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Un
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Jo
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[
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[
2
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T
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c
o
u
n
tr
ies
[
3
]
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
u
n
d
er
lin
e
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
m
en
to
r
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
ad
em
i
c
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
i
r
tu
al
teac
h
er
-
r
esear
ch
er
s
ac
ce
s
s
to
p
ee
r
m
en
to
r
co
h
o
r
ts
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
[
5
]
.
No
wad
ay
s
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
m
a
x
im
ize
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
wr
itin
g
.
T
h
e
h
u
g
e
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
m
o
tiv
ate
p
eo
p
le
to
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
e
r
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
r
d
er
s
[
6
]
.
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
wr
itin
g
ex
e
r
cises
s
u
ch
as
p
ee
r
r
ev
iew
ar
e
r
e
g
u
lar
ly
ass
ig
n
ed
in
wr
itin
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
an
d
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
c
o
m
p
u
ter
s
in
to
th
eir
less
o
n
s
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
s
p
ec
ial
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
v
ir
tu
al
f
o
r
m
s
.
Similar
b
en
ef
its
ap
p
ly
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
wh
er
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
s
e
v
ir
tu
al
c
o
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies to
u
n
d
er
ta
k
e
task
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
g
r
o
u
n
d
-
b
r
ea
k
in
g
d
is
co
v
er
ies wh
ile
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
f
ield
s
as
r
esu
lts
o
f
ex
ch
an
g
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
W
ith
r
em
o
t
e
wo
r
k
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
wid
esp
r
ea
d
,
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
it
in
cr
ea
s
es
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
th
er
eb
y
s
p
ee
d
s
u
p
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
[
7
]
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
wr
itin
g
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
an
d
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
’
d
i
v
er
s
ity
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
ity
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ar
e
n
o
t
eq
u
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
d
is
cip
lin
es.
Facu
lty
in
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
an
d
m
ath
e
m
a
tics
(
STE
M)
f
ield
s
ten
d
to
en
g
ag
e
in
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
th
an
th
eir
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
in
h
u
m
an
ities
an
d
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
[
9
]
.
R
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
wo
m
en
an
d
m
i
n
o
r
ities
f
ac
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
s
ec
u
r
in
g
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
wh
ich
ch
allen
g
es
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
ac
h
i
ev
em
en
t
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
g
o
als
(
SDGs
)
5
—
g
en
d
er
e
q
u
ality
an
d
SDG
10
—
r
ed
u
ce
d
in
eq
u
alities
[
10
]
,
[
11
]
.
Desp
ite
th
ese
d
i
s
p
ar
ities
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
f
er
s
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
b
en
ef
its
s
u
ch
as
lear
n
in
g
n
ew
s
k
ills
,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
ex
p
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
f
o
r
f
ac
u
lty
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
d
is
cip
lin
es
;
h
en
ce
,
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
in
g
SDG
4
—
q
u
ality
ed
u
c
atio
n
.
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
wr
itin
g
f
o
s
ter
s
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
eq
u
ity
with
in
ac
ad
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
11
]
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
a
lu
ab
le
m
en
to
r
s
h
ip
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
n
ew
f
ac
u
lt
y
m
em
b
er
s
[
1
]
.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
b
y
allo
win
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als to
s
h
ar
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
b
est p
r
ac
tice
s
with
in
an
d
b
ey
o
n
d
th
eir
f
ield
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
h
e
r
m
en
e
u
tic
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
lo
g
ical
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
s
an
d
b
ar
r
ier
s
f
ac
e
d
b
y
teac
h
er
-
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
Asi
a
-
Pacif
ic
R
eg
io
n
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
wr
itin
g
in
v
ir
tu
al
s
ettin
g
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
em
p
lo
y
ed
E
n
g
eströ
m
’
s
“
ac
tiv
ity
th
eo
r
y
”
as
a
th
e
o
r
etica
l
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
d
ata
an
d
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
12
]
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
ac
tiv
en
ess
ag
ain
s
t
p
ass
iv
ity
in
wh
ich
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
“o
b
ject
-
o
r
ien
ted
an
d
s
o
cio
c
u
ltu
r
al
m
e
d
iated
”
[1
3
]
;
h
e
n
ce
,
b
ec
o
m
e
p
er
ti
n
en
t
wh
ile
e
x
p
lo
r
i
n
g
h
o
w
teac
h
er
-
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
llab
o
r
ate
in
v
ir
tu
al
s
p
ac
es
in
r
esear
ch
ac
tiv
ities
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
av
ailab
le.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
th
e
i
n
itial
o
b
ject
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
s
an
d
an
o
th
er
o
b
je
ct
ap
p
ea
r
s
o
r
f
o
r
m
u
lated
b
y
t
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
a
n
d
in
h
er
en
t
c
o
n
tr
a
d
ictio
n
s
am
o
n
g
v
ar
i
o
u
s
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
[1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
E
n
g
eströ
m
’
s
“
ac
tiv
ity
th
e
o
r
y
”
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
ad
e
q
u
ate
to
o
l
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
liv
ed
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
o
f
teac
h
er
-
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
in
Asi
a
-
Pacif
ic
R
eg
io
n
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
ei
r
g
r
o
wth
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
n
o
v
ice
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
ex
p
er
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
ll
