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Dem
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Mo
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Gr
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Ph
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cu
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awa
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en
ess
an
d
id
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tity
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
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ce
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c
u
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p
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s
p
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class
r
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d
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ity
as
s
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ts
h
av
e
th
eir
o
w
n
s
et
o
f
cu
ltu
r
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b
elief
s
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
en
r
ich
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teac
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in
g
a
n
d
lear
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in
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r
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ati
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b
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is
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d
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d
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teac
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in
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s
tr
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to
m
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t
d
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s
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n
ee
d
s
[
4
]
.
T
ea
ch
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s
p
lay
a
cr
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cial
r
o
le
in
th
is
s
itu
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ter
in
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a
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in
clu
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en
v
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n
m
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n
t
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
,
ad
ap
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cu
r
r
icu
la
to
r
ef
lect
v
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io
u
s
cu
ltu
r
es
[
7
]
,
a
n
d
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
d
if
f
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en
tiated
i
n
s
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at
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d
r
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in
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lear
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in
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n
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d
s
[
8
]
,
r
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ltin
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in
eq
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d
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r
s
tan
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wi
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(
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,
in
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an
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with
a
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C
C
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r
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d
s
[
9
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–
[
1
1
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.
T
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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P
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(
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A
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3527
v
alu
in
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in
cl
u
s
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I
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C
C
is
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co
m
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[
1
2
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1
3
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ter
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p
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[
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[
1
4
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,
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s
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p
p
o
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tiv
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v
ir
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en
t
[
1
5
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.
L
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cu
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ates
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s
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to
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s
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n
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ex
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s
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
C
R
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im
p
r
o
v
es
ac
a
d
em
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o
u
tco
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e
s
[
1
9
]
b
y
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ce
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C
R
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c
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itical
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in
k
in
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d
s
o
cial
awa
r
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ess
[
2
0
]
,
p
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i
n
g
s
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ip
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C
R
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p
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ac
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PS
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s
[
2
1
]
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[
2
2
]
b
y
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id
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th
e
s
k
ills
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d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
e
n
g
ag
e
with
a
d
i
v
er
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
9
]
.
As
C
C
d
ev
elo
p
s
,
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
b
e
co
m
e
awa
r
e
o
f
th
eir
o
wn
b
iases
an
d
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
e
n
ab
les
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
an
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
awa
r
e
n
ess
f
u
r
th
er
en
c
o
u
r
ag
es
th
e
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
ally
r
elev
an
t
m
ater
ials
an
d
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es in
to
less
o
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
m
o
r
e
r
elev
an
t a
n
d
r
elata
b
le
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
cu
lt
u
r
ally
co
m
p
eten
t
PS
T
s
ar
e
b
etter
e
q
u
ip
p
e
d
to
ad
d
r
ess
s
o
cial
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
lear
n
in
g
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
er
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
n
d
ati
o
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
attitu
d
e
en
ab
le
PS
T
s
to
ad
ap
t
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices th
at
ad
d
r
ess
cu
ltu
r
al
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
2
7
]
.
PS
T
s
’
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics s
u
ch
as a
g
e,
g
en
d
er
,
y
ea
r
lev
el,
an
d
f
iel
d
o
f
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
,
p
la
y
a
cr
u
c
ial
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
t
ices
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Yo
u
n
g
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ay
b
r
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
f
am
iliar
ity
with
e
m
er
g
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ile
th
o
s
e
s
p
ec
ializin
g
in
ar
ea
s
lik
e
s
p
ec
ial
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
g
ai
n
tar
g
eted
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
in
clu
s
iv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
2
9
]
.
