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C
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A
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M.
C
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Díaz
Facu
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Un
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Ger
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3
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5
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L
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Per
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p
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
esear
ch
o
n
u
n
iv
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s
ity
teac
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i
n
g
in
L
atin
Am
er
ica
s
h
o
ws
th
at
b
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co
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id
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a
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ch
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lim
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id
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k
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s
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ca
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s
s
[
1
]
.
Un
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p
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s
in
L
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Am
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f
ac
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[
2
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I
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R
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,
Vo
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14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
5
8
7
-
3600
3588
I
n
th
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Per
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tex
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n
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[
3
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.
I
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.
T
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C
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1
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Per
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[
4
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.
I
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5
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Desp
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esen
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
ey
ar
e
s
till
ab
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
ed
ito
r
ial
co
m
m
ittees
o
f
Per
u
v
ian
s
cien
tific
jo
u
r
n
als,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
p
en
d
i
n
g
ch
allen
g
es in
ter
m
s
o
f
g
en
d
er
eq
u
ity
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
id
en
tify
th
e
s
cien
tific
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
m
ad
e
b
y
wo
m
e
n
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
d
o
cu
m
en
tin
g
th
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
o
f
teac
h
er
s
c
o
m
m
itted
to
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
en
s
e,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
wo
m
en
in
th
e
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
d
is
cip
lin
e
in
Per
u
will
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
I
t
will
also
an
a
ly
ze
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
f
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
f
e
m
ale
ac
co
u
n
t
in
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
wh
o
co
n
tin
u
e
to
wo
r
k
i
n
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
b
jectiv
es
s
ee
k
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
io
n
ee
r
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
an
d
g
r
ad
u
ate
wo
m
en
ac
co
u
n
tan
ts
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
in
wh
ich
th
ey
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
th
eir
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
ey
also
s
ee
k
to
co
m
p
ile
th
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
an
d
p
o
in
ts
o
f
v
iew
o
f
th
e
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
a
r
e
s
till
ac
tiv
e
to
d
ay
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
v
iew
o
f
b
o
t
h
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
im
p
ac
t o
f
th
es
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
an
d
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
io
n
ee
r
i
n
g
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
wo
m
en
ac
co
u
n
tan
ts
in
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
Per
u
,
a
f
i
eld
h
is
to
r
ically
d
o
m
in
at
ed
b
y
m
en
.
B
y
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
in
k
e
y
ar
ea
s
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
an
d
th
eir
d
ed
icati
o
n
to
teac
h
in
g
,
it
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
g
en
d
er
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
eth
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
ew
g
en
er
ati
o
n
s
o
f
a
cc
o
u
n
tan
ts
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
u
s
to
v
alu
e
th
eir
leg
ac
y
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
c
o
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
to
m
ak
e
v
is
ib
le
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
wo
m
en
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
in
ality
o
f
th
is
r
esea
r
ch
lies
in
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
a
q
u
alitativ
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
b
ased
o
n
co
llectiv
e
b
io
g
r
ap
h
y
,
o
r
ien
te
d
to
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
tr
ajec
to
r
y
o
f
p
io
n
ee
r
in
g
wo
m
en
i
n
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
co
m
b
in
es
th
e
d
o
cu
m
en
tar
y
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
h
is
to
r
ical
th
eses
with
in
ter
v
i
ews
to
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
teac
h
er
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
an
in
teg
r
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
b
o
th
h
is
to
r
ical
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
c
u
r
r
en
t
ch
a
llen
g
es,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
em
e
r
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
t
h
e
d
r
iv
e
to
war
d
s
g
en
d
e
r
eq
u
ity
in
th
e
a
ca
d
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
p
h
er
es,
ar
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
P
i
o
neer
s
in a
cc
o
un
t
ing
J
u
s
t
eig
h
t
d
ec
ad
es
ag
o
,
th
e
i
m
ag
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ac
c
o
u
n
tan
t
was
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
a
m
id
d
le
-
class
m
an
in
f
u
ll
u
s
e
o
f
h
is
in
tellectu
al
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
f
ac
u
lties
[
7
]
.
Ov
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
,
p
io
n
ee
r
i
n
g
wo
m
en
ac
co
u
n
tan
ts
b
eg
an
t
o
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
th
e
ac
tiv
i
ties
ess
en
tial
to
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
u
c
ce
s
s
,
s
u
ch
as
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
ad
ap
tin
g
to
d
y
n
am
ic
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
em
p
lo
y
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
as
a
m
ea
n
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
alities
o
f
p
er
s
ev
er
a
n
ce
an
d
ass
er
tiv
e
n
ess
,
to
g
eth
er
with
ab
ilit
y
to
g
en
er
ate
th
eir
o
w
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
s
o
lid
ar
ity
to
war
d
s
o
th
er
wo
m
en
,
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
t a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
latter
[
8
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
in
s
o
m
e
latitu
d
es
to
d
ay
,
m
an
is
s
till
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
t in
th
e
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
[
9
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ten
d
s
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
wo
m
en
th
an
with
m
en
,
g
iv
en
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
p
atien
ce
,
an
d
m
eticu
lo
u
s
n
ess
.
