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p
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p
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cr
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[
1
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-
[
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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L
KOM
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A
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(
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Derr
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1375
R
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a
y
b
r
ig
h
tn
e
s
s
s
etti
n
g
s
.
W
ith
o
u
t
a
s
tab
le
p
o
w
er
u
n
it
(
A
)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
m
o
d
u
les
s
u
ch
as
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
(
B
)
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
C
)
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
(
D)
u
n
it
s
ca
n
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
a
n
d
an
u
l
ti
m
atel
y
a
f
f
ec
t
on
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
en
tire
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
co
m
p
ac
t
n
es
s
,
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
f
l
u
ct
u
ati
n
g
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
r
e
m
a
in
s
an
o
p
en
ch
a
llen
g
e.
T
h
is
id
en
tifie
s
a
clea
r
g
ap
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
d
esi
g
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es f
o
r
in
tel
lig
e
n
t a
ir
p
o
r
t lig
h
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
m
ar
t
m
o
d
u
le
[
5
]
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
li
m
itatio
n
s
,
th
i
s
p
ap
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
n
o
v
el
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
b
ased
o
n
a
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
B
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
s
tatic
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
ter
s
th
at
r
eg
u
late
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
w
h
e
t
h
er
th
e
in
p
u
t
i
s
h
ig
h
er
o
r
lo
w
er
t
h
an
th
e
tar
g
et
l
ev
el.
T
h
eir
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
icien
c
y
,
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize,
a
n
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
B
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
w
i
th
v
ar
y
in
g
elec
tr
ical
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
O
v
er
th
e
p
a
s
t
d
ec
ad
e,
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
6
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
a
v
e
f
o
u
n
d
w
id
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
i
n
b
atter
y
-
p
o
w
er
ed
d
ev
ices,
lig
h
t
e
m
itti
n
g
d
io
d
e
(
L
E
D
)
d
r
iv
er
s
,
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
an
d
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
cu
s
to
m
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
d
esig
n
e
d
f
o
r
in
tellig
e
n
t
air
p
o
r
t
lig
h
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
I
t
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
tab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
u
n
d
er
v
ar
iab
le
in
p
u
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
th
e
air
p
o
r
ts
li
g
h
t
in
g
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
w
i
ll
b
e
an
a
l
y
t
icall
y
m
o
d
el
ed
,
s
i
m
u
lated
,
an
d
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
f
ab
r
icate
d
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
t
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
u
n
it u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
av
iat
io
n
lig
h
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
2.
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
CIRC
UI
T
DE
SI
G
N
2
.
1
.
O
pera
t
ing
princip
le
o
f
B
uck
-
B
o
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
t
l
y
u
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
i
n
e
lectr
o
n
ics
s
in
ce
it
allo
w
s
eith
er
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
v
o
lta
g
e.
Su
c
h
co
n
v
er
ter
t
y
p
es
o
p
er
ate
b
y
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
’
s
p
u
ls
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
(
P
W
M)
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
cr
u
cial
in
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
w
h
er
e
v
o
lta
g
e
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
co
n
s
ta
n
t e
v
e
n
w
h
en
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
l
u
ct
u
ates
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
in
q
u
esti
o
n
is
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
a
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
t
er
an
d
a
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
tep
-
u
p
/s
tep
-
d
o
w
n
co
n
v
er
ter
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
T
on
is
th
e
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
w
h
e
n
Q1
an
d
Q2
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
.
Du
r
in
g
th
i
s
p
er
io
d
,
t
he
in
d
u
cto
r
s
to
r
es
th
e
en
er
g
y
.
Du
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
er
io
d
w
h
e
n
th
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
s
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
,
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ed
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
e
d
to
th
e
lo
ad
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
w
h
ile
th
e
r
o
tatio
n
o
f
d
io
d
es
D1
an
d
D2
r
em
ai
n
s
f
o
r
w
ar
d
-
b
iased
.
