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K
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Dig
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m
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Pro
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wr
itin
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Stu
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T
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T
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CC B
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Pro
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m
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ch
a
llen
g
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f
ac
ed
b
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p
r
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wr
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r
s
[
1
]
.
I
n
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d
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wr
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er
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lib
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a
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d
ti
m
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ess
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f
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wo
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k
[
2
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.
Var
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eth
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h
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E
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Un
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’
s
Ho
r
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2
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2
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p
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[
3
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.
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
6
3
1
-
3641
3632
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
e
n
h
u
n
en
-
L
u
n
k
k
a
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[
4
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th
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o
r
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l
an
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p
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[
5
]
.
W
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wr
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a
p
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teac
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d
s
tu
d
en
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allen
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wo
r
r
ies,
an
d
is
s
u
es
[
6
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Pu
p
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eq
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tly
s
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g
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to
f
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n
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en
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m
ater
ia
ls
[
7
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,
m
an
ag
e
th
eir
tim
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
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[
8
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,
[
9
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,
an
d
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s
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p
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p
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ac
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[
1
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Stu
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ay
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p
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p
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s
'
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tr
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d
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n
[
1
1
]
.
Stu
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f
in
d
it
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
f
i
n
is
h
th
eir
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
in
a
d
d
itio
n
to
th
eir
h
ea
v
y
wo
r
k
lo
a
d
s
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
also
f
ac
e
b
u
r
ea
u
cr
atic
r
o
a
d
b
lo
c
k
s
wh
en
it
co
m
es
to
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
an
d
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
ey
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
w
o
r
r
ied
ab
o
u
t
o
b
tain
i
n
g
f
u
n
d
s
,
lo
ca
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
a
r
tn
er
s
f
o
r
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
m
a
x
im
izin
g
t
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
r
o
ject
r
esu
lts
[
1
4
]
.
L
ac
k
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ca
n
also
m
ak
e
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
ef
f
icien
tly
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
n
eg
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
cr
ea
tin
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t p
r
o
b
lem
s
at
b
o
th
in
d
iv
id
u
al
a
n
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
lev
els.
T
h
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
wi
th
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
I
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
,
it
is
s
tated
th
at
th
ese
d
if
f
icu
lties
m
ak
e
p
r
o
ject
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
d
if
f
icu
lt
[
1
]
.
E
s
p
ec
ially
th
e
d
i
f
f
icu
lties
in
tim
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
a
n
d
ac
c
ess
to
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
with
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies.
E
s
p
ec
ially
th
e
p
r
ac
tices
in
p
r
o
jects
s
u
ch
as
Ho
r
izo
n
2
0
2
0
o
f
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Un
io
n
r
ev
ea
l
h
o
w
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
f
ac
ilit
ate
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
[
3
]
.
W
h
en
a
n
aly
z
ed
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
e
r
s
in
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
jects
an
d
th
u
s
,
s
cien
tific
ac
tiv
ities
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
i
n
th
e
USA,
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
i
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Natio
n
al
Scien
ce
Fo
u
n
d
ati
o
n
(
NSF)
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
o
f
f
er
ed
g
u
id
a
n
ce
o
n
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
Fin
lan
d
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
s
y
s
tem
s
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
an
d
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
ed
to
p
la
y
an
ac
tiv
e
r
o
le
in
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
4
]
.
W
h
en
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
in
d
e
p
th
,
it
is
th
o
u
g
h
t
th
at
it
is
v
e
r
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
i
n
p
r
o
ject
w
r
itin
g
i
n
s
o
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
a
n
d
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies u
s
ed
to
co
p
e
with
th
ese
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
Un
lik
e
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e,
th
is
r
esear
ch
an
aly
s
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
ject
wr
i
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
s
t
u
d
en
t
an
d
lectu
r
er
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
W
h
ile
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
g
en
er
ally
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
a
n
d
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
alle
n
g
es
in
th
e
p
r
o
jec
t
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
h
o
w
th
es
e
ch
allen
g
es
c
an
b
e
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
with
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
r
o
le
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
e
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
an
d
co
n
ce
r
n
s
en
c
o
u
n
t
er
ed
in
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
to
r
e
v
ea
l
h
o
w
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
p
r
o
jects.
