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E
lectr
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Ph
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So
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C
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A
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I
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Sriy
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Dep
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Ph
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s
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d
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ca
t
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Facu
lty
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f
T
ea
ch
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T
r
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g
an
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
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,
Sriwijay
a
Un
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s
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Palem
b
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,
I
n
d
o
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esia
E
m
ail: id
a_
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r
i.a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
On
e
o
f
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
n
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to
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aster
i
n
o
r
d
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to
c
o
m
p
ete
in
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
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a
o
f
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
is
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
C
r
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
g
en
er
ate
n
o
v
el
id
ea
s
o
r
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
b
y
lev
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ag
i
n
g
o
n
e
’
s
o
wn
p
o
ten
tial
an
d
u
n
iq
u
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
[
4
]
.
De
v
elo
p
in
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
h
elp
th
em
g
e
n
er
ate
n
ew
id
ea
s
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s
y
n
th
esize
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
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an
d
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
eir
id
ea
s
[
5
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
q
u
ite
lo
w,
p
ar
ticu
la
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ly
in
s
u
b
jects
s
u
ch
as
s
ch
o
o
l
p
h
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s
ics
[
6
]
,
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
7
]
,
wo
r
k
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
[
8
]
,
r
ec
tili
n
ea
r
m
o
tio
n
[
9
]
,
an
d
g
l
o
b
al
war
m
i
n
g
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
lack
o
f
cr
ea
tiv
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
th
e
s
tr
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lear
n
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g
m
o
d
el,
teac
h
in
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m
ater
ials
[
1
1
]
u
s
ed
b
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teac
h
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s
th
at
d
o
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t m
atch
th
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ch
ar
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is
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a
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d
d
a
i
l
y
l
i
v
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s
o
f
s
t
u
d
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n
t
s
[
9
]
.
On
e
s
tr
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at
ca
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b
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p
l
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ed
to
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h
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cr
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to
r
elat
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lear
n
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to
ev
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ay
ex
p
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ce
s
[
1
2
]
.
Ho
wev
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,
teac
h
er
s
’
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
d
esig
n
s
u
ch
lea
r
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in
g
ex
p
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n
ce
s
ar
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n
ad
eq
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ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
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lim
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ap
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p
r
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ef
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ctiv
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in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
p
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y
s
ics
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I
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8
8
2
2
Th
e
u
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d
erlyin
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p
h
ysics
co
n
ce
p
t o
f a
s
o
cc
er g
a
me
a
s
a
ca
t
a
lyst
fo
r
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h
a
n
cin
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crea
tive
…
(
I
d
a
S
r
iya
n
ti
)
3713
lear
n
in
g
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ev
er
y
d
ay
ac
tiv
ities
in
to
lear
n
in
g
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
s
tr
ateg
y
.
So
m
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
h
av
e
lin
k
e
d
ev
er
y
d
ay
g
am
e
ac
tiv
ities
to
p
h
y
s
ics
lear
n
in
g
in
clu
d
e
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
J
u
s
m
an
i
ar
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
th
at
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
p
in
n
in
g
to
p
s
in
p
h
y
s
ics
lear
n
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
[
1
4
]
th
at
in
teg
r
ated
th
e
k
o
lece
r
g
a
m
e
in
to
lear
n
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics,
wh
ich
m
ad
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
r
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
.
R
asm
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
in
teg
r
ated
a
s
lin
g
s
h
o
t
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am
e
in
to
p
h
y
s
ics
l
ea
r
n
in
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,
wh
ich
was
s
h
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wn
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
ity
a
n
d
ac
tiv
e
n
ess
.