Gen
d
er
ca
n
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ty
les
an
d
clas
s
r
o
o
m
d
y
n
am
ics,
af
f
ec
tin
g
h
o
w
th
e
y
r
elate
to
th
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
3
0
]
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
th
ese
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
d
eter
m
in
e
less
o
n
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
d
eliv
er
y
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
PS
T
s
to
b
etter
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
n
e
ed
s
o
f
th
e
lear
n
er
s
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tatin
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
ese
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
in
tr
ain
in
g
PS
T
s
to
b
ec
o
m
e
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
wh
o
c
an
th
r
i
v
e
in
v
a
r
ied
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
Desp
ite
t
h
e
g
r
o
wi
n
g
r
ec
o
g
n
i
ti
o
n
o
f
C
C
an
d
C
R
T
i
n
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
e
tti
n
g
s
,
t
h
er
e
r
em
ai
n
s
a
n
o
ta
b
l
e
g
ap
in
r
es
ea
r
c
h
e
x
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
h
o
w
C
C
d
i
r
ec
tl
y
i
m
p
ac
ts
th
e
e
f
f
e
cti
v
e
n
ess
o
f
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tic
es
a
m
o
n
g
PS
T
s
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
E
x
is
ti
n
g
s
t
u
d
ies
h
av
e
p
r
im
ar
il
y
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
i
n
-
s
er
v
i
ce
te
ac
h
er
s
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
le
av
in
g
P
ST
s
u
n
d
e
r
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
h
o
w
t
h
e
ir
CC
e
v
o
l
v
es
a
n
d
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
es
C
R
T
im
p
l
e
m
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
.
Ad
d
i
ti
o
n
all
y
,
m
u
c
h
o
f
t
h
e
lit
er
at
u
r
e
ex
am
i
n
es
C
C
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
1
]
an
d
C
R
T
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
7
]
s
e
p
a
r
a
tel
y
,
wit
h
o
u
t
esta
b
lis
h
i
n
g
a
cle
ar
c
au
s
al
li
n
k
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
t
wo
i
n
te
ac
h
e
r
p
r
e
p
a
r
ati
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
F
u
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
i
n
a
d
e
q
u
at
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
m
o
d
er
ati
n
g
r
o
les
o
f
PS
T
s
’
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics
i
n
t
h
i
s
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
in
d
i
ca
t
es
t
h
e
n
e
ed
to
i
n
v
es
ti
g
at
e
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
i
c
i
n
te
r
a
cti
o
n
t
o
d
es
cr
ib
e
th
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
d
i
v
er
s
e
b
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
C
C
a
n
d
t
h
e
im
p
l
em
en
tati
o
n
o
f
c
u
lt
u
r
al
l
y
r
el
e
v
a
n
t
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
.
R
ese
ar
c
h
h
as
y
et
t
o
d
e
te
r
m
in
e
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
f
a
ct
o
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
a
g
e
,
g
en
d
e
r
,
s
o
ci
o
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
b
a
ck
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
o
r
m
u
lti
li
n
g
u
alis
m
a
f
f
ec
t
h
o
w
PS
T
s
d
e
v
el
o
p
C
C
to
ap
p
l
y
C
R
T
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
v
i
ew
o
f
t
h
is
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
est
ig
at
ed
t
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
C
C
o
f
PS
T
s
i
n
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
t
h
ei
r
C
R
T
p
r
ac
t
ices
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
r
at
in
g
r
o
le
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
cs
p
la
y
i
n
t
h
is
r
el
a
tio
n
s
h
i
p
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lt
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
a
v
al
u
a
b
l
e
i
n
p
u
t
in
i
n
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
es
h
a
p
i
n
g
tea
ch
er
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
t
o
war
d
s
a
c
u
lt
u
r
al
ly
a
n
d
g
lo
b
a
ll
y
r
esp
o
n
s
i
v
e
c
u
r
r
ic
u
l
u
m
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
a
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
a
l
q
u
a
n
tit
ati
v
e
r
ese
ar
c
h
d
e
s
ig
n
[
3
4
]
t
o
in
v
esti
g
a
te
th
e
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
am
o
n
g
PS
T
s
’
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics
,
C
C
,
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
l
em
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
o
f
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tic
es.
