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Blendin
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tea
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a
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o
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k
in
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s.
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se
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h
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k
s
a
t
t
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e
e
ff
e
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ti
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o
f
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e
d
lea
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n
g
(B
L)
re
g
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rd
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n
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y
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p
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o
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n
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a
n
d
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o
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l
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e
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to
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e
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t
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e
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n
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term
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iate
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Lan
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s
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CEF
R
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A1
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B2
En
g
l
ish
p
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ra
m
.
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o
ll
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1
2
we
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o
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t
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n
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y
fr
o
m
3
.
5
to
4
.
8
a
n
d
p
ro
n
u
n
c
iati
o
n
fr
o
m
3
.
0
t
o
4
.
5
.
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h
e
LM
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-
o
n
ly
g
ro
u
p
re
v
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a
led
m
o
d
e
ra
te
g
a
i
n
s
b
u
t
les
s
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
c
e
d
:
fl
u
e
n
c
y
in
c
re
a
se
d
fro
m
3
.
4
to
4
.
0
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
c
iati
o
n
fr
o
m
3
.
1
t
o
3
.
8
.
M
o
re
o
v
e
r,
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
c
re
a
se
d
in
BL.
T
h
is
m
e
a
n
s
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
trad
i
ti
o
n
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
with
d
i
g
it
a
l
o
n
e
s
c
re
a
tes
a
m
o
re
d
y
n
a
m
ic
a
n
d
ro
b
u
st
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
fo
r
lea
rn
in
g
,
wh
ich
ra
ise
s
p
a
rti
c
i
p
a
t
io
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
ficie
n
c
y
i
n
sp
e
a
k
in
g
.
F
u
rt
h
e
r
re
se
a
rc
h
is
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
se
stra
teg
ies
a
c
ro
ss
v
a
rio
u
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
se
tt
in
g
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
len
d
ed
lear
n
in
g
Dig
ital m
eth
o
d
s
E
FL
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
L
MS
p
latf
o
r
m
s
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sy
ed
Nae
em
Ah
m
ed
Facu
lty
at
th
e
Yan
b
u
E
n
g
lis
h
L
an
g
u
ag
e
I
n
s
titu
te,
R
o
y
al
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
C
o
lleg
es
an
d
I
n
s
titu
tes
4
6
4
5
2
Yan
b
u
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
C
ity
,
Sau
d
i A
r
ab
ia
E
m
ail: n
ah
m
ed
@
r
cjy
.
ed
u
.
s
a
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
h
as
r
esh
ap
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
t
h
as
n
o
w
s
h
if
ted
f
r
o
m
a
r
elativ
e
ly
s
im
p
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
o
n
e
th
at
u
s
es
to
o
ls
to
h
elp
with
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
[
1
]
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
,
lear
n
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
(
L
MS)
ar
e
b
est
at
d
eliv
er
in
g
lear
n
in
g
m
ate
r
ials
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Sti
ll,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
th
o
u
g
h
ts
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
L
MS,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
r
elian
c
e
o
n
t
h
em
d
u
e
to
th
eir
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
,
s
o
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
ac
tice
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
[
2
]
.
T
h
ese
r
o
les d
o
n
o
t
ca
ll f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
f
r
ee
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
u
ch
as
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
5
]
,
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
(
VR
)
s
im
u
latio
n
s
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
,
an
d
o
n
lin
e
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
8
]
with
r
ea
l
-
life
ac
tiv
ities
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
o
le
p
lay
s
,
o
r
al
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
in
s
t
an
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
9
]
,
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
o
v
el
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
f
o
r
eig
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
len
d
in
g
tr
a
d
itio
n
a
l a
n
d
d
ig
ita
l m
eth
o
d
s
:
en
h
a
n
cin
g
E
F
L sp
ea
kin
g
s
kills
b
ey
o
n
d
…
(
N
a
ve
ed
u
r
R
eh
ma
n
)
4211
lan
g
u
ag
e
(
E
FL
)
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
il
ls
.
Saf
e
p
h
y
s
ical
s
p
ac
es
ca
n
h
elp
ac
h
iev
e
th
ese
g
o
als
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
f
lu
en
c
y
an
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
,
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
atio
n
al
s
k
ills
,
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
10
]
,
[
11
]
.
B
len
d
e
d
lear
n
in
g
(
B
L
)
o
f
f
er
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
ac
ce
s
s
,
in
d
iv
id
u
aliza
tio
n
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
tr
ain
in
g
[
12
]
–
[
14
]
.
E
v
en
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
ee
p
lan
g
u
ag
e
im
m
er
s
io
n
o
r
d
is
g
u
i
s
ed
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
v
id
eo
g
a
m
es,
v
o
ice
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
15
]
,
[
16
]
,
VR
s
im
u
latio
n
s
[
12
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
a
n
d
o
n
lin
e
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
ities
[
18
]
b
o
o
s
t
l
ea
r
n
er
s
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
co
n
te
x
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
[
19
]
,
[
20
].
