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1
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r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
in
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
o
v
er
s
tated
[
8
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
d
ig
it
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
h
e
d
d
in
g
lig
h
t o
n
t
h
eir
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
o
f
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
9
]
.
Dig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
r
ef
er
to
th
e
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
u
s
e
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
ic
h
in
clu
d
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
ese
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
cr
itical
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
ly
in
r
esear
ch
,
wh
er
e
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
h
av
e
b
e
co
m
e
in
teg
r
al
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
h
as
f
u
r
t
h
er
am
p
lifie
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
as
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
h
av
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
ed
to
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
n
ew
s
k
ills
f
o
r
n
a
v
ig
atin
g
ac
a
d
em
ic
task
s
r
em
o
t
ely
[
1
2
]
.
R
esear
ch
h
as
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
lin
k
e
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
with
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
esear
ch
co
n
tex
ts
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
A
h
m
e
d
an
d
R
o
ch
e
[
1
3
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
s
tr
o
n
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
a
r
e
b
etter
eq
u
ip
p
ed
to
ac
ce
s
s
,
ev
alu
ate,
an
d
s
y
n
t
h
esize
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
lead
i
n
g
t
o
e
n
h
an
ce
d
c
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
s
e
s
k
ills
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
r
esear
ch
,
a
n
d
in
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic
er
a,
th
ey
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
e
n
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ad
a
p
tin
g
to
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
.
Am
h
a
g
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
n
o
te
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
ad
ap
ted
m
o
r
e
r
ea
d
ily
to
o
n
lin
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
etter
i
n
r
esear
ch
task
s
.
T
h
is
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elev
an
t
f
o
r
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
wh
er
e
f
u
tu
r
e
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
eo
r
etica
l k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
u
t a
ls
o
d
ev
elo
p
p
r
ac
tical
r
esear
ch
s
k
i
lls
th
at
will in
f
o
r
m
th
eir
teac
h
i
n
g
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
4
]
.
Stu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
h
av
e
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ci
es
in
to
teac
h
er
tr
ai
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Alm
u
lla
et
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
r
ec
eiv
ed
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
in
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
wer
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
d
esig
n
in
g
r
ese
ar
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
an
aly
zi
n
g
d
ata,
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
ese
ar
ch
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
b
u
ild
s
o
n
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
Natio
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Hu
an
ca
v
elica
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
O
VI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic.
B
y
d
o
in
g
s
o
,
it
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Dig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
also
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
t
o
n
ew
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
f
o
s
ter
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
v
ital
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
r
em
o
te
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
wh
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
well
-
v
er
s
ed
in
d
ig
ital to
o
ls
,
th
ey
ar
e
b
etter
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
o
n
lin
e
r
esea
r
ch
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
th
ese
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
f
l
u
en
ce
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
co
n
d
u
ct
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esear
ch
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
ig
italized
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
2
2
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ted
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
lly
u
tili
zin
g
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
d
esig
n
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
tr
ai
n
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
at
th
e
Natio
n
al
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
Hu
an
ca
v
elica
.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
aim
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
lev
els
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
c
ies
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
wh
ile
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
an
aly
s
is
s
o
u
g
h
t to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
t
h
ese
two
v
ar
iab
les.
2
.
2
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n a
n
d sa
m
ple
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
en
r
o
lled
in
th
e
VI
I
an
d
I
X
cy
cles
o
f
f
o
u
r
d
is
tin
ct
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
c
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
at
th
e
Natio
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Hu
an
ca
v
elica
.
A
s
tr
atif
ied
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
u
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
f
r
o
m
ea
c
h
cy
cle
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
1
8
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tely
2
0
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
with
eq
u
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
f
o
u
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
l
e
s
ize
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
C
o
h
en
’
s
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
tu
d
ies,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
to
d
etec
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
at
a
5
%
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
esea
r
ch
s
kills
a
n
d
d
ig
ita
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
in
Hu
a
n
ca
ve
lica
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
…
(
D
a
ke
r
R
ivero
s
-
A
n
cc
a
s
i
)
4021
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
2
.
3
.
1
.
Dig
it
a
l
co
m
pet
ency
qu
estio
nn
a
ire
T
h
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
DI
GC
OM
P
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
1
0
]
a
n
d
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
4
0
L
i
k
er
t
-
s
ca
le
item
s
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
t
o
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
.