T
h
ese
q
u
alities
,
alo
n
g
with
atten
tio
n
to
d
etail
an
d
o
th
er
r
elate
d
s
k
ills
,
ar
e
o
f
ten
cu
ltu
r
ally
ass
o
ciate
d
wi
th
th
e
f
em
ale
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
ce
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
th
at
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ac
co
u
n
tan
ts
o
f
ten
p
r
io
r
itize
lo
y
alty
to
th
eir
wo
r
k
g
r
o
u
p
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
wh
en
t
h
eir
s
k
ills
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cies
ar
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
an
d
v
alu
ed
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
is
also
e
v
id
en
t
wh
e
n
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ac
co
u
n
tan
ts
,
wh
er
e
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
tu
r
n
o
v
er
in
ten
tio
n
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
m
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
wo
m
en
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at,
alt
h
o
u
g
h
m
en
r
ec
eiv
e
h
ig
h
er
q
u
ality
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
en
tit
y
,
th
eir
in
ten
tio
n
to
lo
o
k
f
o
r
an
o
th
er
jo
b
is
g
r
ea
ter
,
s
in
ce
th
ey
p
er
ce
i
v
e
a
g
r
e
ater
b
ar
g
ain
in
g
p
o
we
r
in
th
e
la
b
o
r
m
ar
k
et
[
1
3
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
f
em
ale
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
g
r
a
d
u
ates
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
5
0
%
o
f
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
e
g
r
ee
s
an
d
5
3
%
o
f
m
aster
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
s
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
1
7
-
2
0
1
8
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
eir
p
ar
ti
cip
atio
n
in
m
an
ag
er
ial
p
o
s
itio
n
s
co
n
tin
u
es
to
b
e
lo
wer
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
in
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
,
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
t
h
r
ee
m
ain
jo
u
r
n
als
in
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
wo
m
en
ac
co
u
n
tan
ts
r
ep
r
esen
t
3
3
%
o
f
t
h
e
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
r
ea
kin
g
b
a
r
r
iers
:
th
e
leg
a
cy
a
n
d
vo
ices o
f wo
men
p
io
n
ee
r
s
in
a
cc
o
u
n
tin
g
…
(
Jo
r
g
e
M.
C
h
á
ve
z
-
Día
z
)
3589
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
o
f
f
em
ale
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
r
esear
ch
er
s
as
s
o
le
au
th
o
r
s
am
o
u
n
ts
to
4
0
%;
wh
en
th
ey
co
llab
o
r
ate
with
o
th
er
f
em
ale
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
it
r
ea
ch
es
2
0
%;
in
a
team
with
a
m
ale
r
esear
ch
er
,
it
s
tan
d
s
at
1
6
%;
an
d
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
o
r
m
e
d
ex
cl
u
s
iv
ely
b
y
wo
m
en
,
it r
ea
c
h
es 2
4
%
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
r
el
ated
to
eth
ical
i
s
s
u
es
ar
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
e
n
d
er
s
.
An
aly
s
es
s
h
o
w
th
at
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
ten
d
to
m
ak
e
less
eth
ical
d
ec
i
s
io
n
s
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
ei
r
f
em
ale
p
ee
r
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
b
eh
a
v
io
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
a
d
d
r
es
s
in
g
eth
ics
tr
ai
n
in
g
as a
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ch
an
g
es
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
wo
m
en
ac
c
o
u
n
tan
ts
wo
r
ld
wid
e
h
av
e
b
ee
n
lar
g
ely
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
e
x
am
p
les o
f
f
em
ale
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
A
ca
s
e
in
p
o
in
t is M
ar
y
Mu
r
p
h
y
,
wh
o
b
ec
a
m
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
wo
m
an
to
b
ec
o
m
e
a
ce
r
tifie
d
p
u
b
lic
ac
co
u
n
tan
t
(
C
PA)
an
d
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
wo
m
a
n
to
ea
r
n
a
d
o
ct
o
r
ate
in
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
in
t
h
e
Un
ited
States
.
Her
leg
ac
y
ex
ten
d
s
as
a
wr
iter
a
n
d
ac
c
o
u
n
ti
n
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
[
1
7
]
.
A
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
ca
s
e
is
th
at
o
f
L
ar
ze
tte
G
o
ld
en
Hale
,
wh
o
b
ec
a
m
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
Af
r
ican
-
A
m
er
ican
wo
m
a
n
to
o
b
tain
th
e
C
PA
ce
r
tific
atio
n
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
.
Sh
e
also
ac
h
iev
e
d
a
d
o
cto
r
ate
d
e
g
r
e
e,
co
n
s
o
lid
atin
g
h
e
r
ac
ad
em
ic
tr
ajec
to
r
y
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
h
e
r
life
,
s
h
e
d
ed
icate
d
h
e
r
s
elf
to
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
t
h
e
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
,
leav
i
n
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t im
p
ac
t in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
p
h
er
es
[
1
8
]
.
2
.
2
.
Acc
o
un
t
ing
educa
t
o
rs
B
etwe
en
th
e
1
9
8
0
s
an
d
ea
r
ly
1
9
9
0
s
,
an
im
b
alan
ce
was
ev
id
en
t
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
f
ield
o
f
a
cc
o
u
n
tin
g
,
b
o
th
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
f
ac
u
lty
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
b
eg
an
to
ch
a
n
g
e
b
etwe
en
1
9
9
4
a
n
d
2
0
0
4
,
wh
en
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
wo
m
en
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
wer
e
n
o
l
o
n
g
er
u
n
d
er
r
ep
r
esen
ted
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
g
r
an
tin
g
d
o
cto
r
al
d
eg
r
ee
s
.
T
h
is
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
r
ef
lects
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
to
war
d
g
r
ea
ter
g
en
d
e
r
eq
u
ity
in
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
ac
a
d
em
ia
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
f
em
ale
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
in
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
ts
ca
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
f
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Stu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
p
r
es
en
ce
o
f
f
em
ale
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
in
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
o
s
itio
n
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
f
e
m
ale
g
r
ad
u
ates
to
p
ar
tn
e
r
p
o
s
itio
n
s
in
au
d
itin
g
f
ir
m
s
[
1
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
ef
f
ec
t
is
le
s
s
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
in
t
h
e
ca
s
e
o
f
f
em
ale
f
u
ll
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
o
r
s
[
1
1
]
.
W
o
m
en
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
h
av
e
m
ad
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ad
v
an
ce
s
in
ac
ce
s
s
to
m
an
ag
er
ial
a
n
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
th
at
g
r
an
t
d
o
cto
r
al
d
e
g
r
ee
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
esp
ite
th
ese
a
ch
iev
em
en
ts
,
th
eir
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
at
th
e
h
ig
h
est
ac
ad
em
ic
lev
els
r
em
ain
s
lo
w.
Glo
b
ally
,
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
wo
m
en
in
s
en
io
r
p
o
s
itio
n
s
in
ac
ad
em
ia
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Fem
ale
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
o
f
ten
f
ac
e
g
en
d
er
d
is
cr
im
in
at
io
n
,
wh
ich
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies.