Sar
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
im
p
lem
en
te
d
b
asic
lo
c
o
m
o
to
r
m
o
v
em
en
ts
i
n
b
ask
etb
all
to
le
ar
n
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
wo
r
k
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
m
ater
ials
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ca
n
lea
r
n
v
ar
io
u
s
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
cir
c
u
lar
m
o
tio
n
[
1
3
]
,
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
f
o
r
c
e
[
1
4
]
,
e
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y
,
H
o
o
k
’
s
l
a
w
[
1
5
]
,
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
[
1
6
]
,
b
y
c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
d
aily
ac
tiv
ities
with
lear
n
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
n
o
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
y
et
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
p
h
y
s
ics
lear
n
in
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cc
er
,
wh
ich
is
a
p
o
p
u
lar
g
a
m
e
am
o
n
g
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
th
e
g
en
e
r
al
p
u
b
lic
an
d
is
lik
ely
to
c
o
n
tai
n
m
an
y
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
T
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
is
p
r
esen
t in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
o
cc
er
in
p
h
y
s
ics lea
r
n
in
g
,
as so
cc
er
r
elate
s
to
th
eir
d
aily
liv
e
s
[
1
7
]
.
So
cc
er
is
a
p
o
p
u
la
r
s
p
o
r
t
th
at
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
p
lay
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
r
ar
ely
in
te
g
r
ated
in
t
o
p
h
y
s
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
alth
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
al
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
s
u
c
h
as
p
ar
a
b
o
lic
m
o
tio
n
a
n
d
New
to
n
’
s
laws,
ar
e
ap
p
licab
le
to
s
o
cc
er
.
Fro
m
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
o
cc
er
in
to
p
h
y
s
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
s
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
r
in
g
m
ea
n
in
g
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
ap
p
ly
t
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
a
co
n
tex
t
-
b
ased
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
to
b
e
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
ar
ti
cip
ato
r
y
,
m
ak
in
g
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
co
n
tex
t
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
t
h
e
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
f
2
1
s
t
ce
n
t
u
r
y
s
k
ills
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
cr
ea
t
iv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
2
1
]
.
E
le
ctr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
th
e
r
elev
an
t
m
ed
iu
m
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
e
-
m
o
d
u
les
o
f
f
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
e
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
to
lear
n
in
a
m
o
r
e
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
an
d
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
way
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
u
les
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
s
u
ch
as
v
id
eo
s
,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
an
d
q
u
izze
s
,
wh
ich
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
atten
tio
n
b
u
t
also
h
elp
th
em
ex
p
lo
r
e
n
ew
co
n
ce
p
ts
cr
ea
tiv
ely
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
h
as
b
ee
n
lin
k
ed
to
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
s
tu
d
en
t e
n
g
ag
em
en
t a
n
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t stu
d
y
h
ab
its
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
u
n
ta
p
p
ed
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
s
o
cc
e
r
as
a
to
o
l
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
i
n
teg
r
ati
n
g
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
th
e
r
eb
y
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
c
r
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
.
Desp
ite
its
p
o
ten
tial,
s
o
cc
er
h
as
n
o
t
y
et
b
ee
n
f
u
lly
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
in
to
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
o
f
ill
th
i
s
g
ap
,
a
co
n
te
x
t
-
b
ased
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
l
ea
r
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
m
a
k
e
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
r
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
co
n
te
x
t
-
b
ased
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
s
o
cc
er
as
a
m
ed
iu
m
t
o
teac
h
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
c
ep
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
lin
k
s
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
ten
t
to
ev
er
y
d
a
y
ac
tiv
ities
,
b
u
t
also
lev
er
ag
es
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
to
f
o
s
ter
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
,
ad
d
r
ess
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ch
alle
n
g
es in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was to
d
esig
n
an
d
ass
ess
a
m
o
d
u
le
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
o
b
jectiv
es,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
:
i)
Ho
w
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
co
n
tex
t
-
b
as
ed
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
s
o
cc
er
?
ii)
W
h
at
is
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
th
is
co
n
t
ex
t
-
b
ased
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
?
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
Co
nte
x
t
ua
l
t
e
a
ching
a
nd
lea
rning
(
CT
L
)
-
ba
s
e
d e
lec
t
ro
nic m
o
du
le
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
r
o
b
o
tics
,
n
an
o
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
b
io
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
cr
ea
ted
a
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
ly
s
k
illed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ad
ap
tin
g
to
n
ew
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
in
n
o
v
atin
g
cr
ea
tiv
ely
[2
7
]
.