I
t
e
v
alu
ated
f
iv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
:
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
d
ata
liter
ac
y
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
d
ig
ital
co
n
t
en
t
cr
ea
tio
n
,
s
af
ety
,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
’
s
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
was m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a,
y
ield
in
g
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t o
f
0
.
8
9
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
h
i
g
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h
s
k
ills
qu
estio
nn
a
ire
T
h
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
d
esig
n
e
d
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
4
5
L
ik
er
t
-
s
ca
le
item
s
,
also
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
.
I
t
ass
ess
ed
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
ac
r
o
s
s
f
iv
e
k
e
y
ar
ea
s
:
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
,
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
,
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
,
ac
ad
em
ic
wr
itin
g
,
an
d
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
with
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
’
s
alp
h
a,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
9
2
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
e
x
ce
llen
t in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
Data
co
llectio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
two
p
h
ases
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
2
0
2
1
ac
a
d
em
ic
y
ea
r
.
B
o
th
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
es
wer
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
o
n
lin
e,
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
estrictio
n
s
im
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
Prio
r
to
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
a
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
with
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
3
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
’
clar
ity
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
in
a
d
ig
ital
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
p
ilo
t d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
u
s
in
g
ex
p
l
o
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
with
p
r
in
cip
a
l
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
an
aly
s
is
an
d
V
ar
im
ax
r
o
tatio
n
.
B
o
th
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
it
y
,
with
f
ac
to
r
lo
a
d
in
g
s
ex
ce
ed
in
g
0
.
7
0
f
o
r
all
item
s
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
eir
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
ll
-
s
c
ale
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
I
B
M
SP
S
S
Sta
tis
tic
s
2
5
s
o
f
twar
e.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tati
s
tics
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ea
n
s
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
(
SD)
,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cies,
wer
e
co
m
p
u
ted
to
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
am
p
le.
Fo
r
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
an
aly
s
is
,
Sp
ea
r
m
an
’
s
r
an
k
-
o
r
d
er
co
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
(
R
h
o
)
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
o
r
d
i
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
L
ik
er
t
-
s
ca
le
d
ata.
T
h
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t w
as in
ter
p
r
ete
d
as:
−
0
to
0
.
3
m
ea
n
i
n
g
wea
k
c
o
r
r
ela
tio
n
−
0
.
3
to
0
.
5
m
ea
n
in
g
m
o
d
e
r
ate
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
−
0
.
5
to
0
.
7
m
ea
n
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
−
0
.
7
to
1
.
0
m
ea
n
in
g
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
was
s
et
at
p
<0
.
0
5
to
d
eter
m
in
e
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
o
wer
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
n
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
in
clu
d
ed
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
as
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
i
ab
les
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
as th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t v
ar
ia
b
le.
Mu
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
was a
s
s
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
v
a
r
ian
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
(
VI
F),
with
all
v
alu
es b
elo
w
5
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
two
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
co
r
r
el
atio
n
al
an
d
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
es
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
ese
v
a
r
iab
les.
3
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
s
t
a
t
is
t
ics
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
escr
ip
t
iv
e
s
tatis
tics
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
r
esear
c
h
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
th
e
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
was
4
.
1
2
(
S
D=
0
.
5
8
)
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
e
n
er
ally
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tr
o
n
g
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
b
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
d
ata
liter
ac
y
h
ad
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
(
4
.
2
8
,
SD=0
.
6
1
)
,
wh
ile
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
h
ad
t
h
e
lo
west
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
(
3
.
9
4
,
SD=0
.
7
1
)
.
Fo
r
r
esear
c
h
s
k
ills
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
m
ea
n
s
c
o
r
e
was
4
.
0
5
(
SD=0
.
6
2
)
,
with
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
r
ec
eiv
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
co
r
e
(
4
.
1
8
,
SD=0
.
5
7
)
an
d
d
ata
p
r
esen
tatio
n
th
e
lo
west
(
3
.
9
0
,
SD=0
.
6
8
)
.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
en
e
r
ally
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
well
in
b
o
th
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
et
en
cies
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
with
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
v
ar
iatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
.
3
.
2
.
