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[
1
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.
Dev
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ass
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[
2
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.
T
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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6
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.
B
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[
7
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,
[
8
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.
Fro
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o
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d
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t
[
9
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
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s
en
s
o
r
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s
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1
3
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1
4
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Sen
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s
o
f
le
ar
n
in
g
,
im
p
ac
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
ei
r
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
lear
n
h
o
w
to
wr
ite.
Sev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
m
atu
r
ity
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
h
an
d
wr
itin
g
ab
i
lity
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
k
in
esth
esia,
m
o
to
r
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
ey
e
-
h
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
,
v
is
u
al
-
m
o
to
r
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
an
d
h
an
d
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
s
k
ills
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Kin
esth
esia
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
o
b
ject
weig
h
t,
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
jo
in
ts
an
d
lim
b
m
o
v
em
e
n
ts
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
wr
itin
g
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
f
o
r
m
letter
s
in
a
s
eq
u
en
ce
n
ec
ess
ita
tes
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
m
o
to
r
p
lan
n
in
g
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
ch
il
d
’
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
p
lan
,
s
eq
u
en
c
e,
an
d
f
o
r
m
letter
s
co
h
er
en
tly
wh
en
e
n
g
ag
e
d
in
wr
itin
g
.
W
h
en
wr
itin
g
o
n
lin
e
d
p
ap
e
r
,
co
o
r
d
in
atin
g
h
a
n
d
a
n
d
ey
e
m
o
v
em
e
n
ts
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
h
a
n
d
wr
itin
g
is
la
r
g
ely
co
n
tin
g
en
t u
p
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
co
n
tin
u
ity
o
f
v
is
u
al
s
y
s
tem
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
.
T
o
illu
s
tr
ate,
wr
itin
g
letter
s
o
f
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
h
a
p
e
r
e
q
u
ir
es
a
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
v
is
u
al
s
y
s
tem
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
s
wh
er
e
th
e
k
in
esth
etic
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
im
p
air
ed
,
th
e
v
is
u
al
s
y
s
tem
’
s
r
o
le
d
u
r
in
g
wr
itin
g
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
t.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
p
y
in
g
letter
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
in
ted
tex
t
to
th
eir
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
L
atin
co
u
n
ter
p
a
r
ts
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
o
f
v
is
u
al
-
m
o
to
r
in
tel
lig
en
ce
[
1
9
]
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
is
ac
tiv
ity
,
ch
ild
r
e
n
m
u
s
t
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
s
h
ap
e
an
d
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
letter
s
wh
ile
m
an
ip
u
latin
g
th
e
wr
itin
g
u
ten
s
il.
T
h
u
s
,
wh
en
th
e
ch
ild
m
o
v
es
th
e
h
an
d
wh
ile
wr
itin
g
,
th
e
v
is
u
al
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
lay
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
p
ac
e
a
v
ailab
le
f
o
r
wr
itin
g
.
Han
d
wr
itin
g
n
ec
ess
itates
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
p
er
ce
p
tu
al,
m
o
to
r
,
a
n
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
[
2
0
]
.
Han
d
wr
itin
g
is
a
c
o
m
p
lex
ac
tiv
ity
t
h
at
n
e
ce
s
s
itate
s
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
m
o
v
e
m
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
ar
m
,
h
an
d
,
f
i
n
g
er
s
,
an
d
e
y
es
[
2
1
]
.
Han
d
wr
itin
g
is
a
co
m
p
lex
n
eu
r
o
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical
ac
tiv
ity
,
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
c
o
m
p
l
etio
n
o
f
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
ev
er
al
s
k
ills
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
o
to
r
s
k
il
ls
.
Sev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
a
ch
ild
’
s
ab
ilit
y
t
o
h
an
d
wr
ite.
T
h
ese
in
cl
u
d
e
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
,
b
eh
av
io
r
,
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
,
m
em
o
r
y
,
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
cr
o
s
s
-
m
o
d
al,
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
h
an
d
,
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
[
2
2
]
.