T
h
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
zo
n
e
o
f
p
r
o
x
im
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
(
Z
PD)
[
21
]
,
[
22
]
,
ar
g
u
e
f
o
r
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
an
d
d
ig
ital
p
r
ac
tices
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
an
d
f
o
s
ter
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
wh
ich
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
u
r
in
g
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
in
g
.
C
o
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
th
eo
r
y
[
23
]
ar
g
u
es f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
k
ill im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
tech
n
iq
u
es.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
s
elf
-
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
th
eo
r
y
[
24
]
m
ain
tain
s
a
f
o
r
te
o
f
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
an
d
r
elate
d
n
ess
[
25
]
.
All
th
ese
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
b
s
t
an
tial
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
BL
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
s
p
e
ak
in
g
p
r
o
f
icie
n
cy
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
am
o
n
g
E
FL
lear
n
e
r
s
[
25
]
–
[
27
].
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ex
am
in
es
h
o
w
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
B
L
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
L
MS
-
o
n
ly
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
am
o
n
g
l
ea
r
n
er
s
.
Mo
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
it
ass
es
s
es
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
B
L
o
n
lear
n
er
s
’
f
lu
en
c
y
,
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
s
ee
s
an
d
in
t
eg
r
ates
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
ig
ital
s
tr
at
eg
ies
f
o
r
b
etter
o
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
[
7
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
28]
–
[3
1
].
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
t
h
e
p
ap
e
r
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
E
FL
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
d
ig
ita
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
AI
-
p
o
wer
ed
lan
g
u
ag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
VR
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
class
r
o
o
m
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
wh
ile
g
o
in
g
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
L
MS
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Un
lik
e
p
r
i
o
r
s
tu
d
ies
t
h
at
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
an
d
g
r
am
m
ar
,
th
is
o
n
e
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
f
lu
e
n
cy
,
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
atio
n
al
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
a
BL
m
o
d
el,
p
r
o
v
e
d
to
b
e
h
ig
h
ly
e
n
h
an
ce
d
.
Als
o
,
its
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
ex
am
i
n
atio
n
s
,
d
ig
ital lo
g
s
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
u
s
ag
e,
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
tatis
tical
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
ew
u
s
ab
le
m
o
d
el
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
E
FL
t
ea
ch
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
h
o
w
BL
c
o
m
p
ar
es
t
o
th
e
p
u
r
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
L
MS.
I
n
t
h
is
r
esp
ec
t,
th
e
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
1
0
0
in
ter
m
e
d
iate
E
FL
lear
n
er
s
wh
o
h
ad
b
ee
n
s
p
lit
in
t
o
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
a
n
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
a
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
Pre
-
test
,
p
o
s
t
-
test
,
a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
s
u
r
v
ey
s
to
ass
ess
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
f
lu
en
cy
,
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
,
an
d
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
al
s
k
ills
wer
e
d
o
n
e
to
co
llect
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
t
-
test
s
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOVA
)
test
s
ar
e
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
es a
p
p
lied
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
d
esig
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
in
a
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
a
n
d
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t to
co
m
p
a
r
e
a
BL
tech
n
iq
u
e
with
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
an
d
a
d
ig
ital
t
o
o
l
a
g
a
in
s
t
an
L
MS
-
o
n
ly
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
E
FL
lear
n
e
r
s
’
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al,
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
a
n
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
el
ch
an
g
es
am
o
n
g
th
e
E
FL
lear
n
er
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ch
a
n
g
es
in
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
wer
e
test
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
wo
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
E
FL
lear
n
er
s
,
o
n
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tally
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
as
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
g
iv
e
n
an
LMS
-
o
n
ly
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
t
en
ab
led
an
o
u
tco
m
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
allo
wed
in
s
ig
h
t in
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
BL
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
2
.
2
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n a
nd
s
a
m
pli
ng
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
ed
E
FL
lear
n
er
s
d
o
in
g
t
h
eir
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
d
eg
r
ee
s
an
d
s
tu
d
y
i
n
g
at
lev
el
s
A1
–
B
2
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
C
o
m
m
o
n
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Fra
m
ewo
r
k
o
f
R
ef
er
en
c
e
f
o
r
L
an
g
u
ag
es
(
C
E
FR
)
,
at
a
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
s
titu
te.
Par
ticip
an
ts
in
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
o
g
r
am
ar
e
u
s
u
ally
ad
u
lt
lear
n
er
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
ag
es
o
f
1
8
an
d
3
5
with
d
iv
er
s
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
;
th
e
y
g
e
n
er
ally
j
o
in
w
ith
s
o
m
e
p
r
i
o
r
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
E
n
g
lis
h
b
u
t
s
ee
k
to
d
ev
elo
p
t
h
eir
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Pu
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
en
r
o
lled
in
C
E
F
R
A1
–
B
2
lev
el
E
n
g
lis
h
co
u
r
s
es
an
d
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
clas
s
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
d
ig
ital
t
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
h
ad
1
0
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
5
0
i
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
an
d
5
0
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
g
o
o
d
en
o
u
g
h
to
n
o
te
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
th
e
lim
itatio
n
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
1
0
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
As
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
r
o
cu
r
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
,
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
is
lim
ite
d
,
wh
ich
m
ay
n
o
t
ap
p
ly
to
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
au
d
ien
c
e.
