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K
ey
w
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s
:
C
r
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
Me
ta
-
an
aly
s
is
PR
I
SMA
Pro
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
Scien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
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p
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rticle
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d
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CC B
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SA
li
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se
.
C
o
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r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
W
id
h
a
Su
n
ar
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o
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Ph
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s
ics E
d
u
ca
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Facu
lty
o
f
T
ea
ch
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T
r
ain
i
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g
an
d
E
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ca
tio
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Un
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s
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Seb
elas M
ar
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Su
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ar
ta,
I
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d
o
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ail: w
id
h
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@
s
taf
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.
u
n
s
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Hig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
(
HOT
S)
en
co
m
p
ass
v
ar
io
u
s
ad
v
an
ce
d
c
o
g
n
itiv
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ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
[
1
]
.
I
n
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
alo
n
g
with
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
is
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
k
ey
co
m
p
eten
cies
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
[
2
]
.
C
r
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
is
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
b
y
f
o
u
r
ess
en
tial
attr
ib
u
tes:
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
g
en
er
ate
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
id
e
as,
ad
ap
t
to
d
iv
e
r
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
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p
r
o
d
u
ce
in
n
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v
at
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co
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ce
p
ts
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an
d
e
x
p
an
d
o
n
id
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s
with
d
etailed
r
ea
s
o
n
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n
g
,
all
o
f
wh
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r
ef
lect
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
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c
o
m
p
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n
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ts
o
f
HOT
S.
Flu
en
cy
r
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er
s
to
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
q
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ly
p
r
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ce
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v
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f
o
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m
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late
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s
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an
d
s
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g
g
est
s
o
lu
tio
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s
to
c
h
allen
g
es
[3
]
,
[
4]
.
Flex
ib
ilit
y
i
n
v
o
lv
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co
n
s
id
e
r
in
g
d
iv
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p
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p
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tiv
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n
d
p
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m
u
ltip
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v
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ts
.
Or
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in
ality
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ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
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th
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g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
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n
iq
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e
id
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s
an
d
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
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ap
p
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o
ac
h
es,
wh
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elab
o
r
atio
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r
ef
er
s
to
r
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f
in
in
g
a
n
d
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in
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an
d
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d
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p
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co
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ts
to
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ew
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I
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J
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2252
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8
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2
2
C
r
ea
tive
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in
kin
g
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t th
r
o
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g
h
p
r
o
ject
-
b
a
s
ed
lea
r
n
i
n
g
in
s
cien
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:
…
(
Mo
la
n
i P
a
u
lin
a
Ha
s
ib
u
a
n
)
3995
co
n
tex
ts
[
5
]
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
s
k
ills
en
ab
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
b
r
o
ad
,
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
id
ea
s
an
d
en
g
ag
e
in
im
ag
in
ativ
e,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
[6
]
,
[
7]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
cr
e
ativ
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
c
u
r
r
en
t
lev
els
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
em
ain
lo
w,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
af
ter
th
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
.
So
cial
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
c
h
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
b
o
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o
m
,
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ed
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ce
d
s
ch
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l
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n
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
lim
ited
p
ee
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in
t
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ac
tio
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,
d
im
in
is
h
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m
o
tiv
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io
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,
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d
in
c
r
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s
ed
d
ep
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d
e
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ce
o
n
d
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o
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ig
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ican
tly
im
p
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s
tu
d
en
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’
co
g
n
itiv
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d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
8
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
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r
eq
u
ir
es
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n
o
v
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ed
a
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g
ical
s
tr
ateg
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t
h
at
em
p
h
asize
r
ea
l
-
w
o
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ld
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
ac
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
9
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies,
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
PjB
L
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s
tan
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s
o
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s
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ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
PjB
L
is
a
s
tu
d
en
t
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
th
at
en
g
a
g
es
lear
n
er
s
in
p
r
ac
tical,
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
p
r
o
jects,
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
t
h
em
to
ap
p
ly
t
h
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
a
b
ilit
ies
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
in
n
o
v
at
iv
e
way
s
[
1
0
]
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
,
c
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
PjB
L
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
p
r
o
v
es
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
b
u
t
also
f
o
s
ter
s
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
eten
cies
n
ee
d
e
d
to
n
a
v
ig
ate
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
l
ex
ities
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
life
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Acr
o
s
s
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
io
lo
g
y
,
m
ath
em
atics,
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
,
PjB
L
h
as c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
its
ab
ilit
y
to
en
h
a
n
ce
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
in
clu
d
in
g
c
r
e
ativ
e
th
in
k
in
g
[
1
3
]
,
[
14]
.