I
n
th
i
s
co
n
tex
t,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
will
s
ee
k
an
s
wer
s
to
q
u
esti
o
n
s
s
u
ch
as
wh
at
p
r
o
b
lem
s
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
in
w
r
itin
g
p
r
o
jects
an
d
wh
at
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
it
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
i
n
s
o
lv
in
g
th
ese
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
o
f
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
as
“
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
p
h
ase
an
d
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ag
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
p
h
a
s
e.
”
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
In
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
was
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
am
o
n
g
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
it wa
s
aim
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ill lev
el
s
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
ab
o
u
t p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
,
an
s
wer
s
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
s
o
u
g
h
t
in
th
e
n
atu
r
al
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
ac
ad
em
ician
s
an
d
th
en
an
aly
ze
d
.
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h
po
pu
la
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
ely
s
elec
ted
[
1
8
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
atten
d
in
g
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
an
y
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
o
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
an
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wh
o
wer
e
ten
u
r
ed
f
ac
u
l
ty
m
em
b
er
s
at
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
wer
e
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Data
s
atu
r
atio
n
was
t
ak
en
as
a
cr
iter
io
n
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
k
ee
p
s
in
ter
v
iewin
g
as lo
n
g
as n
ew
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
o
b
tain
ed
an
d
en
d
s
it wh
en
s
atu
r
atio
n
p
r
ev
en
ts
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
f
r
o
m
o
b
tain
in
g
n
ew
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
ed
2
4
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
2
4
p
u
p
ils
.
W
h
ile
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
am
p
le
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
atten
tio
n
was
p
aid
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tu
d
y
in
g
at
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
an
d
teac
h
e
r
s
t
ea
ch
in
g
i
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ac
ad
em
i
c
f
ield
s
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
in
Ast
an
a,
Alm
aty
,
an
d
T
ar
az
Pr
o
v
in
ce
s
o
f
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
Par
tic
ip
an
ts
wh
o
d
id
n
o
t
co
n
tin
u
e
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ac
ad
em
ics
wh
o
wer
e
ass
ig
n
ed
to
g
iv
e
lectu
r
es
wer
e
n
o
t
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
in
all
class
es
in
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Facu
lty
m
em
b
er
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lectu
r
er’
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
ers
p
ec
tives o
n
d
ig
ita
l te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
in
o
r
g
a
n
iz
in
g
a
n
d
…
(
Lya
ila
I
s
ka
ko
va
)
3633
fro
m
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
th
e
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ject
s
am
p
le
was
en
s
u
r
ed
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
ac
ad
em
ics
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
er
s
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
ac
u
lties
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
an
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
to
th
e
p
r
o
ject
wr
it
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
t
h
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
eth
ics
c
o
m
m
ittee
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
was
g
r
a
n
ted
o
n
1
6
/0
2
/2
0
2
4
with
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
SDU
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Facu
lty
o
f
H
u
m
an
ities
E
th
ics C
o
m
m
ittee
(
Ap
p
r
o
v
al
n
o
: 2
0
2
4
/7
)
.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
ed
i
n
ter
v
iew
f
o
r
m
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ich
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
alit
ativ
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
to
o
ls
,
was
u
s
ed
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
i
d
en
tify
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
en
co
u
n
te
r
ed
b
y
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
ile
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
jects
an
d
t
o
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
ill
lev
els
ab
o
u
t
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
iew
f
o
r
m
s
u
s
ed
as
d
ata
co
llectio
n
t
o
o
ls
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
b
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
an
d
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
we
r
e
ap
p
lied
s
ep
ar
ately
to
b
o
th
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Op
e
n
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
f
o
r
m
ed
in
th
ese
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
iew
f
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
la
n
n
in
g
t
o
th
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
ject
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
was
also
r
ev
is
ed
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
m
ain
to
p
ics
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
Firstl
y
,
ex
p
er
t
o
p
in
io
n
was
tak
en
an
d
th
en
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
was
an
aly
ze
d
in
d
ep
th
.