I
n
s
o
m
e
ca
s
es,
t
h
is
in
e
q
u
ality
is
r
ef
lecte
d
in
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ev
alu
atio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
b
ias
ca
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
p
er
c
ep
tio
n
o
f
t
h
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
ese
b
iases
ar
e
o
f
ten
r
el
ated
to
th
e
g
en
d
er
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
with
in
th
e
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t a
n
d
t
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
co
u
r
s
es th
ey
teac
h
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
o
f
w
o
m
en
in
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
o
s
itio
n
s
wit
h
in
ac
ad
em
ia
f
a
v
o
r
s
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
f
em
ale
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
g
r
ad
u
ates.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
em
ale
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
in
s
en
io
r
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
p
o
s
itio
n
s
r
em
ain
s
lim
ited
.
T
h
i
s
s
itu
atio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
g
r
ea
ter
g
e
n
d
er
d
iv
er
s
ity
b
o
th
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
in
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
[
1
1
]
.
Acc
o
u
n
tin
g
teac
h
er
s
f
ac
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
r
ec
o
n
cilin
g
th
eir
wo
r
k
an
d
f
am
ily
life
,
esp
ec
ially
t
h
o
s
e
wh
o
h
av
e
ca
r
eg
i
v
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
th
at
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
im
p
lem
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tr
ateg
ies,
s
u
ch
as
f
lex
ib
le
wo
r
k
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
a
d
e
to
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
a
n
d
ten
u
r
e
c
r
iter
ia
to
en
s
u
r
e
eq
u
itab
le
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
g
en
d
er
b
i
as
in
s
t
u
d
en
t
ev
al
u
atio
n
s
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
,
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
g
en
d
er
d
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
ch
an
g
e
s
tu
d
en
t
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
g
en
d
e
r
r
o
les
in
ac
ad
em
ia
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
th
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ad
o
p
t
p
o
licies
th
a
t
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
clu
s
i
o
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
f
em
ale
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
will
allo
w
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
th
eir
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
th
ei
r
v
alu
ab
le
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
ac
c
o
u
n
ti
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
[
9
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
an
s
wer
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
:
w
h
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
th
e
s
cien
tific
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
p
i
o
n
ee
r
in
g
wo
m
e
n
in
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
Per
u
an
d
h
o
w
h
av
e
th
ey
im
p
ac
ted
th
e
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
n
d
g
en
d
e
r
e
q
u
ity
in
ac
ad
em
ia
?
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
u
n
iq
u
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
b
y
an
aly
zi
n
g
t
h
e
s
cien
tific
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
p
i
o
n
ee
r
in
g
wo
m
en
in
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
Per
u
,
a
f
ield
h
is
to
r
ically
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
m
en
.
I
t
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
lies
in
th
e
ap
p
lic
atio
n
o
f
a
q
u
alitativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
co
llectiv
e
b
io
g
r
ap
h
y
a
n
d
in
ter
p
r
etativ
e
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
lo
g
y
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
d
o
cu
m
en
tar
y
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
h
is
to
r
ical
th
eses
with
in
t
er
v
iews
with
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
f
em
ale
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
an
d
s
o
cial
i
m
p
ac
t o
n
t
h
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
q
u
alitativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
b
e
en
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
th
e
leg
ac
y
o
f
wo
m
en
p
i
o
n
ee
r
s
in
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
in
Per
u
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
s
ee
k
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
co
m
p
lex
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
f
r
o
m
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
5
8
7
-
3600
3590
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
,
r
ath
er
th
a
n
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
v
ar
ia
b
les
q
u
an
titativ
ely
.
Qu
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
allo
ws
f
o
r
an
in
-
d
ep
th
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
wo
m
en
to
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
s
cien
ce
,
co
n
tex
tu
alizin
g
t
h
eir
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
ts
with
in
th
e
s
o
cial,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
ch
allen
g
es o
f
th
eir
tim
e.
T
h
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
n
in
-
d
ep
th
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
h
is
to
r
ical
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
p
io
n
ee
r
in
g
wo
m
en
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
we
ex
am
i
n
e
h
o
w
th
ey
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
a
n
d
f
ac
ed
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
th
eir
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
v
ie
ws
an
d
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
h
is
to
r
ical
th
eses
,
we
r
ev
ea
l
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
,
b
u
t
also
th
e
s
u
b
jectiv
e
m
ea
n
in
g
th
at
th
ese
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
h
av
e
f
o
r
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
s
cien
ce
,
s
h
o
win
g
h
o
w
th
eir
leg
ac
y
co
n
tin
u
es
to
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
e
th
ical
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
a
in
in
g
o
f
n
ew
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
in
th
i
s
f
ield
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
es
th
e
d
o
cu
m
en
tar
y
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
an
d
g
r
a
d
u
ate
th
eses
s
u
b
m
itted
f
o
r
th
e
awa
r
d
o
f
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
an
d
m
aster
’
s
d
e
g
r
ee
s
at
th
e
U
n
iv
er
s
id
ad
Nac
io
n
al
Ma
y
o
r
d
e
S
an
Ma
r
co
s
(
UNM
SM)
.
T
h
is
in
s
t
itu
tio
n
was
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
its
p
r
esti
g
e,
b
ein
g
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
th
e
o
ld
est
a
n
d
m
o
s
t
r
elev
an
t u
n
iv
er
s
ity
in
Am
er
ica
f
o
r
its
h
is
to
r
ical
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
s
cien
tific
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
I
ts
ac
ad
em
ic
tr
ajec
to
r
y
an
d
last
in
g
im
p
ac
t ju
s
tify
its
s
ele
ctio
n
as th
e
o
b
ject
o
f
an
aly
s
is
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
llected
in
clu
d
e
s
all
th
ese
s
u
b
m
itted
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
in
1
9
7
1
to
th
o
s
e
co
m
p
leted
in
1
9
7
7
,
a
p
er
io
d
th
at
co
i
n
cid
es
with
th
e
Vela
s
co
Alv
ar
ad
o
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
.
