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20
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W
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tech
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co
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C
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T
h
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wh
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th
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n
u
cleu
s
o
f
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v
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ce
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in
d
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s
tr
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tech
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,
is
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k
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f
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T
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m
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s
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d
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s
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m
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s
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f
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
ce
n
tr
ic
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
[
1
]
.
I
n
c
r
ea
s
in
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f
o
cu
s
o
n
cu
ltiv
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g
co
m
p
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k
in
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(
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k
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th
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E
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C
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s
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ib
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to
wo
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k
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f
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b
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tech
n
o
l
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y
-
in
ten
s
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in
d
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s
tr
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[
2
]
.
As
p
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th
e
E
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C
an
d
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win
g
tech
wo
r
k
f
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in
th
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tech
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to
r
[
3
]
.
C
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s
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C
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is
id
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2
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tech
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h
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p
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in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
9
1
7
-
3927
3918
jo
b
s
,
au
th
o
r
ca
n
cr
ea
te
wea
lth
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
r
y
o
u
r
s
elf
b
u
t
also
h
elp
T
h
ailan
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’
s
tech
n
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lo
g
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r
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als
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s
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th
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C
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w
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t
h
ey
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ee
d
g
o
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o
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tio
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th
at
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d
d
r
ess
h
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d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
u
s
in
g
n
e
w
way
s
.
C
T
r
ef
er
s
to
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k
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g
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
l
v
in
g
th
at
ap
p
lies
ac
r
o
s
s
d
is
cip
lin
es:
th
e
k
in
d
o
f
th
in
k
in
g
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
in
d
ef
in
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
;
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
in
g
t
h
em
in
to
m
a
n
ag
ea
b
le
s
u
b
p
r
o
b
lem
s
;
d
esig
n
in
g
an
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
s
o
lu
tio
n
;
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
th
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
y
wr
itin
g
co
m
p
u
ter
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
r
b
u
ild
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n
g
r
o
b
o
tic
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s
u
s
in
g
o
n
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
to
o
l,
o
r
p
latf
o
r
m
[
4
]
.
C
T
as
a
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
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lv
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
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d
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p
h
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ed
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ca
tio
n
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
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ta
n
t
to
in
co
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p
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at
e
C
T
in
to
ea
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ly
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u
ca
tio
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l
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s
to
h
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p
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en
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ag
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d
s
tu
d
en
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d
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v
elo
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th
in
k
i
n
g
ab
o
u
t
an
al
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is
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d
d
e
d
u
ctio
n
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
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s
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ies
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s
y
s
tem
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ev
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p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
u
n
p
lu
g
g
ed
e
x
er
cises
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
tea
ch
in
g
C
T
i
n
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
i
d
en
tifie
d
s
er
io
u
s
p
r
o
b
lem
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
d
e
f
in
itio
n
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
C
T
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
m
u
s
t b
e
s
o
lv
e
d
if
we
wan
t
to
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
th
is
f
i
eld
.
A
j
o
u
r
n
al
ar
ticle
e
m
p
h
asi
ze
d
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
en
lig
h
ten
i
n
g
C
T
ex
p
er
tis
e
f
r
o
m
an
ea
r
ly
ag
e
[
6
]
.
An
o
t
h
e
r
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
C
T
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
lear
n
in
g
i
n
K
-
1
2
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
C
T
h
as
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
b
en
e
f
its
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
c
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
en
t
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
b
ein
g
a
g
r
ea
t
d
r
iv
in
g
f
o
r
ce
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
s
ev
er
al
p
lu
r
ality
s
ec
to
r
jo
b
s
,
CT
s
k
ills
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
e
n
tifie
d
as
cr
u
cia
l
to
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
v
ita
l
s
im
u
lated
,
lo
g
ical
,
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
atic
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
ar
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
f
o
r
o
u
r
d
aily
life
an
d
th
e
tr
en
d
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
e
n
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
b
ein
g
a
g
r
ea
t
d
r
iv
in
g
f
o
r
ce
i
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
s
ev
er
al
p
lu
r
ality
s
ec
to
r
jo
b
s
,
CT
s
k
ills
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
e
n
tifie
d
a
s
cr
u
cial
to
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
[
7
]
.
I
n
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
E
E
C
,
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
ap
p
ea
l
f
o
r
cr
ea
tiv
e
m
i
n
d
s
with
C
T
s
k
ills
to
h
elp
th
em
m
ee
t
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
ch
allen
g
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
r
o
b
o
tics
an
d
AI
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
ea
r
ly
C
T
b
eg
i
n
n
in
g
as
ea
r
l
y
as
p
r
e
-
k
in
d
er
g
ar
ten
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
lear
n
in
g
g
ai
n
s
.
An
8
-
wee
k
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
o
n
r
o
b
o
tic
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
ex
am
p
le
th
at
ca
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
C
T
co
n
ten
t
at
t
h
e
lo
wer
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el
co
u
ld
s
tim
u
late
s
o
m
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
in
ch
ild
r
en
;
h
en
ce
,
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
lear
n
in
g
r
elate
d
to
s
ci
en
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
e
m
atics
(
STE
M
)
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
0
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
way
s
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
ab
s
tr
ac
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
tan
g
ib
le,
r
o
b
o
tics
an
d
in
p
ar
ticu
la
r
its
u
s
ag
e
in
teac
h
in
g
i
s
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
as
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
g
et
a
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
tactile
f
ee
l o
f
h
o
w
th
eir
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
id
ea
s
m
ater
ialize
in
to
r
ea
l w
o
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
Mo
jo
b
o
t,
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
r
o
b
o
tic
to
o
l
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
CT
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
E
E
C
r
eg
io
n
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Mo
jo
b
o
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
was
tar
g
eted
at
id
en
tify
in
g
h
o
w
M
o
jo
b
o
t
m
ay
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
alg
e
b
r
aic
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
s
t
ch
ild
r
e
n
an
d
t
o
lear
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
o
ten
tial
way
s
th
at
s
u
ch
to
o
l
s
ca
n
b
e
em
b
o
d
ied
with
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
-
d
r
iv
en
ca
r
ee
r
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
C
T
s
k
ills
th
at
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ess
en
tial
in
r
e
g
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
E
E
C
in
T
h
ailan
d
in
alig
n
m
en
t
with
t
h
e
Natio
n
al
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Plan
f
o
r
W
o
r
k
f
o
r
ce
Pro
d
u
ct
io
n
an
d
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t,
2
0
2
1
–
2
0
2
7
,
th
e
r
e
is
an
em
p
h
asis
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
with
ess
en
tial
s
k
ills
f
o
r
a
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
b
ased
ec
o
n
o
m
y
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
lo
n
g
-
te
r
m
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ea
r
ly
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
CT
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
n
ess
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
in
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
ec
to
r
.