A
p
r
ac
tical
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
is
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
n
tex
tu
al
-
b
ased
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
u
les.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
u
les
s
er
v
e
as
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
to
o
ls
th
at
p
r
esen
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
p
r
in
cip
les
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
.
C
o
n
tex
tu
al
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
(
C
T
L
)
en
ab
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
n
n
ec
t
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
b
jects
with
th
eir
ev
er
y
d
ay
liv
es,
m
ak
i
n
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
m
o
r
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
[2
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
is
o
f
ten
v
iewe
d
as
ch
allen
g
in
g
,
with
a
co
m
m
o
n
b
elief
th
at
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
attit
u
d
es,
an
d
in
ter
est
in
s
cien
ce
d
ec
lin
e
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
o
g
r
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
eir
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
[
29
]
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
e
-
m
o
d
u
les
th
at
b
r
i
d
g
e
lear
n
in
g
with
r
ea
l
-
life
co
n
tex
ts
.
C
T
L
-
b
ased
e
-
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
lin
k
th
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
with
p
r
ac
tical
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
is
s
u
es
an
d
ev
er
y
d
ay
e
x
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
h
elp
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
r
as
p
co
m
p
le
x
co
n
ce
p
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
am
iliar
co
n
tex
ts
[3
0
]
.
R
esear
ch
h
as
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
at
ed
th
at
th
ese
e
-
m
o
d
u
les
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
cr
itica
l th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
an
aly
zi
n
g
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[3
1
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
in
g
co
n
te
x
t
-
b
ased
e
-
m
o
d
u
le
s
ten
d
to
s
h
o
w
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
t
iv
atio
n
,
as
th
e
y
f
in
d
th
e
m
ate
r
ial
m
o
r
e
r
elev
an
t
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
th
eir
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[3
2
]
.
C
T
L
-
b
ased
e
-
m
o
d
u
les ca
n
also
b
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
with
AI
.
T
h
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
AI
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
an
d
o
th
er
s
u
b
jects
allo
ws
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
en
g
ag
e
with
th
e
m
ater
ia
l
in
a
way
th
at
r
ef
lects
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
m
o
d
u
les
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
el
f
-
d
ir
ec
ted
lear
n
in
g
,
en
ab
lin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
ten
t
at
t
h
eir
o
wn
p
ac
e
a
n
d
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
[
3
4
]
.
I
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
m
u
ltime
d
ia
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
7
1
2
-
3726
3714
elem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
v
id
eo
s
,
an
im
atio
n
s
,
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
ac
tiv
ities
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
is
u
al
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
ex
a
m
p
les
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
[
2
8
]
.
B
y
in
te
g
r
atin
g
t
h
eo
r
etic
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
with
p
r
ac
tical
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
c
o
n
tex
t
-
b
a
s
ed
e
-
m
o
d
u
les
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
ee
th
e
r
ele
v
an
ce
o
f
w
h
at
th
ey
ar
e
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
aid
s
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
b
u
t
also
p
r
ep
ar
e
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ch
al
len
g
es
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
ce
p
ts
to
p
r
ac
tic
al
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
3
0
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
u
s
in
g
th
ese
m
o
d
u
les
o
f
ten
ac
h
iev
e
b
etter
r
esu
lts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
o
s
e
r
ely
in
g
s
o
lely
o
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
b
y
in
te
g
r
atin
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
with
p
r
ac
tical
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
C
T
L
-
b
ased
e
-
m
o
d
u
les
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
m
a
k
in
g
t
h
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
elev
a
n
t to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
2
.
2
.
Cre
a
t
iv
e
t
hin
k
ing
C
r
ea
tiv
ity
is
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
c
r
ea
tiv
e
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
,
wh
ich
is
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
eir
th
o
u
g
h
ts
,
em
o
tio
n
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
ac
tiv
ities
[
3
5
]
.