T
h
is
d
es
ig
n
e
n
a
b
l
ed
a
s
y
s
t
em
atic
ex
am
i
n
ati
o
n
o
f
h
o
w
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
f
a
ct
o
r
s
i
n
f
lu
e
n
c
ed
C
C
a
n
d
t
ea
c
h
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
i
es
a
t
a
s
i
n
g
le
p
o
i
n
t
in
ti
m
e
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
te
r
p
la
y
b
etw
ee
n
th
ese
v
a
r
ia
b
l
es
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
ca
n
als
o
d
r
aw
p
att
er
n
s
a
n
d
r
e
l
ati
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
f
r
o
m
l
ar
g
e
s
a
m
p
les
wit
h
i
n
a
d
ef
in
e
d
p
e
r
i
o
d
t
h
at
ca
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
tea
c
h
e
r
tr
a
in
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
3
4
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
cti
o
n
al
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
f
ac
i
lita
te
d
ef
f
i
c
ien
t
d
a
ta
c
o
ll
ec
ti
o
n
an
d
a
n
al
y
s
is
m
a
k
i
n
g
i
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
t
o
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
e
n
C
C
a
n
d
C
R
T
a
m
o
n
g
PS
T
s
[
3
5
]
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple a
nd
s
a
m
pli
ng
t
e
chniq
ue
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
6
3
3
PS
T
s
cu
r
r
en
tly
en
r
o
lled
in
a
teac
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
th
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
y
ea
r
2024
-
2
0
2
5
,
in
o
n
e
s
tate
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
in
L
ag
u
n
a,
Ph
ilip
p
i
n
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
s
elec
t
ed
v
ia
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
in
v
o
l
v
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
wer
e
r
ea
d
ily
av
ailab
le
an
d
wi
llin
g
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
[
3
6
]
.
W
h
ile
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ay
lim
it g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
,
it a
llo
wed
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t d
ata
co
llectio
n
with
in
th
e
d
ef
in
ed
tim
e
f
r
am
e
[
3
7
]
,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
f
th
o
s
e
wh
o
a
r
e
ac
tiv
ely
en
g
ag
e
d
in
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
e
d
d
iv
er
s
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
y
ea
r
lev
els,
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
a
n
d
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
attain
e
d
a
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r
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ate,
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le
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s
u
r
v
ey
r
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ch
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
as to
ag
e,
g
e
n
d
er
,
y
ea
r
lev
el,
an
d
f
ield
o
f
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
35
2
6
-
35
3
3
3528
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ics o
f
th
e
PS
T
s
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
n
=6
3
3
)
D
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
s
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
P
e
r
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e
n
t
(
%)
A
g
e
17
-
18
1
0
4
1
6
.
4
19
-
20
1
6
7
2
6
.
4
21
-
22
2
8
4
4
4
.
9
2
3
a
n
d
a
b
o
v
e
78
1
2
.
3
G
e
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d
e
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F
e
mal
e
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9
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.
0
M
a
l
e
1
3
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2
2
.
0
Y
e
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st
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e
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r
1
5
9
2
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1
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d
y
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r
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2
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2
3
r
d
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r
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1
6
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h
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r
2
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4
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p
e
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t
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t
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3
En
g
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sh
71
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1
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2
F
i
l
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p
i
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o
79
1
2
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a
t
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t
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s
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2
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e
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2
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3
.
M
ea
s
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ent
s
a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
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c
o
llected
v
ia
a
web
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
a
n
d
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
to
w
h
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
ac
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
co
m
p
leted
a
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
estab
lis
h
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
C
C
,
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
s
elf
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
ch
ec
k
lis
t
(
C
C
SC
)
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
wo
r
k
o
f
C
en
tr
al
Van
co
u
v
er
I
s
lan
d
Mu
lticu
ltu
r
al
So
ciety
.
T
h
e
C
C
SC
a
s
s
es
s
e
d
th
e
C
C
o
f
th
e
PS
T
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
awa
r
e
n
ess
(
k
=1
1
)
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
k
=1
2
)
,
a
n
d
s
k
ills
(
k
=1
3
)
,
an
d
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
C
C
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
ev
alu
ated
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
attitu
d
e,
an
d
s
k
ills
,
wh
ile
th
e
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
teac
h
in
g
s
u
r
v
e
y
(
C
R
T
S)
[
4
0
]
,
ass
ess
ed
th
eir
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
u
s
e
o
f
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
elev
an
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
estab
li
s
h
in
g
in
clu
s
io
n
(
k
=
7
)
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
attitu
d
e
(
k
=
3
)
,
en
h
an
cin
g
m
ea
n
in
g
(
k
=3
)
,
en
g
en
d
er
in
g
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
(
k
=4
)
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
n
d
er
wen
t
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
s
ca
les.
T
h
e
c
o
n
ten
t
e
x
p
er
ts
r
ev
iewe
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
item
s
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
b
ein
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
eliab
ili
ty
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
.