T
h
is
is
esp
ec
ially
cr
itic
al
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
is
in
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
C
T
s
k
ills
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
E
E
C
,
an
ar
ea
ess
en
tial
to
T
h
ailan
d
’
s
g
r
o
wth
b
o
th
p
r
ac
tically
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
Mo
jo
b
o
t
in
ea
r
l
y
p
r
im
a
r
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
C
T
,
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
r
o
b
o
tics
.
W
h
i
le
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
c
h
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
r
o
b
o
tics
’
p
o
ten
tial
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
ce
C
T
s
k
ills
lik
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
m
o
s
t
lack
atten
tio
n
to
r
eg
io
n
al
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
n
ee
d
s
.
T
ar
g
etin
g
T
h
ailan
d
’
s
E
E
C
,
a
k
ey
h
u
b
f
o
r
tech
-
d
r
iv
en
g
r
o
wth
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
tak
es
a
lo
ca
lized
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
Mo
jo
b
o
t
in
to
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
it
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
E
E
C
’
s
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
g
o
als.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
b
r
id
g
es
ea
r
ly
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
n
ee
d
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
s
im
ilar
co
n
tex
ts
g
lo
b
ally
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
g
u
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
:
Ho
w
is
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
Mo
jo
b
o
t
im
p
ac
tin
g
elem
en
tar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
CT
in
th
e
E
E
C
r
eg
io
n
?
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
:
t
o
wh
at
ex
ten
t
will
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
u
s
e
m
in
im
ally
d
esig
n
ed
r
o
b
o
ts
as
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
eir
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
CT
ab
ilit
y
b
etter
t
h
an
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
d
o
n
o
t
in
ter
ac
t
with
th
e
r
o
b
o
t?
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
will
in
s
p
ir
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ev
i
d
en
ce
b
ase
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
CT
in
ea
r
ly
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
lik
ely
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
in
T
h
aila
n
d
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
T
h
e
f
lo
w
ch
a
r
t
th
at
f
o
llo
ws
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
in
wh
ich
ce
n
tr
al
an
is
s
u
e
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
id
en
tifie
d
: h
o
w
d
o
es M
o
jo
b
o
t in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
C
T
s
k
ill
s
.
T
h
e
s
tag
es o
f
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
clu
d
e
d
esig
n
i
n
g
th
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
(
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
Mo
jo
b
o
t)
,
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
d
ata
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
a
l th
in
kin
g
in
elem
en
ta
r
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
S
TEM
a
n
d
Mo
jo
b
o
t
(
P
a
r
in
ya
R
u
a
n
g
tip
)
3919
co
llectio
n
,
an
d
im
p
ac
t
ev
al
u
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
p
h
ase
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
wh
ic
h
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
wh
eth
er
th
e
Mo
jo
b
o
t
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
d
s
t
u
d
en
ts
C
T
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
g
am
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
ca
n
id
en
tify
k
ey
d
ec
is
io
n
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
u
n
d
er
ta
k
e
wh
ils
t p
ar
tak
in
g
in
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
task
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t th
ei
r
le
ar
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
llo
w
r
atio
n
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
lik
e
p
lay
er
s
in
a
g
am
e
m
ax
im
izin
g
th
eir
p
ay
o
f
f
,
a
n
d
Nash
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
is
th
e
p
o
in
t
at
wh
ic
h
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
ca
n
n
o
t
b
etter
an
o
th
er
C
T
s
tr
ateg
y
wh
ile
k
ee
p
in
g
awa
y
f
r
o
m
alter
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
is
is
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
a
n
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
ty
p
ical
o
f
g
a
m
e
th
eo
r
y
in
wh
ic
h
s
tu
d
en
ts
ad
ap
t
co
n
s
tan
tly
g
iv
e
n
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
p
ee
r
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
to
m
ax
i
m
ize
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
,
as
s
h
o
wn
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h
d
esig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
ef
f
e
cts
o
f
Mo
jo
b
o
t
an
d
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
n
C
T
s
k
ill
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
p
r
etest
-
p
o
s
ttes
t
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
esig
n
.
R
an
d
o
m
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
class
r
o
o
m
s
was
n
o
t
f
ea
s
ib
le,
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
r
ea
s
o
n
s
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
T
ab
le
1
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
er
e
was
n
o
eq
u
itab
le
r
an
d
o
m
a
s
s
ig
n
m
en
t
o
f
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
p
ar
t
icip
an
ts
to
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
(
STE
M
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
with
Mo
jo
b
o
t)
o
r
co
n
tr
o
l
co
n
d
itio
n
(
s
tan
d
ar
d
STE
M
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
)
.