A
f
ea
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
is
it
s
a
b
ilit
y
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
T
off
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
is
g
iv
es
m
o
r
e
d
esig
n
o
p
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
ettin
g
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
b
e
less
t
h
a
n
,
eq
u
al
t
o
,
o
r
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
A
k
e
y
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
i
t
s
i
n
h
e
r
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
i
m
i
t
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
w
h
i
c
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
t
h
e
r
i
s
k
o
f
d
a
m
a
g
e
t
o
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
L
o
r
D
2
d
u
r
i
n
g
o
v
e
r
l
o
a
d
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
b
y
p
l
a
c
i
n
g
Q
1
i
n
s
e
r
i
e
s
w
i
t
h
V
o
u
t
,
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
t
o
t
h
e
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
a
s
t
e
p
-
d
o
w
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
a
n
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
a
r
e
a
d
a
p
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
l
y
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
[
2
5
]
-
[
2
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
1
6
9
3
-
6930
T
E
L
KOM
NI
K
A
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
C
o
m
p
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t E
l
C
o
n
tr
o
l
,
Vo
l.
23
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
1
3
7
4
-
1384
1376
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
m
b
in
ed
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
tio
n
s
tep
-
up
/
d
o
w
n
r
eg
u
lato
r
2
.
2
.
F
ield m
ea
s
ure
m
e
nts
T
o
d
ev
elo
p
an
in
tellig
e
n
t
f
a
u
lt
d
etec
tio
n
m
o
d
u
le
(
s
m
ar
t
m
o
d
u
le
)
f
o
r
air
p
o
r
t
lig
h
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
d
esig
n
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
ta
g
e.
T
h
is
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
m
u
s
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
ec
tif
ied
an
d
s
tab
ilized
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
5
V
to
p
o
w
e
r
k
e
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
m
o
d
u
le
,
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
its
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
u
n
it
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
m
u
s
t
also
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
ch
a
n
g
e
s
in
r
u
n
w
a
y
lig
h
t b
r
ig
h
t
n
es
s
,
a
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t sp
ec
i
f
ied
b
y
I
C
AO
an
d
F
AA
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
[
1
]
,
[
3
]
.
F
i
e
l
d
m
e
a
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
w
e
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
t
A
l
M
as
s
i
r
a
A
i
r
p
o
r
t
in
A
g
a
d
i
r
–
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
e
s
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
b
r
ig
h
tn
e
s
s
l
ev
els
(
B
1
to
B
5
)
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
w
er
e
tak
e
n
w
it
h
O
SR
A
M
P
K3
0
d
6
.
6
A
,
1
5
0
W
air
p
o
r
t
b
ea
co
n
lam
p
s
as
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Field
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
at
A
l M
a
s
s
ir
a
A
ir
p
o
r
t in
Ag
ad
ir
-
Mo
r
o
cc
o
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
at
th
e
ter
m
i
n
als o
f
t
h
e
r
u
n
w
a
y
ed
g
e
l
a
m
p
s
B
r
i
g
h
t
n
e
ss
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(V)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
B1
5
.
9
2
.
83
B2
7
.
7
3
.
45
B3
9
.
2
4
.
16
B4
14
.
8
5
.
24
B5
22
.
3
6
.
63
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
v
al
u
es
il
lu
s
tr
ate
th
e
d
ir
e
ct
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
la
m
p
b
r
ig
h
t
n
es
s
an
d
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
lta
g
e.
A
t
h
i
g
h
er
b
r
ig
h
tn
e
s
s
lev
e
ls
(
B
4
,
B
5
)
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
ila
m
e
n
t
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
es
r
esu
lt
in
h
i
g
h
er
cu
r
r
en
ts
a
n
d
ter
m
i
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
s
,
w
h
ile
lo
w
er
b
r
ig
h
t
n
es
s
lev
el
s
(
B
1
,
B
2
)
h
av
e
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
ef
f
ec
t.
T
h
is
b
eh
av
io
r
is
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
w
it
h
w
ell
-
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
p
r
in
c
ip
les
o
f
i
n
ca
n
d
esc
en
t
la
m
p
o
p
er
atio
n
,
w
h
er
e
f
i
la
m
e
n
t
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
in
cr
ea
s
es
w
i
th
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
a
f
f
ec
ti
n
g
b
r
ig
h
t
n
es
s
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
w
[
2
8
]
-
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
r
o
b
u
s
t p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
ly
th
a
t c
an
s
tab
il
ize
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
d
esp
ite
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
i
n
p
u
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
ac
h
ie
v
es
t
h
i
s
g
o
al
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
t
h
is
latter
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
d
etail
in
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
ec
t
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
eld
d
ata
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
p
in
n
i
n
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
le
b
asis
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
it
s
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
t
o
s
i
m
ilar
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
2
.
3
.
T
he
pro
po
s
ed
po
w
er
s
up
ply
us
i
ng
a
bu
c
k
-
bo
o
s
t
co
nv
er
t
er
2
.