Fo
r
th
e
o
r
ig
in
ality
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
o
f
all
ex
p
e
r
ts
wer
e
tak
en
an
d
th
e
f
o
r
m
was
u
p
d
ated
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
ese
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
s
o
th
at
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
co
u
l
d
ex
p
r
ess
th
em
s
elv
es
in
a
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
E
ac
h
in
ter
v
iew
la
s
ted
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
atel
y
30
-
4
5
m
in
u
tes
an
d
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
f
o
r
g
en
er
a
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
,
p
r
o
ject
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
co
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
e
v
alu
atio
n
a
n
d
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
,
an
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
p
r
esen
tatio
n
,
an
d
t
h
eir
an
s
wer
s
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
.
2
.
4
.
Va
lid
it
y
a
nd
re
lia
bil
it
y
t
est
T
h
e
in
ter
v
iew
f
o
r
m
we
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
al
s
tag
es.
T
h
e
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
f
ir
s
t
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
two
ac
ad
em
ician
s
wh
o
ar
e
ex
p
er
t
s
in
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
c
h
.
Af
ter
th
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
ac
ad
em
i
cian
s
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
f
in
alize
d
.
T
h
e
n
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
a
l
an
g
u
ag
e
ex
p
er
t
a
n
d
th
eir
s
u
itab
ilit
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
g
r
am
m
ar
was
ex
am
in
e
d
.
Firstl
y
,
a
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
was
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
with
1
teac
h
er
a
n
d
1
s
tu
d
en
t
,
an
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
f
in
alize
d
af
ter
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
a
ck
was r
ec
eiv
ed
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
f
o
r
m
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
two
p
ar
ts
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t,
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
was
o
b
tain
ed
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t,
t
h
er
e
was
an
i
n
ter
v
iew
f
o
r
m
with
a
t
o
tal
o
f
s
ix
q
u
esti
o
n
s
u
n
d
er
s
ix
h
ea
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
in
a
f
lex
ib
le
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
wo
u
ld
allo
w
an
in
-
d
e
p
th
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
iew
f
o
r
m
w
as
ex
am
in
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
ter
-
co
d
er
r
elia
b
ilit
y
m
et
h
o
d
[
2
1
]
.
T
wo
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
ex
am
in
ed
t
h
e
d
ata.
Af
ter
t
h
e
in
ter
v
iew
d
ata
was
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
c
o
d
ed
b
y
ea
ch
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
,
th
e
in
ter
-
co
d
e
r
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
co
d
es.
Usi
n
g
C
o
h
en
’
s
Kap
p
a
co
ef
f
ic
ien
t,
in
ter
-
co
d
er
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
in
th
i
s
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
[
2
2
]
.
A
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
in
ter
-
c
o
d
er
r
eliab
ilit
y
is
in
d
icate
d
b
y
a
Kap
p
a
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
6
0
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
cr
u
cial
in
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
d
e
p
en
d
ab
ilit
y
b
ec
au
s
e
it
all
o
wed
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
to
c
o
n
f
ir
m
t
h
at
th
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ev
alu
ated
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
i
o
n pro
ce
s
s
B
etwe
en
Ma
r
ch
7
an
d
Ma
r
ch
3
0
,
2
0
2
4
,
s
t
af
f
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
at
Kaz
ak
h
Natio
n
al
W
o
m
en
's
T
ea
ch
er
T
r
ain
in
g
Un
iv
er
s
ity
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
e
s
tu
d
y
with
t
h
e
d
ata
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
ex
p
lain
ed
to
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
an
d
th
ey
wer
e
also
ad
v
is
ed
th
at
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
was
en
tire
l
y
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
a
v
o
ice
r
e
co
r
d
er
was
u
tili
ze
d
with
ea
ch
p
a
r
ticip
an
t'
s
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
.
E
ac
h
in
ter
v
iew
last
ed
an
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
th
ir
ty
to
th
ir
ty
-
f
iv
e
m
in
u
tes,
an
d
th
ey
wer
e
h
eld
i
n
a
s
u
itab
l
e
m
ee
tin
g
r
o
o
m
at
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
2
.