C
r
eswell
[
3
2
]
s
tate
d
th
at
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
3
0
to
1
0
0
is
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
tu
d
ies th
at
s
ee
k
to
ac
h
iev
e
m
ed
iu
m
to
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t e
f
f
ec
ts
in
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
v
er
if
ied
with
v
ar
y
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
ts
to
test
f
o
r
v
alid
ity
;
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
m
ay
co
n
s
id
er
u
s
in
g
lar
g
e
r
s
am
p
le
s
izes
with
m
o
r
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
[
3
2
]
.
Desp
ite
th
is
lim
itatio
n
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
4
2
1
0
-
4221
4212
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
tatis
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es
(
t
-
test
s
an
d
ANOV
A)
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
b
y
r
ev
ea
lin
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
Data
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
E
FL
lear
n
er
s
’
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
was
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
u
s
in
g
c
ar
ef
u
lly
s
elec
ted
an
d
v
ar
ied
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
test
s
,
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
s
u
r
v
ey
s
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
to
o
l
u
s
ag
e
lo
g
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
also
r
an
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
ch
ec
k
s
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
t
h
e
d
ata
th
ey
co
llected
was h
ig
h
ly
ac
cu
r
ate
a
n
d
th
at
t
h
er
e
we
r
e
n
o
e
r
r
o
r
s
.
a.
Sp
ea
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
test
s
:
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
ized
s
p
ea
k
in
g
test
s
wer
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
at
t
h
e
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
an
d
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
ass
ess
f
lu
en
cy
,
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
,
an
d
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
al
s
k
ills
.
b.
Mo
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
:
v
alid
ated
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es,
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
m
o
tiv
ated
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
MSL
Q)
,
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
lear
n
e
r
s
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t le
v
els.
c.
C
o
n
f
id
en
ce
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
:
s
elf
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
u
r
v
ey
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
g
a
u
g
e
lear
n
er
s
’
co
n
f
i
d
e
n
ce
in
s
p
ea
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
a
f
ter
th
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
d.
Dig
ital
to
o
l
u
s
ag
e
lo
g
s
:
d
ata
f
r
o
m
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
(
e.
g
.
,
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
VR
s
im
u
latio
n
s
)
wer
e
co
llected
to
m
o
n
ito
r
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n str
a
t
eg
y
Data
co
llectio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
v
er
1
2
wee
k
s
.
T
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
1
2
wee
k
s
was
ch
o
s
en
to
alig
n
with
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ac
ad
em
ic
ter
m
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
t
im
e
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
to
en
g
ag
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
with
th
e
BL
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
is
p
er
io
d
was
d
ee
m
ed
ad
eq
u
ate
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
p
ar
ticip
an
t c
o
m
m
itm
en
t a
n
d
m
in
im
izin
g
attr
itio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
c
ess
in
clu
d
ed
:
a.
Pre
-
test
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
:
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
o
n
t
h
eir
in
itial
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
.
b.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
i
n
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
s
:
t
h
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
wa
s
tau
g
h
t
b
y
ex
p
o
s
in
g
th
em
t
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
BL
s
ess
io
n
s
an
d
teac
h
in
g
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
an
d
d
ig
it
al
to
o
ls
,
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
was
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
MS
-
o
n
l
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
c.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
:
d
ata
o
n
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
an
d
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
u
s
ag
e
a
n
d
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
d
ata
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
er
io
d
f
o
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
d
ig
ital to
o
ls
an
d
p
ar
t
icip
atio
n
in
o
th
e
r
ac
tiv
ities
wer
e
co
llected
.
d.
Po
s
t
-
test
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
:
a
t
th
e
en
d
o
f
1
2
wee
k
s
,
a
p
o
s
t
-
test
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
ch
an
g
e
i
n
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
m
o
tiv
ati
o
n
,
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
in
a
s
im
ilar
m
an
n
e
r
to
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
.
e.
Data
an
a
ly
s
is
:
s
tat
is
tical
an
al
y
s
is
with
t
-
test
s
an
d
ANOV
A
was
ap
p
lied
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
with
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
an
d
lo
g
s
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
th
em
atica
lly
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
s
ig
h
t in
to
lear
n
er
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
an
d
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
1
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ati
c
s
tep
s
tak
en
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
er
e
b
y
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
in
g
th
e
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
t
-
test
is
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
BL
)
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
L
MS
-
o
n
ly
)
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
c
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
m
ea
n
s
r
elativ
e
to
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
th
e
d
ata.