C
r
e
ativ
e
th
in
k
in
g
in
v
o
l
v
es
a
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
g
en
er
ates
n
ew
i
d
ea
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
ca
n
b
e
en
h
an
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
b
lem
id
en
tific
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
r
eso
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
em
p
lo
y
to
f
o
s
ter
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
in
clu
d
e:
d
e
f
in
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
r
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
cr
iter
ia,
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
s
ele
ctin
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
,
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
with
v
ar
io
u
s
v
iewp
o
in
ts
to
en
co
u
n
ter
d
i
v
er
s
e
an
g
les
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
g
en
er
ate
o
r
ig
in
al
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
id
ea
s
,
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
o
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
wh
en
f
ac
in
g
a
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
r
s
itu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
th
in
k
cr
ea
tiv
ely
is
p
o
s
itiv
ely
lin
k
ed
to
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
3
8
]
.
C
r
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
co
n
s
i
s
t
o
f
f
o
u
r
in
d
icato
r
s
:
f
lu
en
cy
,
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
o
r
ig
in
ality
,
an
d
e
lab
o
r
atio
n
[
3
9
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Han
d
a
y
an
i
et
a
l
.
[
3
9
]
,
f
lu
en
c
y
r
ef
er
s
to
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
g
en
er
ate
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
id
ea
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
,
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
an
d
alter
n
ativ
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Flex
ib
ilit
y
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
iv
e
r
s
e
id
ea
s
,
an
s
wer
s
,
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
m
u
ltip
le
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
Or
ig
in
ality
p
er
tain
s
to
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
d
ev
elo
p
u
n
iq
u
e
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Fin
ally
,
elab
o
r
atio
n
e
n
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
ab
ili
ty
to
ex
p
an
d
u
p
o
n
id
ea
s
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
etails.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
em
p
l
o
y
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
a
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
with
a
R
o
wn
tr
ee
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
:
p
lan
n
in
g
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
[4
0
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
p
h
ase,
T
ess
m
er
’
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
was
ap
p
lied
an
d
co
n
d
u
cted
in
f
iv
e
s
tag
es:
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
,
ex
p
er
t
r
ev
iew,
o
n
e
-
to
-
o
n
e
ev
alu
atio
n
,
s
m
all
-
g
r
o
u
p
ev
alu
atio
n
,
an
d
f
ield
test
[4
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
3
4
6
elev
en
th
-
g
r
a
d
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
s
tate
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Palem
b
an
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
was
ch
o
s
en
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
le
an
d
th
at
th
e
co
llected
d
ata
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t,
r
eliab
le,
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
[4
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
ele
v
e
n
t
h
g
r
ad
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
o
f
s
tat
e
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
i
n
Pal
em
b
a
n
g
was
c
o
n
d
u
c
te
d
in
th
e
s
m
all
-
g
r
o
u
p
e
v
a
lu
ati
o
n
s
t
a
g
e
.
T
o
v
a
l
id
a
te
th
e
r
es
u
lts
,
t
h
e
wa
l
k
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
was
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
t r
e
v
i
ew
s
t
ag
e
,
wh
i
le
a
q
u
est
io
n
n
a
ir
e
was
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
d
e
te
r
m
in
e
t
h
e
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
it
y
o
f
co
n
t
ex
t
-
b
ase
d
el
ec
t
r
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
les
f
o
r
lea
r
n
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
ics
c
o
n
c
e
p
ts
i
n
s
o
cc
er
g
a
m
e
at
t
h
e
o
n
e
-
to
-
o
n
e
an
d
s
m
al
l
-
g
r
o
u
p
e
v
a
l
u
at
io
n
s
t
a
g
es
.