C
T
s
k
ills
(
lo
g
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
th
i
n
k
in
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
a
n
d
p
atter
n
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
)
wer
e
ass
ess
ab
le
b
y
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
ass
e
s
s
m
en
ts
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
t
h
e
ch
an
g
es o
v
er
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
er
io
d
.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esear
ch
d
esig
n
P
h
a
se
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
Pre
-
t
e
st
(
O
₁)
CT
t
e
s
t
CT
t
e
s
t
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
(
X
)
S
TEM
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
+
M
o
j
o
b
o
t
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
S
TE
M
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
(
O
₂)
CT
t
e
s
t
CT
t
e
s
t
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
7
4
f
o
u
r
th
-
g
r
a
d
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
3
7
g
ir
ls
a
n
d
3
7
b
o
y
s
)
f
r
o
m
W
at
No
n
g
Ketu
n
o
i
Sch
o
o
l,
B
an
g
L
am
u
n
g
Dis
tr
ict,
C
h
o
n
b
u
r
i
Pro
v
in
ce
,
T
h
ailan
d
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
ass
ig
n
ed
to
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
3
7
)
o
r
r
o
b
o
tic
Mo
j
o
b
o
t
c
o
n
d
itio
n
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
o
r
to
a
n
ac
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=3
7
)
r
ec
eiv
in
g
s
tan
d
a
r
d
STE
M
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
with
o
u
t
r
o
b
o
tics
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
G*
Po
wer
3
.
1
.
9
.
2
f
o
r
W
in
d
o
ws,
en
s
u
r
in
g
at
least 9
0
%
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
,
an
alp
h
a
lev
el
o
f
0
.
0
5
,
an
d
an
ef
f
ec
t size
(
E
S)
o
f
0
.
8
0
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
p
a
r
am
eter
s
,
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
h
o
wed
th
at
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
3
5
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
er
g
r
o
u
p
wer
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
(
a
to
ta
l
o
f
7
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
)
to
d
etec
t
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ef
f
ec
ts
[
1
7
]
.
T
o
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
p
o
te
n
tial
d
ata
lo
s
s
o
r
attr
itio
n
,
an
ad
d
iti
o
n
al
2
0
%
was
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
3
7
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
er
g
r
o
u
p
(
a
to
tal
o
f
7
4
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
)
.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tatis
t
ical
p
o
wer
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Stu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
est
th
a
t
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
3
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
er
g
r
o
u
p
is
ty
p
ically
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
m
ed
iu
m
to
lar
g
e
ES
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
c
h
,
m
ak
i
n
g
th
is
s
am
p
le
s
ize
s
u
f
f
icien
t f
o
r
o
u
r
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
Th
e
re
a
re
six
ste
p
s t
o
S
T
EM
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
d
e
sig
n
p
ro
c
e
s
s
.
1.
De
term
in
e
th
e
p
ro
b
lem
2.
Re
se
a
rc
h
b
y
g
a
th
e
r
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
3.
Cre
a
te
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
4.
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
h
o
se
n
5.
Tes
t
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
te wo
rk
s
6.
S
o
lv
e
b
y
p
re
se
n
ti
n
g
th
e
so
lu
ti
o
n
Th
e
re
a
re
g
e
n
e
ra
ll
y
f
o
u
r
p
ri
n
c
ip
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts o
f
stu
d
e
n
ts co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
a
l
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
il
ls.
1.
De
c
o
m
p
o
siti
o
n
2.
P
a
tt
e
rn
r
e
c
o
g
n
it
i
o
n
3.
De
fin
it
io
n
4.
De
sig
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
G
a
m
e
t
h
e
o
ry
Re
a
so
n
a
b
le d
e
c
isio
n
m
a
k
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
9
1
7
-
3927
3920
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
G*
Po
wer
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
f
ast
an
d
r
eliab
le
way
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
am
p
le
s
ize,
its
u
s
e
d
o
es
h
av
e
lim
itatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
s
ev
er
al
cr
itical
s
tep
s
:
i
)
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
s
tatis
tical
test
f
o
r
th
e
p
lan
n
e
d
an
aly
s
is
;
ii
)
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
s
u
itab
le
m
eth
o
d
o
f
an
aly
s
is
;
an
d
iii
)
ac
cu
r
ately
in
p
u
ttin
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
alp
h
a
lev
el,
p
o
wer
,
an
d
ES
,
with
th
e
latter
ty
p
ically
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
p
r
io
r
liter
atu
r
e.
M
is
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
an
y
o
f
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
ca
n
lead
to
u
n
d
er
p
o
wer
ed
o
r
o
v
er
p
o
w
er
ed
s
tu
d
ies.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
alth
o
u
g
h
G*
Po
wer
h
el
p
s
en
s
u
r
e
s
tatis
tical
v
alid
ity
,
it
ca
n
n
o
t
c
o
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
s
am
p
lin
g
b
ias,
ex
ter
n
a
l
v
alid
ity
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
o
r
u
n
f
o
r
eseen
attr
itio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
u
tio
u
s
to
in
ter
p
r
et
th
e
ca
lc
u
lated
s
am
p
le
s
ize
with
in
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
c
o
n
tex
t o
f
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
an
d
r
esear
ch
g
o
als
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
p
ro
ce
du
re
2
.
3
.
1
.
P
re
-
t
est
B
o
th
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
will
co
m
p
lete
a
C
T
p
r
e
-
test
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
test
f
o
r
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
u
s
in
g
a
CT
s
k
ills
test
,
wh
ich
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
.
T
h
e
test
in
clu
d
ed
o
p
e
n
-
en
d
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
b
ased
o
n
f
iv
e
s
im
u
lated
r
ea
l
-
life
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
E
ac
h
s
ce
n
ar
io
h
ad
f
o
u
r
q
u
esti
o
n
s
co
v
er
in
g
f
o
u
r
asp
ec
ts
wh
ich
wer
e
p
r
o
b
lem
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
p
atter
n
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
ab
s
tr
ac
t
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
On
e
b
y
o
n
e,
th
e
teac
h
er
r
ev
ea
led
e
ac
h
s
itu
atio
n
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
p
ai
r
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
ad
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
ea
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
with
a
s
h
o
r
t
-
an
s
wer
ex
p
lan
atio
n
.