I
t
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
C
C
in
ter
m
s
o
f
awa
r
en
e
s
s
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
s
k
ills
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
ig
h
r
elia
b
ilit
y
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
o
s
e
ass
ess
in
g
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices
in
ter
m
s
o
f
estab
lis
h
in
g
in
clu
s
io
n
,
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
attitu
d
e,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
m
ea
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
en
g
en
d
e
r
in
g
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
r
elativ
el
y
lo
wer
r
eliab
ilit
y
b
u
t
s
till
p
ass
ed
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
th
r
esh
o
ld
[
4
1
]
.
O
v
er
all
,
th
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
cr
iter
ia
s
et
b
y
r
e
f
er
en
ce
[
4
1
]
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
t
atis
tics
s
u
ch
as f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
m
ea
n
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
PS
T
s
’
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics,
C
C
,
an
d
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
co
r
r
elatio
n
test
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
m
o
d
er
atio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
Hay
es
[
4
2
]
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
wer
e
in
itiated
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
et
wee
n
C
C
an
d
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices,
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
r
o
le
o
f
PS
T
s
’
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics.
T
h
ese
s
tatis
t
ical
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
s
u
itab
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
d
ata
to
s
ec
u
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
n
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
th
e
k
e
y
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
ltip
le
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
d
m
o
d
e
r
atio
n
an
a
ly
s
is
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
ab
le
to
g
en
e
r
ate
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l in
s
ig
h
ts
th
at
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t o
f
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
r
esear
ch
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
M
e
a
su
r
e
I
t
e
ms
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
CC
36
0
.
9
6
3
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
11
0
.
8
7
6
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
12
0
.
9
2
2
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s
13
0
.
9
5
8
CRT
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
17
0
.
9
5
0
Est
a
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
i
n
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l
u
s
i
o
n
7
0
.
8
6
9
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
3
0
.
7
4
3
En
h
a
n
c
i
n
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m
e
a
n
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n
g
3
0
.
8
1
2
En
g
e
n
d
e
r
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
4
0
.
7
8
2
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
C
C
o
f
PS
T
s
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
ei
r
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
p
r
ac
tices,
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
r
o
le
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
in
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ea
n
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
r
e
-
s
ervice
tea
ch
ers
’
d
emo
g
r
a
p
h
ics,
cu
ltu
r
a
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
,
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
a
lly
r
esp
o
n
s
ive
…
(
E
d
ilb
erto
Z.
A
n
d
a
l
)
3529
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
,
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
C
C
an
d
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tic
es
o
f
PS
T
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
an
aly
s
is
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
a
b
le
in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
to
b
etter
p
r
ep
ar
e
f
o
r
d
iv
er
s
e
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
.
3
.
1
.
Descript
iv
e
a
nd
co
rr
ela
t
io
n r
esu
lt
s
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
am
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
r
elate
d
to
C
C
an
d
C
R
T
p
r
ac
t
ices
am
o
n
g
PS
T
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
3
.
2
5
f
o
r
cu
ltu
r
a
l
s
k
ills
to
4
.
2
6
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
m
ea
n
i
n
g
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
g
e
n
er
ally
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
e
r
ce
p
t
io
n
o
f
th
ese
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
PS
T
s
f
ee
l
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
l
y
co
n
f
id
en
t
in
th
eir
C
C
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
te
ac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices,
wh
ich
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
a
d
iv
er
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
m
a
y
lead
to
m
o
r
e
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
r
ev
ea
ls
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
with
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
o
win
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
am
o
n
g
all
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
les
.
T
h
e
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
es
tab
lis
h
ed
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
m
e
an
in
g
(
r
=0
.
6
0
6
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
s
u
g
g
e
s
tin
g
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
p
o
s
itiv
ely
r
elate
s
to
PS
T
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
e
n
h
an
ce
m
ea
n
in
g
in
th
eir
less
o
n
s
.
C
u
ltu
r
al
s
k
i
lls
em
er
g
ed
to
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
elate
d
to
estab
lis
h
in
g
in
clu
s
io
n
(
r
=0
.
6
1
2
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
as
PS
T
s
d
e
v
elo
p
th
eir
cu
ltu
r
al
s
k
ills
,
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
estab
lis
h
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
attitu
d
e
(
r
=0
.
5
2
7
,
p
<0
.
0
1
)
r
e
g
is
ter
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
.