C
h
ild
r
e
n
s
till
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
eir
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
if
f
icu
lties
wh
en
attem
p
tin
g
to
wr
ite
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
eir
wr
itin
g
m
ay
ap
p
ea
r
u
n
clea
r
o
r
d
is
jo
in
ted
,
o
r
th
ey
m
ay
n
ee
d
h
elp
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
p
a
g
e
’
s
lin
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
wr
itin
g
a
s
in
g
le
wo
r
d
o
r
s
en
ten
ce
m
ay
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
lo
n
g
er
th
an
ty
p
ically
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
o
th
er
ch
ild
r
en
.
Mo
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
h
av
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
t
h
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
b
y
th
e
a
g
e
o
f
s
ev
en
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
b
y
th
e
tim
e
th
e
y
co
m
m
en
ce
th
eir
f
ir
s
t y
ea
r
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l,
th
e
y
will b
e
ad
eq
u
ately
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
to
lear
n
t
o
wr
ite.
At
t
h
e
co
m
m
en
ce
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
eir
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
ca
r
ee
r
s
,
th
ese
a
b
ilit
ies
h
av
e
y
et
t
o
b
ec
o
m
e
au
to
m
atic.
I
t in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
r
a
d
e
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
d
r
aw
letter
s
an
d
s
p
ell
wo
r
d
s
co
r
r
ec
tly
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
is
cr
itical
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
tr
an
s
cr
ib
in
g
tr
ai
n
in
g
s
o
th
at
it
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
a
y
o
u
n
g
ag
e
.
Au
to
m
atin
g
th
ese
s
k
ills
i
s
cr
u
cial
as
i
t
f
r
ee
s
u
p
atten
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
allo
ca
ted
to
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ex
ec
u
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
ev
id
en
ce
in
d
icate
s
th
at
m
an
y
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
till
ex
h
ib
it
im
m
atu
r
i
ty
in
th
ei
r
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
ad
v
er
s
ely
af
f
ec
ts
th
eir
wr
itin
g
ab
ilit
ies.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
h
a
n
d
wr
itin
g
,
a
p
r
o
p
er
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ic
al
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
id
en
tif
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
en
s
o
r
im
o
to
r
a
b
ilit
ies.
T
ea
ch
er
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
id
e
n
tify
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
a
b
ilit
ies
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
a
r
ea
s
th
at
n
ee
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Ho
we
v
er
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
n
o
t
all
teac
h
er
s
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
id
en
tif
y
an
d
tr
ain
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
en
s
o
r
y
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
a
n
d
wr
itin
g
ab
ilit
ies.
I
n
ter
v
iews
with
teac
h
er
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
u
n
awa
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
p
lay
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
an
d
wr
itin
g
a
b
ilit
ies.
W
h
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
le
w
ith
h
an
d
wr
itin
g
,
teac
h
er
s
ten
d
to
d
ir
ec
tly
teac
h
letter
s
an
d
wo
r
d
s
with
o
u
t
f
ir
s
t a
s
s
es
s
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
.
Giv
en
th
is
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
teac
h
er
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
e
v
en
tr
ain
i
n
g
o
n
h
o
w
to
id
en
tif
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
.
Ho
wev
er
,
b
ef
o
r
e
s
u
ch
tr
ain
in
g
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
,
an
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
teac
h
er
s
’
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
in
id
en
tify
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
is
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
teac
h
e
r
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
An
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
teac
h
er
s
’
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
id
en
tify
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
ab
ilit
ies
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
.