T
h
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
n
ess
o
f
a
c
o
n
t
ex
t
-
b
ase
d
ele
ct
r
o
n
i
c
m
o
d
u
l
e
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
'
c
r
e
ati
v
e
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
il
ls
w
as
ev
al
u
at
ed
u
s
in
g
a
w
r
it
te
n
p
r
e
-
t
est
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
,
w
h
i
ch
we
r
e
a
n
al
y
ze
d
u
s
i
n
g
Mi
cr
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
ce
l
an
d
SP
S
S
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
1
6
.
T
h
e
v
ali
d
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
was
co
n
f
i
r
m
e
d
b
y
tw
o
ex
p
e
r
t
s
u
s
i
n
g
P
ea
r
s
o
n
'
s
p
r
o
d
u
ct
-
m
o
m
e
n
t
co
r
r
e
lati
o
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
e
u
s
e
d
P
ea
r
s
o
n
'
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
-
m
o
m
en
t
co
r
r
el
ati
o
n
f
o
r
v
ali
d
a
ti
o
n
,
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
n
b
e
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
b
y
tw
o
ex
p
e
r
ts
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
ali
g
n
s
wit
h
t
h
e
r
ese
ar
c
h
b
y
H
id
a
y
at
i
et
a
l
.
[4
3
]
,
w
h
o
als
o
u
s
ed
tw
o
e
x
p
e
r
ts
f
o
r
v
al
id
ati
o
n
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
t
h
e
cr
ite
r
ia
,
it
is
c
o
n
s
id
er
e
d
v
a
li
d
i
f
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
if
ic
an
ce
v
al
u
e
is
less
t
h
an
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t'
s
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
o
u
r
in
d
icato
r
s
:
f
lu
en
c
y
,
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
o
r
ig
in
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n
d
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[
7
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[
39
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tr
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4
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latio
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p
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7
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.
T
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.
3
N
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[
5
0
]
.
4
N
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[
5
1
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.
4
.
1
.
3
.
E
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lua
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I
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p
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T
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ased
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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3719
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r
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ep
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s
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h
e
N
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r
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lts
o
f
cr
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g
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e
p
r
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in
T
ab
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9
.
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ab
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9
.
N
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1
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icate
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Fig
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3
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u
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5
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I
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14
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5
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Octo
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20
25
:
3
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-
3726
3720
Fig
u
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6
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5.
DIS
CU
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ased
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2
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e
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tifie
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atter
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n
o
t
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
r
ele
v
an
t
in
r
ea
l
-
life
co
n
tex
ts
,
an
d
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
in
d
icato
r
s
to
en
h
an
ce
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
r
elate
d
to
p
ar
ab
o
lic
m
o
tio
n
an
d
New
to
n
'
s
laws.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
,
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
c
o
n
n
ec
t
th
eir
ev
er
y
d
a
y
liv
es
with
lear
n
in
g
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Ma
r
is
k
h
a
et
a
l
.
[5
3
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
th
at
i
n
teg
r
ate
a
p
p
licab
le
ex
am
p
les
f
r
o
m
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
p
a
r
ab
o
lic
m
o
tio
n
an
d
New
to
n
'
s
law
s
.
Sa
s
m
ita
et
a
l
.
[5
4
]
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
th
at
co
n
tex
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
clea
r
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
a
b
le
in
d
icato
r
s
to
ass
ess
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
is
also
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
r
o
g
r
ess
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
[
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
r
esear
ch
b
y
Asriza
l
et
a
l
.
[
2
5
]
,
in
d
ic
ates
th
at
co
n
tex
tu
al
e
-
m
o
d
u
les
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
cr
ea
ti
v
e
th
in
k
in
g
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
ia
th
a
t
f
ac
ilit
ate
r
elev
an
t,
r
ea
l
-
life
co
n
tex
ts
,
as
th
is
s
tr
a
teg
y
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
d
e
v
elo
p
a
c
o
n
tex
t
-
b
a
s
ed
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
p
h
y
s
ics co
n
ce
p
ts
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
s
p
o
r
t o
f
s
o
cc
e
r
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lt
th
at
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
,
it
was
estab
lis
h
ed
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
atio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
Pear
s
o
n
p
r
o
d
u
ct
-
m
o
m
en
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
test
y
ield
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
(
Sig
.