A
h
ig
h
e
r
t
-
v
alu
e
i
n
d
icate
s
a
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Usi
n
g
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
d
ete
r
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
f
lu
e
n
cy
,
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
,
o
r
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
al
s
k
ills
ar
e
s
tati
s
tically
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
is
test
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
s
ef
u
l
in
a
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
,
wh
e
r
e
it
co
m
p
ar
es
two
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
In
(
1
)
,
it
was
u
s
ed
to
a
s
s
ess
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
f
l
u
en
cy
,
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
,
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
al
s
k
ills
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
=
1
−
2
√
1
2
1
+
2
2
2
(
1
)
w
h
er
e,
1
an
d
2
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
1
2
an
d
2
2
ar
e
th
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
s
o
f
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
1
an
d
2
ar
e
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
izes o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
ANOV
A
i
s
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
lev
els
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
tim
e
p
o
in
ts
(
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
)
.
T
h
is
is
cr
itical
in
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
im
p
ac
t
o
f
BL
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
L
MS
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
o
co
m
p
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
two
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
co
n
f
id
en
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t le
ar
n
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
)
,
an
ANOV
A
ca
n
b
e
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
as sh
o
wn
in
(
2
)
.
=
ℎ
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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4213
T
ab
le
1
.
Step
s
tak
en
f
o
r
r
eliab
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d
v
alid
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o
f
th
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i
n
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y
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a
b
l
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sh
e
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
m
e
t
r
i
c
s.
−
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
p
i
l
o
t
t
e
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t
i
n
g
t
o
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o
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f
i
r
m
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h
e
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o
n
si
s
t
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y
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f
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e
s
u
l
t
s.
−
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
i
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e
r
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r
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i
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−
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−
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p
e
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5
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v
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
b
e
t
w
e
en
BL
a
n
d
L
M
S
-
o
n
l
y
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
F
L
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
’
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
la
r
l
y
s
t
r
o
n
g
a
b
o
u
t
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
t
es
ts
a
n
d
v
al
i
d
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
es
f
o
r
d
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
ct
io
n
w
i
t
h
u
s
a
g
e
l
o
g
s
f
r
o
m
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
o
o
l
s
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
ly
,
s
t
a
ti
s
t
i
c
al
t
es
ts
w
e
r
e
s
e
l
e
ct
e
d
t
o
c
h
e
c
k
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
o
f
r
es
u
l
ts
;
t
h
e
r
e
li
a
b
i
l
it
y
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
o
f
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
ts
w
er
e
c
h
e
c
k
e
d
a
t
le
n
g
t
h
.
T
h
i
s
m
e
th
o
d
w
i
l
l
,
t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
m
o
r
e
d
e
t
a
i
l
e
x
a
c
t
ly
h
o
w
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
p
r
a
ct
i
c
es
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
s
t
h
e
s
p
e
a
k
i
n
g
s
k
il
l
r
es
u
l
ts
o
f
th
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
A
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
test
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
L
MS
-
o
n
ly
)
an
d
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
BL
)
at
th
e
o
n
s
et
an
d
af
ter
1
2
wee
k
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
lu
en
c
y
,
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
,
an
d
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
al
s
k
ills
.
An
an
aly
s
is
was
m
ad
e
f
o
r
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
BL
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
n
E
FL
lea
r
n
er
s
’
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
a.
Flu
en
cy
:
f
o
r
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
we
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
a
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
th
e
r
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
3
.
5
an
d
4
.
8
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
’
s
g
r
ad
u
al
in
cr
ea
s
e
f
r
o
m
3
.
4
to
4
.
0
.
b.
Pro
n
u
n
ciatio
n
:
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
al
g
r
o
u
p
’
s
s
co
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
3
.
0
t
o
4
.
5
,
wh
ile
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
lig
h
tly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
3
.
1
to
3
.
8
.
c.
Vo
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
co
h
e
r
en
ce
,
a
n
d
r
elev
an
ce
:
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
av
er
ag
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
1
.
2
p
o
i
n
ts
p
er
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
I
n
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
th
e
L
MS
On
ly
g
r
o
u
p
ac
h
iev
ed
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
av
e
r
a
g
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
6
p
o
in
ts
in
all
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
d.
Ov
er
all
s
co
r
es:
t
h
e
to
tal
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
g
r
ad
u
ally
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
2
5
.
0
to
3
7
.
0
,
wh
ile
with
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
,
it c
h
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
2
5
.
1
to
3
0
.
8
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Pre
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
G
r
o
u
p
Pr
I
n
F
l
V
o
C
o
Tt
R
e
s
Re
Ts
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
(
BL
)
3
.
0
/
4
.
5
3
.
2
/
4
.
6
3
.
5
/
4
.
8
3
.
4
/
4
.
7
3
.
3
/
4
.
6
3
.
1
/
4
.
5
3
.
2
/
4
.
6
3
.
3
/
4
.
7
2
5
.
0
/
3
7
.
0
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
LM
S
-
o
n
l
y
)
3
.
1
/
3
.
8
3
.
3
/
3
.
9
3
.
4
/
4
.
0
3
.
2
/
3
.
9
3
.
4
/
3
.
8
3
.