ab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
ac
tices
m
ed
iated
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
p
o
t
en
tial
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
i
n
h
er
en
t
in
s
u
ch
c
o
llab
o
r
ati
v
e
r
esear
ch
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
to
f
u
r
th
er
ad
v
an
ce
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
a
n
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
a
r
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
g
l
o
b
e.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
an
s
wer
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i
)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
an
d
h
in
d
r
an
ce
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
tea
ch
er
-
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
in
s
elec
t
Asi
a
-
Paci
f
ic
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
v
ir
tu
al
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
wr
itin
g
?
an
d
ii
)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tials
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
wr
itin
g
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
e
m
p
lo
y
s
h
er
m
e
n
eu
tic
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
lo
g
ical
q
u
a
litativ
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
a
n
d
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
liv
ed
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
.
Her
m
en
e
u
tic
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
lo
g
ical
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
th
e
ess
en
ce
o
f
h
u
m
an
e
x
p
er
ie
n
c
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
e
m
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
s
u
b
jectiv
e
m
ea
n
in
g
s
th
at
p
eo
p
le
attr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
16
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
m
b
in
ati
o
n
o
f
s
ch
ed
u
led
i
n
-
p
er
s
o
n
a
n
d
v
i
r
tu
al
in
-
d
ep
th
in
ter
v
iews
an
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
al
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
n
c
o
v
er
s
th
em
atica
lly
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
m
ea
n
i
n
g
s
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
em
b
ed
d
ed
with
in
t
h
e
teac
h
er
-
r
esear
ch
er
s
’
liv
e
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
v
alu
ab
l
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
eir
s
u
b
jectiv
e
r
ea
liti
es
with
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
tex
t
in
Asi
a
-
Pacif
ic
R
eg
io
n
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
Af
g
h
an
is
tan
,
I
n
d
ia,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
J
ap
an
,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
Nep
al,
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
So
u
th
Ko
r
ea
,
T
h
aila
n
d
,
a
n
d
Vietn
am
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
,
2
0
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
2
0
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
co
u
n
tr
y
)
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cr
iter
ia:
i
)
p
u
b
lic
/p
r
iv
ate
c
o
lleg
e/u
n
iv
er
s
ity
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
/p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
/teac
h
er
s
an
d
ii
)
th
o
s
e
wh
o
h
av
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
n
r
esear
ch
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
an
y
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
v
ir
tu
al
s
p
ac
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
6
4
2
-
3649
3644
T
h
e
s
t
u
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y
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d
a
s
et
o
f
1
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o
p
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d
e
d
au
th
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wr
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q
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est
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as
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d
a
n
d
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lid
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d
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y
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ts
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h
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in
s
tr
u
m
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n
t
c
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tai
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ee
p
a
r
ts
:
i
)
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
c
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s
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n
t
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
d
a
ta
p
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c
la
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ii
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in
g
;
a
n
d
ii
i
)
q
u
es
ti
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s
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d
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a
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ce
s
in
v
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t
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ati
v
e
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c
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w
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g
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as
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es
p
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well
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f
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p
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ex
p
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ai
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d
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t
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a
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to
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a
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is
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all
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T
h
e
r
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p
o
n
s
es
w
e
r
e
c
r
iti
ca
l
ly
a
n
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y
ze
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
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th
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ati
c
ap
p
r
o
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h
.