)
v
alu
e
o
f
le
s
s
th
an
0
.
0
5
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tex
t
-
b
ased
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
s
o
cc
er
g
am
es.
T
h
is
in
d
ic
ates
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
was
d
ee
m
ed
t
o
b
e
with
in
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
-
v
alid
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
v
alid
atio
n
,
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
0
,
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
is
v
alid
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
ea
d
ab
ilit
y
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
0
f
o
r
th
e
p
h
y
s
ics
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
with
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
in
d
icat
ed
th
at
it
wa
s
v
alid
.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
c
r
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
0
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
with
in
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
wer
e
v
alid
.
T
h
e
m
ed
ia
v
alid
a
tio
n
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
d
esig
n
y
ield
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
it
f
ell
with
in
th
e
v
alid
ca
t
eg
o
r
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
d
esig
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
Sig
.
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
t
v
alid
ato
r
'
s
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
ten
t
an
d
m
e
d
ia
asp
ec
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
n
te
n
t,
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
p
h
y
s
ics
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
an
d
th
e
f
e
asib
ilit
y
o
f
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
as
well
as
d
esig
n
,
o
n
Pro
to
ty
p
e
1
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
was
0
.
0
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
was
v
alid
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
an
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
r
ev
is
in
g
Pro
to
ty
p
e
1
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
ese
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
co
r
r
e
ctio
n
s
o
f
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ty
p
o
g
r
a
p
h
ical
er
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
el
ec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ea
l
im
ag
e
d
is
p
lay
s
f
r
o
m
illu
s
tr
atio
n
im
ag
es,
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
im
a
g
es
an
d
c
o
n
ce
p
t
m
ap
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
was
th
e
n
r
e
v
is
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
e
x
p
er
ts
'
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
.
At
th
e
o
n
e
-
to
-
o
n
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
tag
e,
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
th
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
asp
ec
ts
o
f
u
s
e,
th
e
a
ttra
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
p
r
esen
tatio
n
,
an
d
t
h
e
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
Pro
to
ty
p
e
1
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
was
8
2
.
7
5
%.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
was
b
o
th
p
r
ac
tical
a
n
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
in
its
ca
p
ac
ity
as
a
teac
h
in
g
to
o
l.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
r
e
co
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
to
Pro
t
o
ty
p
e
1
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
th
at
h
ad
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
All
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
co
m
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
alo
n
g
with
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
r
ev
is
io
n
f
r
o
m
ex
p
e
r
ts
,
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
Pro
to
ty
p
e
2
,
wh
ic
h
was
th
en
ev
alu
ated
in
th
e
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
test
in
g
p
h
ase
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
Pro
to
ty
p
e
2
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
was
9
1
%,
in
d
icatin
g
a
p
r
ac
tical
lev
el
o
f
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
f
o
r
class
r
o
o
m
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
e
t
esti
n
g
p
h
ase
o
f
Pro
to
ty
p
e
2
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
an
d
o
f
f
e
r
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
m
in
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
,
wh
ic
h
wer
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
in
t
o
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
Pro
to
ty
p
e
3
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
r
esu
l
t
was
a
v
alid
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
.
I
t
is
an
ticip
ated
th
at
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
co
n
tex
t
-
b
a
s
ed
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
les
o
n
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
with
in
th
e
co
n
t
ex
t
o
f
s
o
cc
er
g
am
es
will
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
tu
d
en
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
B
ar
in
g
an
d
B
er
am
e
[5
5
]
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
d
th
at
elec
tr
o
n
i
c
m
o
d
u
les
ca
n
s
im
p
lify
m
ater
ial
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
an
d
ar
e
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
l
ea
r
n
in
g
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
c
o
n
tex
t
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
to
en
h
a
n
ce
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
[5
6
]
–
[5
8
]
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t
to
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
v
alid
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le,
a
f
ield
test
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
to
a
s
s
es
s
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
8
,
th
e
N
-
g
ain
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
elev
e
n
th
-
g
r
a
d
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
en
g
a
g
ed
in
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
co
n
tex
t
-
b
ased
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
was
0
.