PjB
L
i
s
h
ig
h
ly
r
eg
ar
d
ed
f
o
r
its
ab
ilit
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
t
h
eir
c
r
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
R
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
PjB
L
f
o
s
ter
s
cr
ea
tiv
ity
b
y
en
g
a
g
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
ac
ti
v
ities
wh
er
e
th
e
y
h
ar
n
ess
th
e
ir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ab
ilit
ies
to
ad
d
r
ess
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
b
u
t
also
f
o
s
ter
s
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
eten
cies
s
u
ch
as
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
,
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
[
1
5
]
.
Acr
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
m
p
u
ter
n
u
m
er
ical
co
n
tr
o
l,
r
o
tatio
n
al
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
,
an
d
Ar
a
b
ic
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
,
PjB
L
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
1
3
]
,
[
15
]
,
[
16]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
PjB
L
with
o
th
er
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
f
u
r
th
e
r
am
p
lifie
s
its
im
p
ac
t.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
L
ea
r
n
in
g
C
y
cle
7
E
an
d
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
ar
ts
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
ST
E
AM
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
te
r
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
f
o
s
ter
cr
e
ativ
ity
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
[
1
7
]
,
[
18]
.
T
h
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
t
s
d
ev
elo
p
a
b
r
o
a
d
er
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
b
y
c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
s
u
b
jects,
en
h
an
cin
g
b
o
t
h
cr
itical
an
d
c
r
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
.
Dig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
also
s
tr
en
g
th
en
PjB
L
’
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
y
n
am
ic
m
ath
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
e
-
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
im
p
r
o
v
es
b
o
th
cr
ea
t
iv
ity
an
d
s
elf
-
r
e
g
u
latio
n
ab
ilit
ies
[
1
9
]
,
[
20]
.
Am
id
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
e
-
le
ar
n
in
g
to
o
ls
an
d
f
lip
p
e
d
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
els
em
er
g
ed
as
v
alu
a
b
le
ass
et
s
,
allo
win
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
lear
n
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
ltime
d
ia
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
d
ig
ital
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
cr
ea
ted
en
g
a
g
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
s
tim
u
lated
cr
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
c
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
PjB
L
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
co
n
tex
ts
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
es.
Stu
d
i
es
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
ep
o
r
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
b
o
th
cr
itical
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
2
3
]
.
Me
ta
-
an
aly
s
es
an
d
e
m
p
i
r
ical
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
PjB
L
f
o
s
ter
s
cr
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
y
e
n
g
ag
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
au
th
e
n
tic
task
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
[
2
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
ten
s
h
o
w
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cies,
wh
ich
m
ay
ar
is
e
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
,
s
am
p
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
,
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
t
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
PjB
L
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
wh
ile
o
t
h
er
s
n
o
te
m
o
r
e
m
o
d
er
ate
o
r
co
n
tex
t
-
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iat
io
n
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
al
y
s
is
to
b
etter
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
h
o
w
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
PjB
L
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
o
f
t
h
e
PjB
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
a
b
ilit
ies
with
in
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
s
cien
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Utilizin
g
a
m
eta
-
an
aly
ti
c
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
p
r
esen
t
e
v
id
en
ce
o
n
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
PjB
L
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
wh
ile
also
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
co
n
tex
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
—
s
u
ch
as
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
lev
el,
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
co
n
te
x
t
—
th
at
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
its
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
ec
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
(
2
0
1
4
–
2
0
2
4
)
an
d
its
an
aly
s
is
o
f
h
o
w
d
if
f
er
en
t
PjB
L
v
ar
iatio
n
s
an
d
co
n
tex
t
u
al
f
ac
to
r
s
s
p
ec
if
ically
im
p
ac
t
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
PjB
L
m
o
d
el
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
(
SLR)
an
d
m
eta
-
a
n
aly
s
is
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
is
r
ev
iew
f
o
llo
wed
th
e
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es,
it
was
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
(
PR
I
SM
A
)
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
[
2
4
]
.