Similar
ly
,
f
o
r
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
th
eses
,
we
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
in
1
9
9
6
to
th
o
s
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
2
0
1
1
,
f
r
am
ed
with
in
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
Alb
er
to
Fu
jim
o
r
i
’
s
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
an
aly
ze
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
o
liti
ca
l
co
n
tex
ts
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t o
n
th
e
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
d
is
cip
lin
e.
L
ik
ewise,
p
er
s
o
n
al
ac
co
u
n
ts
o
f
class
r
o
o
m
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
r
e
r
ar
ely
c
o
llected
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
in
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ey
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
o
te
n
tial
to
u
n
co
v
er
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
is
s
u
es
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
e
v
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
th
e
c
o
llectiv
e
b
io
g
r
a
p
h
y
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
e
o
f
a
n
o
v
ice
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
s
ch
o
lar
.
I
n
s
u
c
h
a
way
th
at
ex
p
lo
r
es th
eir
s
tr
u
g
g
l
es,
f
ee
lin
g
s
,
an
d
em
o
tio
n
s
b
o
t
h
in
s
id
e
an
d
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
co
llectiv
e
b
io
g
r
ap
h
y
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
s
th
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
th
em
atic
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
f
o
r
m
u
lated
with
a
d
ef
in
ed
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
T
h
e
tex
ts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
t
o
d
ata
th
at
ar
e
ex
a
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
team
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
g
en
er
ate,
d
ee
p
en
an
d
r
ef
o
r
m
u
late
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
to
p
i
c
o
f
s
tu
d
y
[
2
8
]
.
L
ik
ewise,
in
t
er
v
iews
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
ain
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
with
a
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
t
r
ajec
to
r
y
as
teac
h
er
s
a
n
d
b
elo
n
g
in
g
to
p
u
b
lic
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
in
Per
u
.
Fiv
e
teac
h
er
s
with
th
e
lo
n
g
est
tr
ajec
to
r
y
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
wer
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
with
af
f
iliatio
n
to
two
h
is
to
r
ical
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
Per
u
:
UNM
SM
an
d
Un
iv
er
s
id
ad
Nac
io
n
al
Fed
er
ico
Villar
r
ea
l
(
UNFV)
.
Fo
r
q
u
alitativ
e
s
t
u
d
i
es,
in
ter
v
iewin
g
f
iv
e
p
eo
p
le
is
an
ad
eq
u
ate
n
u
m
b
er
to
s
am
p
le
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
iews
we
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
i
n
A
u
g
u
s
t
2
0
2
4
,
w
h
i
ch
t
ea
c
h
e
r
s
in
Pe
r
u
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
ir
r
est
p
er
i
o
d
,
a
n
d
last
e
d
a
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
o
f
o
n
e
a
n
d
a
h
al
f
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
au
th
o
r
s
th
em
s
el
v
es
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
t
h
e
i
n
te
r
v
i
ews
wit
h
th
e
ac
c
o
u
n
ti
n
g
te
ac
h
e
r
s
.
T
o
d
o
s
o
,
t
h
e
y
u
s
e
d
a
s
er
ies
o
f
g
u
i
d
i
n
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
esta
b
l
is
h
ed
(
s
e
e
A
p
p
e
n
d
ix
)
.
T
h
e
d
a
ta
c
o
l
lec
ti
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
clu
d
ed
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
wi
n
g
ac
t
iv
iti
es
.
F
ir
s
t
,
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
e
n
t
w
as
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
p
a
r
ti
ci
p
a
n
t
,
as
s
ee
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
,
e
x
p
lai
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
e
f
o
r
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
te
r
v
i
ew.
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
in
t
er
v
i
ews
we
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
b
o
t
h
in
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
n
d
v
i
r
t
u
a
ll
y
,
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
a
v
aila
b
i
lit
y
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
te
r
v
ie
wee
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
to
r
ec
o
r
d
th
e
in
ter
v
iew
s
,
wh
ich
allo
wed
f
o
r
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
a
t
a
later
s
tag
e.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
s
wer
e
th
en
tr
an
s
cr
ib
ed
an
d
s
en
t
to
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
o
r
r
ev
iew.
T
h
is
g
av
e
th
em
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
m
ak
e
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
o
r
clar
if
icatio
n
s
if
n
ec
ess
a
r
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
b
in
es
d
iv
er
s
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
h
is
to
r
ical
th
eses
an
d
in
ter
v
ie
ws
with
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
is
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
allo
ws
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
atio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
b
u
t
also
in
cr
ea
s
es
r
eliab
il
ity
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
b
ias
in
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
T
h
e
v
alid
it
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
r
esear
c
h
ar
e
ju
s
tifie
d
b
y
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
co
n
g
r
u
en
ce
,
alig
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
o
b
tain
co
n
s
is
ten
t a
n
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
r
esu
lts
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
.
First,
f
am
iliar
izatio
n
wi
th
th
e
d
ata
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
r
e
p
ea
ted
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
t
r
an
s
cr
ip
ts
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
p
atter
n
s
an
d
em
e
r
g
in
g
th
e
m
es
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
ed
i
n
to
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ca
teg
o
r
ies,
allo
win
g
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
to
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
h
is
to
r
ical
co
n
tex
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in
ter
v
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d
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
in
ter
v
iewe
d
P
r
o
f
e
sso
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a
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ser
v
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p
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f
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r
si
t
y
O
l
g
a
V
i
l
d
o
s
o
P
i
c
o
n
34
P
u
b
l
i
c
A
n
a
M
e
r
c
e
d
e
s
Le
ó
n
Zá
r
a
t
e
34
P
u
b
l
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c
I
n
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s L
ó
p
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z
V
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a
20
P
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l
a
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s
Esc
o
b
a
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C
ó
r
d
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a
23
P
u
b
l
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c
G
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c
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l
a
P
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ñ
a
V
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l
a
s
q
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31
P
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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2252
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8
8
2
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B
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kin
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b
a
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iers
:
th
e
leg
a
cy
a
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d
vo
ices o
f wo
men
p
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ee
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s
in
a
cc
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(
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3591
I
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wo
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th
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p
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[
3
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.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
P
i
o
neer
ing
f
em
a
le
a
cc
o
un
t
a
nts in u
nd
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g
ra
du
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Af
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m
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ev
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p
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at
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wr
it
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eth
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in
T
ab
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2
.