E
ac
h
q
u
esti
o
n
was
ass
es
s
ed
b
ased
o
n
a
r
u
b
r
ic
an
d
s
co
r
ed
in
d
iv
i
d
u
ally
f
r
o
m
0
–
3
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
a
ca
n
d
id
ate
co
u
ld
ac
h
iev
e
in
th
e
test
wa
s
6
0
p
o
i
n
ts
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
I
nte
rv
ent
io
n
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
will r
ec
eiv
e
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
with
Mo
jo
b
o
t f
o
r
a
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
f
o
u
r
wee
k
s
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
d
u
r
at
io
n
o
f
f
o
u
r
wee
k
s
was
ch
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
r
o
b
o
tics
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
CT
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
r
o
m
is
ed
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
with
ad
eq
u
a
te
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
t
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
ate
f
ield
s
b
u
t
f
o
r
b
a
d
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
d
o
i
n
g
an
y
r
esis
tan
ce
wo
r
k
b
etwe
en
6
AM
an
d
8
AM
,
as
th
is
wo
u
ld
th
en
b
e
co
u
n
ted
as
an
o
v
er
l
o
ad
er
r
o
r
f
o
r
b
o
th
f
ac
to
r
s
.
2
.
3
.
3
.
P
o
s
t
-
t
est
B
o
th
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
m
p
leted
a
C
T
p
o
s
t
-
test
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
with
a
s
im
ilar
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
to
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
,
n
am
ely
th
e
s
am
e
CT
s
k
ills
test
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
r
ea
d
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
to
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
o
a
n
s
wer
ed
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
lis
tin
g
all
th
eir
o
wn
o
p
in
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
tea
ch
er
p
u
t t
h
e
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
ev
e
r
y
q
u
esti
o
n
o
n
th
e
s
co
r
i
n
g
s
h
ee
t.
2
.
3
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
I
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
an
d
p
air
e
d
t
-
test
s
will
b
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
v
s
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
c
o
r
es
o
f
C
T
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
with
in
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ES
will b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
.
2
.
4
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
s
I
n
g
r
o
u
p
tr
ials
,
a
v
alid
ated
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
C
T
s
k
ills
in
b
o
th
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
t
est
was
g
iv
en
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
f
o
llo
wed
th
e
STE
M
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
with
Mo
jo
b
o
t
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
r
eg
u
lar
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
a
b
led
t
h
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
c
h
an
g
es
in
C
T
s
k
ills
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
i
n
d
icato
r
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
test
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
ev
al
u
atin
g
C
T
in
clu
d
ed
k
ey
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
th
in
k
in
g
,
lo
g
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
an
d
p
atter
n
r
e
co
g
n
itio
n
.
T
h
ese
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
wer
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
s
elec
ted
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
an
al
y
ze
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
d
ev
is
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
ap
p
ly
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
alig
n
in
g
with
t
h
e
co
r
e
co
m
p
eten
cies o
f
C
T
.
2
.
4
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h t
o
o
ls
T
h
e
Mo
jo
b
o
t
was
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
f
it
in
to
th
e
s
ix
-
s
tep
en
g
in
e
er
in
g
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
STE
M
an
d
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
ete
n
c
es su
ch
as p
r
o
b
lem
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
at
h
er
in
g
,
s
o
lu
tio
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
b
ased
cr
ea
tio
n
(
p
r
o
ject
p
lan
n
in
g
)
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
lan
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
(
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
w
o
r
k
p
lan
n
i
n
g
)
,
test
in
g
an
d
ev
a
lu
atio
n
,
p
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
r
ar
tifa
ct.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
,
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
in
b
o
th
Pap
er
t
’
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
is
m
an
d
Ma
lag
u
z
zi
’
s
R
eg
g
io
E
m
ilia
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
9
]
.
I
t
e
n
ab
led
g
r
o
u
p
w
o
r
k
in
a
c
o
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
wo
r
k
s
p
ac
e,
wh
e
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
o
r
k
ed
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
d
in
g
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
t
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
s
h
ar
ed
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
ticu
lated
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
wh
o
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
h
o
w
r
o
b
o
ts
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
team
-
b
ased
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
s
k
ills
in
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
e
M
o
jo
b
o
t
also
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
p
h
y
s
ical
ex
p
er
ie
n
tial
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
in
wh
ich
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
ed
jo
y
s
tick
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
a
l th
in
kin
g
in
elem
en
ta
r
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
S
TEM
a
n
d
Mo
jo
b
o
t
(
P
a
r
in
ya
R
u
a
n
g
tip
)
3921
an
d
o
th
er
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
to
o
ls
to
m
o
v
e
b
lo
c
k
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
task
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
t
h
e
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
y
th
at
u
n
d
er
p
in
s
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
,
th
e
en
g
ag
in
g
with
p
h
y
s
ical
m
at
er
ials
d
u
r
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
l
v
in
g
,
as
in
CT
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
h
ap
tic
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
with
cr
ea
tiv
ity
in
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
(
i.e
.
Mo
j
o
b
o
t)
attr
ac
ts
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
esp
ec
ially
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
er
u
s
er
s
[
2
3
]
,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
th
e
p
lay
f
u
ln
ess
o
f
m
o
r
e
tan
g
ib
le
d
ev
ices f
o
r
c
o
d
in
g
.
2
.
4
.
2
.
Sta
t
is
t
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
is
An
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
AN
OVA
)
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
C
T
s
k
ills
,
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
t
h
e
Mo
jo
b
o
t
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
e
r
i
m
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
n
itially
,
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
m
p
leted
a
p
r
e
-
test
to
ass
ess
th
eir
b
aselin
e
C
T
s
k
ills
.
F
o
llo
win
g
th
is
,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
p
a
r
ticip
a
ted
in
STE
M
ac
tiv
ities
u
s
in
g
Mo
jo
b
o
t,
wh
ile
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
llo
wed
s
tan
d
ar
d
STE
M
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
with
o
u
t
r
o
b
o
tics
.