Co
rr
el
a
t
io
na
l a
na
l
y
s
is
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
Sp
ea
r
m
an
’
s
r
an
k
-
o
r
d
er
co
r
r
elatio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
,
as
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
2
,
r
e
v
ea
led
a
s
tr
o
n
g
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
with
a
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
4
0
1
9
-
402
8
4022
R
h
o
=0
.
8
0
8
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
th
eir
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
al
s
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
.
At
th
e
s
u
b
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
lev
el,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
co
r
r
ela
tio
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
etwe
en
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
d
ata
liter
ac
y
an
d
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
(
R
h
o
=0
.
8
1
2
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
wer
e
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
lo
ca
tin
g
an
d
m
an
a
g
in
g
d
ig
ital
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wer
e
also
s
k
illed
in
d
esig
n
in
g
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
lo
west
co
r
r
elatio
n
was
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
d
ata
p
r
ese
n
tatio
n
(
R
h
o
=
0
.
6
8
3
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
,
alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
s
till
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
m
o
d
e
r
ate
-
to
-
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
f
o
r
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
cies a
n
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
M
e
a
n
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
S
D
)
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
4
.
1
2
0
.
5
8
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
4
.
2
8
0
.
6
1
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
4
.
1
5
0
.
5
9
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
4
.
0
7
0
.
6
5
S
a
f
e
t
y
4
.
1
2
0
.
6
3
P
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
3
.
9
4
0
.
7
1
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
s
k
i
l
l
s
4
.
0
5
0
.
6
2
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
d
e
s
i
g
n
4
.
1
8
0
.
5
7
D
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
4
.
1
0
0
.
6
0
D
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
4
.
0
5
0
.
6
4
A
c
a
d
e
mi
c
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
4
.
0
2
0
.
6
5
D
a
t
a
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
3
.
9
0
0
.
6
8
T
ab
le
2
.
Sp
ea
r
m
an
’
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ita
l c
o
m
p
eten
cies a
n
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
R
h
o
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
v
s
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
s
k
i
l
l
s
0
.
8
0
8
<
0
.
0
0
1
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
v
s
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
d
e
s
i
g
n
0
.
8
1
2
<
0
.
0
0
1
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
v
s
d
a
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D
i
g
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t
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l
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n
t
c
r
e
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t
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o
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t
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a
n
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l
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i
s
0
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7
8
5
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0
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0
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1
S
a
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y
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g
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0
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1
P
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l
e
m
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t
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n
t
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o
n
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.
3
.
Reg
re
s
s
io
n
a
na
ly
s
is
A
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
p
r
ed
ict
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
b
ased
o
n
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cy
s
u
b
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
was
s
tatis
tic
ally
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
F(
5
,
1
7
4
)
=
5
6
.
4
2
1
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
,
with
an
R
²=
0
.
6
2
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
2
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
in
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
co
u
ld
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cy
s
u
b
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
d
ata
liter
ac
y
(
β=0
.
4
8
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
(
β
=0
.
3
5
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
wer
e
t
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
Pro
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
was
th
e
least
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
(
β=0
.
1
5
,
p
=0
.
0
4
3
)
.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
,
wh
ich
id
en
tifie
s
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
s
u
b
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
n
p
r
ed
ictin
g
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
,
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
an
d
d
ata
liter
ac
y
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
,
with
a
h
ig
h
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
b
eta
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
(
β=0
.
4
8
)
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
o
f
icien
t
i
n
lo
ca
tin
g
,
m
an
a
g
in
g
,
an
d
ev
al
u
atin
g
d
ig
ital
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
te
n
d
to
ex
h
i
b
it
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
Similar
ly
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
also
s
h
o
wed
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
(
β=0
.
3
5
)
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
t
o
o
ls
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
d
ig
it
al
co
n
ten
t
cr
ea
tio
n
s
u
b
d
im
en
s
io
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
as
well,
wh
ile
s
a
f
ety
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
h
a
d
s
m
aller
b
u
t
s
till
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
r
ef
lect
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
all
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
p
lay
a
r
o
le
in
r
esear
ch
s
k
ill
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
liter
ac
y
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
p
r
i
o
r
itize
th
ese
ar
ea
s
in
teac
h
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Mu
ltip
le
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
U
n
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
β
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
β
t
-
v
a
l
u
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
9
5
%
C
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
1
.