6
.
Ana
ly
zing
t
he
da
t
a
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
e
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
q
u
al
itativ
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
ter
v
ie
w
f
o
r
m
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
co
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
an
d
th
e
d
ata
wer
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
b
y
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
em
es
an
d
s
u
b
-
th
em
es.
C
o
n
ten
t
a
n
aly
s
is
is
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
y
s
tem
atic
class
if
ica
tio
n
,
co
d
in
g
,
an
d
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
iew
f
o
r
m
u
s
ed
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
b
y
th
e
co
n
ten
t
an
al
y
s
is
m
eth
o
d
[
2
3
]
.
All
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
r
e
c
o
r
d
ed
with
a
v
o
ice
r
ec
o
r
d
er
an
d
th
e
n
t
r
an
s
cr
ib
ed
wo
r
d
b
y
wo
r
d
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
cr
i
p
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
d
o
n
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
cr
ib
e
d
d
ata
wer
e
co
d
e
d
in
lin
e
with
th
e
aim
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
r
ep
etitiv
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
,
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
t
h
em
es
wer
e
id
en
tif
ied
.
T
h
e
c
o
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
d
o
n
e
m
a
n
u
ally
a
n
d
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
t w
er
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
in
d
etail.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
6
3
1
-
3641
3634
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
7
0
%
wer
e
f
em
ale
(
n
=1
4
)
an
d
3
0
%
wer
e
m
ale
(
n
=6
)
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
teac
h
er
s
,
8
0
%
wer
e
f
em
ale
(
n
=1
6
)
an
d
2
0
%
wer
e
m
ale
(
n
=4
)
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
class
r
o
o
m
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
was
1
y
ea
r
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iat
io
n
o
f
0
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
ag
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
was
1
8
.
3
y
ea
r
s
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iati
o
n
o
f
0
.
6
6
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
wo
r
k
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
s
is
1
4
y
ea
r
s
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
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f
9
.
0
7
.
T
h
e
m
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a
g
e
o
f
th
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teac
h
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s
is
3
4
.
6
y
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r
s
a
n
d
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d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
is
8
.
4
7
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
G
r
o
u
p
G
e
n
d
e
r
C
l
a
s
s/
w
o
r
k
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
A
g
e
P1
S
t
u
d
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n
t
F
e
mal
e
1
29
T
e
a
c
h
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r
F
e
mal
e
26
46
P2
S
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n
t
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e
mal
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1
18
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a
c
h
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r
F
e
mal
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24
45
P3
S
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n
t
F
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mal
e
1
18
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
F
e
mal
e
25
47
P4
S
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t
M
a
l
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1
18
T
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h
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r
M
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l
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16
38
P5
S
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mal
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1
18
T
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r
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mal
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23
46
P6
S
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t
M
a
l
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18
T
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r
M
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l
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24
40
P7
S
t
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t
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1
18
T
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r
M
a
l
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24
39
P8
S
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n
t
M
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l
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1
18
T
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r
M
a
l
e
24
40
P9
S
t
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d
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t
F
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mal
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1
19
T
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r
F
e
mal
e
18
41
P
1
0
S
t
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n
t
F
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1
18
T
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r
M
a
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14
25
P
1
1
S
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1
18
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M
a
l
e
19
42
P
1
2
S
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1
18
T
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r
M
a
l
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4
32
P
1
3
S
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d
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M
a
l
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1
20
T
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M
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l
e
6
25
P
1
4
S
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F
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1
18
T
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r
M
a
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5
25
P
1
5
S
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1
19
T
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4
28
P
1
6
S
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18
T
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M
a
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4
25
P
1
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S
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M
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5
25
P
1
8
S
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F
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1
18
T
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a
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r
F
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3
27
P
1
9
S
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1
20
T
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6
28
P
2
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M
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19
T
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r
F
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5
28
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
th
e
g
en
er
al
k
n
o
wled
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e
o
f
th
e
p
ar
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ts
o
n
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
was
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n
aly
ze
d
.
