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C
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A
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1.
I
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UCT
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T
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f
ac
to
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ch
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ca
tio
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s
y
s
tem
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
wh
ich
t
h
an
k
s
to
th
e
i
n
n
o
v
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f
m
ed
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tech
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as
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liter
ac
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m
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p
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“
k
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n
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m
y
”
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
I
n
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u
ca
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in
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tco
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au
to
n
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m
y
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an
d
m
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tiv
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[
5
]
–
[
7
]
.
A
d
d
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ally
,
a
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elatio
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s
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f
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to
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with
in
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p
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th
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[
8
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.
T
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ch
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tu
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’
lear
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[
9
]
,
[
1
0
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,
b
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d
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teac
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m
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tech
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(
I
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)
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
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s
,
th
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teac
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p
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am
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h
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ab
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Jo
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1
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[
9
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1
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[
1
6
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–
[
1
8
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.
So
m
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th
e
tr
en
d
s
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
clu
d
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
E
d
m
o
d
o
,
Kah
o
o
t
,
f
lip
p
ed
class
r
o
o
m
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
[
1
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
es
s
en
tial
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
at
th
e
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
t
ice
is
co
n
d
itio
n
ed
b
y
th
e
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
s
o
cio
p
o
liti
ca
l
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ea
ch
r
eg
io
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
a
b
o
v
e
lea
d
s
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
(
w
h
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
wo
r
ld
wid
e
an
d
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
i
n
ar
ticles
in
in
d
e
x
ed
jo
u
r
n
als?
)
wh
ich
r
aises
th
e
n
ee
d
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
ar
e
b
ein
g
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
as
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
at
th
e
b
asic
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
le
v
el.
It
d
ef
in
es
th
e
n
o
v
elty
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
at
th
e
b
asic
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
,
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
lear
n
ab
o
u
t th
ese
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es a
n
d
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t th
eir
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
i
n
th
eir
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
n
ee
d
r
aised
,
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
a
p
p
lied
with
a
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
an
d
a
th
em
atic
r
ev
iew
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
r
elate
d
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
at
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
le
v
el.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
ar
ticle.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
r
d
s
wer
e
ex
am
in
e
d
in
ter
m
s
o
f
an
n
u
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
,
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
i
c
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
m
o
s
t
r
elev
an
t
jo
u
r
n
als,
th
em
a
tic
ar
ea
s
,
co
-
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
o
f
a
u
th
o
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
elev
an
t
ar
ticles
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic.
Fin
ally
,
to
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ep
o
r
t,
t
h
e
p
r
e
f
er
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
t
em
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es (
PR
I
SMA)
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
was a
p
p
lie
d
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Rev
iew
s
t
ruct
ure
T
h
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
tr
en
d
s
in
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
a
tio
n
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
b
asic
lev
el,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
b
ib
lio
m
e
tr
y
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
tatis
tical
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
allo
ws,
b
ased
o
n
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esu
lts
,
to
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
in
tellectu
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
a
f
ield
o
f
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
[
2
3
]
–
[2
5
]
.
T
o
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
a
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
r
e
co
r
d
s
o
b
tain
ed
,
th
e
PR
I
SMA
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
was
ap
p
lied
,
as
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
R
s
tu
d
io
p
r
o
g
r
am
a
n
d
its
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ix
p
ac
k
ag
e
[2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
with
VOSv
iewe
r
[2
8
]
,
[
29
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PR
I
SMA
ap
p
lied
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
34
1
8
-
34
2
7
3420
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
T
h
e
d
atab
ase
co
n
s
u
lted
was
Sco
p
u
s
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
lar
g
est
cu
r
ated
d
atab
ases
with
ac
ce
s
s
to
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
,
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
1
.
7
b
illi
o
n
,
b
ein
g
a
v
al
u
ab
le
b
ase
f
o
r
o
b
tain
in
g
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
es.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
eq
u
atio
n
a
p
p
lied
was:
“
(
“
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
”
OR
“
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
”
)
AND
(
“
elem
en
t
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
”
OR
“
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
”
)
”.
W
ith
th
is
eq
u
atio
n
,
8
3
r
ec
o
r
d
s
wer
e
d
e
tecte
d
,
an
d
t
h
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
it
er
io
n
“n
o
t
r
elate
d
to
th
e
to
p
ic”
was
ap
p
lied
,
to
o
b
tain
7
7
a
r
ticles.