2
1
3
—
4
.
5
2
3
<
0
.
0
0
1
[
0
.
7
1
4
,
1
.
7
1
2
]
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
0
.
4
8
0
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4
8
6
.
7
5
2
<
0
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[
0
.
3
4
,
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6
2
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C
o
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o
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D
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o
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
esea
r
ch
s
kills
a
n
d
d
ig
ita
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
in
Hu
a
n
ca
ve
lica
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
…
(
D
a
ke
r
R
ivero
s
-
A
n
cc
a
s
i
)
4023
3
.
4
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
v
a
ria
nce
(
A
NO
VA)
f
o
r
t
he
re
g
re
s
s
io
n mo
del
T
ab
le
4
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOV
A)
f
o
r
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el,
wh
ic
h
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
lar
g
e
F
-
v
alu
e
(
5
6
.
4
2
1
)
a
n
d
p
-
v
al
u
e
<0
.
0
0
1
in
d
icate
th
a
t
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
co
llectiv
ely
h
av
e
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
n
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
ar
es
f
o
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
4
8
.
3
1
6
)
f
u
r
th
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
is
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
cies,
wh
ile
th
e
r
esid
u
al
s
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
ar
es
(
2
9
.
8
0
2
)
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
u
n
ex
p
lain
e
d
v
ar
iatio
n
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
ac
c
o
u
n
ts
f
o
r
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
6
2
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
r
esear
c
h
s
k
ills
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
in
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
ANOV
A
r
esu
lts
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
th
at
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
e
ten
cies
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
af
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
4
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
f
o
r
th
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
S
o
u
r
c
e
S
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
a
r
e
s
df
M
e
a
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
F
-
v
a
l
u
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
R
e
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
4
8
.
3
1
6
5
9
.
6
6
3
5
6
.
4
2
1
<
0
.
0
0
1
R
e
si
d
u
a
l
2
9
.
8
0
2
1
7
4
0
.
1
7
1
To
t
a
l
7
8
.
1
1
8
1
7
9
—
—
—
3
.
5
.
Cro
s
s
t
a
bu
la
t
io
n o
f
dig
it
a
l c
o
m
pet
ency
le
v
els a
nd
re
s
ea
rc
h sk
ills
perf
o
rm
a
nce
Fin
ally
,
T
ab
le
5
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
cr
o
s
s
tab
u
latio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
cy
lev
els
with
r
ese
ar
ch
s
k
ill
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
clea
r
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
ete
n
cies
is
lin
k
ed
to
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
tab
l
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
c
y
lev
el
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
r
esear
c
h
s
k
ills
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
“e
x
ce
llen
t”
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
c
y
,
6
0
%
ac
h
iev
ed
“e
x
ce
llen
t”
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
wh
ile
o
n
ly
1
0
%
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
th
e
“g
o
o
d
”
lev
el.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
“g
o
o
d
”
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cy
wer
e
less
lik
ely
to
r
ea
c
h
t
h
e
“e
x
ce
llen
t”
r
esear
c
h
s
k
ills
ca
teg
o
r
y
,
with
o
n
ly
1
5
%
o
f
th
em
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
at
le
v
el.
T
h
is
cr
o
s
s
tab
u
latio
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
clea
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
,
wh
er
e
b
etter
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
s
tr
o
n
g
er
r
esear
ch
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cy
tr
ain
i
n
g
in
to
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esear
ch
s
k
ill
s
,
a
cr
itical
elem
en
t f
o
r
t
h
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
r
o
s
s
tab
u
latio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital c
o
m
p
eten
cy
lev
els an
d
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
k
ills
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
y
l
e
v
e
l
G
o
o
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
sk
i
l
l
s
(
%)
V
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
k
i
l
l
s
(
%)
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
s
k
i
l
l
s
(
%)
G
o
o
d
35
50
15
V
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
20
55
25
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
10
30
60
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
tab
les
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
s
tr
o
n
g
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
Dig
ital
l
iter
ac
y
,
esp
ec
ially
in
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
,
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
i
n
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
c
ap
ac
ities
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
.
As
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
im
p
r
o
v
e,
s
o
d
o
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ab
ilit
ies
to
d
es
ig
n
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
an
aly
ze
d
ata,
an
d
p
r
esen
t
th
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
em
p
h
asize
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
to
f
o
s
ter
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
as
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
ly
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
ev
o
l
v
in
g
d
ig
ital la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
3
.