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an
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ab
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2
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itle o
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Ti
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01
1
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7
2
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c
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l
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02
1
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7
4
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03
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5
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04
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05
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06
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9
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3
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07
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08
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09
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3
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10
1
9
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5
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11
1
9
7
2
F
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12
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9
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6
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13
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14
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9
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tin
g
f
ac
u
lties
o
f
Per
u
v
ian
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
wer
e
in
ter
v
iewe
d
.
T
h
ey
wer
e
ask
ed
ab
o
u
t
m
em
o
r
ab
le
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
in
th
eir
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
.
T
a
b
le
6
s
h
o
ws th
eir
o
p
in
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
iewe
es sh
o
w
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
im
p
ac
t o
f
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
wo
r
k
in
t
h
e
liv
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t,
b
u
t
also
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
g
e
n
er
ate
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atin
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
as
g
u
id
es
an
d
m
en
to
r
s
wh
o
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
in
teg
r
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
eir
s
t
u
d
en
ts
is
illu
s
tr
ated
.
I
t
also
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
teac
h
er
ac
co
m
p
an
im
e
n
t
ca
n
m
ak
e
a
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ig
n
if
ican
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
c
o
m
p
lex
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
an
d
ce
leb
r
atin
g
th
eir
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
h
ese
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
r
ef
lect
th
e
d
ep
th
an
d
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
o
n
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
h
u
m
an
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ma
in
ch
allen
g
es in
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
e
d
u
c
atio
n
ar
e
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
7
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
iewe
es’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
ch
al
len
g
es
f
ac
ed
i
n
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
asp
e
cts.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
c
ess
es
is
n
o
ted
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
u
p
d
atin
g
in
em
er
g
in
g
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
.
R
eso
u
r
ce
lim
itatio
n
s
in
s
o
m
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
e
q
u
alities
th
at
af
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ce
s
s
to
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
also
id
en
tifie
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
5
8
7
-
3600
3594
T
ab
le
6
.
Me
m
o
r
ab
le
ex
p
er
ien
c
es
I
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
ee
R
e
p
l
y
V
i
l
d
o
s
o
P
i
c
o
n
,
O
l
g
a
“
I
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
t
o
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
a
n
d
I
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
sat
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
se
e
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
d
o
so
.
”
Le
o
n
Za
r
a
t
e
,
A
n
a
M
e
r
c
e
d
e
s
“
H
e
l
p
i
n
g
a
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
m
e
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
i
ssu
e
s
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m.
I
saw
h
i
m
a
f
t
e
r
y
e
a
r
s
;
h
e
w
e
n
t
b
a
c
k
t
o
sc
h
o
o
l
a
n
d
t
o
d
a
y
h
e
i
s
a
p
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
w
h
o
a
l
w
a
y
s t
h
a
n
k
s m
e
.
”
Ló
p
e
z
V
a
l
e
r
a
,
I
n
é
s
“
Th
a
t
t
h
r
e
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
c
h
o
o
se
t
o
d
o
t
h
e
i
r
t
h
e
s
i
s
i
n
t
h
e
sp
e
c
i
a
l
t
y
o
f
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
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n
g
e
x
p
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t
i
se
a
n
d
t
h
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t
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e
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a
s
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n
n
a
me
d
s
p
o
n
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t
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r
a
d
u
a
t
i
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c
l
a
ss s
e
v
e
r
a
l
t
i
mes.
”
Esc
o
b
a
r
C
ó
r
d
o
v
a
,
G
l
a
d
y
s
“
I
h
a
v
e
se
v
e
r
a
l
,
E
v
a
a
st
u
d
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
p
a
r
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n
t
s
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n
d
w
h
o
l
i
v
e
d
w
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t
h
h
e
r
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n
c
l
e
s
w
i
t
h
w
h
o
m
s
h
e
h
a
d
n
o
c
h
e
mi
s
t
r
y
,
a
n
d
t
o
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
a
n
e
m
o
t
i
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l
s
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p
p
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f
o
r
5
y
e
a
r
s
a
n
d
t
o
se
e
h
e
r
s
h
i
n
e
i
n
so
c
i
e
t
y
t
o
d
a
y
sat
i
sf
i
e
s
me.
”
P
e
ñ
a
V
e
l
a
s
q
u
e
z
,
G
r
a
c
i
e
l
a
“
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m I
t
a
u
g
h
t
w
o
n
a
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
-
l
e
v
e
l
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
e
s
t
.
”
T
ab
le
7
.
Ma
in
c
h
allen
g
es
I
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
e
e
R
e
p
l
y
V
i
l
d
o
s
o
P
i
c
o
n
,
O
l
g
a
“
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
t
h
e
a
g
e
o
f
c
o
r
o
n
a
v
i
r
u
se
s.
”
Le
o
n
Za
r
a
t
e
,
A
n
a
M
e
r
c
e
d
e
s
“
P
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
u
p
d
a
t
e
o
n
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
i
ss
u
e
s
.”
Ló
p
e
z
V
a
l
e
r
a
,
I
n
é
s
“
Th
e
l
a
c
k
o
f
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
o
f
so
m
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
s,
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
t
h
e
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
d
i
s
p
a
r
i
t
i
e
s
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
”
Esc
o
b
a
r
C
ó
r
d
o
v
a
,
G
l
a
d
y
s
“
Ti
m
e
f
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
.”
P
e
ñ
a
V
e
l
a
s
q
u
e
z
,
G
r
a
c
i
e
l
a
“
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
sh
i
p
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
o
l
d
e
r
a
d
u
l
t
a
n
d
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
u
p
d
a
t
i
n
g
.