Af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
b
o
t
h
g
r
o
u
p
s
to
o
k
a
p
o
s
t
-
test
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ch
an
g
es
in
C
T
s
k
ills
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
av
e
r
ag
in
g
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
b
y
g
r
o
u
p
,
with
p
air
e
d
t
-
test
s
u
s
ed
to
ass
e
s
s
with
in
-
g
r
o
u
p
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
.
A
2
-
way
ANOV
A
was
th
en
co
n
d
u
cted
to
co
n
tr
o
l
an
y
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es
an
d
to
co
m
p
ar
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
o
u
tco
m
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
f
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
w
er
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
i
g
h
er
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
,
it
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
Mo
jo
b
o
t i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
h
a
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
C
T
s
k
ills
[
2
4
]
.
2
.
4
.
3
.
Va
lid
it
y
a
nd
r
elia
bil
it
y
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
h
i
g
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
C
T
test
wer
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
wer
e
b
as
ed
o
n
estab
lis
h
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
CT
test
b
y
Go
v
in
d
an
d
B
er
s
[
2
5
]
,
wh
ich
h
as
s
tr
o
n
g
er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
th
an
m
o
s
t
o
th
er
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
ce
n
tr
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
CT
(
lo
g
ical
r
e
aso
n
in
g
,
al
g
o
r
ith
m
ic
t
h
in
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
)
.
A
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
test
an
d
ass
ess
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
es
s
o
f
item
s
f
o
r
clar
ity
in
th
eir
t
ar
g
et
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
,
as
well
as
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
item
s
wer
e
co
n
tex
t
u
ally
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
ev
alu
ated
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
(
α
=0
.
8
7
)
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
wed
g
o
o
d
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
test
item
s
.
A
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
7
an
d
ab
o
v
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ac
ce
p
tab
le
i
n
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
r
esear
ch
[
2
6
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
e
x
p
er
ts
in
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
CT
an
d
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
v
alid
ated
th
e
test
to
v
er
if
y
th
at
i
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
wh
at
it
was
in
ten
d
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
T
h
e
s
e
s
tep
s
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
b
o
th
r
eliab
le
an
d
v
alid
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
ch
an
g
es in
CT
s
k
ills
o
v
er
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
74
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
with
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
an
eq
u
al
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
n
=3
7
)
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
r
ec
eiv
e
d
th
e
Mo
jo
b
o
t
-
in
te
g
r
ated
STE
M
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
w
h
ile
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
STE
M
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
with
o
u
t
r
o
b
o
tics
.
T
o
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
m
p
leted
a
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
a
p
o
s
t
-
test
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
eir
C
T
s
k
ills
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
o
s
ed
t
o
Mo
j
o
b
o
t
-
e
n
h
an
ce
d
STE
M
ac
tiv
ities
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
eir
p
ee
r
s
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
in
ter
m
s
o
f
C
T
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
C
T
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
al
g
r
o
u
p
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
2
0
.
4
9
(
SD=5
.
1
2
)
in
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
test
to
4
9
.
0
5
(
SD=5
.
5
9
)
i
n
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
wed
a
s
m
aller
g
ai
n
,
with
s
co
r
es in
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
1
.
3
2
(
SD=5
.
4
5
)
t
o
4
1
.
3
0
(
SD=6
.
5
)
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
g
ain
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
Mo
jo
b
o
t
-
f
ac
i
litated
lear
n
in
g
in
e
n
h
an
cin
g
C
T
s
k
ills
b
ey
o
n
d
wh
at
was
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
r
elativ
ely
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t stan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
s
u
g
g
est t
h
at
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
w
as
s
tab
le,
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
th
at
r
o
b
o
tics
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
CT
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
C
T
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
C
T
s
k
ills
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
wh
o
s
e
m
ea
n
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
e
was
2
0
.
4
9
(
SD=5
.
1
2
)
an
d
m
ea
n
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
c
o
r
e
was
4
9
.
0
5
(
SD=5
.
5
9
)
,
r
e
s
u
ltin
g
in
a
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
2
8
.
5
6
.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
e
was
s
tati
s
tically
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
(
t=3
2
.
4
5
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
with
a
v
er
y
lar
g
e
ES
(
E
S=5
.
3
3
)
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
C
o
h
e
n
’
s
g
u
i
d
elin
es
o
n
p
r
ac
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
also
s
h
o
wed
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
th
o
u
g
h
to
a
less
er
ex
te
n
t.
T
h
eir
m
ea
n
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
e
was
2
1
.
3
2
(
SD=5
.
4
5
)
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
to
a
m
ea
n
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
1
.
4
1
(
SD=6
.
5
)
,
with
a
m
e
an
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
o
f
2
0
.
0
9
.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
e
was
also
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
t=2
0
.
5
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
,
b
u
t
th
e
ES
(
E
S=3
.
3
8
)
was
n
o
tab
ly
s
m
alle
r
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
t
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
Mo
jo
b
o
t
in
to
STE
M
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
C
T
s
k
ills
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
g
ain
s
i
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
r
o
b
o
tics
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
o
m
o
te
d
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
,
in
q
u
ir
y
-
d
r
iv
en
co
d
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
M
o
jo
b
o
t
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
C
T
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
with
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
win
g
a
m
ar
k
e
d
av
er
a
g
e
g
ai
n
o
f
2
8
.
5
6
,
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
a
m
o
r
e
m
o
d
er
ate
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
9
1
7
-
3927
3922
o
f
2
0
.
0
9
i
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
B
o
th
r
esu
lts
wer
e
s
tatis
tica
l
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
t
h
e
ad
d
e
d
v
alu
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
en
h
an
ce
d
STE
M
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pre
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
C
T
m
ea
n
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
T
ab
le
2
.
Pre
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
C
T
s
co
r
es b
etw
ee
n
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
G
r
o
u
p
Te
st
M
e
a
n
(
M
)
SD
M
e
a
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
t
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
ES
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
(
n
=
3
7
)
Pre
-
t
e
st
2
0
.
4
9
5
.
1
2
-
-
-
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
4
9
.
0
5
5
.