E
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
cc
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cy
,
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lia
b
i
lit
y
,
an
d
c
r
e
d
i
b
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it
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o
f
in
f
o
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m
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a
n
d
f
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d
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s
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d
at
a
c
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o
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s
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ch
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k
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n
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a
n
d
t
r
i
an
g
u
l
ati
o
n
we
r
e
im
p
l
em
e
n
te
d
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
i
ll
u
s
tr
at
es
t
h
e
s
ix
-
p
o
i
n
t
an
al
y
s
is
[
17
]
–
[
19
]
t
h
at
in
cl
u
d
e
d
:
i
)
d
at
a
f
am
i
lia
r
i
za
ti
o
n
o
f
co
lle
cte
d
d
at
a;
ii
)
co
d
es
g
e
n
e
r
a
ti
o
n
wit
h
q
u
o
tes
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tr
ac
t
io
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d
ir
ec
t
ly
f
r
o
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h
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g
at
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r
e
d
d
ata
;
ii
i
)
t
h
e
m
es
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d
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n
ti
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ca
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io
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n
v
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p
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tt
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n
s
an
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s
im
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la
r
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wit
h
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n
t
h
e
m
es
;
iv
)
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e
v
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wi
n
g
th
em
es
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n
s
u
r
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g
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m
e
a
n
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n
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l
n
ess
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n
d
a
cc
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r
ac
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;
v
)
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ef
i
n
i
ti
o
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o
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em
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elu
ci
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a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
ir
i
m
p
lic
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o
n
s
;
an
d
vi
)
r
e
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ad
a
p
ted
C
lar
k
e
an
d
B
r
au
n
[
17
]
th
em
atic
an
al
y
s
is
s
tep
s
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
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s
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u
alitativ
e
th
em
atic
-
n
ar
r
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an
aly
s
is
,
wh
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d
eter
m
in
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th
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m
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tiv
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s
an
d
h
in
d
r
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s
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x
p
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ce
d
b
y
teac
h
er
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r
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ch
er
s
in
s
elec
t
Asi
a
-
Pacif
ic
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
v
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co
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o
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esear
ch
wr
itin
g
an
d
ex
p
lo
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e
d
th
e
p
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te
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tial
s
o
f
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ativ
e
r
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s
ea
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ch
wr
itin
g
f
o
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p
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f
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n
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d
ev
elo
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m
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Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
esu
lts
with
f
o
u
r
m
ajo
r
th
em
es,
eig
h
t
s
u
b
-
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o
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e
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f
r
o
m
th
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ticip
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th
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q
u
alita
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u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
r
esear
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h
.
Ma
jo
r
th
em
e
1
(
co
n
v
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n
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ce
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
)
em
er
g
ed
as
a
co
r
e
th
e
m
e
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
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n
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e
n
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an
ce
s
o
f
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r
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c
h
wr
itin
g
am
o
n
g
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h
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-
r
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c
h
er
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
v
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tu
al
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
Go
o
g
le
Do
cs
in
ab
r
i
d
g
in
g
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
y
o
f
f
er
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n
g
“
f
lex
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b
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in
s
ch
ed
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lin
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an
d
lo
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tio
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”
(
s
u
b
-
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em
e
1
.
1
)
a
n
d
s
u
p
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r
tin
g
“
r
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l
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tim
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co
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d
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en
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h
ar
in
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”
(
s
u
b
-
th
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1
.
2
)
.
T
h
ese
asp
ec
ts
co
llectiv
ely
allo
w
teac
h
er
-
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
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s
to
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k
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m
less
ly
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r
ap
h
ic
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n
d
t
em
p
o
r
al
b
ar
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ier
s
,
f
ac
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atin
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f
icien
t te
am
wo
r
k
d
esp
ite
th
eir
d
em
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d
in
g
s
ch
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d
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les.