Un
d
er
th
is
h
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d
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x
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ie
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ce
s
o
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ts
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r
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ly
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at
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o
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e
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ien
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ile
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e
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o
r
ted
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id
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v
e
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p
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ce
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,
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0
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h
ad
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ien
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ad
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o
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ien
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d
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a
d
n
o
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ct
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p
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ien
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Fig
u
r
e
2
an
aly
s
es th
e
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r
o
ject
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r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es o
f
th
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p
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ticip
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ts
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
a
n
s
wer
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o
f
th
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p
ar
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ts
to
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at
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m
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r
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eter
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ad
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icu
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eter
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ield
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at
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h
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6
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h
ad
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p
ic,
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d
4
0
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(
n
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h
ad
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
lack
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
tim
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lectu
r
er’
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
ers
p
ec
tives o
n
d
ig
ita
l te
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n
o
lo
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y
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s
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in
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n
iz
in
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a
n
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…
(
Lya
ila
I
s
ka
ko
va
)
3635
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
ject
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
p
ar
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an
ts
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pro
ject
p
r
ep
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r
atio
n
p
r
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s
s
I
n
Fig
u
r
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3
,
t
h
e
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b
lem
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ex
p
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d
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y
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h
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ticip
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ticip
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e
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icate
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r
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am
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ig
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e
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o
r
tan
t p
r
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th
e
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s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
an
aly
s
es
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
co
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
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u
r
in
g
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.
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d
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ly
,
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was
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eter
m
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eth
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e
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ee
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r
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e
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er
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s
u
p
p
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r
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
6
3
1
-
3641
3636
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
ject
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
c
ess
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
-
o
p
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n
an
d
s
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p
p
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r
t
Fig
u
r
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5
a
n
aly
s
es
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
o
n
th
e
e
v
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a
tio
n
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
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f
th
e
p
r
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j
ec
t
r
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lts
.
Acc
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r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
p
ar
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an
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
p
r
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ject
o
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t
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ts
.
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g
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y
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0
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ts
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th
at
th
e
p
r
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ject
o
u
t
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ts
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alu
ated
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y
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p
er
t,
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ile
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ted
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e
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f
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k
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d
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n
d
2
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I
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Fig
u
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6
,
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o
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p
ar
ticip
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6
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ep
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ed
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ed
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th
in
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lectu
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Lya
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3637
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u
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cted
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th
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ter
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k
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T
h
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also
r
e
p
o
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ted
t
h
at
b
ein
g
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
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ad
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ig
n
if
ican
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ad
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a
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tag
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ter
m
s
o
f
ex
p
er
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n
ce
an
d
p
a
v
ed
th
e
wa
y
f
o
r
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
o
th
er
p
r
o
jects in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
6
3
1
-
3641
3638
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
n
ew
in
s
ig
h
ts
i
n
to
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
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f
ac
e
wh
en
cr
ea
tin
g
p
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o
jects
a
n
d
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
u
s
ed
i
n
p
r
o
ject
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t.
A
to
tal
2
0
%
o
f
teac
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e
r
s
an
d
60
%
o
f
s
tu
d
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ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
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h
ad
n
ev
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a
p
p
lied
f
o
r
a
p
r
o
ject
o
r
b
ee
n
a
r
esear
ch
er
in
a
p
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ject
b
ef
o
r
e.
Alth
o
u
g
h
it
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
a
lo
w
v
alu
e
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
,
th
is
r
es
u
lt
is
d
ir
ec
tly
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
4
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
R
ah
m
awa
ti
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
lack
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
r
elate
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
tr
ain
in
g
o
n
t
h
is
s
u
b
ject
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
lack
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
is
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
a
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
t
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
in
p
r
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ject
-
r
elate
d
ac
tiv
ities
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
3
0
%
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
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ts
r
ep
o
r
te
d
d
i
f
f
icu
lty
ch
o
o
s
in
g
p
r
o
ject
titl
es,
wh
ich
is
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
r
esear
ch
b
y
I
k
a
[
2
6
]
,
wh
ich
also
em
p
h
asized
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lti
es
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
p
h
ases
o
f
p
r
o
ject
p
lan
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
im
p
lies
th
at
m
o
r
e
ass
is
tan
ce
an
d
m
ater
ials
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
g
i
v
en
at
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
t
’
s
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
b
r
ain
s
to
r
m
in
g
s
tag
es.