”
L
ik
ewise,
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
o
f
f
in
d
in
g
tim
e
f
o
r
tr
ai
n
in
g
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
m
u
ltip
le
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
r
o
le,
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
in
ter
g
e
n
er
atio
n
al
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
o
l
d
er
a
d
u
lts
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
,
as
well
as
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
n
ee
d
to
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
s
in
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
al
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
is
p
an
o
r
am
a
e
v
id
en
ce
s
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
in
a
co
n
s
tan
tly
ev
o
l
v
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Per
s
o
n
al
o
b
s
tacle
s
f
ac
ed
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
8
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
o
b
s
tacle
s
s
u
ch
as
en
v
y
in
th
e
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
lack
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
h
av
in
g
ac
a
d
em
ic
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
n
o
w
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
e
t
ea
ch
i
n
g
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
life
b
alan
ce
is
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
9
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
ef
lect
d
if
f
er
en
t
way
s
o
f
b
alan
cin
g
wo
r
k
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
life
,
f
r
o
m
a
n
o
r
g
a
n
iz
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
tim
e
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
e,
to
a
s
tr
o
n
g
em
o
tio
n
al
attac
h
m
en
t
t
o
teac
h
in
g
,
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
a
p
r
io
r
ity
in
th
eir
liv
es.
T
h
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
av
o
id
b
u
r
n
o
u
t
an
d
s
tr
ess
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
0
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
iewe
es
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
p
r
ev
en
t
b
u
r
n
o
u
t,
s
u
ch
as
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
th
eir
co
lleag
u
es’
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
tak
in
g
s
h
o
r
t
b
r
ea
k
s
.
T
h
ey
also
s
tr
ess
ed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ity
,
s
p
en
d
in
g
tim
e
with
f
am
ily
an
d
ad
o
p
tin
g
h
a
b
its
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
ese
a
ctio
n
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
b
al
an
ce
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
life
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
wo
r
k
-
r
elate
d
s
tr
ess
.
T
ab
le
8
.
Per
s
o
n
al
o
b
s
tacle
s
I
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
e
e
R
e
p
l
y
Le
o
n
Za
r
a
t
e
,
A
n
a
M
e
r
c
e
d
e
s
“
O
n
l
y
e
n
v
y
.
”
Ló
p
e
z
V
a
l
e
r
a
,
I
n
é
s
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
d
o
n
o
t
a
r
r
i
v
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
ssar
y
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
t
o
r
e
a
c
h
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
l
e
v
e
l
.
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
d
i
sc
i
p
l
i
n
e
,
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
”
Esc
o
b
a
r
C
ó
r
d
o
v
a
,
G
l
a
d
y
s
“
W
h
e
n
y
o
u
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
t
h
a
t
t
o
d
a
y
a
r
e
f
u
n
d
a
me
n
t
a
l
f
o
r
e
v
e
r
y
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
a
s i
t
i
s a
n
i
n
v
e
st
m
e
n
t
.
”
T
ab
le
9
.
T
ea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
life
b
alan
ce
I
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
e
e
R
e
p
l
y
V
i
l
d
o
s
o
P
i
c
o
n
,
O
l
g
a
“
I
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
m
y
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
l
i
f
e
,
i
n
a
c
a
l
m w
a
y
b
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
n
g
m
y
t
i
me
.
”
Le
o
n
Za
r
a
t
e
,
A
n
a
M
e
r
c
e
d
e
s
“
M
y
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
l
i
f
e
i
s t
o
t
a
l
l
y
l
i
n
k
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
l
a
sses
.
”
Ló
p
e
z
V
a
l
e
r
a
,
I
n
é
s
“
I
a
m o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
d
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
e
d
.”
Esc
o
b
a
r
C
ó
r
d
o
v
a
,
G
l
a
d
y
s
“
A
f
t
e
r
s
o
m
a
n
y
y
e
a
r
s,
m
y
sec
o
n
d
f
a
m
i
l
y
i
s
m
y
j
o
b
.
M
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s a
r
e
m
y
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
.”
P
e
ñ
a
V
e
l
a
s
q
u
e
z
,
G
r
a
c
i
e
l
a
“
I
h
a
v
e
d
e
d
i
c
a
t
e
d
m
o
r
e
t
i
m
e
t
o
my
w
o
r
k
a
s
a
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
.
”
T
ab
le
1
0
.
Stra
teg
ies
I
n
t
e
r
v
i
e
w
e
e
R
e
p
l
y
V
i
l
d
o
s
o
P
i
c
o
n
,
O
l
g
a
“
O
b
ser
v
e
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
o
f
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
a
r
e
e
r
b
y
o
t
h
e
r
c
o
l
l
e
a
g
u
e
s.
”
Le
o
n
Za
r
a
t
e
,
A
n
a
M
e
r
c
e
d
e
s
“
R
e
s
t
f
o
r
a
b
o
u
t
t
e
n
m
i
n
u
t
e
s wi
t
h
y
o
u
r
e
y
e
s
c
l
o
se
d
a
n
d
b
r
e
a
t
h
e
.
”
Ló
p
e
z
V
a
l
e
r
a
,
I
n
é
s
“
O
n
w
e
e
k
e
n
d
s
,
I
mee
t
w
i
t
h
m
y
f
a
m
i
l
y
a
n
d
p
l
a
y
s
p
o
r
t
s.
”
Esc
o
b
a
r
C
ó
r
d
o
v
a
,
G
l
a
d
y
s
“
I
p
l
a
y
s
p
o
r
t
s.
”
P
e
ñ
a
V
e
l
a
s
q
u
e
z
,
G
r
a
c
i
e
l
a
“
I
e
x
e
r
c
i
se,
t
a
k
e
v
i
t
a
m
i
n
s
a
n
d
a
l
i
t
t
l
e
d
i
s
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
.
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
B
r
ea
kin
g
b
a
r
r
iers
:
th
e
leg
a
cy
a
n
d
vo
ices o
f wo
men
p
io
n
ee
r
s
in
a
cc
o
u
n
tin
g
…
(
Jo
r
g
e
M.
C
h
á
ve
z
-
Día
z
)
3595
4
.
4
.
Acc
o
un
t
ing
pio
neer
s
in s
cient
if
ic
pro
du
ct
io
n
4
.
4
.
1
.