I
t
f
o
llo
ws
th
at
g
r
ea
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
is
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
a
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
teac
h
in
g
in
clu
s
iv
ely
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Me
an
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
ia
tio
n
,
co
r
r
e
latio
n
o
f
CC
an
d
CRT
p
r
ac
tice
s
o
f
PS
T
s
N
o
.
S
t
u
d
y
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1.
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
2.
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
0
.
7
6
5
**
3.
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s
0
.
7
3
5
**
0
.
8
1
8
**
4.
Est
a
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
0
.
4
9
5
**
0
.
5
8
5
**
0
.
6
1
2
**
5.
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
0
.
5
2
7
**
0
.
6
0
5
**
0
.
6
2
0
**
0
.
8
1
9
**
6.
En
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
m
e
a
n
i
n
g
0
.
5
1
8
**
0
.
6
0
6
**
0
.
6
3
1
**
0
.
8
6
1
**
0
.
8
3
5
**
7.
En
g
e
n
d
e
r
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
0
.
5
1
3
**
0
.
6
0
4
**
0
.
6
2
9
**
0
.
9
0
3
**
0
.
8
7
3
**
0
.
8
2
5
**
M
e
a
n
3
.
2
6
3
.
3
3
3
.
2
5
4
.
1
5
4
.
2
2
4
.
2
6
4
.
2
5
SD
0
.
5
0
0
.
5
0
0
.
5
5
0
.
7
1
0
.
7
2
0
.
7
3
0
.
7
1
*
*
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
s si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
0
.
0
1
l
e
v
e
l
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
3
.
2
.
M
ultiple
re
g
re
s
s
io
n r
es
ult
s
T
ab
le
4
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
c
u
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
(
B
=0
.
3
7
3
,
p
<0
.
0
5
)
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
s
k
ills
(
B
=0
.
5
1
1
,
p
<0
.
0
5
)
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
r
e
d
ict
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices
am
o
n
g
PS
T
s
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
as
PS
T
s
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
c
u
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
,
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
im
p
lem
e
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
im
p
r
o
v
es.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
(
B
=0
.
0
3
3
,
p
>0
.
0
5
)
s
h
o
ws
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
f
f
ec
t
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
it
m
a
y
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
teac
h
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
in
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
f
o
s
ter
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
CRT
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Dir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
CC
to
CRT
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
PS
T
s
M
o
d
e
l
U
n
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
t
S
i
g
.
B
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
B
e
t
a
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
1
.
2
0
6
0
.
1
3
7
8
.
7
8
1
0
.
0
0
0
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
0
.
0
3
3
0
.
0
6
3
0
.
0
2
5
0
.
5
2
3
0
.
6
0
1
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
0
.
3
7
3
0
.
0
7
4
0
.
2
8
0
5
.
0
4
3
0
.
0
0
0
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s
0
.
5
1
1
0
.
0
6
5
0
.
4
1
6
7
.
8
7
8
0
.
0
0
0
R
=
0
.
6
8
5
,
R
2
=
0
.
4
6
9
,
A
d
j
.
R
2
=
0
.
4
6
6
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
in
(
1
)
.
C
R
TP
=
1
.
206
+
0
.
033C
A
+
0
.
373C
K
+
0
.
511C
S
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
,
C
R
T
P
r
ep
r
esen
ts
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices,
C
A
is
cu
ltu
r
al
a
war
en
ess
,
C
K
is
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
C
S
i
s
cu
ltu
r
al
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
eq
u
atio
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
b
aselin
e
lev
el
o
f
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tice
s
is
1
.
2
0
6
w
h
en
all
o
th
er
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
ar
e
ze
r
o
.
W
h
ile
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
e
n
ess
h
as
a
m
in
im
al
ef
f
ec
t
an
d
is
n
o
t
s
tat
is
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
teac
h
i
n
g
p
r
ac
tices,
im
p
ly
in
g
an
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
th
ese
two
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
35
2
6
-
35
3
3
3530
f
ac
to
r
s
lead
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
CRT
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
R
2
v
alu
e
(
0
.
4
6
9
)
m
ea
n
s
th
at
ab
o
u
t
4
6
.
9
%
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
m
o
d
el,
in
d
icatin
g
a
m
o
d
er
ate
to
s
tr
o
n
g
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
.
C
C
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
en
h
an
cin
g
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
elev
an
t te
ac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices a
m
o
n
g
PS
T
s
.
3
.
3
.