On
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r
esp
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d
en
t sh
ar
e
d
,
“
th
e
o
p
p
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r
tu
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ity
to
co
lla
b
o
r
a
te
o
n
lin
e
a
llo
w
s
me
t
o
en
g
a
g
e
w
ith
th
e
p
r
o
ject
b
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o
n
d
my
tea
ch
in
g
h
o
u
r
s
a
n
d
fr
o
m
th
e
co
n
ve
n
ien
ce
o
f
my
h
o
me;
n
o
t
h
a
vin
g
to
tr
a
ve
l
fo
r
mee
tin
g
s
b
r
in
g
s
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
r
elief
,”
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
e
n
ef
icia
l f
o
r
teac
h
er
-
r
esear
ch
er
s
b
ala
n
cin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Un
d
ers
ta
n
d
in
g
th
e
n
u
a
n
ce
s
o
f
virt
u
a
l
co
lla
b
o
r
a
tive
r
esea
r
ch
w
r
itin
g
a
mo
n
g
…
(
Jo
s
ep
h
A
.
V
illa
r
a
ma
)
3645
Flex
ib
le
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
in
v
ir
tu
a
l
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
f
o
s
ter
s
in
clu
s
iv
ity
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
i
ty
am
o
n
g
d
iv
er
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
th
er
eb
y
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Similar
ly
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
o
cu
m
en
t
s
h
ar
in
g
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
to
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
Go
o
g
le
Do
cs,
f
ac
ilit
ate
im
m
ed
iate
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[2
0
]
.
T
h
ese
to
o
ls
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
a
n
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
m
o
te
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
co
llectiv
e
ef
f
o
r
t
am
o
n
g
c
o
llab
o
r
ato
r
s
,
cr
itical
in
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
r
esear
c
h
s
ettin
g
s
;
th
u
s
,
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
v
ir
tu
al
p
latf
o
r
m
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
em
p
o
wer
teac
h
e
r
-
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
en
g
a
g
e
in
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
r
esear
c
h
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
b
r
ea
k
in
g
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
b
ar
r
ier
s
o
f
tim
e
an
d
s
p
ac
e,
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
th
eir
co
n
tin
u
e
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
th
em
atic
a
n
al
y
s
is
W
h
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
r
ed
ef
in
e
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
liv
es
an
d
wo
r
k
,
th
er
e
r
em
ain
“
c
h
allen
g
es
in
v
ir
tu
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
”
(
m
ajo
r
th
em
e
2
)
th
at
s
h
ed
lig
h
t
o
n
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
wh
ich
h
in
d
er
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
am
o
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
m
y
r
iad
o
f
f
ield
s
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
ally
“
te
ch
n
ical
is
s
u
es
an
d
in
ter
n
et
c
o
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
”
(
s
u
b
-
th
em
e
2
.
1
)
an
d
“
lack
o
f
n
o
n
-
v
er
b
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
”
(
s
u
b
-
th
em
e
2
.
2
)
,
wh
ich
cr
ea
te
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
in
th
e
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
an
d
d
im
in
is
h
th
e
in
t
er
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
ea
m
less
team
wo
r
k
.
As
s
h
ar
ed
b
y
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
“
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
u
n
s
ta
b
le
in
tern
et
co
n
n
ec
tivity
h
a
s
fr
eq
u
en
tly
eme
r
g
ed
d
u
r
in
g
virt
u
a
l
mee
tin
g
s
,
lea
d
in
g
to
d
ela
ys
a
n
d
n
ec
e
s
s
ita
tin
g
th
e
r
esch
ed
u
lin
g
o
f
imp
o
r
ta
n
t
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
.
”
Me
an
wh
ile,
an
o
th
e
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
em
p
h
asized
th
at
,
“
I
fin
d
it
ch
a
llen
g
in
g
to
in
terp
r
et
th
e
to
n
e
o
r
in
ten
t
b
eh
in
d
a
co
llea
g
u
e
’
s
mess
a
g
e
w
h
en
I
ca
n
’
t
o
b
s
erve
th
eir
fa
cia
l
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
o
r
b
o
d
y
la
n
g
u
a
g
e,
w
h
ich
ca
n
o
c
ca
s
io
n
a
lly
r
esu
lt
in
mis
u
n
d
ers
ta
n
d
in
g
s
d
u
r
in
g
vi
r
tu
a
l
co
lla
b
o
r
a
tio
n
s
.