5
9
2
8
.
5
6
**
3
2
.
4
5
<
0
.
0
0
1
5
.
3
3
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
n
=
3
7
)
Pre
-
t
e
st
2
1
.
3
2
5
.
4
5
-
-
-
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
4
1
.
4
1
6
.
5
2
0
.
0
9
**
2
0
.
5
<
0
.
0
0
1
3
.
3
8
**
p
<
0
.
0
1
An
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
s
am
p
les
t
-
test
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ex
am
in
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
p
o
s
t
-
test
C
T
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=3
7
)
,
wh
ich
r
ec
eiv
ed
th
e
Mo
jo
b
o
t
-
in
teg
r
ated
STE
M
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
ac
h
iev
ed
a
m
ea
n
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
9
.
0
5
(
SD=5
.
5
9
)
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
3
7
)
,
wh
i
ch
r
ec
eiv
ed
tr
ad
itio
n
al
STE
M
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
h
ad
a
m
ea
n
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
1
.
4
1
(
SD=6
.
5
)
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
an
a
ly
s
is
r
ev
ea
led
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
t(
7
2
)
=5
.
4
2
6
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
m
ea
n
s
u
b
-
s
co
r
e
o
f
1
7
.
7
3
(
SD=3
.
6
5
)
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
was
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
h
i
g
h
er
th
an
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
’
s
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
1
2
.
1
5
(
SD=4
.
6
4
)
.
T
h
e
ES
,
ca
lcu
lated
as
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
eq
u
al
1
.
2
6
,
r
e
f
lects
an
ex
tr
em
ely
lar
g
e
ef
f
ec
t,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
Mo
jo
b
o
t
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
o
n
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
CT
s
k
ills
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
lar
g
e
ES
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
CT
s
k
ills
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
M
o
jo
b
o
t
-
in
f
u
s
ed
STE
M
ac
tiv
ities
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
b
etter
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
3
.
B
etwe
en
-
g
r
o
u
p
p
o
s
t
-
t
est co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
C
T
s
co
r
es
G
r
o
u
p
n
C
T
s
c
o
r
e
s
M
e
a
n
(
M
)
SD
t
df
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
ES
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
37
4
9
.
0
5
5
.
5
9
5
.
4
2
6
*
*
72
<
0
.
0
0
1
1
.
26
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
37
4
1
.
4
1
6
.
5
*
*
p
<
0
.
0
1
3
.
2
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
o
b
o
tics
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
elem
en
tar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
C
T
s
k
ills
.
Af
ter
r
ec
eiv
in
g
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
,
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
STE
M
tr
ain
in
g
in
f
u
s
ed
with
Mo
jo
b
o
t
th
at
was
b
ased
o
n
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
i
s
m
[
2
8
]
,
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
ac
h
iev
ed
h
ig
h
e
r
C
T
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es.
T
h
ey
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
lear
n
in
g
b
y
m
ak
in
g
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
lea
r
n
er
s
ac
tu
ally
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
b
u
ild
in
g
th
eir
m
en
tal
m
o
d
els
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
d
esig
n
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
an
d
s
o
cial
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I
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8
8
2
2
E
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
a
l th
in
kin
g
in
elem
en
ta
r
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
S
TEM
a
n
d
Mo
jo
b
o
t
(
P
a
r
in
ya
R
u
a
n
g
tip
)
3923
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
is
m
th
eo
r
y
,
wh
ic
h
ass
er
ts
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
i
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
s
tim
u
lated
b
y
c
o
n
cr
ete
o
b
jects
an
d
co
n
cise
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
R
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
d
esig
n
in
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
Mo
jo
b
o
t,
wh
ich
co
m
b
in
es
p
lay
f
u
l
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
g
u
id
ed
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
a
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
f
o
r
c
h
ild
r
en
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
r
o
b
o
tic
-
en
h
an
ce
d
STE
M
cu
r
r
icu
la
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
al
g
o
r
ith
m
ic
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
I
n
ac
co
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
B
er
s
[
3
2
]
,
wh
o
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
r
o
b
o
tics
in
PB
L
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
au
g
m
en
ts
team
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
an
d
,
in
tu
r
n
,
wea
k
en
s
b
a
r
r
ier
s
to
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
,
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
at
M
o
jo
b
o
t
is
a
p
r
ac
tical
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
e
r
s
to
b
u
ild
u
p
o
n
C
T
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
p
r
ac
tice
in
co
lla
b
o
r
atio
n
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lear
n
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
with
th
e
ass
i
s
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
cr
ete
o
b
jects,
en
ab
lin
g
in
ter
ac
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ities
r
ath
er
th
an
p
ass
iv
e
d
ig
ital
co
n
ten
t.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
Ger
o
s
a
et
a
l
.
[3
3
]
,
wh
o
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
tan
g
ib
le
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
with
r
o
b
o
tics
p
r
o
m
o
tes
task
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
in
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
ese
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
ac
tiv
ities
p
r
o
v
ed
b
en
ef
icial
in
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
p
ass
iv
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
ter
ac
tio
n
to
ac
tiv
e,
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
wh
ic
h
is
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
t
o
th
e
g
r
o
wt
h
o
f
CT
[3
3
]
–
[3
6
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
a
t
STE
M
ac
tiv
ities
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
t
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
in
C
T
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
STE
M
ac
tiv
ities
ca
n
tr
u
ly
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
T
h
ailan
d
[
2
1
]
,
[3
7
]
.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
r
elate
d
to
STE
M
attitu
d
es
an
d
CT
s
k
ills
with
o
th
er
ASEA
N
co
u
n
tr
ies,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
STE
M
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
CT
s
k
ill
s
,
as
th
ese
s
k
ill
s
alig
n
clo
s
ely
with
b
r
o
ad
e
r
STE
M
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
g
o
als
b
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ab
ilit
ies,
cr
itical
th
i
n
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
lo
g
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
.