P
er
io
d 1
9
7
1
-
1
9
7
7
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
e
r
io
d
i
n
Per
u
,
t
h
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
o
f
Vela
s
q
u
is
m
o
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
p
r
esid
en
t
at
th
at
tim
e
was
Mr
.
J
u
an
Vela
s
co
Alv
ar
ad
o
.
His
id
eo
lo
g
y
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
an
ef
f
o
r
t
to
ac
ce
ler
ate
n
atio
n
b
u
ild
in
g
in
Per
u
.
I
t
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
d
ec
o
lo
n
ize
s
o
cial
r
ela
tio
n
s
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
in
ju
s
tices
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
d
is
p
ar
ities
,
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
u
n
itin
g
Per
u
v
ian
s
ar
o
u
n
d
a
p
r
o
ject
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
o
cial
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
wea
lth
an
d
af
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ig
n
it
y
an
d
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
u
r
b
an
an
d
r
u
r
al
p
o
p
u
lar
s
ec
to
r
s
.
I
n
es
s
en
ce
,
Vela
s
q
u
is
m
o
em
b
o
d
ied
asp
ir
atio
n
s
lo
n
g
h
el
d
b
y
th
e
m
id
d
le
-
an
d
w
o
r
k
in
g
-
class
C
r
eo
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
em
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
b
y
wo
m
en
ac
co
u
n
ta
n
ts
s
in
ce
1
9
7
1
r
ef
lects
th
e
ex
p
an
d
in
g
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
m
id
d
le
class
in
Per
u
.
T
h
is
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
was
lar
g
ely
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
t
h
e
d
em
o
cr
atiza
tio
n
a
n
d
b
r
o
ad
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
id
-
1
9
6
0
s
.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
d
icato
r
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
ess
is
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
wh
ich
r
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
1
1
in
1
9
6
1
to
3
1
b
y
1
9
6
9
[3
2
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
1
9
7
0
s
,
Per
u
u
n
d
er
wen
t
th
e
e
r
a
o
f
“
Vela
s
q
u
is
m
o
,
”
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
m
ilit
ar
y
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t.
T
h
is
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
f
o
s
ter
ed
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
tate
ca
p
italis
m
,
lead
in
g
t
o
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tate
ap
p
ar
atu
s
[
3
3
]
.
E
co
n
o
m
ically
,
th
e
ag
r
ar
ian
r
ef
o
r
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
r
u
r
al
p
r
o
p
e
r
ty
,
wh
ich
b
o
ls
ter
ed
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
ac
tiv
ities
wh
ile
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
p
r
i
v
ate
s
ec
to
r
in
v
estme
n
ts
[
3
1
]
.
Giv
en
th
ese
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
t
h
e
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
p
io
n
ee
r
s
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
em
p
h
asizin
g
f
i
n
an
cial
in
d
icato
r
s
to
en
ab
le
co
m
p
an
ies to
s
ec
u
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
cr
ed
it.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
tab
le
co
n
ce
r
n
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
c
o
o
p
er
ativ
es
in
Per
u
.
T
h
ese
en
t
ities
o
f
ten
p
o
s
itio
n
th
em
s
elv
es
as
b
an
k
s
o
r
f
in
an
cial
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
aim
in
g
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
f
in
an
cial
s
er
v
ices
to
th
eir
m
em
b
er
s
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
ar
m
er
s
an
d
m
icr
o
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
s
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
p
io
n
ee
r
wo
m
en
ac
co
u
n
tan
ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
r
o
m
a
n
a
cc
o
u
n
tin
g
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
b
u
t a
ls
o
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
t
h
at
p
i
o
n
ee
r
wo
m
e
n
ac
co
u
n
tan
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
clea
r
c
o
n
ce
r
n
f
o
r
th
e
la
b
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
b
o
th
p
r
o
p
er
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
p
er
s
o
n
n
el.
T
h
eir
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
th
ese
tr
ailb
laze
r
s
p
la
y
ed
in
ad
v
an
ci
n
g
th
e
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
g
en
d
er
eq
u
ality
with
in
th
e
f
ield
.
4
.
4
.
2
.
P
er
io
d 1
9
9
6
-
2
0
1
1
Per
u
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
late
2
0
th
ce
n
tu
r
y
an
d
th
e
ea
r
ly
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
,
a
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
p
o
v
e
r
t
y
lev
els,
an
d
g
r
ea
ter
f
o
r
m
aliz
atio
n
o
f
its
ec
o
n
o
m
y
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
esp
ite
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
s
,
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
g
r
o
wth
wer
e
n
o
t
ev
e
n
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
ec
to
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
p
er
s
is
ten
t
in
eq
u
ality
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
s
o
cial
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
s
tab
ilit
y
[
3
5
]
–
[
3
7
]
.
P
io
n
ee
r
in
g
wo
m
en
ac
co
u
n
tan
ts
en
g
ag
ed
i
n
p
o
s
tg
r
a
d
u
ate
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
an
ac
u
te
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
eir
e
r
a,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
to
p
ics
th
at
r
em
ain
h
ig
h
ly
r
ele
v
an
t
to
Per
u
’
s
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
eir
wo
r
k
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
n
atio
n
all
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ar
ea
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
u
b
lic
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
,
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
a
n
d
au
d
itin
g
,
f
in
a
n
cial
au
d
itin
g
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
,
ac
ad
em
ic
a
u
d
itin
g
,
an
d
c
o
r
r
u
p
tio
n
,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
f
th
ei
r
tim
e.
4
.
5
.
T
estim
o
nia
ls
f
ro
m
t
he
a
cc
o
un
t
ing
educa
t
o
rs
Similar
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
in
L
atin
Am
er
ica
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
a
g
r
ee
with
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
p
r
esen
ted
,
in
th
e
s
en
s
e
o
f
d
e
d
icatio
n
,
p
er
s
ev
er
a
n
ce
an
d
em
p
ath
y
o
n
th
e
p
ar
t
o
f
wo
m
en
teac
h
er
s
to
war
d
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
also
with
th
e
lack
o
f
eq
u
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
s
h
ar
ed
b
y
th
e
teac
h
er
s
in
ter
v
ie
wed
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
em
o
tio
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
g
o
es
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
g
en
er
atin
g
a
last
in
g
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
d
ed
ic
atio
n
an
d
em
p
at
h
y
to
war
d
s
s
tu
d
en
t
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
ch
allen
g
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
an
d
h
is
o
r
h
er
co
n
te
x
t.