”
T
h
ese
s
tatem
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
ter
v
i
ewe
es
s
tr
ess
s
o
m
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
b
ar
r
ier
s
an
d
th
eir
u
n
d
en
iab
le
im
p
ac
ts
to
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
s
im
ilar
ch
allen
g
es
i
n
v
ir
t
u
al
c
o
ll
ab
o
r
atio
n
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
co
u
n
tr
ies
with
in
co
n
s
is
ten
t
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
o
n
lin
e
team
wo
r
k
a
n
d
th
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
r
o
g
r
ess
an
d
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
[2
1
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
lack
o
f
non
-
v
er
b
al
c
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
f
ac
ial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
an
d
g
estu
r
es,
o
f
ten
lead
s
to
m
is
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
em
o
tio
n
al
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
am
o
n
g
v
ir
tu
al
co
llab
o
r
ato
r
s
[2
2
]
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ab
ly
,
th
e
c
r
itical
r
o
le
o
f
n
o
n
-
v
e
r
b
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
b
u
ild
in
g
tr
u
s
t
an
d
r
ap
p
o
r
t
in
team
s
ettin
g
s
,
wh
ich
is
h
ar
d
er
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
v
ir
tu
ally
[2
3
]
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
in
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
ca
n
lead
t
o
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
m
o
tiv
atio
n
am
o
n
g
tea
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
6
4
2
-
3649
3646
m
em
b
er
s
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
in
v
ir
tu
al
co
ll
ab
o
r
atio
n
is
ess
en
tial
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
v
ir
tu
a
l
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
f
ield
s
a
n
d
n
atio
n
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
a
n
d
c
o
h
esiv
e
r
esear
ch
e
f
f
o
r
ts
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t a
m
o
n
g
teac
h
er
-
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
Ma
jo
r
th
em
e
3
(
s
k
ill
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
)
en
ca
p
s
u
lates
h
o
w
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
v
ir
tu
al
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
jects
f
o
s
ter
s
“
en
h
an
ce
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
a
n
d
team
wo
r
k
s
k
ills
”
(
s
u
b
-
t
h
em
e
3
.
1
)
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
“
d
ig
ital
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
ap
tatio
n
”
(
s
u
b
-
th
em
e
3
.
2
)
.
T
h
e
c
o
llab
o
r
ati
v
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
ese
in
itiativ
es
en
co
u
r
ag
es
r
esear
c
h
er
s
to
d
e
v
elo
p
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
ad
a
p
t
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
to
o
ls
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
v
ir
tu
al
tea
m
wo
r
k
,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
to
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
.
“
E
n
g
a
g
in
g
i
n
virt
u
a
l
co
lla
b
o
r
a
tio
n
h
a
s
en
h
a
n
ce
d
my
a
b
ilit
y
to
co
mmu
n
ica
te
w
ith
cla
r
ity
a
n
d
efficien
cy
.
A
s
a
ma
tter
o
f
fa
ct,
I
h
a
ve
b
ec
o
me
p
r
o
ficien
t
w
ith
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
a
s
Go
o
g
le
D
o
cs,
w
h
ich
is
a
s
kill
s
et
I
d
id
n
o
t
a
n
ticip
a
te
a
c
q
u
ir
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
my
in
v
o
lvem
en
t
in
th
i
s
typ
e
o
f
r
esea
r
ch
.
”
T
h
e
s
tate
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
d
u
al
im
p
ac
t o
f
im
p
r
o
v
ed
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
tech
n
ical
co
m
p
et
en
cies,
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
itical
in
to
d
ay
’
s
d
ig
ital a
g
e.
Vir
tu
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
cu
ltiv
at
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
team
wo
r
k
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
as
r
esear
ch
er
s
m
u
s
t
n
av
ig
ate
d
iv
er
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
wo
r
k
s
ty
les
[2
4
]
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
v
ir
tu
al
r
esear
ch
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
n
ec
ess
itate
th
e
r
ap
id
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
s
k
ills
,
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
ically
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
[2
3
]
.
Vir
t
u
al
r
esear
ch
p
latf
o
r
m
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
en
h
a
n
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
b
u
t
also
eq
u
ip
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
with
s
k
ills
tr
an
s
f
er
ab
le
b
e
y
o
n
d
ac
ad
em
ia
,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
ject
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
[2
5
]
–
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
r
esear
ch
a
n
d
o
th
er
u
n
d
er
tak
i
n
g
s
f
o
s
ter
h
o
lis
tic
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
-
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
.