Prio
r
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
h
as
f
o
cu
s
ed
s
o
lely
o
n
test
in
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
teac
h
er
s
’
g
e
n
er
al
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
u
ch
as
ass
ess
m
en
ts
o
f
teac
h
e
r
q
u
ality
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
th
at
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
teac
h
er
s
’
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
im
o
to
r
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
t
h
is
co
n
tex
t,
test
in
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
41
40
-
414
8
4142
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
cr
itical
to
en
s
u
r
e
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
test
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
esig
n
e
d
to
ass
es
s
teac
h
er
s
’
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
i
d
e
n
tify
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
v
alid
atio
n
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
ass
ess
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cy
in
id
en
tify
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
t
o
r
ab
il
ities
f
o
r
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
an
d
wr
itin
g
r
ea
d
in
ess
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
in
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
an
d
s
tr
atif
ied
ar
ea
s
am
p
lin
g
.
T
h
e
ar
ea
s
in
clu
d
ed
wer
e
Yo
g
y
ak
a
r
ta
C
ity
,
B
an
tu
l
R
eg
en
cy
,
Slem
an
R
eg
en
cy
,
Gu
n
u
n
g
k
id
u
l
R
eg
e
n
cy
,
an
d
Ku
lo
n
p
r
o
g
o
R
eg
en
c
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
s
u
r
v
ey
is
1
8
,
6
3
0
,
s
o
b
ased
o
n
th
e
K
r
ejcie
an
d
Mo
r
g
an
[
2
7
]
tab
le
,
th
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
am
p
les
is
3
7
6
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
v
ia
Go
o
g
le
F
o
r
m
s
.
A
to
tal
o
f
5
5
2
teac
h
er
s
co
m
p
leted
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
was
d
ee
m
ed
to
s
ati
s
f
y
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
cr
iter
ia
s
et
f
o
r
th
b
y
Kr
ejcie
an
d
Mo
r
g
an
[
2
7
]
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
ce
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[
2
8
]
a
n
d
th
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
f
i
v
e
-
p
o
in
t
in
ter
v
al
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
’
s
v
alid
ity
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
was
th
e
n
ass
e
s
s
ed
b
y
f
iv
e
h
ig
h
ly
q
u
alif
ied
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
,
af
ter
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
w
er
e
m
ad
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
eir
in
p
u
t.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
test
ed
o
n
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ilo
t te
s
t w
er
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
(
E
FA)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
in
itial
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
6
0
item
s
g
r
o
u
p
e
d
in
to
f
o
u
r
asp
ec
ts
:
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
-
m
o
t
o
r
,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
p
er
c
ep
tu
al
-
m
o
to
r
,
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
p
r
e
-
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ex
p
er
t
ev
alu
atio
n
r
esu
lts
,
f
o
u
r
item
s
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as r
eq
u
ir
in
g
r
e
p
lace
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
wer
e
r
ep
lace
d
with
n
ew
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
6
0
item
s
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
u
r
asp
ec
ts
,
with
1
5
item
s
p
er
asp
ec
t.
Af
ter
co
m
p
letin
g
t
h
e
item
-
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
tag
e
an
d
e
v
alu
atin
g
t
h
e
6
0
-
item
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
test
ed
o
n
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
tr
ial
d
ata
u
n
d
er
wen
t
a
n
E
FA
[
3
0
]
.
B
y
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
,
item
s
b
elo
w
0
.
6
0
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
h
e
Kaiser
-
Me
y
er
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O)
in
d
ex
is
a
s
tatis
tical
v
alu
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
eth
er
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
f
ac
t
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
KM
O
in
d
e
x
is
a
s
tatis
tica
l
v
alu
e
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
as
a
n
in
d
icato
r
to
ascer
tain
th
e
s
u
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
am
p
le
s
u
itab
ilit
y
is
B
ar
tlett
’
s
t
es
t
o
f
Sp
h
er
icity
,
wh
ic
h
e
v
alu
ates
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
in
ter
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
item
s
o
n
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
KM
O
in
d
ex
m
ea
s
u
r
es
s
am
p
le
s
u
itab
ilit
y
an
d
a
0
.