T
h
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
io
n
allo
wed
f
ilter
in
g
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
ar
ticles
th
at
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
in
itial
r
esu
lts
,
b
u
t
wh
ich
af
ter
a
r
ea
d
in
g
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
n
o
t
to
d
ea
l
with
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
o
n
ly
ar
ticles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
s
cien
tific
jo
u
r
n
als
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
T
re
nd
a
na
ly
s
i
s
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
tr
en
d
.
I
t
was
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
s
in
ce
2
0
0
4
,
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
lated
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
s
lo
p
e
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
th
at
s
in
ce
th
at
y
ea
r
,
m
o
r
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
to
p
ic
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
I
n
2
0
2
0
,
t
h
er
e
was
a
p
ea
k
in
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
with
eig
h
t
ar
ticle
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
2
0
2
1
with
th
r
ee
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
ass
o
ciate
d
with
lo
ck
d
o
wn
s
im
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
ts
to
s
to
p
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
v
ir
u
s
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
2
0
2
0
p
an
d
em
ic.
T
h
e
lo
ck
d
o
w
n
ca
u
s
ed
teac
h
er
s
to
in
n
o
v
ate
in
th
eir
p
r
ac
tice
to
co
n
tin
u
e
teac
h
i
n
g
th
eir
class
es
r
em
o
tel
y
.
T
h
e
y
ea
r
2
0
2
0
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
r
ep
o
r
ts
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
th
at
wer
e
g
en
er
ate
d
in
2
0
1
9
b
u
t
d
u
e
to
p
u
b
licatio
n
tim
es
o
f
t
h
e
jo
u
r
n
als
th
ey
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
i
n
2
0
2
0
,
later
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
an
d
was r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
y
ea
r
,
it is
2021.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
t
o
r
estru
ctu
r
e
an
d
i
n
n
o
v
ate
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
[3
0
]
,
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
wh
ich
teac
h
er
s
m
ad
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
wer
e
a
p
p
lied
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
2
0
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
th
e
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ar
ticles
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
was
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
2
1
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
ese
a
r
ticles
ag
ain
b
o
o
s
ted
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
2
0
2
2
,
with
th
e
g
en
e
r
atio
n
o
f
8
ar
ticles.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
2
0
,
s
ev
er
al
co
n
f
er
e
n
ce
s
wer
e
ca
n
ce
led
,
im
p
ac
tin
g
p
u
b
licatio
n
in
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
i
n
r
esear
ch
C
asey
et
a
l.
[3
1
]
,
an
d
also
in
2
0
2
0
,
s
o
m
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
o
th
e
r
ar
ea
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
at
y
ea
r
,
b
u
t
with
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
[3
2
]
–
[3
4
]
.
T
h
e
lo
w
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
2
0
2
1
,
f
o
llo
win
g
a
p
ea
k
in
2
0
2
0
,
r
aises
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
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u
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u
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s
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h
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n
d
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g
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ig
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ical
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h
is
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lies
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at
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u
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titu
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ical
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r
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Fig
u
r
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5
Au
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h
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r
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I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
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2
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3
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Art
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ly
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[
38
]
,
th
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s
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c
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t
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P
u
b
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A
d
mi
n
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s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
;
H
e
a
l
t
h
P
r
o
f
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ss
i
o
n
s
:
P
h
y
s
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c
a
l
Th
e
r
a
p
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S
p
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t
s T
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r
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p
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n
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R
e
h
a
b
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l
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t
a
t
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;
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m
p
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:
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m
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9
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c
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s
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f
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t
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ity
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o
th
at
w
h
en
th
ey
b
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teac
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s
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t
h
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ca
n
d
e
v
elo
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s
o
m
e
o
f
th
eir
ac
tiv
ities
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
,
allo
win
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
in
ter
ac
t
with
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
W
ith
4
4
citatio
n
s
,
C
ar
less
[4
1
]
p
r
e
s
en
ted
a
cu
r
r
ic
u
lar
in
n
o
v
atio
n
r
elate
d
to
a
g
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a
l
-
o
r
ien
ted
cu
r
r
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lu
m
(
T
OC
)
an
d
r
elate
d
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
ar
is
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
T
OC
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t,
t
ea
ch
er
s
d
o
n
o
t
f
ee
l
em
p
o
wer
ed
in
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
an
d
th
ey
lack
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
ex
ec
u
te
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
W
ith
4
3
ci
tatio
n
s
,
Van
d
er
lin
d
e
an
d
B
r
aa
k
[4
2
]
c
o
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
teac
h
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
an
I
C
T
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
t
h
at
in
teg
r
a
tes
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
all
ac
ad
e
m
ic
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
o
ex
am
in
e
p
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ce
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tio
n
,
th
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th
o
r
s
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R
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if
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o
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ical
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eth
o
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t
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icat
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s
ch
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d
teac
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s
.