Me
ta
-
an
aly
s
is
is
a
wid
ely
r
e
co
g
n
ized
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
y
n
th
es
izin
g
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
an
d
em
p
ir
ically
v
alid
atin
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
is
cip
lin
es
[
2
5
]
,
[
26]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
h
er
ed
t
o
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
tep
s
o
u
tlin
ed
b
y
Han
s
en
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
,
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
p
la
n
n
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
esen
tat
io
n
o
f
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
an
with
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
u
s
in
g
f
o
u
r
k
e
y
p
h
r
ases
:
i
)
“
P
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
in
s
ci
en
ce
”;
ii
)
“
P
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
le
ar
n
in
g
f
o
r
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
in
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
”;
iii
)
“
P
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
cr
ea
t
iv
e
th
in
k
in
g
in
p
h
y
s
ics”
;
an
d
iv
)
“
P
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
9
9
4
-
400
5
3996
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
cr
ea
tiv
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
i
n
b
io
lo
g
y
”
.
Ar
ticles we
r
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
if
th
ey
m
et
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
cr
iter
ia:
th
ey
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
4
a
n
d
2
0
2
4
,
in
d
e
x
ed
in
Sc
o
p
u
s
,
an
d
wr
itten
in
E
n
g
lis
h
.
On
ly
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
,
ex
cl
u
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
,
b
o
o
k
s
,
o
r
o
th
er
p
u
b
licatio
n
f
o
r
m
ats.
Ar
ticle
s
wer
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
to
ex
p
licitly
m
ea
s
u
r
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
ap
p
ly
th
e
PjB
L
m
o
d
el
with
in
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
o
r
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
s
.
Data
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
p
r
e
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
b
etwe
en
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
also
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
o
f
q
u
alif
y
in
g
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ic
h
in
clu
d
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
p
u
r
s
u
i
n
g
s
cien
ce
-
r
elate
d
d
is
cip
lin
es
in
clu
d
in
g
ch
em
is
tr
y
,
b
io
lo
g
y
,
an
d
p
h
y
s
ics.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
ad
h
er
ed
to
th
e
PR
I
SMA
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
f
o
u
r
k
ey
s
tag
es:
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
,
eli
g
ib
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
in
clu
s
io
n
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
p
h
ase,
all
p
e
r
tin
en
t
ar
ticles
wer
e
r
etr
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
itial
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
.
I
n
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
h
ase,
d
u
p
licates
wer
e
r
em
o
v
e
d
,
an
d
titl
es
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
f
o
r
p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
r
ele
v
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
elig
i
b
ilit
y
p
h
ase
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
a
d
etailed
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
u
ll
tex
t
o
f
ar
ticles
th
at
p
as
s
ed
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
s
tag
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
ey
m
e
t
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
Fin
ally
,
in
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
p
h
ase,
ar
ticles
t
h
at
f
u
lf
illed
all
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
wer
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
th
e
f
in
al
m
e
ta
-
an
aly
s
is
.
A
PR
I
SMA
f
lo
w
d
iag
r
am
was
u
s
ed
to
illu
s
tr
ate
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
m
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
PR
I
SMA,
2
4
1
s
tu
d
ies
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
4
an
d
2
0
2
4
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
a
tab
ase,
o
f
wh
ich
1
2
m
et
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
r
esen
t
d
iv
er
s
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
Sp
ain
,
J
o
r
d
an
,
C
h
in
a,
an
d
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PR
I
SMA
f
lo
w
d
iag
r
am
T
h
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
th
is
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
R
s
o
f
twar
e.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
izes
(
E
S)
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
PjB
L
m
o
d
el
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
in
clu
d
e
d
ES
v
al
u
es,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
(
SD)
,
s
am
p
le
s
izes
(
N)
,
an
d
m
o
d
er
ato
r
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
,
an
d
s
tu
d
y
lo
ca
tio
n
.
