
n
al
c
o
n
te
x
ts
to
i
d
e
n
t
if
y
g
o
o
d
p
r
ac
t
ic
es.
Fi
n
al
ly
,
it
is
k
e
y
t
o
b
r
o
ad
e
n
t
h
e
r
esea
r
c
h
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
an
d
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
at
e
ev
al
u
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
s
o
cia
l i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
i
n
v
est
m
e
n
t
i
n
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
J
u
lis
a
d
el
R
o
s
ar
io
Qu
is
p
e
Vilca
✓
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Den
n
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s
Geo
v
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C
ald
er
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n
Pan
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u
a
✓
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Gr
is
ely
R
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s
alie
Qu
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Vilca
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I
s
ab
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v
ely
n
a
C
h
o
q
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Sig
u
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✓
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Alex
an
d
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Nico
lás
Vilcan
q
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C
:
C
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p
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M
:
M
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So
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So
f
t
w
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Va
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Va
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Fo
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Fo
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Fu
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
Ma
in
ten
a
n
ce
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t
o
f
p
h
ysica
l in
fr
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
…
(
J
u
lis
a
d
el
R
o
s
a
r
io
Qu
is
p
e
V
ilca
)
3499
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Data
av
ailab
ilit
y
is
n
o
t
ap
p
li
ca
b
le
to
th
is
p
ap
er
as
n
o
n
e
w
d
ata
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
o
r
an
aly
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
A
h
ma
d
,
“
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
i
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
,
”
Ak
a
d
e
m
i
k
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
3
–
1
1
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
4
0
0
5
/
a
k
a
d
e
mi
k
a
.
v
1
0
i
0
1
.
1
3
4
8
.
[
2
]
R
.
H
.
A
ssa
a
d
,
G
.
A
ssaf,
a
n
d
M
.
B
o
u
f
a
d
e
l
,
“
O
p
t
i
mi
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s f
o
r
a
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
f
g
r
e
e
n
i
n
f
r
a
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
:
A
n
a
g
e
nt
-
b
a
s
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
s
t
o
r
mw
a
t
e
r
d
e
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
b
a
s
i
n
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
0
,
p
.
1
1
7
1
7
9
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
e
n
v
ma
n
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
1
7
1
7
9
.
[
3
]
M
.
d
e
l
C
.
O
l
m
o
s
-
G
ó
m
e
z
,
M
.
L.
S
u
á
r
e
z
,
C
.
F
e
r
r
a
r
a
,
a
n
d
E.
M
.
O
l
m
e
d
o
-
M
o
r
e
n
o
,
“
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
u
r
s
u
i
t
o
f
sa
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
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