W
ith
t
h
e
i
n
e
v
it
a
b
le
p
r
ese
n
c
e
o
f
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
p
l
at
f
o
r
m
s
i
n
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
i
o
n
al
f
ie
ld
s
,
it
is
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
e
to
p
u
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
“
p
r
o
d
u
cti
v
it
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
ici
en
c
y
g
ai
n
s
”
(
m
aj
o
r
t
h
em
e
4
)
f
r
o
m
t
h
es
e
v
ir
tu
al
p
la
t
f
o
r
m
s
i
n
a
ca
d
e
m
ic
,
p
r
o
f
ess
i
o
n
a
l,
an
d
e
v
en
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
s
p
e
ct
r
a
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
l
ts
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
t
h
o
w
v
ir
t
u
al
c
o
ll
a
b
o
r
a
ti
o
n
f
o
s
t
er
s
“
e
n
h
a
n
c
ed
r
es
ea
r
c
h
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
”
(
s
u
b
-
t
h
em
e
4
.
1
)
b
y
s
t
r
ea
m
li
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
a
n
d
f
ac
il
ita
ti
n
g
co
n
s
is
t
en
t
o
u
t
p
u
ts
.
I
t
als
o
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
“
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
r
es
o
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
ti
o
n
a
n
d
g
l
o
b
al
n
et
wo
r
k
i
n
g
”
(
s
u
b
-
th
em
e
4
.
2
)
,
al
lo
wi
n
g
r
es
ea
r
c
h
e
r
s
t
o
ac
ce
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
e
x
p
er
tis
e
,
to
o
ls
,
an
d
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
,
r
e
g
ar
d
l
ess
o
f
g
e
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
l
o
c
ati
o
n
;
h
en
ce
,
en
ab
li
n
g
t
ea
c
h
er
-
r
ese
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
t
o
o
p
ti
m
i
ze
t
h
ei
r
ti
m
e
a
n
d
ef
f
o
r
t,
r
esu
lti
n
g
i
n
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ici
e
n
t
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
o
u
tc
o
m
es
.
“
I
h
a
ve
r
ea
liz
ed
th
a
t
virt
u
a
l
co
lla
b
o
r
a
tio
n
h
a
s
g
r
ea
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
d
my
p
r
o
d
u
ctivity.
Th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
ea
s
ily
d
ivid
e
ta
s
ks,
mo
n
ito
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
r
ea
l
-
time,
a
n
d
ex
p
ed
ite
th
e
co
mp
letio
n
o
f
r
es
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
jects
s
ta
n
d
s
in
s
ta
r
k
co
n
tr
a
s
t
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
a
l
meth
o
d
s
,
”
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
.
“
C
o
lla
b
o
r
a
tin
g
w
ith
r
esea
r
ch
ers
f
r
o
m
d
iffer
en
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
w
ith
o
u
t
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
tr
a
ve
l
h
a
s
s
ig
n
ifica
n
tly
b
r
o
a
d
en
ed
my
a
cc
ess
to
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
d
ivers
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tives
th
a
t
I
mig
h
t
n
o
t
h
a
ve
en
c
o
u
n
tered
o
th
erw
is
e
,
”
th
e
o
th
er
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
tated
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
h
o
w
v
ir
tu
al
to
o
ls
h
a
v
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
b
o
th
th
e
q
u
a
n
tity
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
a
g
lo
b
al
s
p
h
er
e
.
An
alo
g
o
u
s
ly
,
d
ig
ital
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
to
o
ls
r
ed
u
c
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
b
u
r
d
e
n
s
,
allo
win
g
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
to
f
o
cu
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
co
n
ten
t
cr
ea
ti
o
n
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
[
2
8
]
.