5
9
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
m
o
d
er
ate
lev
el
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
eir
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
also
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
co
n
tex
tu
al
-
b
ased
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
E
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al
&
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es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
u
n
d
erlyin
g
p
h
ysics
co
n
ce
p
t o
f a
s
o
cc
er g
a
me
a
s
a
ca
t
a
lyst
fo
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
crea
tive
…
(
I
d
a
S
r
iya
n
ti
)
3721
elec
tr
o
n
ic
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
ap
p
lied
to
s
o
cc
er
g
am
es
was
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
[4
5
]
,
[5
8
]
,
wh
ich
b
o
th
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
co
n
tex
t
-
b
ased
e
-
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
As ev
id
en
ce
d
in
T
ab
le
9
,
th
e
a
s
p
ec
t th
at
ex
h
ib
ited
th
e
m
o
s
t p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
teg
o
r
y
(N
-
g
ain
0
.
7
5
)
was
t
h
e
elab
o
r
a
tio
n
asp
ec
t.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Nad
a
an
d
Sar
i
[
59
]
,
wh
ich
also
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
i
g
h
s
co
r
es
o
n
th
e
elab
o
r
atio
n
asp
ec
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
co
n
tr
asts
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
esear
ch
b
y
Ok
tav
ia
[6
0
]
,
th
at
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
a
g
u
id
ed
i
n
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
aim
e
d
at
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
b
u
t
y
ield
i
n
g
l
o
w
s
co
r
es
o
n
el
ab
o
r
atio
n
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
a
co
n
tex
t
u
a
l
e
-
m
o
d
u
le
u
s
in
g
a
s
o
cc
er
co
n
tex
t
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
ela
b
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ela
b
o
r
atio
n
asp
ec
t
ex
h
ib
ited
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
in
cr
ea
s
e,
as
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ab
le
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
p
r
ec
is
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
w
ith
th
e
ass
er
tio
n
m
ad
e
b
y
B
u
s
y
air
i
et
a
l
.
[6
1
]
,
th
at
th
e
elab
o
r
atio
n
asp
ec
t,
o
r
d
etailed
th
in
k
in
g
,
r
ef
e
r
s
to
a
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
-
d
e
p
th
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
r
e
m
u
ltip
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es t
o
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
T
h
e
f
lu
en
cy
asp
ec
t
was
elev
ated
to
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
with
an
N
-
g
ain
o
f
0
.
7
1
.
T
h
i
s
r
esu
lt
i
s
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
r
ep
o
r
te
d
b
y
Ok
tav
ia
[
6
0
]
,
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
f
lu
en
cy
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
th
ey
co
u
ld
ar
ti
cu
late
p
r
o
b
lem
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
g
e
n
er
ate
a
g
r
ea
ter
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
te
n
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
o
f
Nad
a
a
n
d
Sar
i
[
5
9
]
also
in
d
icate
d
th
at
f
lu
en
cy
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
g
en
er
ate
a
m
u
ltit
u
d
e
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
an
s
wer
s
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
a
g
iv
en
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
co
n
tr
asts
with
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
b
y
W
itd
iy
a
et
a
l
.
[
6
2
]
,
wh
o
u
s
ed
STE
AM
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
c
r
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
ac
h
iev
ed
a
f
air
r
esu
lt
(
N
-
g
ain
0
.
4
9
)
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
co
n
tex
t
u
al
e
-
m
o
d
u
le
u
tili
zin
g
a
s
o
cc
er
co
n
t
ex
t is m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
en
h
an
cin
g
f
lu
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
asp
ec
t
s
h
o
wed
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
at
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
(
N
-
g
ai
n
0
.
5
1
)
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
ese
ar
ch
b
y
Par
an
i
et
a
l
.