I
n
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
b
y
San
to
s
an
d
C
ar
v
alh
o
[
2
7
]
,
th
ey
m
en
tio
n
ed
5
3
o
b
s
tacle
s
in
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
ar
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
m
an
ag
er
ial
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
m
eth
o
d
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
a
n
d
team
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
2
7
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
also
m
en
tio
n
e
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ject
titl
e
an
d
th
o
u
g
h
t
th
at
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
is
was
th
at
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
n
o
t
d
o
n
e
well
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
r
esu
lts
em
p
h
asize
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
e
n
h
an
ce
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ials
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
ce
n
ter
ed
a
r
o
u
n
d
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es a
n
d
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
tr
ig
u
in
g
ly
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
m
o
s
t
teac
h
er
s
(
7
0
%)
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
6
0
%)
h
ad
litt
le
tr
o
u
b
le
b
u
ild
in
g
p
r
o
ject
team
s
.
T
h
is
is
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
Hen
k
el
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
d
th
at
t
ea
m
c
r
ea
tio
n
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
icu
lty
i
n
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
co
n
te
x
ts
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ex
p
lan
atio
n
f
o
r
th
is
m
is
m
atch
is
th
at
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
wh
e
r
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wa
s
d
o
n
e
m
ay
h
av
e
h
a
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
team
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tactics
in
p
lac
e
d
u
e
to
its
u
n
iq
u
e
s
ettin
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
d
o
n
e
in
th
e
p
ast
an
d
p
r
esen
t
in
d
ic
ate
th
at
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
is
s
u
es
in
m
an
y
f
ield
s
is
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
an
d
ass
em
b
lin
g
a
p
r
o
ject
team
.
T
h
is
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
k
e
y
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
p
r
o
ject
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es in
p
a
r
ticu
lar
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
,
it
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
er
e
wer
e
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
in
s
h
ar
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
ject
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Sp
o
elst
r
a
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
an
d
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
ject
r
esu
lts
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
p
r
o
ject
em
p
h
a
s
izes
th
at
it
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
it
is
aim
ed
to
g
e
n
er
ate
n
ew
p
r
o
ject
id
ea
s
a
n
d
t
o
p
r
ev
en
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
p
r
o
ject
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
is
also
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
g
e
n
er
ati
o
n
o
f
a
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
an
d
n
ew
f
o
ci
o
f
in
ter
est th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
a
p
r
o
ject.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Sin
ce
it
is
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
2
4
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
2
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
a
lar
g
er
s
am
p
le
b
y
u
s
in
g
m
ix
e
d
-
d
esig
n
r
esear
ch
.
Sin
ce
a
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
in
ter
v
iew
f
o
r
m
was
u
s
ed
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
er
e
m
ay
b
e
s
u
b
jectiv
e
ev
a
lu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
a
y
af
f
ec
t
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
ly
o
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
lo
ca
ted
in
ce
r
tain
p
r
o
v
in
ce
s
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
e
aso
n
,
it
is
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
t
h
at
th
e
r
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
esear
c
h
in
cl
u
d
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
with
d
if
f
er
en
t to
p
o
g
r
ap
h
ical
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
b
y
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
je
ct
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
,
as
well
as
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
p
r
o
ject
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
o
u
r
r
esear
c
h
,
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
m
o
r
e
a
b
o
u
t
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
tr
ain
i
n
g
o
n
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
ca
n
b
e
o
r
g
an
ized
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
W
ith
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
ese
tr
ain
in
g
s
,
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
g
ain
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
g
iv
en
a
b
o
u
t
h
o
w
an
d
at
w
h
at
lev
el
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
n
ef
it
f
r
o
m
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
s
h
o
u
ld
in
f
o
r
m
an
d
d
is
s
em
in
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
r
eg
u
lar
ly
with
in
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
ject
ca
l
ls
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
er
e
p
r
o
ject
id
ea
s
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
,
an
d
cr
iticis
m
s
ca
n
b
e
cr
ea
ted
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
leg
is
lato
r
s
o
u
g
h
t to
cr
ea
te
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
w
ith
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
.