2
/
3
.
7
3
.
3
/
3
.
8
3
.
2
/
3
.
9
2
5
.
1
/
3
0
.
8
N
o
t
e
:
P
r
(
p
r
o
n
u
n
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
)
,
I
n
(
i
n
t
o
n
a
t
i
o
n
)
,
F
l
(
f
l
u
e
n
c
y
)
,
V
o
(
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
)
,
C
o
(
c
o
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
)
,
T
t
(
t
u
r
n
-
t
a
k
i
n
g
)
,
R
e
s
(
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
v
e
n
e
ss
)
,
R
e
(
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
)
,
Ts
(
t
o
t
a
l
sc
o
r
e
)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
b
en
ef
its
g
ain
ed
f
r
o
m
ex
p
an
d
in
g
t
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
le
ar
n
in
g
a
n
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
AI
-
en
a
b
led
la
n
g
u
ag
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
a
n
d
VR
s
im
u
latio
n
s
in
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ese
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
en
ab
le
lear
n
er
s
to
h
av
e
d
iv
er
s
e,
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e,
an
d
u
n
i
q
u
e
wa
y
s
o
f
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
ac
tice.
Fig
u
r
e
1
c
o
m
p
ar
es
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
ici
en
cy
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
al
g
r
o
u
p
(
BL
)
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
L
MS
-
o
n
l
y
)
.
T
h
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
test
ed
in
clu
d
ed
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
,
in
to
n
atio
n
,
f
lu
en
cy
,
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
co
h
er
en
ce
,
tu
r
n
-
ta
k
in
g
,
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
,
an
d
r
ele
v
an
ce
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
’
s
B
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
E
FL
lear
n
er
s
’
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
th
an
th
e
L
MS
-
o
n
ly
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
p
ar
t
icu
lar
,
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
’
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
f
lu
en
cy
,
wh
ic
h
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
3
.
5
to
4
.
8
,
an
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciati
o
n
,
wh
ich
r
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
3
.
0
to
4
.
5
,
was
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
th
e
L
MS
-
o
n
ly
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
alig
n
with
Gr
ah
am
an
d
Ha
lv
er
s
o
n
s
tu
d
y
[
3
3
]
,
wh
ich
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
B
L
h
as
a
h
ig
h
v
alu
e
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
ac
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
i
cien
cy
u
s
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
es
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Ž
n
i
d
er
š
ič
et
a
l.
[
3
4
]
,
w
h
ich
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
g
a
m
if
i
ca
tio
n
with
VR
an
d
its
ef
f
ec
t o
n
lear
n
er
s
’
tim
i
n
g
a
n
d
f
lu
e
n
cy
co
m
p
eten
cies
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
s
elf
-
d
is
cip
lin
e
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
lev
els
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
B
L
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
g
o
al
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
h
if
t
ed
to
war
d
in
t
r
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
(
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
.
4
to
4
.
0
)
,
an
d
task
v
alu
e
r
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
4
.
2
to
4
.
5
.
T
h
ese
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
W
o
n
g
et
a
l.
[
3
5
]
wh
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
B
L
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
en
h
an
ce
s
elf
-
m
o
tiv
atio
n
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
lear
n
er
a
u
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
task
r
elev
a
n
ce
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
also
s
u
b
s
tan
tiated
b
y
th
e
s
elf
-
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
th
eo
r
y
[
2
4
]
,
wh
ich
ar
g
u
es
th
at
lear
n
er
s
wh
o
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
with
d
ig
ital
aid
s
in
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
ac
tiv
ities
th
r
o
u
g
h
B
L
a
r
e
e
n
ab
led
to
s
at
is
f
y
th
eir
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
a
n
d
r
elate
d
n
ess
,
wh
ich
m
o
tiv
ates th
em
to
e
n
g
a
g
e
with
th
e
m
ater
ials
m
o
r
e
[
3
6
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
len
d
in
g
tr
a
d
itio
n
a
l a
n
d
d
ig
ita
l m
eth
o
d
s
:
en
h
a
n
cin
g
E
F
L sp
ea
kin
g
s
kills
b
ey
o
n
d
…
(
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2252
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8
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J
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14
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25
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4221
4216
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Me
an
s
co
r
es f
o
r
b
o
t
h
th
e
p
r
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-
test
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d
p
o
s
t
-
test
co
n
f
id
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s
u
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v
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h
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f
in
d
in
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c
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ce
r
n
in
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s
elf
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d
is
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lin
e
an
d
en
g
ag
em
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t
ar
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co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
c
o
g
n
itiv
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lo
ad
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
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s
tates
th
at
lear
n
in
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m
o
r
e
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f
ec
tiv
e
w
h
en
ir
r
elev
a
n
t
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
is
m
in
im
ized
[
2
3
]
.