On
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e
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n
d
,
f
o
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teac
h
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s
to
b
e
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le
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co
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p
o
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ate
I
C
T
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
f
ee
l
co
m
p
eten
t
in
th
is
ar
ea
.
W
ith
4
2
citatio
n
s
,
Fer
n
án
d
ez
-
B
atan
er
o
et
a
l.
[4
3
]
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
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o
l
teac
h
er
s
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
I
C
T
i
n
an
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
34
1
8
-
34
2
7
3424
in
clu
s
iv
e
class
r
o
o
m
with
p
eo
p
le
with
d
is
ab
ilit
ies
(
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
d
iv
er
s
ity
)
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
i
ca
ted
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
teac
h
er
s
in
I
C
T
a
n
d
its
u
s
e
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
wit
h
d
is
ab
ilit
ies,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
f
o
r
in
itial
an
d
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
in
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
with
p
eo
p
le
with
d
is
ab
ilit
ies,
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
d
is
ab
ilit
ies
ca
n
b
e
f
av
o
r
e
d
.
W
ith
3
8
citatio
n
s
,
Dr
en
o
y
ian
n
i a
n
d
Selwo
o
d
[4
4
]
a
n
aly
ze
d
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l te
ac
h
e
r
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
s
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
teac
h
er
s
’
b
elief
s
ab
o
u
t
co
m
p
u
ter
u
s
e
an
d
t
h
eir
ac
tu
al
p
atter
n
s
o
f
u
s
e,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
o
f
te
n
h
a
v
e
t
h
eir
r
o
o
ts
in
teac
h
er
s
’
m
in
d
s
ets
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
y
m
an
if
est
th
em
s
elv
es
in
p
r
ac
tice.
W
ith
3
7
citatio
n
s
,
B
ed
n
ar
z
an
d
L
u
d
wig
[4
5
]
s
tu
d
ie
d
an
in
n
o
v
at
io
n
th
at
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
GI
S)
in
th
e
teac
h
in
g
o
f
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
y
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
ci
en
ce
s
,
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
p
atial
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
in
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
W
ith
3
6
c
itat
io
n
s
,
Och
s
[4
6
]
an
aly
ze
d
t
h
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
m
ath
em
atics
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tic
es
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
Switzer
lan
d
in
L
o
n
d
o
n
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
b
e
clea
r
ab
o
u
t
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
n
ew
p
o
licies
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
th
e
teac
h
in
g
o
f
m
at
h
em
atics,
an
d
also
to
h
av
e
a
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
th
at
allo
ws
th
em
to
r
ev
iew
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
.
Fin
al
ly
,
with
3
4
citatio
n
s
,
B
ar
r
ett
[4
7
]
ex
am
in
e
d
h
o
w
teac
h
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
id
e
n
titi
es
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
e
d
u
c
atio
n
a
l
in
n
o
v
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
ea
ch
er
s
’
id
en
titi
es
ar
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
ag
e
an
d
g
e
n
d
er
,
as
well
as
b
y
wo
r
k
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
r
esp
ec
t
th
e
s
e
id
en
titi
es
an
d
ex
is
tin
g
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
p
ast
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
ar
e
n
o
t v
iewe
d
as in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
elev
an
t
ar
ticles
r
ev
ea
ls
a
lear
n
in
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
teac
h
er
t
r
ain
in
g
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
to
o
ls
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
ea
ch
er
s
m
u
s
t
f
ee
l
co
m
p
eten
t
an
d
em
p
o
wer
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
t
h
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
tech
n
i
q
u
es
b
u
t
also
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
an
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
in
d
s
et
an
d
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
a
d
a
p
t
to
o
ls
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
,
in
clu
d
in
g
teac
h
er
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
,
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Fo
s
ter
in
g
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
with
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
is
ess
en
tial
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
wh
at
h
as b
ee
n
s
tated
b
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
au
th
o
r
s
wh
o
h
a
v
e
p
o
in
te
d
o
u
t
th
at
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
s
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
th
ey
allo
w
f
o
r
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
b
u
t
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
th
ey
ex
p
r
ess
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
t
r
ain
in
g
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
u
s
e
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies in
th
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Oth
er
au
th
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
th
e
n
ee
d
to
h
av
e
a
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
to
r
s
co
m
m
it
ted
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
b
u
ilt
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
e
ac
to
r
s
o
r
in
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es
b
et
wee
n
teac
h
er
s
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
a
n
y
ca
s
e,
th
is
p
o
i
n
ts
to
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
lead
er
s
h
i
p
s
u
ch
as
th
e
o
n
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
s
in
ter
ac
t
at
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t,
g
r
o
u
p
,
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
i
n
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
48
]
.