A
r
an
d
o
m
-
ef
f
ec
ts
m
o
d
el
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
m
a
n
ag
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
was e
v
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
²
s
tatis
tic
[
2
8
]
.
Fu
n
n
el
p
lo
ts
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
2
9
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
o
r
est
p
lo
ts
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
to
d
ep
ict
th
e
ES
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
als
(
C
I
s
)
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
ese
p
lo
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
clea
r
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eity
o
f
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
r
ea
tive
th
in
kin
g
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
ject
-
b
a
s
ed
lea
r
n
i
n
g
in
s
cien
ce
:
…
(
Mo
la
n
i P
a
u
lin
a
Ha
s
ib
u
a
n
)
3997
[
3
0
]
,
[
31]
.
Hete
r
o
g
en
eity
a
n
al
y
s
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
²
s
tatis
tic
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
v
a
r
ian
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
s
tu
d
ies d
u
e
to
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
co
n
tex
ts
,
o
r
s
am
p
le
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
[
3
2
]
.
Mo
d
er
ato
r
a
n
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
co
u
ld
in
f
l
u
en
ce
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
els,
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
s
,
o
r
s
tu
d
y
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
n
d
er
wh
ich
th
e
PjB
L
m
o
d
el
is
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
ES
wer
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
u
s
in
g
estab
lis
h
ed
in
ter
v
al
cr
iter
ia
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
,
wh
er
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ES
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
ap
p
ly
in
g
t
h
e
PjB
L
m
o
d
el
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
in
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
ese
class
if
icatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
n
e
m
p
ir
ical
b
asis
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
o
v
er
al
l e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
PjB
L
m
o
d
el.
Pu
b
licatio
n
b
ias
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
is
s
u
e
in
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es,
ar
i
s
in
g
wh
en
r
esear
ch
with
f
av
o
r
ab
le
o
r
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
tu
d
ies
with
n
eg
a
tiv
e
o
r
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
o
led
ef
f
ec
t
e
s
tim
ates
m
ig
h
t
b
e
s
k
ewe
d
d
u
e
to
th
is
b
ias,
as
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
s
t
u
d
ies
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
o
f
all
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject
[
3
3
]
.
T
o
d
ete
ct
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias,
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
ts
wer
e
g
e
n
er
ate
d
u
s
in
g
R
s
o
f
twar
e
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
ese
p
lo
ts
d
is
p
lay
th
e
E
S
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
tu
d
ies
(
e.
g
.
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
iz
ed
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
(
SMD)
)
o
n
t
h
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
a
x
is
an
d
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
o
n
th
e
v
er
tical
ax
is
.
I
n
an
id
ea
l
s
ce
n
a
r
io
,
a
s
y
m
m
et
r
ical
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
tu
d
i
es
with
b
o
th
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
n
o
n
-
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lts
ar
e
ad
eq
u
ately
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
,
wh
ile
asy
m
m
etr
y
s
u
g
g
ests
p
o
ten
tial
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias.
T
h
i
s
an
aly
s
is
also
u
s
ed
tr
im
-
an
d
-
f
ill
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
esti
m
ate
an
d
ad
ju
s
t
f
o
r
p
o
ten
t
ial
m
is
s
in
g
s
tu
d
ies,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
ter
v
al
ES
ES
V
a
l
u
e
ES<0
.
1
9
N
o
e
f
f
e
c
t
0
.
2
0
≤
ES≤
0
.
4
9
S
mal
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
0
.
5
0
≤
ES≤
0
.
7
9
M
e
d
i
u
m
e
f
f
e
c
t
ES>0
.
8
0
La
r
g
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
E
f
f
ec
t
i
v
eness
o
f
P
j
B
L
in
im
pro
v
ing
cr
ea
t
iv
e
t
hin
k
ing
s
k
ills
T
h
e
r
ev
iewe
d
s
tu
d
ies
,
as
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
2
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
PjB
L
in
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
els
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
es.
PjB
L
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
ex
ten
d
e
d
p
r
o
jects
with
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
r
m
atch
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
PB
L
)
,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
c
r
ea
tiv
e
s
k
ills
[
3
6
]
.