5
0
o
r
a
b
o
v
e
is
d
ee
m
ed
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
th
r
esh
o
ld
[
3
0
]
.
B
a
r
tlett
’
s
t
est
o
f
s
p
h
er
icity
is
d
e
em
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
if
t
h
e
p
-
v
alu
e
is
less
th
an
0
.
0
0
5
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
ese
two
s
tatis
tical
v
alu
es
estab
lis
h
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
t
h
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
et
b
ef
o
r
e
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
KM
O
v
alu
es,
B
ar
tlett
’
s
t
es
t
o
f
s
p
h
er
icity
,
eig
en
v
alu
es,
an
d
v
ar
ian
ce
v
alu
es
o
f
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
s
1
-
3.
T
h
e
E
FA
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
1
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
KM
O
v
alu
es
f
o
r
all
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ex
ce
ed
0
.
6
,
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
v
al
u
es:
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
y
s
y
s
tem
=0
.
7
5
0
,
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
-
m
o
to
r
=0
.
7
5
6
,
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
p
e
r
ce
p
tu
a
l
m
o
to
r
=0
.
7
6
1
,
an
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
p
r
e
-
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
=0
.
7
6
2
.
T
h
e
s
e
v
alu
es
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
lin
g
ad
eq
u
ac
y
is
s
ati
s
f
ac
to
r
y
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
v
alu
es
f
r
o
m
B
ar
tlett’s
test
o
f
Sp
h
er
icity
f
o
r
all
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ar
e
less
th
an
0
.
0
0
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
a
r
e
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
an
d
th
e
d
ata
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
e
d
in
g
with
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ar
e
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
d
im
en
s
i
o
n
al
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
am
in
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
KM
O
an
d
B
ar
tlett
’
s
test
K
M
O
me
a
su
r
e
o
f
sam
p
l
i
n
g
a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
sen
s
o
r
y
sy
s
t
e
m
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
sen
s
o
r
-
mo
t
o
r
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
p
e
r
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e
p
t
u
a
l
m
o
t
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P
e
d
a
g
o
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c
a
l
k
n
o
w
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e
d
g
e
o
f
p
r
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w
r
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t
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n
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l
l
s
0
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7
5
0
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7
5
6
0
.
7
6
1
0
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7
6
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B
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e
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s
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.
C
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6
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
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2
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
41
40
-
414
8
4144
Fo
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win
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tr
u
cts
ex
h
ib
it
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
r
elate
d
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
t
o
r
ab
ilit
ies
f
o
r
h
an
d
wr
i
tin
g
r
ea
d
in
ess
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
ata
was
te
s
ted
f
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
ter
m
‘
r
eliab
ilit
y
’
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
’
s
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
v
er
tim
e
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
wo
r
d
s
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
d
en
o
tes
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
a
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
y
i
eld
an
alo
g
o
u
s
r
esu
lts
wh
en
ev
alu
ated
at
d
is
p
ar
ate
p
o
i
n
ts
in
tim
e.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
as
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
elies
o
n
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
ea
ch
i
tem
th
at
co
n
s
titu
tes
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ascer
tain
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
item
s
it
co
m
p
r
is
es
an
d
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
it
ca
n
ac
c
u
r
ately
m
ea
s
u
r
e
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
o
r
q
u
alitativ
e
tr
ait
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
I
B
M
SP
SS
s
ta
tis
tic
s
s
o
f
twar
e,
v
er
s
io
n
2
6
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’s
alp
h
a
(
α
)
co
e
f
f
icien
t
in
d
ex
test
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ascer
tain
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
alp
h
a
in
d
ex
v
alu
e
r
an
g
e
is
b
etwe
en
0
.
0
0
a
n
d
1
.
0
0
.
An
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
ex
ce
ed
i
n
g
0
.
5
is
in
d
icativ
e
o
f
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lev
el
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
A
lo
wer
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
4
.