Fin
ally
,
t
o
an
s
wer
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
in
itially
p
o
s
ed
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
,
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
,
b
o
th
at
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
lev
el
an
d
at
t
h
e
cu
r
r
icu
lar
an
d
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
lev
el,
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
1
0
m
o
s
t
r
elev
an
t
ar
ticles
ar
e:
i)
co
llecti
v
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e;
ii)
s
tu
d
en
t
v
o
ice
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
;
iii)
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
n
b
io
d
iv
er
s
ity
;
iv
)
o
b
jecti
v
e
-
o
r
ien
te
d
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
(
T
OC
)
;
v
)
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
I
C
T
in
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
d
in
i
n
clu
s
iv
e
class
r
o
o
m
s
;
v
i)
GI
S
i
n
teac
h
in
g
;
an
d
v
ii)
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
teac
h
er
id
en
tity
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
l
o
y
ed
a
m
ix
e
d
-
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
in
te
g
r
atin
g
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
co
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
k
e
y
th
em
es
an
d
tr
en
d
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
a
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
s
co
p
e
,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
tin
g
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
with
f
ield
s
s
u
ch
as
m
ed
ic
in
e,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
cien
ce
s
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
Desp
ite
ch
alle
n
g
es
lik
e
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
th
e
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es th
e
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
with
a
n
o
tab
le
em
p
h
asis
o
n
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
r
o
le
o
f
I
C
T
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
v
ir
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
am
es
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
a
tes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
o
s
ter
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
A
k
ey
in
s
ig
h
t
is
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
teac
h
e
r
t
r
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
co
m
b
in
in
g
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
with
a
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
in
d
s
et
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
ad
v
o
ca
tin
g
f
o
r
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
ated
ef
f
o
r
ts
am
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
a
n
d
o
t
h
er
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
to
cr
ea
te
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
th
at
en
ab
le
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
g
lo
b
al
tr
en
d
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
I
C
T
to
f
o
s
ter
co
lla
b
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
,
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tu
d
en
t e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
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f
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ip
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Fu
r
th
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m
o
r
e,
an
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p
h
asis
o
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teac
h
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tr
ai
n
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
cu
ltu
r
es
is
ess
e
n
tial
to
im
p
lem
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
d
iv
er
s
e
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u
ca
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n
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n
tex
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u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
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As
r
ec
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m
en
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u
g
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p
r
i
o
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m
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r
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o
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tech
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ca
l
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k
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d
th
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ltiv
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f
a
n
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n
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in
d
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et,
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ate
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C
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to
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o
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r
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c
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th
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C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
o
n
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u
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o
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.
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[
41
]
D
.
R
.
C
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l
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ss,
“
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[
42
]
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.
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v
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p
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2
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.
[
43
]
J.
M
.
F
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n
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n
d
e
z
-
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a
t
a
n
e
r
o
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E
.
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ó
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,
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n
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4
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I
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[4
5
]
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.
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d
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.
Lu
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w
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,
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ra
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[4
6
]
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.
O
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s
,
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r
o
ss
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a
t
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o
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l
p
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m,
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6
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.
[
47
]
A
.
M
.
B
a
r
r
e
t
t
,
“
C
a
p
t
u
r
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n
g
t
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d
i
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f
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r
a
n
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sc
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t
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.
[
48
]
J.
H
o
,
D
.
H
u
n
g
,
P
.
H
.
C
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u
a
,
a
n
d
N
.
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M
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n
t
e
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t
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g
D
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st
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b
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d
w
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a
l
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sh
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p
:
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t
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d
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.
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