T
o
g
et
m
o
r
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
r
esu
lts
,
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
s
ev
e
r
al
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
with
g
r
ea
ter
s
am
p
le
s
izes,
an
d
u
s
in
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
tech
n
i
q
u
es
f
o
r
g
ath
er
in
g
d
ata.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
m
o
r
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
ar
tic
u
lar
d
if
f
icu
lties
f
ac
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ject
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
d
e
v
is
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
d
if
f
icu
lties
wo
u
ld
ad
d
to
th
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
t
h
is
ar
ea
.
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
to
wr
ite
p
r
o
jects.
Mo
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
jects
ca
n
b
e
in
itiated
b
y
tak
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lectu
r
er’
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
ers
p
ec
tives o
n
d
ig
ita
l te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
in
o
r
g
a
n
iz
in
g
a
n
d
…
(
Lya
ila
I
s
ka
ko
va
)
3639
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
L
y
aila
I
s
k
ak
o
v
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
San
d
u
g
ash
T
u
r
ik
p
e
n
o
v
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
T
u
r
s
y
n
ai
Ab
d
y
k
ad
y
r
o
v
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Yele
n
a
Ag
r
an
o
v
ich
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
ais
s
a
Kar
s
y
b
ay
ev
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Dastan
Ku
ltan
o
v
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
tu
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
M
:
M
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
ftwa
re
Va
:
Va
li
d
a
ti
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
rm
a
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
I
:
I
n
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
rc
e
s
D
:
D
a
ta Cu
ra
ti
o
n
O
:
Wr
it
in
g
-
O
ri
g
in
a
l
Dra
ft
E
:
Wr
it
in
g
-
Re
v
iew
&
E
d
it
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
rv
isi
o
n
P
:
P
ro
jec
t
a
d
m
in
istrati
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
in
g
a
c
q
u
isi
ti
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
c
o
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
est b
etwe
en
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
Fo
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
eth
ics
co
m
m
ittee
p
er
m
is
s
i
o
n
was
g
r
an
ted
o
n
1
6
/0
2
/2
0
2
4
with
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
o
f
SDU
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Facu
lty
o
f
Hu
m
an
ities
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
(
Ap
p
r
o
v
al
n
o
:
2
0
2
4
/7
)
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
u
tlin
ed
in
th
e
Helsin
k
i
Dec
lar
atio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
wit
h
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
r
esear
c
h
an
d
th
eir
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
c
o
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Der
iv
ed
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
av
aila
b
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
[
L
I
]
,
o
n
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
Th
o
mas
a
n
d
T
.
M
e
n
g
e
l
,
“
P
r
e
p
a
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
m
a
n
a
g
e
r
s
t
o
d
e
a
l
w
i
t
h
c
o
mp
l
e
x
i
t
y
–
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Pr
o
j
e
c
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
0
4
–
3
1
5
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
p
r
o
ma
n
.
2
0
0
8
.
0
1
.
0
0
1
.
[
2
]
I
.
P
a
n
t
a
n
d
B
.
B
a
r
o
u
d
i
,
“
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
T
h
e
h
u
m
a
n
sk
i
l
l
s
i
m
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Pr
o
j
e
c
t
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
4
–
1
2
8
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
p
r
o
m
a
n
.
2
0
0
7
.
0
5
.
0
1
0
.
[
3
]
L.
A
.
C
o
l
o
m
b
o
,
M
.
P
a
n
ser
a
,
a
n
d
R
.
O
w
e
n
,
“
T
h
e
d
i
sc
o
u
r
se
o
f
e
c
o
-
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
U
n
i
o
n
:
A
n
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
t
h
e
Ec
o
-
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
A
c
t
i
o
n
P
l
a
n
a
n
d
H
o
r
i
z
o
n
2
0
2
0
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
l
e
a
n
e
r
Pr
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
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