M
o
dera
t
io
n
a
na
l
y
s
is
T
ab
le
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
o
d
er
ati
n
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
PS
T
s
’
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
C
C
an
d
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
i
n
d
icate
th
at
n
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
t
o
r
s
–
ag
e,
g
e
n
d
er
,
y
ea
r
lev
el,
an
d
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
–
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
d
er
ate
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
all
p
-
v
alu
es
ex
ce
ed
th
e
ty
p
ical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
th
r
esh
o
l
d
o
f
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
tab
le
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
all
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
s
h
o
w
n
o
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
C
C
in
en
h
an
cin
g
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les
d
o
n
o
t
p
la
y
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
C
C
an
d
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices a
m
o
n
g
PS
T
s
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Mo
d
er
atin
g
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
PS
T
s
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
o
n
CC
an
d
CRT
p
r
ac
tices
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
o
r
B
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
t
p
LLC
I
U
LC
I
A
g
e
-
0
.
0
1
8
3
0
.
0
1
6
2
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1
.
1
2
6
8
0
.
2
6
0
3
-
0
.
0
5
0
1
0
.
0
1
3
6
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e
n
d
e
r
-
0
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0
3
2
2
0
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0
9
6
1
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0
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3
3
5
3
0
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7
3
7
5
-
0
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2
2
1
0
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1
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e
a
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0
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p
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Le
g
e
n
d
:
LL
C
I
=
l
o
w
e
r
l
i
mi
t
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
;
U
L
C
I
=
u
p
p
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r
l
i
m
i
t
c
o
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f
i
d
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n
c
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t
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r
v
a
l
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
ata
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
3
r
ev
ea
l
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
co
r
r
ela
tio
n
b
etwe
en
v
ar
io
u
s
d
im
en
s
i
o
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o
f
C
C
an
d
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e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices
am
o
n
g
PS
T
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
s
h
o
w
a
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
b
o
th
estab
lis
h
in
g
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
attitu
d
es,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
c
u
ltu
r
es
d
ir
ec
tly
e
n
h
an
ce
s
teac
h
er
s
’
ab
ilit
ies
to
cr
ea
te
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
class
r
o
o
m
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
t
o
d
e
s
ig
n
a
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
f
o
r
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
at
p
r
io
r
itizes
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
ills
as
co
r
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[4
5
]
.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
at
er
ials
,
s
u
ch
as
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
a
n
d
c
u
ltu
r
ally
r
elev
an
t
less
o
n
p
lan
s
,
will
f
u
r
th
e
r
en
ab
le
PS
T
s
to
ap
p
ly
th
ese
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
r
ea
l
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
[4
6
]
–
[4
8
]
.
T
h
is
em
p
h
asis
o
n
CC
wil
l
p
r
ep
ar
e
f
u
tu
r
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
m
an
ag
e
d
iv
er
s
e
class
r
o
o
m
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
4
em
p
h
asize
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
o
le
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
ills
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices
am
o
n
g
PS
T
s
.
Giv
en
th
at
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
s
k
ills
h
av
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
,
th
is
in
d
icate
s
a
clea
r
n
ee
d
f
o
r
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
en
h
an
cin
g
th
ese
ar
ea
s
.
CC
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
v
iewe
d
as
a
k
ey
asp
ec
t
o
f
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
ele
v
an
t
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
a
n
d
as
a
n
ec
ess
i
ty
f
o
r
PS
T
s
[4
9
]
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
esig
n
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ia
ls
th
at
d
ev
elo
p
b
o
th
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
il
ls
[
50
]
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
p
r
o
je
cts.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
cr
ea
tin
g
lea
r
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
a
te
d
iv
er
s
e
cu
ltu
r
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
will
en
ab
le
PS
T
s
to
ap
p
ly
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
r
ea
l
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
[
1
9
]
.
CC
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
PS
T
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
eir
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
,
a
s
th
ey
en
co
u
n
ter
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
v
ar
ied
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
[
2
7
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
w
th
at
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
y
ea
r
lev
el,
an
d
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
d
o
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
d
er
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
C
C
an
d
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
i
s
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
all
P
STs,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
eir
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
ca
n
b
en
ef
it e
q
u
ally
f
r
o
m
a
r
o
b
u
s
t c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
c
y
-
b
ased
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
as
s
u
ch
,
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
s
h
o
u
ld
im
p
lem
en
t
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
CC
th
at
is
in
clu
s
iv
e
f
o
r
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
is
alig
n
ed
with
Özü
d
o
ğ
r
u
[5
1
]
wh
o
co
n
t
en
d
s
th
at
g
en
d
er
h
as
n
o
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
tea
ch
er
s
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
C
R
T
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
C
R
T
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
am
e
s
t
u
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
d
e
g
r
ee
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
h
ad
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
ir
r
ea
d
in
ess
wh
ich
co
n
tr
ad
icts
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
.