6
.
I
nte
rpre
t
a
t
io
n
o
f
re
s
ults
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
s
tr
o
n
g
a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
teac
h
e
r
tr
ain
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
Nati
o
n
al
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
Hu
an
ca
v
el
ica.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
(
R
h
o
=0
.
8
0
8
)
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
i
n
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
e
x
h
ib
it
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
r
esear
ch
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
d
ata
liter
ac
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
d
esig
n
in
g
r
es
ea
r
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
an
al
y
zin
g
d
ata.
T
h
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
ex
p
lain
ed
6
2
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
p
lay
i
n
en
h
an
cin
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
cr
o
s
s
tab
u
latio
n
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cy
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
er
r
esear
ch
s
k
ill
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le
,
6
0
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
class
if
ied
as
h
av
in
g
ex
ce
llen
t
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
ac
h
iev
ed
ex
ce
llen
t
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
to
p
r
io
r
itize
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
tr
ain
in
g
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
to
e
q
u
ip
f
u
tu
r
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
with
th
e
to
o
ls
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ex
ce
l
in
b
o
th
r
esear
ch
an
d
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
4
0
1
9
-
402
8
4024
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
em
p
h
asize
th
e
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
cies p
lay
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t o
f
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
-
d
r
iv
e
n
s
h
if
t to
d
i
g
ital le
ar
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
to
t
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
th
at
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
id
e
n
tifie
d
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
as
a
cr
u
cial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
u
cc
ess
,
esp
ec
ially
p
o
s
t
-
p
a
n
d
em
ic
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
d
d
s
n
ew
e
v
id
en
ce
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
a
ct
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
o
n
r
esear
ch
o
u
tco
m
es
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
liter
ac
y
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
[
2
5
]
.
On
e
k
e
y
r
am
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
t
o
n
teac
h
er
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
n
ess
.
Fu
tu
r
e
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
wh
o
d
e
v
elo
p
s
tr
o
n
g
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
b
e
tter
eq
u
ip
p
ed
t
o
co
n
d
u
ct
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
r
esear
c
h
b
u
t
ar
e
also
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
to
in
teg
r
ate
th
ese
s
k
ills
in
to
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices.
As
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
co
n
tin
u
e
to
d
o
m
in
ate
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
p
o
s
t
-
p
an
d
em
ic,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
will
b
ec
o
m
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
b
o
th
r
esear
ch
an
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
u
cc
ess
[
2
6
]
.
B
y
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
teac
h
er
tr
ai
n
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
ese
co
m
p
eten
cies,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
ar
e
a
d
ap
tab
le
to
a
n
e
v
o
lv
in
g
d
ig
ital
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
u
ltima
tely
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
o
u
t
co
m
es
[
2
7
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
ac
ad
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
r
ec
o
n
s
id
er
t
h
eir
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
to
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
co
r
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
[
2
8
]
.
Giv
e
n
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
lite
r
ac
y
an
d
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ita
l
to
o
ls
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
m
ay
y
ield
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
b
en
e
f
its
,
n
o
t
ju
s
t
in
r
esear
ch
b
u
t
ac
r
o
s
s
v
a
r
io
u
s
ar
ea
s
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
n
av
ig
ate
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
m
an
ag
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ate
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
will
b
e
v
ital
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
in
b
o
th
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
a
n
d
o
n
li
n
e
class
r
o
o
m
s
[
3
0
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
e
ten
cies
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
en
h
an
ce
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
in
th
is
co
n
te
x
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
am
in
atio
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
it
was
th
e
least
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
u
cc
ess
,
it
s
till
p
lay
s
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
r
o
le,
esp
ec
iall
y
in
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
en
c
o
u
n
ter
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
e
x
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
in
ter
ac
t
with
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
r
esear
ch
task
s
[
2
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
g
iv
e
n
th
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
c
o
n
d
u
cted
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
wh
en
d
ig
ital p
latf
o
r
m
s
b
ec
am
e
ess
en
t
ial
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
tin
u
ity
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
ass
es
s
wh
eth
er
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ci
es
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
ch
an
g
es
in
a
p
o
s
t
-
p
an
d
em
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
lic
atio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
f
ar
-
r
ea
ch
in
g
.