Var
iatio
n
s
o
f
PjB
L
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
s
cien
tific
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
-
b
ased
p
r
o
ject
(
SR
B
P)
m
o
d
el,
wer
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
lik
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
elab
o
r
atio
n
,
f
l
u
en
cy
,
an
d
o
r
i
g
in
ality
[
3
7
]
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
STE
AM
in
to
PjB
L
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
d
cr
ea
ti
v
ity
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
i
n
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
lear
n
in
g
at
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el
[
3
8
]
,
[
39]
.
An
o
th
er
v
a
r
ian
t,
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
POPB
L
)
,
p
r
o
v
ed
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
in
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
cr
itical
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tiv
e
teac
h
er
-
s
tu
d
en
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
[
4
0
]
.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
o
n
lin
e
a
d
ap
tatio
n
s
lik
e
th
e
p
r
o
ject
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
m
o
d
el
ass
is
ted
b
y
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
(
PjC
M
-
GC
)
m
ain
tain
ed
o
r
e
v
en
e
n
h
an
ce
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
,
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
tin
g
its
v
iab
ilit
y
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
4
1
]
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
e
r
lin
e
PjB
L
’
s
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
to
f
o
s
ter
cr
ea
tiv
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
-
life
c
h
allen
g
es,
h
y
b
r
id
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
d
ig
ital to
o
ls
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
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r
est
p
lo
ts
ar
e
wid
el
y
u
s
ed
in
m
eta
-
a
n
aly
s
es
to
v
is
u
ally
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
a
n
d
co
m
p
a
r
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
s
tu
d
ies.
I
n
th
ese
p
lo
t
s
,
ea
ch
s
tu
d
y
is
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
lin
e
th
at
s
h
o
ws
its
C
I
,
with
a
d
o
t
o
r
b
o
x
in
t
h
e
ce
n
ter
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
e
esti
m
ated
ES
.
T
h
e
wid
th
o
f
th
e
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
lin
e
r
ef
lects
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
o
f
th
e
esti
m
ate,
wh
ile
th
e
p
o
o
led
ES
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
at
th
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
th
e
p
lo
t
as
a
d
iam
o
n
d
o
r
o
th
er
s
h
ap
e,
with
its
wid
th
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
C
I
o
f
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
esti
m
ate
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
est
p
lo
t
f
o
r
th
is
an
aly
s
is
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
illu
s
tr
ates
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ES
o
f
in
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id
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al
s
tu
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ies
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d
ev
alu
ates
th
e
o
v
er
all
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
PjB
L
m
o
d
el
o
n
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
u
s
ed
a
r
a
n
d
o
m
ef
f
ec
ts
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el
to
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co
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n
t
f
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r
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r
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n
eity
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s
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tu
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B
ased
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u
r
e
2
,
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I
²
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g
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f
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2
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icate
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ce
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τ
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1
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in
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am
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p
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0
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0
1
in
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ig
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ican
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ies
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if
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er
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ig
n
if
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tly
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T
h
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iatio
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ay
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tem
f
r
o
m
d
if
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e
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en
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in
s
tu
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p
o
p
u
latio
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ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
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m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
tech
n
iq
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es,
o
r
o
th
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in
f
l
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en
ci
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g
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
v
er
all
r
esu
lts
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f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
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wer
e
f
av
o
r
a
b
le,
th
e
h
ig
h
v
ar
ian
ce
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
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ess
o
f
th
e
PjB
L
m
o
d
el
m
ay
d
if
f
e
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t a
n
d
ap
p
licatio
n
[
3
1
]
,
[
42]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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r
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k
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k
ills
[
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3
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R
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[
3
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I
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Ev
a
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B
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R2
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4
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S
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R
3
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[
3
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(
a
)
I
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d
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s
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a
;
(
b
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Jo
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R4
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5
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R6
[
3
9
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R9
[4
8
]
I
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Te
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R
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4
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[4
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s
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
o
d
er
ato
r
v
a
r
iab
les
r
ath
er
th
a
n
r
an
d
o
m
v
ar
iatio
n
alo
n
e.
Mo
d
er
ato
r
an
aly
s
is
ex
am
in
es
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
im
p
ac
t
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
an
d
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les
in
a
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
.