Fin
ally
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
d
em
a
n
d
s
f
o
r
n
ew
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
ar
t
if
icial
in
tellig
en
ce
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
em
er
g
i
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies in
to
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
a
ctice
.
T
h
e
f
em
ale
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
in
ter
v
iewe
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
in
eq
u
alities
in
teac
h
in
g
ca
r
ee
r
s
an
d
th
is
o
cc
u
r
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
i
ty
b
u
t
also
in
co
m
p
an
ies,
wo
m
en
ar
e
u
n
d
e
r
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
in
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
o
s
itio
n
s
an
d
f
ac
e
s
lo
wer
ca
r
ee
r
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
eir
m
ale
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
[
1
9
]
,
[
3
8
]
,
[
39
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
is
ex
ac
er
b
ated
b
y
a
p
atr
iar
ch
al
c
u
ltu
r
e
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
ca
r
ee
r
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
io
n
an
d
m
ain
tain
s
g
en
d
er
d
is
p
ar
ities
[
4
0
]
.
W
ith
r
esp
ec
t
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
,
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
wo
m
en
in
ac
a
d
em
ic
an
d
e
d
ito
r
ial
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
o
s
itio
n
s
r
ef
lects
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
o
licies
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
g
en
d
er
eq
u
ity
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
r
esear
ch
.
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
p
r
io
r
itize
p
o
licies
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
e
q
u
ality
a
ca
d
em
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
r
esear
ch
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
in
k
ey
ar
ea
s
o
f
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
.
E
co
n
o
m
i
c
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
i
n
e
q
u
alities
b
etwe
en
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
eq
u
ir
e
p
o
licies
th
at
en
s
u
r
e
eq
u
itab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
ac
ce
s
s
to
q
u
ality
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
an
d
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
to
o
ls
.
His
to
r
ical
lim
itatio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
wo
m
e
n
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
in
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
R
esu
lts
alo
n
g
th
e
s
am
e
lin
es
in
d
icate
th
at
i
t
is
d
u
e
to
cu
ltu
r
e
o
r
p
atr
iar
c
h
al
v
alu
es
th
at
m
en
’
s
teac
h
in
g
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
wo
m
en
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
5
8
7
-
3600
3596
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ar
e
lim
ited
[
9
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
ce
s
ar
e
ev
id
e
n
t
in
th
e
s
alar
y
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
o
f
tea
ch
er
s
,
with
wo
m
e
n
r
ec
eiv
in
g
less
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
s
er
v
ice
o
r
with
f
ewe
r
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
ca
r
ee
r
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
].
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
h
ea
lth
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
an
x
iety
an
d
s
tr
ess
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
in
teac
h
in
g
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
is
co
in
ci
d
es
with
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
w
o
m
en
h
av
e
g
r
ea
ter
h
ea
r
t
r
ate
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical
r
esp
o
n
s
e
al
lo
ws th
em
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
g
r
ea
te
r
r
esis
tan
ce
to
ad
v
er
s
e
s
itu
atio
n
s
[4
4
].
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
e
m
p
h
asiz
e
th
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
asp
ir
atio
n
s
o
f
f
em
ale
teac
h
er
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
ag
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
f
wo
m
en
i
n
ac
ad
e
m
ia
f
o
cu
s
o
n
g
r
ea
te
r
in
clu
s
io
n
,
b
etter
s
alar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
wo
r
k
o
p
tio
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
ei
r
in
ter
est
in
g
r
ea
ter
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
STE
M
ar
ea
s
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
eir
p
r
esen
ce
in
d
i
s
cip
lin
es tr
ad
itio
n
ally
d
o
m
in
at
ed
b
y
m
en
[4
5
].
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
r
o
le
o
f
p
io
n
ee
r
in
g
wo
m
en
in
Per
u
v
ian
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
,
wh
o
,
d
esp
ite
wo
r
k
in
g
in
a
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
tr
ad
itio
n
ally
d
o
m
in
ate
d
b
y
m
en
,
h
av
e
m
a
d
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
in
k
ey
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
au
d
itin
g
,
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
an
d
au
d
itin
g
.
T
h
eir
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
h
as
ad
d
r
ess
ed
cr
u
cial
is
s
u
es
f
o
r
th
e
n
atio
n
al
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
s
u
ch
as
f
in
an
cial
an
aly
s
is
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
au
d
i
tin
g
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
a
p
t
to
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
th
eir
tim
e
a
n
d
th
eir
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
co
n
s
o
lid
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
cip
lin
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
teac
h
er
s
in
ter
v
iewe
d
r
ef
lect
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
eir
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
wo
r
k
,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
t
h
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
b
u
t
also
in
t
h
eir
eth
ical
an
d
h
u
m
an
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
h
av
e
p
lay
ed
an
ess
en
tial
r
o
le
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
in
clu
s
iv
e
p
r
ac
tices
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
i
n
g
,
c
h
allen
g
in
g
g
en
d
er
b
ar
r
ier
s
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
lim
itatio
n
s
,
wh
ile
f
a
cin
g
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ch
allen
g
es su
ch
as th
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
g
ap
a
n
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t r
es
o
u
r
ce
s
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
te
x
t,
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
to
im
p
lem
en
t
p
o
licies
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
g
e
n
d
er
eq
u
ity
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ac
co
u
n
t
in
g
r
esear
ch
,
as
well
as
to
u
p
d
ate
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
i
n
em
e
r
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
r
elev
an
c
e
o
f
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
a
d
y
n
am
ic
g
lo
b
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
t
is
also
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
ex
p
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
wo
m
e
n
ac
co
u
n
tan
ts
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
ar
ea
s
,
s
u
ch
as
tax
au
d
itin
g
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
,
as
well
as
ex
p
lo
r
e
r
eg
io
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
g
e
n
d
er
in
clu
s
io
n
in
th
e
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
q
u
an
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