T
h
ey
s
u
g
g
est
th
a
t
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
m
u
s
t
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
s
ter
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
i
lls
b
u
t
also
em
p
h
asize
th
e
c
u
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
is
will
b
e
c
r
u
cial
in
s
h
ap
in
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
wh
o
a
r
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
r
esear
c
h
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
in
to
t
h
eir
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tice,
t
h
u
s
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
q
u
ality
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
lo
n
g
te
r
m
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
p
lo
r
e
way
s
to
b
etter
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
eq
u
it
ab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
e
d
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
b
o
th
r
esear
ch
an
d
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
i
n
to
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
is
ess
en
tial.
As
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
tin
u
es
to
e
v
o
lv
e
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
ig
ital
wo
r
l
d
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
er
v
alu
ab
l
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
etter
p
r
ep
ar
e
f
u
tu
r
e
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
in
b
o
th
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
teac
h
i
n
g
[
3
0
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
d
ig
ita
l
d
iv
id
e
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
will
b
e
k
ey
to
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
r
eg
a
r
d
le
s
s
o
f
th
eir
d
i
g
ital
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
ar
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
th
e
to
o
ls
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
th
r
iv
e
in
a
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
ac
ted
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ca
taly
s
t
f
o
r
ad
v
an
cin
g
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
Natio
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Hu
an
ca
v
elica
.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
is
p
er
io
d
,
th
e
r
a
p
id
s
h
if
t
t
o
o
n
lin
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ex
p
o
s
ed
g
a
p
s
in
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
in
u
n
d
er
p
r
i
v
ileg
ed
r
e
g
io
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
also
s
h
o
wca
s
ed
th
e
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
ap
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
No
w
th
at
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
h
as
s
u
b
s
id
ed
,
th
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
r
em
ain
s
ess
en
tial a
s
th
ey
ar
e
cr
itical
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
in
a
r
a
p
id
ly
e
v
o
lv
in
g
d
ig
ital w
o
r
ld
.
I
n
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
p
a
n
d
em
ic
er
a,
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t
s
u
s
tain
an
d
ex
p
an
d
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
in
to
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Hy
b
r
id
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els,
co
m
b
in
in
g
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
an
d
o
n
lin
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
c
an
b
r
i
d
g
e
g
ap
s
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
wh
ile
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
f
lex
ib
le
le
ar
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
tar
g
eted
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
a
d
v
an
ce
d
r
ese
ar
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
an
d
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
o
f
f
er
ed
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
e
m
ain
co
m
p
etitiv
e
in
ac
ad
em
i
c
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
I
n
v
estme
n
ts
in
d
ig
ital
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
i
n
r
u
r
al
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
er
v
ed
ar
ea
s
,
a
r
e
v
ital
to
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
e
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
eq
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
L
o
o
k
in
g
to
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itiz
e
f
o
s
ter
in
g
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
attitu
d
es
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
y
em
b
e
d
d
in
g
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
in
to
all
d
is
cip
lin
es.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
ca
n
h
elp
alig
n
c
u
r
r
icu
la
with
em
er
g
i
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
tr
en
d
s
an
d
lab
o
r
m
a
r
k
et
d
em
an
d
s
.
Ad
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
o
licies
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
th
e
eth
ical
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
R
esea
r
ch
s
kills
a
n
d
d
ig
ita
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
in
Hu
a
n
ca
ve
lica
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
…
(
D
a
ke
r
R
ivero
s
-
A
n
cc
a
s
i
)
4025
r
esear
ch
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
cr
u
cial
to
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
ch
allen
g
e
s
s
u
ch
as
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
B
y
b
u
ild
in
g
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
m
ad
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
k
ills
b
u
t a
ls
o
p
r
ep
ar
e
th
em
to
th
r
i
v
e
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
ly
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
wo
r
ld
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
cl
ea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
r
o
le
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
ci
es
p
lay
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
o
f
teac
h
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
Natio
n
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Hu
an
ca
v
elica
.
T
h
e
ev
id
en
ce
is
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
(
R
h
o
=0
.