[6
3
]
,
wh
ich
u
s
ed
au
g
m
e
n
ted
r
ea
lity
ap
p
licatio
n
m
e
d
ia
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
a
m
o
d
er
ate
r
esu
lt
(
N
-
g
ain
0
.
3
4
)
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
s
tu
d
ies y
ield
ed
m
o
d
er
ate
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
th
e
N
-
g
ain
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was h
ig
h
er
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
a
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
e
-
m
o
d
u
le
with
a
s
o
cc
er
co
n
tex
t
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
en
h
an
cin
g
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Sap
r
iad
il
e
t
a
l
.
[6
4
]
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
till
n
ee
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
th
is
asp
ec
t,
a
s
s
o
m
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
g
en
er
atin
g
id
ea
s
,
an
s
wer
s
,
o
r
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
Yay
u
k
et
a
l.
[6
5
]
f
u
r
t
h
er
n
o
te
d
th
at
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
is
s
h
o
wn
wh
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ac
cu
r
ately
u
tili
ze
v
ar
io
u
s
id
ea
s
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
o
r
i
g
in
ality
asp
ec
t
ex
h
ib
it
ed
th
e
lo
west
lev
el
o
f
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
with
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
ate
ca
teg
o
r
y
(
N
-
g
ai
n
0
.
4
0
)
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
b
y
Ok
ta
v
ia
[
6
0
]
wh
ich
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
g
u
id
ed
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
aim
ed
at
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
r
ep
o
r
ted
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
ate
ca
teg
o
r
y
(N
-
g
ain
0
.
3
7
)
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
s
tu
d
ies
r
esu
lted
in
m
o
d
er
ate
o
u
tco
m
es,
th
e
N
-
g
ain
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
h
ig
h
er
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
co
n
tex
tu
al
e
-
m
o
d
u
le
with
a
s
o
cc
er
co
n
tex
t
is
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
e
ctiv
e
in
en
h
an
ci
n
g
f
lu
en
cy
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
in
ality
f
ac
t
o
r
was
th
e
l
o
west
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
n
tin
u
ed
t
o
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
s
o
lv
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
u
s
in
g
n
o
v
el,
d
is
tin
ctiv
e,
o
r
u
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
es.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
r
is
n
ay
an
ti
et
a
l
.
[
7
]
,
o
r
ig
in
ali
ty
is
d
ef
in
ed
as th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
n
o
v
el
a
n
d
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
id
ea
s
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
t
h
e
c
o
n
te
x
t
-
b
ase
d
ele
ct
r
o
n
i
c
m
o
d
u
le,
d
es
ig
n
ed
b
y
i
n
t
eg
r
ati
n
g
s
o
c
ce
r
i
n
t
o
p
h
y
s
i
cs
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
es
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
c
r
e
ati
v
e
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
ill
s
,
p
a
r
ti
cu
la
r
l
y
f
l
u
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
el
a
b
o
r
ati
o
n
,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
ca
t
eg
o
r
iz
e
d
as
h
i
g
h
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
c
o
n
n
e
cts
th
e
o
r
eti
ca
l
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
w
it
h
r
e
al
-
w
o
r
ld
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
,
h
el
p
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
m
o
r
e
d
e
e
p
l
y
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
eir
p
r
o
b
l
em
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
.
H
o
we
v
er
,
t
h
e
r
e
we
r
e
lim
ita
ti
o
n
s
i
n
d
e
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
f
le
x
i
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
o
r
i
g
i
n
al
it
y
,
w
h
i
c
h
we
r
e
ca
t
eg
o
r
iz
ed
as
m
o
d
e
r
at
e,
as
s
t
u
d
en
ts
h
a
d
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
n
g
n
o
v
e
l
i
d
e
as
a
n
d
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
.
T
h
es
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
es
t
th
at
,
w
h
il
e
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
es
cr
ea
t
iv
it
y
,
it
m
a
y
n
o
t
f
u
ll
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
o
r
e
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
t
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