Vir
tu
al
p
latf
o
r
m
s
e
n
h
an
ce
p
r
o
d
u
cti
v
ity
b
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ef
f
icien
t
task
d
eleg
atio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
[
29
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
a
co
m
p
a
r
ab
le
s
tu
d
y
,
g
l
o
b
al
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
is
r
elev
an
t
in
ac
ad
em
ic
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
n
o
tin
g
th
at
d
iv
er
s
e
tea
m
s
o
f
ten
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
o
r
e
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
r
esear
ch
wh
ile
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
o
p
tim
izes
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
an
d
f
o
s
ter
s
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
ex
c
h
an
g
es
[3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
an
ar
ea
w
h
er
e
tim
e
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
a
r
e
o
f
ten
b
a
r
r
ier
s
to
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
i
ty
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
h
av
e
a
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
ef
f
ec
t o
n
teac
h
er
-
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
th
e
Asi
a
-
Pacif
ic
R
eg
io
n
.
Vir
tu
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es a
ca
d
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
ts
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
y
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
an
d
h
in
d
r
an
ce
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
teac
h
er
-
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
s
elec
t
As
ia
-
P
ac
if
ic
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
v
ir
tu
al
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
wr
itin
g
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
th
e
p
o
ten
tials
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
c
o
llab
o
r
a
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
w
r
itin
g
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
r
ev
e
aled
f
o
u
r
m
ajo
r
th
em
es:
co
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
;
ch
allen
g
es
in
v
ir
tu
al
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
;
s
k
i
ll
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
;
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
g
ain
s
—
th
at
ex
p
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
co
llab
o
r
at
iv
e
r
esear
ch
wr
itin
g
to
wa
r
d
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
-
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
as
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
eir
r
o
le
in
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
l
ex
ib
ilit
y
in
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
an
d
lo
ca
ti
o
n
allo
wed
teac
h
er
-
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
an
ag
e
b
o
th
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies,
wh
ile
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
to
o
ls
en
s
u
r
ed
co
n
s
is
ten
t
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
ch
allen
g
es
in
v
ir
t
u
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ca
p
italized
th
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
u
n
r
eliab
le
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
an
d
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
n
o
n
v
er
b
al
cu
es
th
at
im
p
e
d
ed
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
wea
k
en
ed
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
ess
en
tial f
o
r
tr
u
s
t a
n
d
r
ap
p
o
r
t.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
th
at
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
r
ese
ar
ch
ac
tiv
ities
en
h
an
ce
d
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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8
8
2
2
Un
d
ers
ta
n
d
in
g
th
e
n
u
a
n
ce
s
o
f
virt
u
a
l
co
lla
b
o
r
a
tive
r
esea
r
ch
w
r
itin
g
a
mo
n
g
…
(
Jo
s
ep
h
A
.
V
illa
r
a
ma
)
3647
co
m
p
eten
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f
teac
h
er
-
r
esea
r
ch
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s
.
T
h
is
em
p
o
wer
m
en
t
f
o
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ter
s
th
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p
r
o
f
ess
io
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d
ev
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p
m
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in
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em
with
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co
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Pro
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teac
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r
ch
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in
wh
ich
v
ir
tu
al
p
latf
o
r
m
s
en
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a
n
ce
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eso
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r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
f
ac
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lo
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al
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etwo
r
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in
g
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u
ltima
tely
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in
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to
in
cr
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e
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r
ch
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u
tp
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t
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d
f
o
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ter
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cr
o
s
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ltu
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al
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c
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g
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h
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in
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in
g
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a
f
f
ir
m
th
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t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
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p
o
ten
tial
o
f
v
i
r
tu
al
co
llab
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r
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n
in
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
em
p
h
asizin
g
its
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
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in
o
v
e
r
co
m
in
g
t
r
ad
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n
al
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
r
esear
ch
an
d
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
m
ay
co
n
d
u
ct
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
ies
with
f
o
cu
s
o
n
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
m
i
x
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
W
ith
th
e
p
o
ten
tials
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
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wr
it
in
g
f
o
r
p
r
o
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al
d
ev
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p
m
e
n
t,
o
th
er
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tu
d
ies
m
ay
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r
e
th
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s
tu
d
e
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ts
’
ac
ad
em
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ex
p
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ce
s
with
co
llab
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r
ativ
e
task
s
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
ir
tu
al
co
llab
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ativ
e
to
o
ls
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d
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e
n
n
o
n
-
v
ir
t
u
al
way
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o
f
co
llab
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r
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s
.
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NO
WL
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DG
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ac
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wled
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C
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llab
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All
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