T
ab
le
4
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
in
d
ex
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
ms
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s a
l
p
h
a
v
a
l
u
e
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
y
sy
st
e
m
9
0
.
8
7
6
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
-
mo
t
o
r
12
0
.
8
3
7
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
mo
t
o
r
9
0
.
8
5
2
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
o
f
p
r
e
-
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
9
0
.
9
1
5
To
t
a
l
39
0
.
8
0
7
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
in
d
e
x
v
alu
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
teac
h
er
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
e
d
ata
i
n
ter
p
r
et
atio
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
teac
h
er
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
u
b
-
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
item
s
.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
f
o
r
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
y
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
0
.
8
7
6
,
in
d
icatin
g
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
item
s
with
in
th
is
s
u
b
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
y
s
y
s
tem
d
im
en
s
io
n
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
f
o
r
th
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
-
m
o
to
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
0
.
8
3
7
,
also
r
ef
lectin
g
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
s
u
b
-
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
f
o
r
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
t
o
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
0
.
8
5
2
,
co
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
to
r
p
e
r
c
ep
tio
n
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
p
r
e
-
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
is
0
.
9
1
5
,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
u
b
-
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
i
s
in
d
icate
s
v
er
y
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
t
h
e
item
s
wi
th
in
th
is
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
co
n
s
is
ten
t.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
f
o
r
all
i
tem
s
is
0
.
8
0
7
,
s
ig
n
if
y
in
g
t
h
at
th
e
item
s
with
in
th
e
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cy
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
ex
h
ib
it
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
v
alu
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ev
id
en
ce
t
h
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
h
as
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
is
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
f
o
r
e
v
alu
atin
g
teac
h
er
s
’
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
y
s
y
s
tem
,
s
en
s
o
r
-
m
o
to
r
,
m
o
to
r
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
an
d
p
r
e
-
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
V
a
lid
ity
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y:
tea
c
h
ers
’
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ica
l in
s
tr
u
men
t fo
r
id
en
tifyin
g
… (
Ha
n
u
m
Ha
n
ifa
S
u
kma
)
4145
Sen
s
o
r
y
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
p
lay
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
h
an
d
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
[
3
9
]
–
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
co
o
r
d
in
ate
th
e
ey
es
a
n
d
h
an
d
s
,
co
n
tr
o
l
f
in
e
m
u
s
cl
es,
an
d
ac
cu
r
ately
p
er
ce
iv
e
s
p
ac
e
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
letter
s
co
r
r
ec
tly
an
d
n
ea
tly
[
4
2
]
–
[
4
4
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
s
en
s
o
r
y
m
o
t
o
r
s
k
ills
aid
in
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
s
p
atial
co
n
c
ep
ts
in
h
an
d
wr
itin
g
,
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
letter
s
an
d
lin
es
[
4
5
]
–
[
4
7
]
.
R
e
co
g
n
izin
g
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
asp
ec
ts
t
h
at
n
e
ed
atten
tio
n
is
a
k
ey
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
n
o
t
all
teac
h
er
s
h
av
e
th
e
ex
p
er
tis
e
to
ass
ess
an
d
tr
ain
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
t
o
r
a
b
ilit
ies
ac
cu
r
ately
,
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
ly
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
h
an
d
wr
itin
g
[
4
8
]
–
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
t
h
at
ca
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
i
n
id
en
tif
y
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
a
b
ilit
ies f
o
r
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
e
n
ts
’
h
an
d
wr
it
in
g
r
ea
d
in
ess
.
T
h
e
test
s
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
s
1
-
4
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
in
s
t
r
u
m
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
ed
is
v
alid
an
d
ex
h
i
b
its
h
ig
h
an
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
th
er
eb
y
estab
lis
h
in
g
its
s
u
ita
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
u
s
e.
T
h
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ca
n
th
en
ascer
tain
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
id
en
tif
y
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
y
-
m
o
to
r
a
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4.
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ased
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m
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RE
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