Özü
d
o
ğ
r
u
[5
1
]
co
n
ten
d
e
d
th
at
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
s
in
elem
en
tar
y
m
at
h
em
atics
wer
e
less
r
ea
d
y
f
o
r
cu
ltu
r
al
teac
h
in
g
th
an
o
th
e
r
s
s
u
ch
as
s
o
cial
s
c
ien
ce
teac
h
in
g
an
d
g
u
id
an
ce
a
n
d
co
u
n
s
elin
g
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
ca
n
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
r
e
co
h
esiv
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
to
m
an
ag
e
a
d
iv
e
r
s
e
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
teac
h
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
b
u
t
also
v
alu
es
r
ich
cu
ltu
r
al
d
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
asts
with
C
ai
n
g
co
y
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
o
n
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
g
en
d
er
an
d
d
eg
r
e
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
th
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices.
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
b
y
C
ain
g
co
y
et
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
ed
th
at
f
e
m
ale
teac
h
er
s
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
m
ales
in
cr
ea
tin
g
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
f
o
s
ter
r
esp
ec
t,
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elev
a
n
ce
,
wh
ich
was n
o
t e
v
id
en
t in
th
e
p
r
esen
t f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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&
R
es E
d
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c
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SS
N:
2252
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s
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tea
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’
d
emo
g
r
a
p
h
ics,
cu
ltu
r
a
l c
o
mp
eten
ce
,
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
a
lly
r
esp
o
n
s
ive
…
(
E
d
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erto
Z.
A
n
d
a
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3531
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
s
th
e
v
ital
r
o
le
o
f
C
C
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
,
in
en
h
an
cin
g
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices
am
o
n
g
th
e
PS
T
s
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
o
r
r
el
atio
n
an
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
b
etwe
en
v
ar
io
u
s
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
C
C
an
d
C
R
T
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
d
icate
an
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
d
i
v
er
s
e
cu
ltu
r
es
d
i
r
ec
tly
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
u
r
th
e
r
co
n
cl
u
d
es
th
at
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
h
a
v
e
n
o
m
o
d
er
atin
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
C
C
an
d
C
R
T
p
r
ac
tices,
im
p
ly
in
g
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
C
C
f
o
r
all
PS
T
s
.
Fo
r
p
r
ac
tica
l
ap
p
licatio
n
,
im
p
lem
en
t
u
n
iv
er
s
al
CC
tr
ain
in
g
in
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
in
clu
s
iv
ity
f
o
r
all
PS
T
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
in
v
esti
g
ate
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
C
C
o
n
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
r
ac
tical,
th
eo
r
etica
l,
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
g
ap
s
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
es
ea
r
ch
an
d
p
r
ac
tice.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
at
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
co
r
r
elate
with
C
R
T
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
estab
lis
h
in
g
in
clu
s
io
n
a
n
d
d
ev
el
o
p
i
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
s
h
o
u
ld
d
esig
n
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
ese
a
s
p
ec
ts
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
in
v
o
lv
e
ca
s
e
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
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Me
th
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d
o
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g
Hay
es
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s
m
o
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f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
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eg
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alid
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f
th
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tu
d
y
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h
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ig
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ts
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u
g
g
est
th
at
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ld
m
an
d
ate
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tr
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k
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ased
CC
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ain
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g
as c
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ip
m
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t in
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p
r
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am
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
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DG
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M
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NT
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T
h
e
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t
h
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s
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ld
lik
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to
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t
en
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th
ei
r
d
e
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est
ap
p
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ec
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to
L
a
g
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n
a
State
Po
ly
tech
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ic
Un
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s
ity
f
o
r
th
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s
u
p
p
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t in
th
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esear
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n
d
er
tak
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F
UNDING
I
NF
O
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M
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h
is
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esear
ch
was
s
u
p
p
o
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ted
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y
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ag
u
n
a
State
Po
ly
tech
n
ic
Un
iv
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s
ity
.