Mo
d
er
ato
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
r
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
s
t
u
d
y
o
u
tc
o
m
es
[4
3
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
m
o
d
er
ato
r
an
aly
s
is
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
PjB
L
m
o
d
el
s
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
t
h
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
im
p
ac
ted
o
u
tco
m
es.
Q
u
an
titativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
y
ield
ed
an
SMD
o
f
1
.
1
7
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
5
9
;
1
.
7
4
]
)
,
wh
ile
m
ix
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
an
SMD
o
f
1
.
2
7
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
2
4
;
2
.
3
0
]
)
.
B
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
PjB
L
o
n
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
o
f
th
is
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
el
ac
r
o
s
s
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
PjB
L
v
ar
ied
ac
r
o
s
s
ac
ad
em
ic
lev
els.
Hig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
th
e
g
r
ea
test
b
en
ef
it,
with
an
SMD
o
f
1
.
3
5
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
4
1
;
2
.
2
8
]
)
.
C
o
lleg
e
-
lev
el
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
llo
wed
with
an
SMD
o
f
1
.
0
2
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
4
7
;
1
.
5
6
]
)
.
R
esu
lts
f
o
r
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
d
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
m
o
r
e
v
ar
iab
le,
with
SMDs
o
f
1
.
4
9
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
-
0
.
2
2
;
3
.
2
0
]
)
an
d
0
.
6
3
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
-
0
.
9
2
;
2
.
1
8
]
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
s
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
PjB
L
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
at
h
ig
h
er
ac
ad
em
ic
l
ev
els,
th
o
u
g
h
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
e
s
s
m
ay
d
ep
en
d
o
n
co
n
tex
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
at
lo
wer
lev
els.
T
h
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
also
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
with
p
h
y
s
ics
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
SMD=
2
.
0
2
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
9
0
;
3
.
1
3
]
)
.
T
h
is
was
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
s
c
ien
ce
(
SMD=
1
.
1
1
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
4
1
;
1
.
8
2
]
)
,
b
io
lo
g
y
(
SMD=
0
.
5
2
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
3
0
;
0
.
7
4
]
)
,
an
d
ch
em
is
tr
y
(
SMD=
0
.
4
4
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
0
8
;
0
.
8
0
]
)
.
T
h
ese
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
t
ailo
r
in
g
PjB
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
is
cip
lin
es
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Sam
p
le
s
ize
also
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
,
with
s
m
aller
s
tu
d
ies
y
ield
in
g
an
SMD
o
f
1
.
2
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
9
9
4
-
400
5
4000
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
7
5
;
1
.
6
6
]
)
an
d
lar
g
er
s
tu
d
ies
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
a
n
SMD
o
f
1
.
1
6
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
2
0
;
2
.
1
1
]
)
.
B
o
th
ca
teg
o
r
ies
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t e
f
f
ec
ts
,
th
o
u
g
h
s
m
aller
s
am
p
les ex
h
ib
ited
s
lig
h
tly
h
ig
h
er
v
a
r
iab
il
ity
in
o
u
tco
m
es.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mo
d
er
ato
r
an
aly
s
is
o
f
PjB
L
Ass
es
s
m
en
t
ty
p
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
o
u
tco
m
es.
E
s
s
ay
-
b
ased
ass
ess
m
en
ts
y
ield
e
d
an
SMD
o
f
1
.
2
5
(
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
5
5
;
1
.
9
5
]
)
.
W
h
en
co
m
b
in
ed
with
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
h
ee
ts
,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
was
g
r
ea
ter
(
SMD=
1
.
6
4
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
3
1
;
2
.
9
8
]
)
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
r
ep
o
r
ted
a
s
m
aller
ef
f
ec
t
(
S
MD
=0
.
3
9
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
1
2
;
0
.
6
5
]
)
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
ass
es
s
m
en
t
f
o
r
m
ats
em
p
h
asizin
g
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
al
elem
en
ts
m
ay
b
etter
ca
p
t
u
r
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
PjB
L
o
n
c
r
ea
tiv
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Var
iatio
n
s
in
PjB
L
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
r
ev
ea
led
n
o
ta
b
le
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
b
len
d
e
d
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
we
d
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
SMD=
4
.