CT
en
ab
les
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ch
allen
g
es
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
ap
p
ly
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e,
th
er
eb
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
th
eir
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
n
ess
f
o
r
STE
M
-
r
elate
d
ca
r
ee
r
s
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
co
m
p
eten
ci
es e
s
s
en
tial in
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
d
r
iv
en
wo
r
ld
[3
8
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
n
o
tab
le
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
p
o
s
t
-
s
co
r
es
o
f
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
im
p
lies
th
at
Mo
jo
b
o
t
is
tailo
r
ed
to
s
u
it
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
e
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
an
e
n
tr
y
p
o
i
n
t
f
o
r
n
o
v
ice
-
lev
el
e
x
p
lo
r
at
o
r
y
lear
n
i
n
g
o
f
CT
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
g
a
m
e
-
lik
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
an
d
h
a
p
tic
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
o
tiv
at
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
aster
lear
n
in
g
co
m
p
eten
cies,
as
g
a
m
es
ca
n
b
e
b
o
th
f
u
n
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
h
a
p
tic
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
e
n
ab
led
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
h
y
s
ically
in
ter
ac
t
with
th
e
task
s
th
at
th
ey
wer
e
s
o
lv
in
g
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
tactile
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
eten
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
a
b
ilit
ies
wh
en
ap
p
lie
d
in
STE
M
f
ield
s
[
2
2
]
,
[3
9
]
.
T
h
o
s
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
r
esear
c
h
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
an
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
m
ak
in
g
s
o
m
eth
in
g
ab
s
tr
ac
t
m
o
r
e
co
n
c
r
ete
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
e
r
au
d
ien
ce
s
an
d
ea
s
in
g
th
at
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
a
m
o
r
e
f
o
r
m
al
lear
n
in
g
s
p
ac
e.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
0
]
,
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
ar
e
a
way
o
f
c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
p
lay
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
with
th
e
m
o
r
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
co
n
ten
t
d
o
m
ain
b
ec
au
s
e
tactile
an
d
v
is
u
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
p
h
y
s
ical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
f
lu
e
n
c
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
s
k
ills
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
STE
M
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
2
8
]
,
[4
1
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
y
ield
e
d
a
lo
wer
ES
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
a
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
STE
M
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
is
n
o
t
as
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
at
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
CT
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
Mo
jo
b
o
t
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
th
at
m
o
r
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wh
ile
b
en
ef
icial,
f
ail
to
h
ar
n
ess
th
e
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
C
T
s
k
ill
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
[4
2
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
Mo
jo
b
o
t
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
h
ad
also
p
r
o
m
o
te
d
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
,
it
was
ev
en
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
-
e
s
s
en
tial
p
r
er
eq
u
is
ites
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
er
v
es
as
a
p
r
ac
tica
l
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
er
eb
y
it
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
p
r
ac
t
ical
STE
M
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
em
b
ed
d
ed
with
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
o
n
e
in
v
o
lv
in
g
Mo
j
o
b
o
t,
ca
n
im
p
ac
t
CT
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
lea
r
n
er
s
wh
o
ar
e
ea
r
ly
o
n
in
th
eir
s
tag
es o
f
lear
n
in
g
t
h
ese
co
n
ce
p
ts
[4
3
]
.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
ad
d
s
to
th
e
b
u
r
g
eo
n
in
g
s
cien
ce
o
f
r
o
b
o
t
-
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
liter
at
u
r
e
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
em
p
h
asis
o
n
STE
M
f
o
r
elem
en
tar
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
I
t
ex
p
an
d
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
is
m
an
d
ac
ti
v
e
lear
n
in
g
th
e
o
r
ies
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
h
o
w
Mo
jo
b
o
t
f
o
s
ter
s
CT
wh
ile
en
h
an
cin
g
STE
M
m
aster
y
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
ac
tiv
ities
,
Mo
jo
b
o
t
co
n
n
ec
ts
ab
s
tr
ac
t
STE
M
co
n
c
ep
ts
to
tan
g
ib
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
,
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
ic
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
a
d
ee
p
e
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
STE
M
co
n
ten
t.
T
h
e
a
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
en
g
ag
e
i
n
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
p
lay
,
wh
ile
co
u
p
led
with
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
-
s
ty
le
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
cr
ea
tes
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
b
r
id
g
e
th
at
b
o
th
o
p
e
n
s
u
p
av
e
n
u
es
f
o
r
h
ig
h
e
r
-
lev
el
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
ad
d
s
v
alu
e
to
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
as
it
co
n
tr
o
lled
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
ex
is
tin
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
C
T
s
k
ills
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
s
tr
o
n
g
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
al
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
at
s
tr
o
n
g
ef
f
ec
t
in
t
h
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
co
m
b
in
ed
with
th
e
lar
g
e
ES
(
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
eq
u
al
1
.
3
6
,
w
h
ich
is
lar
g
er
th
an
m
an
y
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
)
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ab
le
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
o
v
id
es
e
v
id
en
c
e
f
o
r
h
o
w
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
r
o
b
o
tic
s
in
to
ea
r
ly
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
cr
ea
te
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
n
ew
an
d
lo
n
g
-
last
in
g
p
at
h
way
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
eir
wo
r
k
r
o
les
an
d
s
k
ills
,
eith
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
r
elate
d
o
r
n
o
t,
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
n
atu
r
e
o
f
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
k
ills
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
,
an
d
n
u
m
e
r
ac
y
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
,
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
ar
t,
d
ir
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
life
lo
n
g
lea
r
n
in
g
p
at
h
s
.