L
ea
r
n
er
s
u
s
in
g
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
VR
lan
g
u
ag
e
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n
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g
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im
u
latio
n
s
in
B
L
s
ettin
g
s
co
u
ld
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e
im
m
er
s
ed
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
wh
en
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
is
lik
ely
r
ed
u
ce
d
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
,
im
p
r
o
v
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g
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o
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ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
As
T
ag
u
ch
i
[
1
7
]
ar
g
u
es,
im
m
er
s
io
n
in
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t e
s
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tial c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
ac
q
u
i
r
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g
p
r
ag
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atic
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m
p
e
ten
cies.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
’
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
test
an
x
iety
,
f
r
o
m
3
.
9
t
o
3
.
5
,
c
o
in
c
id
es
with
Alm
an
s
o
u
r
an
d
Alf
ah
ad
[
2
8
]
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
co
n
s
tan
t
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
r
ed
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cin
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
n
x
iety
.
Su
ch
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
cr
u
ci
al
in
o
r
al
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
,
wh
e
r
e
an
x
iety
af
f
ec
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
BL
,
lear
n
er
s
ca
n
p
r
ac
tice
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eir
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
an
in
ter
ac
tiv
e,
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w
-
s
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en
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ir
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n
m
en
t w
ith
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f
ea
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eg
ativ
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h
e
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k
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ly
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lu
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n
ciatio
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,
r
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lts
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m
th
e
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in
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d
ac
tiv
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at
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r
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o
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th
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tic
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n
v
e
r
s
atio
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th
r
o
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g
h
VR
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d
th
eir
u
s
e
o
f
AI
-
p
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wer
ed
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g
u
ag
e
ap
p
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
o
v
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e
in
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iv
id
u
alize
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
d
r
ill
s
.
Su
ch
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
o
s
e
f
o
u
n
d
b
y
Hsu
[
3
7
]
,
wh
o
n
o
tin
g
th
e
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
VR
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
,
r
e
p
o
r
ted
its
u
s
e
f
o
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
p
ea
k
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
f
lu
e
n
cy
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
-
life
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
Fro
m
a
th
eo
r
y
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
V
y
g
o
ts
k
y
’
s
Z
PD
ex
p
lain
s
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
ass
is
ted
in
r
ea
ch
in
g
th
eir
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
“
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
”
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
BL
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
th
ese
s
tu
d
en
t
s
co
u
ld
en
g
ag
e
in
s
p
ea
k
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
wo
u
ld
h
av
e
o
th
e
r
wis
e
b
ee
n
im
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
[
38
]
.
Face
-
to
-
f
ac
e
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
th
e
lear
n
e
r
s
with
in
th
e
Z
PD
with
g
u
id
ed
p
r
ac
t
ice
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
th
at
h
elp
ed
th
em
ad
v
an
ce
with
in
t
h
eir
zo
n
e
[
38
].
3
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n wit
h
prev
io
us
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
ar
e
also
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
r
esear
ch
cited
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r
lier
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
B
L
[
17
]
,
[
18
]
,
[
20
]
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
with
en
h
a
n
cin
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
cq
u
is
itio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
s
itu
atio
n
al
r
ele
v
an
ce
,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
.
Nev
er
th
e
less
,
wh
er
ea
s
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Sm
ir
a
n
i
an
d
Yam
an
i
[
29
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
p
r
im
ar
ily
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
an
d
g
r
am
m
ar
m
aster
y
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
tak
es
a
s
tep
f
u
r
th
e
r
b
y
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
ad
e
b
y
B
L
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
;
m
o
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
a
n
d
f
l
u
en
cy
.
AI
-
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
s
a
n
d
V
R
s
im
u
latio
n
s
to
o
k
lear
n
er
s
i
n
to
r
ea
l
-
life
s
p
ea
k
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
,
g
o
in
g
b
ey
o
n
d
wh
at
was
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
ith
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
-
o
n
ly
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
L
MS.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
h
as
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
as
it
in
f
o
r
m
s
tea
ch
er
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
o
n
h
o
w
to
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
with
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
way
o
f
teac
h
in
g
to
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
ea
k
in
g
a
n
x
iety
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
.
I
n
th
eo
r
y
,
it
d
ee
p
en
s
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
B
L
’
s
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
wh
ile
p
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
its
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
Z
PD
[
21
]
,
[
22
]
a
n
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
th
eo
r
y
[
23
]
as
a
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
th
eo
r
y
as
th
ey
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
ev
al
u
ate
B
L
’
s
im
p
ac
t
wh
ile
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
len
d
in
g
tr
a
d
itio
n
a
l a
n
d
d
ig
ita
l m
eth
o
d
s
:
en
h
a
n
cin
g
E
F
L sp
ea
kin
g
s
kills
b
ey
o
n
d
…
(
N
a
ve
ed
u
r
R
eh
ma
n
)
4217
em
p
lo
y
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
s
p
ea
k
in
g
test
s
,
d
etailed
d
ig
ital
u
s
ag
e
lo
g
s
,
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tatis
ti
ca
l
an
aly
s
es.