8
0
8
)
b
etwe
en
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
b
ased
o
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
1
8
0
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
f
o
u
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Key
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies su
ch
as in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
an
d
d
ata
liter
ac
y
,
alo
n
g
w
ith
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
k
ills
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
d
esig
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
an
aly
zin
g
d
ata,
an
d
p
r
esen
tin
g
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ev
id
en
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
th
at
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
is
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
in
r
esear
ch
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
b
r
o
ad
e
r
r
esear
ch
th
at
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
r
es
ea
r
ch
-
in
ten
s
iv
e
task
s
.
T
h
e
a
b
i
lity
to
m
an
ag
e
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ess
en
tial,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
wh
er
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
s
h
if
ted
t
o
war
d
s
d
ig
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
clea
r
ev
id
e
n
ce
th
a
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ar
e
b
etter
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
well
in
r
esear
ch
task
s
,
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
“e
x
ce
llen
t”
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
wh
o
also
ex
h
ib
ited
“e
x
ce
llen
t
”
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
ev
id
en
ce
g
ath
e
r
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
cr
itical
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
p
r
io
r
itize
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
th
eir
cu
r
r
icu
la.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
to
teac
h
er
ed
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ate
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a
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ly
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n
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u
r
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itally
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h
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tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
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etwe
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ig
ital
s
k
ills
an
d
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h
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m
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m
ak
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at
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liter
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n
o
t
o
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ly
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en
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b
u
t
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f
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tu
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f
e
d
u
c
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ite
th
e
co
m
p
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m
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th
at
s
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o
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ld
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e
ac
k
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th
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s
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p
le
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s
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ted
to
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tu
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f
r
o
m
th
e
Natio
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Un
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ity
o
f
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an
ca
v
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wh
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ay
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th
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o
f
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esu
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ca
tio
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s
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s
.
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d
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ally
,
th
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d
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o
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l
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n
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q
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titativ
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aly
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is
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wh
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ile
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o
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u
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o
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ts
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to
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w
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liter
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t stu
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ch
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o
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ate
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o
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m
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ter
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p
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ield
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f
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teac
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to
in
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m
co
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tin
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d
ev
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o
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
Au
th
o
r
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
th
an
k
f
u
l
to
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
So
cial
Scien
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
id
ad
Nac
io
n
al
d
e
Hu
an
ca
v
elica
(
UNH)
,
Hu
an
ca
v
elica
,
Per
ú
f
o
r
th
eir
m
o
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
F
UNDING
I
NF
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R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
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r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
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d
in
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in
v
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lv
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.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
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s
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C
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u
to
r
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a
x
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y
(
C
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to
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ize
in
d
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d
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th
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co
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tio
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s
,
r
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u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
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co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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DATA AV
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Data
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RE
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NC
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S
[
1
]
S
.
D
h
a
w
a
n
,
“
O
n
l
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
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n
g
:
a
p
a
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c
e
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e
t
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me
o
f
C
O
V
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1
9
c
r
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si
s,
”
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o
u
rn
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l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
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o
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l
T
e
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h
n
o
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o
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y
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m
s
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v
o
l
.
4
9
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o
.
1
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p
p
.
5
–
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2
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p
.
2
0
2
0
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o
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:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
0
4
7
2
3
9
5
2
0
9
3
4
0
1
8
.
[
2
]
Y
.
M
a
l
c
h
e
n
k
o
,
M
.
G
o
g
u
a
,
K
.
G
o
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o
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a
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a
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M
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o
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a
,
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n
d
O
.
A
l
k
a
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v
a
, “
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c
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c
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v
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o
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d
i
g
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t
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l
c
a
p
a
b
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l
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t
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
s:
a
c
o
n
su
mer
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
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v
e
,
”
D
i
g
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l
P
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y
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.
2
2
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o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
6
9
–
2
8
8
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
3
]
A
.
W
.
(
T
o
n
y
)
B
a
t
e
s
,
T
e
a
c
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:
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u
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2
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ed
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V
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c
t
o
r
i
a
:
B
C
c
a
m
p
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s
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
4
]
C
.
R
e
d
e
c
k
e
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a
n
d
Y
.
P
u
n
i
e
,
E
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,
2
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7
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[
5
]
T.
A
n
d
e
r
s
o
n
,
“
O
n
l
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
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n
g
a
n
d
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
:
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a
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l
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,
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t
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a
t
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l
Re
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R
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.