7
4
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
4
.
0
3
;
5
.
4
4
]
)
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
PjB
L
in
teg
r
ated
with
e
-
l
ea
r
n
in
g
(
SMD=
1
.
9
0
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
1
.
2
6
;
2
.
5
3
]
)
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
PjB
L
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wed
a
s
m
aller
b
u
t
s
till
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
(
SMD=
0
.
6
7
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
0
.
1
4
;
1
.
2
0
]
)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
p
o
ten
ti
al
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
en
h
an
ce
d
ad
ap
tati
o
n
s
o
f
PjB
L
to
f
u
r
th
e
r
en
h
an
ce
its
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
is
m
o
d
er
ato
r
an
aly
s
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
PjB
L
m
o
d
els
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
r
esear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
,
ac
a
d
em
ic
lev
el,
lear
n
i
n
g
co
n
ten
t,
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
ty
p
e
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
.
T
h
ese
m
ix
ed
r
esu
lts
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
c
o
n
tex
t
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
ar
iab
les in
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
r
esear
ch
o
f
PjB
L
m
o
d
els.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
r
ea
tive
th
in
kin
g
en
h
a
n
ce
men
t th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
ject
-
b
a
s
ed
lea
r
n
i
n
g
in
s
cien
ce
:
…
(
Mo
la
n
i P
a
u
lin
a
Ha
s
ib
u
a
n
)
4001
3
.
3
.
P
ub
lica
t
io
n bia
s
T
h
e
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
t
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
tu
d
ies
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
is
.
E
ac
h
d
o
t
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
a
s
tu
d
y
,
with
th
e
h
o
r
iz
o
n
tal
ax
is
s
h
o
win
g
t
h
e
ES
(
e
.
g
.
,
SMD)
an
d
th
e
v
er
tical
ax
is
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
e
r
r
o
r
.
I
d
ea
lly
,
in
th
e
a
b
s
en
ce
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias,
th
e
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
wo
u
ld
b
e
s
y
m
m
etr
ically
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
ce
n
ter
lin
e,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
o
o
led
ef
f
ec
t
esti
m
ate.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
lo
t sh
o
ws asy
m
m
etr
y
,
wit
h
a
n
o
ticea
b
le
clu
s
ter
in
g
o
f
p
o
in
ts
o
n
o
n
e
s
id
e,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
p
o
ten
tial p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias.
Stu
d
ies
with
s
m
al
ler
s
tan
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
s
(
in
d
icatin
g
lar
g
e
r
s
am
p
le
s
izes)
ten
d
to
clu
s
ter
n
ea
r
th
e
p
o
o
led
ef
f
ec
t
esti
m
ate
at
t
h
e
lo
we
r
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
n
el
p
lo
t,
wh
er
ea
s
th
o
s
e
with
la
r
g
er
s
tan
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
s
(
in
d
icatin
g
s
m
aller
s
am
p
le
s
izes)
ar
e
m
o
r
e
wid
ely
s
ca
tter
ed
to
war
d
t
h
e
to
p
o
f
t
h
e
p
lo
t
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
as
y
m
m
etr
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
d
icate
s
a
h
ig
h
er
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
f
o
r
s
tu
d
ies
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
r
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
le
r
esu
lts
,
wh
ile
th
o
s
e
with
non
-
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
o
r
n
e
g
ativ
e
o
u
tco
m
es
m
ay
b
e
u
n
d
er
r
ep
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
s
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
s
elec
tiv
e
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
,
w
h
ich
co
u
ld
lead
to
an
o
v
er
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
o
led
ES
in
th
e
m
eta
-
an
a
ly
s
is
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e,
s
tatis
t
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
tr
im
a
n
d
f
ill
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
.
T
h
es
e
m
eth
o
d
s
esti
m
ate
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
ten
tially
m
is
s
in
g
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
th
em
in
t
o
th
e
an
a
ly
s
is
to
b
alan
ce
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
C
o
r
r
ec
tin
g
f
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
b
ias
en
s
u
r
es
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
cr
e
d
ib
le
r
ep
r
es
en
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
tr
u
e
ES
.