Su
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ex
p
lain
wh
y
B
L
ca
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
E
FL
teac
h
in
g
b
y
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
a
r
e
p
licab
le,
lear
n
er
-
b
ased
m
o
d
el
th
at
p
r
ep
ar
es E
FL
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
life
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
ly
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
f
r
o
m
a
f
lu
en
cy
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
4
to
4
.
0
in
th
e
L
MS
-
o
n
l
y
g
r
o
u
p
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
in
ad
eq
u
ate
tr
ad
itio
n
al
L
MS
p
latf
o
r
m
s
ar
e
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
L
i
n
u
wih
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
alo
n
g
with
m
o
r
e
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
[
39
]
,
[
40
]
ex
p
l
ain
ed
h
o
w
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
cti
o
n
o
f
L
MS
p
latf
o
r
m
s
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
te
n
t
an
d
co
n
d
u
ct
ev
alu
atio
n
s
in
s
tead
o
f
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
d
is
co
u
r
s
e.
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
L
MS
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
in
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
is
m
th
at
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lea
r
n
er
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
n
ee
d
to
r
ea
ch
[
39
]
,
[
41
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
n
o
ted
b
y
L
ec
h
i
n
tan
-
Sief
er
[
8
]
b
u
t
also
ad
d
e
d
t
o
th
em
b
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
BL
co
m
m
u
n
ity
’
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
o
le
-
p
lay
in
g
-
f
ac
ilit
ated
o
n
lin
e
s
p
ea
k
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
T
h
ese
task
s
ar
e
m
ea
n
t to
f
o
s
ter
lear
n
in
g
,
wh
ic
h
lan
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
er
s
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tiv
ities
lik
e
th
ese
teac
h
er
s
s
o
f
o
n
d
l
y
ca
ll “
ex
p
er
ien
tial le
ar
n
in
g
.
”
3
.
3
.
T
he
u
s
e
o
f
dig
it
a
l a
rt
if
a
ct
s
in la
ng
ua
g
e
lea
rning
ins
t
ruct
io
n
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
l
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
v
alid
ates
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
BL
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
ea
s
o
n
s
:
AI
lan
g
u
ag
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
av
e
ex
h
ib
ited
a
m
o
d
er
ate
lev
el
o
f
u
s
ab
ilit
y
with
an
en
g
ag
em
en
t
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
8
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
ar
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
ex
ten
s
io
n
s
o
f
T
est
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
Fo
r
eig
n
L
an
g
u
a
g
e
(
T
OE
FL
)
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
m
o
d
u
le
s
,
d
esig
n
ed
p
r
im
ar
ily
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
a
f
ew
o
v
er
ar
ch
i
n
g
lin
g
u
is
tic
ab
ilit
ies
lik
e
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
a
n
d
g
r
am
m
ar
.
VR
s
im
u
latio
n
s
r
ated
h
ig
h
l
y
en
g
a
g
in
g
(
4
.
5
)
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
with
im
m
er
s
io
n
in
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
en
h
an
ce
f
lu
en
cy
a
n
d
tim
in
g
.
W
h
en
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
a
b
len
d
ed
s
ettin
g
,
t
h
ese
to
o
ls
o
f
f
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
u
s
ef
u
l
wa
y
s
to
lear
n
s
k
ills
,
u
n
lik
e
th
e
L
MS
-
o
n
ly
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wh
ich
a
r
e
m
o
n
o
to
n
o
u
s
an
d
lac
k
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
n
th
e
lear
n
e
r
’
s
s
id
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dig
ital to
o
ls
u
s
ag
e:
a
v
er
ag
e
d
u
r
atio
n
an
d
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t le
v
el
3
.
4
.
Rea
lis
t
ic
im
pli
ca
t
io
n a
nd
f
uture
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
r
ac
tice
at
a
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
u
s
in
g
iPad
s
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial to
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
r
ea
d
ily
a
v
ailab
le.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
th
em
with
BL
an
d
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
in
g
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ical
lim
itatio
n
s
,
im
ag
in
e
a
g
lo
b
al
wo
r
ld
with
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
ed
u
c
atio
n
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
BL
i
s
ex
p
en
s
iv
e,
o
win
g
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
h
ar
d
war
e
an
d
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
h
ig
h
co
s
t
o
f
VR
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
with
a
s
m
all
s
am
p
le.
T
h
ese
a
s
p
ec
ts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
to
ass
ess
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
l
ea
r
n
er
s
,
co
n
tex
ts
,
n
ee
d
s
,
an
d
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
ar
ea
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
later
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
also
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
AI
a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
b
e
em
b
ed
d
e
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
tailo
r
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ajec
to
r
ies to
lear
n
er
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
r
esear
ch
,
BL
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
en
co
m
p
ass
b
o
th
th
e
o
n
lin
e
an
d
o
f
f
lin
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
wh
ich
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
f
o
r
E
FL
lear
n
e
r
s
,
esp
ec
ially
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
eir
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
a
n
d
en
g
ag
em
en
t
lev
els
[
42
]
–
[
46
]
.