T
h
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
in
an
cial
r
eso
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r
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
letio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
er
ta
k
in
g
s
tr
ictly
ad
h
er
es
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
t
h
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
g
u
id
elin
es f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
ct
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
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d
ilb
er
to
Z
.
A
n
d
al
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Alb
er
t A
n
d
r
y
E
.
Pan
er
g
ay
o
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
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a
t
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M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
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o
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Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
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s
I
:
I
n
v
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g
a
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:
R
e
so
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D
:
D
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&
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P
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mi
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t
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Fu
:
Fu
n
d
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g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
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n
CO
NF
L
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C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
co
n
f
licts
o
f
in
ter
est
r
el
ated
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
er
e
wer
e
n
o
f
in
an
cial,
p
er
s
o
n
al,
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
s
th
at
co
u
ld
h
av
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
is
av
ailab
le
u
p
o
n
r
eq
u
est.
T
h
u
s
,
ac
ce
s
s
ca
n
b
e
g
r
an
ted
af
ter
a
f
o
r
m
al
r
e
q
u
est
to
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
u
b
ject
to
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
g
u
i
d
elin
es o
f
L
ag
u
n
a
State
Po
ly
te
ch
n
ic
Un
iv
er
s
ity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
35
2
6
-
35
3
3
3532
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
R
.
J.
P
a
st
e
r
a
,
“
U
n
v
e
i
l
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n
g
t
h
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l
:
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n
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l
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p
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n
o
c
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l
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e
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
t
h
n
i
c
a
n
d
C
u
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t
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8
.
[
2
]
D
.
S
e
mi
ã
o
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
p
e
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sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
d
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
:
a
s
y
s
t
e
ma
t
i
c
l
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t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
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e
w
,
”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
c
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s
,
v
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.
1
3
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n
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.
1
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p
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3
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sc
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1
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.
[
3
]
M
.
H
.
S
a
r
ı
a
n
d
E
.
Y
ü
c
e
,
“
P
r
o
b
l
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ms
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p
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c
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d
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ssr
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d
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f
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t
c
u
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”
J
o
u
rn
a
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n
Ef
f
i
c
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c
y
a
n
d
Re
sp
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l
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t
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.
[
4
]
C.
A.
Ed
e
n
,
O.
N.
C
h
i
s
o
m
,
a
n
d
I.
S.
A
d
e
n
i
y
i
,
“
C
u
l
t
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r
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l
c
o
m
p
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n
c
e
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n
e
d
u
c
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t
i
o
n
:
st
r
a
t
e
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s
f
o
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t
y
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d
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v
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y
a
w
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ss,
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e
r
n
a
t
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o
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a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
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A
p
p
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Re
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rc
h
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n
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o
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v
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5
.
[
5
]
M
.
A
b
r
o
l
,
“
R
o
l
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o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
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p
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v
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d
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c
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t
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o
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,
”
I
J
F
MR
-
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
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a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
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f
o
r
Mu
l
t
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sc
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h
,
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.
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–
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6
.
[
6
]
I
.
M
.
P.
-
T.
C
a
t
e
,
M
.
M
a
r
k
o
v
a
,
M
.
K
r
i
s
c
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r
,
a
n
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S
.
K
r
o
l
a
k
-
S
c
h
w
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d
t
,
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P
r
o
m
o
t
i
n
g
i
n
c
l
u
si
v
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
c
o
m
p
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t
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
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t
i
t
u
d
e
s,
”
I
n
si
g
h
t
s
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t
o
L
e
a
rn
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g
D
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sa
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,
v
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l
.
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5
,
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o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
9
–
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3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
7
]
A
.
A
b
d
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l
l
a
h
a
n
d
A
.
M
.
A
l
k
a
a
b
i
,
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s i
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f
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s c
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t
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a
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a
w
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ss a
t
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b
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a
b
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l
s
t
o
mee
t
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b
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c
h
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g
e
,
”
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o
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n
t
S
o
c
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a
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c
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n
c
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s
,
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3
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.
[
8
]
C
.
N
.
O
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y
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s
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i
a
n
d
M
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3
6
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8
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[4
5
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6
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[4
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[4
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[4
9
]
B
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[
50
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C
.
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