Fu
n
n
el
p
lo
ts
,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
s
tatis
tical
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
,
p
lay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
id
en
tify
in
g
an
d
m
itig
atin
g
b
iases
,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
m
eta
-
an
aly
tic
r
esu
lts
[
2
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fu
n
n
el
p
lo
t
o
f
an
aly
ze
d
s
tu
d
ies o
f
PjB
L
’
s
im
p
ac
t o
n
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
o
f
PjB
L
in
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
els
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
es.
PjB
L
h
as b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
f
o
s
ter
cr
ea
tiv
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
f
lu
en
cy
,
el
ab
o
r
atio
n
,
a
n
d
o
r
ig
i
n
ality
,
o
f
t
en
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
o
r
eq
u
alin
g
o
th
er
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
lik
e
PB
L
.
Var
ian
t
s
o
f
PjB
L
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
SR
B
P
m
o
d
el
an
d
STE
AM
-
in
teg
r
at
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
b
o
th
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
co
n
te
x
ts
,
wh
ile
d
ig
ital
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
PjC
M
-
GC
p
r
o
v
ed
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
v
ir
t
u
al
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
v
er
s
atility
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
PjB
L
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
m
o
d
er
n
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ic
al
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
9
9
4
-
400
5
4002
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
e
als
th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
PjB
L
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
co
n
t
ex
tu
al
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
a
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
,
ass
es
s
m
en
t
ty
p
es,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
im
p
ac
ts
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
co
lleg
e
s
ettin
g
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l,
in
q
u
ir
y
-
d
r
i
v
en
s
u
b
jects
lik
e
p
h
y
s
ics
an
d
s
cien
ce
.
Mo
d
er
ato
r
an
aly
s
is
also
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
tailo
r
ed
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
to
m
ax
im
iz
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
PjB
L
.
Desp
ite
s
o
m
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
h
eter
o
g
en
eity
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tco
m
es
af
f
ir
m
PjB
L
as
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
ad
ap
ta
b
le
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
PjB
L
a
n
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ill d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t a
n
d
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
its
ef
f
ec
ts
v
ar
y
b
a
s
ed
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
co
n
te
x
tu
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
two
f
o
ld
.
First,
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
ad
o
p
tin
g
PjB
L
as
a
co
r
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
y
to
en
h
an
ce
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
il
ls
,
lev
er
ag
in
g
its
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
in
-
p
e
r
s
o
n
an
d
v
ir
t
u
al
lear
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
ailo
r
ed
im
p
lem
en
tati
o
n
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
i
n
ter
d
is
cip
lin
a
r
y
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
en
h
an
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
to
alig
n
PjB
L
with
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
co
n
tex
t
u
al
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
PjB
L
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
f
u
r
th
e
r
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
e
f
in
in
g
PjB
L
m
o
d
els
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
B
y
d
o
in
g
s
o
,
PjB
L
ca
n
co
n
tin
u
e
to
s
er
v
e
as
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
ee
t t
h
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
a
r
a
p
id
ly
ev
o
lv
in
g
wo
r
ld
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
s
in
ce
r
ely
th
a
n
k
al
l
in
d
iv
id
u
als
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
wh
o
s
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
co
n
tr
i
b
u
t
io
n
s
wer
e
cr
u
cial
to
co
m
p
letin
g
th
is
r
ese
ar
ch
,
with
s
p
ec
ial
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t to
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
,
a
n
d
co
lleag
u
es.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
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in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
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M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
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)
to
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ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
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tio
n
s
,
r
ed
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ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
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o
f
Aut
ho
r
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C
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C
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f
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ter
ests
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ip
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ld
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k
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ap
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.
Au
th
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r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
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ata
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p
p
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g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Y.
-
M
.
H
u
a
n
g
,
L
.
M
.
S
i
l
i
t
o
n
g
a
,
a
n
d
T.
-
T
.
W
u
,
“
A
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
a
b
u
s
i
n
e
ss
s
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
g
a
m
e
i
n
a
f
l
i
p
p
e
d
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
,
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
e
r
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s,
”
C
o
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