Su
ch
o
u
tco
m
es p
r
ep
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
o
r
e
r
ea
d
ily
ad
ap
t
to
f
u
tu
r
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
ce
n
ee
d
s
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
tech
-
in
ten
s
iv
e
s
ec
to
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
:
3
9
1
7
-
3927
3924
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
u
s
in
g
a
n
ew
way
to
teac
h
r
o
b
o
tics
with
Mo
jo
b
o
t
in
STE
M
s
u
b
jects
im
p
r
o
v
es
elem
en
tar
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
C
T
s
k
ills
o
v
er
tim
e
b
y
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
th
em
to
th
in
k
ab
o
u
t
s
o
lv
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
u
s
in
g
lo
g
ic,
an
d
f
o
llo
win
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
,
q
u
esti
o
n
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
STE
AM
-
in
teg
r
ated
r
o
b
o
tics
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
s
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
m
o
tes
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
a
n
d
cr
ea
ti
v
ity
-
k
ey
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
s
u
cc
ess
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
d
r
iv
en
f
ield
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
o
s
ed
t
o
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
r
o
b
o
tics
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
th
eir
p
ee
r
s
in
CT
,
with
n
o
ticea
b
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
s
in
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
B
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
r
o
b
o
tics
to
r
esh
a
p
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
d
r
iv
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
CT
s
k
ills
wa
s
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
Mo
jo
b
o
t,
an
em
b
e
d
d
ed
s
y
s
tem
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l
in
teg
r
ated
with
in
STE
M
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
led
to
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t in
CT
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
elem
en
tar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
in
g
its
v
alu
e
as a
n
o
v
el
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
ea
r
ly
s
k
ill
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
Mo
jo
b
o
t
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
also
lo
o
k
at
h
o
w
th
ey
af
f
ec
t
b
r
o
ad
e
r
STE
M
s
k
ills
lik
e
s
cien
tific
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
an
d
d
esig
n
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
d
o
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
a
l
s
tu
d
ies
to
s
ee
if
teac
h
in
g
CT
ea
r
ly
o
n
lead
s
to
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
b
e
n
ef
its
in
s
ch
o
o
l a
n
d
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies wi
th
o
th
er
r
o
b
o
tics
p
latf
o
r
m
s
co
u
ld
h
elp
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
b
est
way
s
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
r
o
b
o
tics
in
to
th
e
cu
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
.
T
h
is
wo
u
l
d
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
at
r
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ly
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to
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ess
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UNDING
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NF
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M
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esear
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in
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g
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M
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ca
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eg
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TEM
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Mo
jo
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o
t
(
P
a
r
in
ya
R
u
a
n
g
tip
)
3925
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
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co
n
cl
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s
io
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p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
p
ap
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ar
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lely
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ter
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ac
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d
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with
eth
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id
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ar
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ts
’
p
r
i
v
ac
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n
d
r
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ts
.
Prio
r
to
p
a
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ticip
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,
i
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f
o
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m
ed
co
n
s
en
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was
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
all
in
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als
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lv
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p
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m
is
s
io
n
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th
e
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tu
d
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’
p
ar
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o
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leg
al
g
u
ar
d
ian
s
.
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ticip
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ts
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e
f
u
lly
in
f
o
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m
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
u
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p
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s
e,
p
r
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ce
d
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r
es,
p
o
ten
tial
b
en
ef
its
,
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d
th
eir
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g
h
t
to
with
d
r
aw
at
an
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e
with
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u
t
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n
s
e
q
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s
.
All
co
llected
d
ata
wer
e
an
o
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y
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ize
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an
d
u
s
ed
s
o
lely
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o
r
r
esear
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p
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es.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
all
r
elev
a
n
t
n
atio
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al
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licies,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
te
n
ets
o
f
th
e
Helsin
k
i
Dec
lar
atio
n
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
in
v
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l
v
in
g
h
u
m
a
n
s
u
b
jects.
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h
e
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
r
ev
iewe
d
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
t
h
e
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
R
ev
iew
B
o
ar
d
(
I
R
B
)
o
f
B
u
r
ap
h
a
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
T
h
ailan
d
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
d
h
er
e
n
ce
to
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
tu
d
ies
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
h
u
m
an
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
v
al
was
g
r
an
ted
u
n
d
er
E
th
ics
Ap
p
r
o
v
al
Nu
m
b
er
[
H
U1
0
0
/2
5
6
5
]
.
All
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
an
d
th
ei
r
g
u
ar
d
ia
n
s
p
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v
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d
in
f
o
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ed
c
o
n
s
en
t
b
ef
o
r
e
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
,
an
d
s
tr
ict
co
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
t
o
p
r
o
tect
th
eir
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
r
ig
h
t
s
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
a
v
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le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
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n
d
in
g
au
t
h
o
r
[
W
R
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
Du
e
to
p
r
iv
ac
y
an
d
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
th
e
d
ataset
co
n
tain
in
g
p
ar
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t
in
f
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m
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n
is
n
o
t
p
u
b
licly
a
v
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le.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
er
i
v
ed
d
at
a
s
u
p
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tin
g
t
h
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y
c
o
n
clu
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle
an
d
its
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
m
ater
ia
ls
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
La
p
h
e
t
,
T.
G
o
o
n
c
o
k
k
o
r
d
,
D
.
S
a
n
v
i
s
e
s,
a
n
d
W
.
K
l
i
n
sr
e
e
s
u
k
,
“
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
To
u
r
i
sm a
n
d
P
u
b
l
i
c
S
a
f
e
t
y
i
n
Th
a
i
l
a
n
d
’
s
Ea
s
t
e
r
n
E
c
o
n
o
mi
c
C
o
r
r
i
d
o
r
:
A
n
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
t
i
a
l
P
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
Pl
a
n
n
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
3
–
1
7
6
5
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
2
8
0
/
i
j
s
d
p
.
2
0
0
4
3
6
.
[
2
]
F
.
M
Es
t
e
v
e
-
M
o
n
,
J.
A
d
e
l
l
-
S
e
g
u
r
a
,
M
.
Á
.
L
.
N
e
b
o
t
,
G
.
V.
N
o
v
e
l
l
a
,
a
n
d
J.
P.
A
p
a
r
i
c
i
o
,
“
Th
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Th
i
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
s t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
o
b
o
t
i
c
s,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
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9
9
-
0
1
9
-
0
0
4
7
8
-
w.
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