B
y
tack
lin
g
wid
esp
r
ea
d
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
s
p
ea
k
in
g
an
x
iety
,
BL
f
ills
th
e
v
o
id
lef
t
b
y
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
ea
n
s
an
d
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
o
n
ly
u
s
in
g
L
MS
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
47
]
.
T
h
i
s
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
co
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
b
etter
f
o
r
g
ain
in
g
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
o
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
ar
e
h
el
p
f
u
l in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
48
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
4
2
1
0
-
4221
4218
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ted
th
e
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
o
f
E
FL.
First,
th
ey
ca
ll
f
o
r
r
ef
lectio
n
o
n
in
co
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
ea
c
h
er
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
AI
-
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
VR
s
im
u
latio
n
s
th
at
ca
ter
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
lis
ten
in
g
an
d
s
p
ea
k
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
e
m
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
tr
ai
n
in
g
teac
h
er
s
to
u
s
e
BL
s
tr
ateg
ies
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
As
Ma
r
t
in
et
a
l.
[
49
]
p
o
in
ts
o
u
t,
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
f
u
lly
u
n
leash
t
h
e
teac
h
in
g
p
o
ten
tial o
f
d
ig
ital in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
teac
h
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
r
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
g
iv
en
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
id
e
r
atio
n
in
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
,
as
it
h
as
y
et
to
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
in
th
e
E
FL
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
er
e
is
s
till
a
n
ee
d
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
BL
o
n
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
its
r
elev
an
ce
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
lear
n
e
r
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
I
t
is
cr
u
cial
to
f
ill
th
ese
g
ap
s
s
o
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
-
m
ak
e
r
s
ca
n
tak
e
ad
eq
u
ate
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
s
tep
s
f
o
r
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
lear
n
er
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ev
id
e
n
ce
s
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
im
p
ac
t
t
h
at
th
e
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
teac
h
in
g
with
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
h
as
o
n
th
e
s
p
ea
k
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
E
FL
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
f
lu
en
cy
,
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
,
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
al
s
k
ills
.
I
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
a
BL
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
an
L
MS
-
o
n
l
y
m
eth
o
d
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
lea
r
n
er
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
v
a
r
ied
clea
r
ly
an
d
p
r
ec
is
ely
th
a
t
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
wh
ic
h
h
a
d
to
g
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
BL
,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
e
L
M
S
-
o
n
ly
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
in
m
an
y
in
ter
esti
n
g
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
f
lu
en
cy
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
.
5
to
4
.
8
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciat
io
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
r
o
m
3
.
0
to
4
.
5
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
L
MS
g
r
o
u
p
r
ec
eiv
e
d
less
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
f
lu
e
n
cy
f
r
o
m
3
.
4
t
o
4
.
0
an
d
in
p
r
o
n
u
n
ciatio
n
f
r
o
m
3
.
1
to
3
.
8
.
Key
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
,
in
t
h
is
r
esp
ec
t,
i
n
clu
d
e
d
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
lan
g
u
ag
e
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
an
d
VR
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
W
h
ile
AI
ap
p
licatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
an
d
tar
g
eted
ex
er
cises
,
VR
cr
ea
ted
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
life
-
lik
e,
i
m
m
er
s
iv
e
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
ese
to
o
ls
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
tr
ad
itio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
e
n
g
ag
i
n
g
lea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
en
h
an
ce
d
lear
n
er
s
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
.
Fo
llo
w
-
u
p
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
tak
en
af
ter
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
r
ev
ea
led
in
tr
i
n
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
3
.
4
t
o
4
.
0
,
e
x
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
f
r
o
m
3
.
8
to
4
.
2
;
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
3
.
5
to
4
.
3
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
le
n
d
th
em
s
elv
es
to
a
ca
ll
f
o
r
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
BL
with
in
E
FL
cu
r
r
icu
la
in
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e.
Dig
itized
to
o
ls
ar
e
to
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
i
n
a
m
o
r
e
o
p
tim
ized
way
with
r
eg
ar
d
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
lear
n
er
p
r
o
f
iles
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
en
ta
il
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
c
h
in
t
o
th
at
m
atter
.
Po
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
m
ak
e
i
n
v
estme
n
ts
—
b
o
th
in
to
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
—
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
b
e
ab
le
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
,
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
e
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
an
d
a
r
elativ
ely
s
h
o
r
t
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
1
2
wee
k
s
,
wh
ich
m
ay
r
aise
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
an
d
im
p
ac
t.
F
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
will
ex
p
an
d
s
u
ch
asp
ec
ts
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
lar
g
er
s
am
p
les,
lo
n
g
er
p
er
io
d
s
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
o
b
jectiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es f
o
r
en
g
ag
em
en
t a
n
d
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
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B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
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E
M
E
N
T
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h
is
jo
u
r
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al
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s
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th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
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les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
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co
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.
Na
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Aut
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RE
F
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R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
La
r
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i
y
a
,
M
.
N
a
w
a
z
,
S
.
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a
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a
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n
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.
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p
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v
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3
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[
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M
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