3
.
1
.
Co
m
po
nent
s
e
lect
io
n a
nd
d
esig
n
j
u
s
t
if
ica
t
io
n
T
h
e
MC3
4
0
6
3
in
teg
r
ated
cir
cu
it
(
I
C
)
w
as
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
in
lo
w
-
p
o
w
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
,
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
i
n
teg
r
at
io
n
i
n
to
d
esig
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
to
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
-
DC
)
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
I
C
in
te
g
r
ate
s
k
e
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
c
h
as
a
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
-
co
m
p
en
s
ated
r
ef
er
en
ce
,
o
s
cillato
r
,
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
,
p
u
l
s
e
w
id
t
h
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
P
W
M
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
s
w
itc
h
,
wh
ich
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
e
x
ter
n
al
p
ar
ts
.
I
ts
ab
ilit
y
to
o
p
er
ate
in
b
u
ck
,
b
o
o
s
t
,
an
d
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
e
n
ab
les
f
le
x
ib
le
an
d
co
m
p
ac
t
d
esi
g
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
l
y
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
MC3
4
0
6
3
h
av
e
b
ee
n
e
x
ten
s
i
v
el
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
i
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
ies
f
o
r
v
o
lt
a
g
e
m
ea
s
uring
curr
ent
m
ea
s
uring
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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Desig
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a
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p
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(
A
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Derr
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1377
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
w
h
er
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
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e
cr
itical
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
I
ts
lo
w
q
u
i
escen
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
w
id
e
i
n
p
u
t
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o
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g
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m
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k
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li
n
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th
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t v
o
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g
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iat
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n
s
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5
.
9
V
to
2
2
.
3
V)
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
air
p
o
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t in
tellig
e
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g
s
y
s
t
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m
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s
o
p
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atin
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Circ
uit
a
rc
hite
ct
ur
e
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it,
illu
s
tr
at
ed
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4,
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
w
it
h
t
h
r
ee
m
ai
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
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n
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ts
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r
s
ta
g
es
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c
h
as
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ec
tif
icatio
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f
ilt
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g
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v
o
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g
e
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eg
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la
tio
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p
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o
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ad
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ilter
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s
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es.
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ll
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av
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h
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icatio
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s
tag
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p
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atio
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ilter
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t
a
n
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r
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t
th
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m
i
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g
AC
v
o
lta
g
e
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e
n
s
u
r
e
a
s
tab
le
o
u
tf
lo
w
o
f
DC
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
b
o
ar
d
.
A
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
tif
ier
(
B
R
1
)
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
AC
i
n
p
u
t
to
D
C
,
an
d
w
it
h
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
C
1
,
C
2
,
C
3
)
,
th
e
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
v
o
lta
g
e
is
s
m
o
o
t
h
e
n
ed
,
as
is
th
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
i
g
n
als,
t
h
u
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
clea
n
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
o
th
er
s
t
ag
es
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
tag
e
i
s
b
u
ilt
w
it
h
t
h
e
MC3
4
0
6
3
I
C
o
p
er
ated
in
a
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
to
r
ec
eiv
e
a
v
ar
iab
le
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
a
l
w
a
y
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
5
V
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
en
d
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
is
also
co
n
tr
o
lled
ac
cu
r
ately
b
y
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
Feed
b
ac
k
r
esis
to
r
s
(
R
1
,
R
2
)
to
th
e
in
ter
n
al
r
ef
er
en
ce
o
f
th
e
I
C
,
th
is
s
ta
g
e
allo
w
s
o
n
l
y
a
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
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eg
u
lat
ed
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
th
e
cir
cu
itr
y
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h
ich
h
a
s
a
h
ig
h
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
o
f
s
en
s
i
tiv
it
y
ev
en
i
f
i
ts
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
in
ad
eq
u
atel
y
al
ter
ed
at
its
i
n
p
u
t.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
is
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
,
d
io
d
es
D1
an
d
D2
s
er
v
e
as
a
p
r
ev
en
ta
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ag
ai
n
s
t
v
o
lta
g
e
s
p
i
k
es
wh
ile
a
n
i
n
d
u
cto
r
L
1
en
s
u
r
es
co
n
s
is
ten
c
y
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t b
y
co
v
er
in
g
a
n
y
p
o
ten
tial g
ap
s
.
L
as
tl
y
,
t
h
e
s
tag
e
w
h
i
ch
s
er
v
es a
s
th
e
f
ilter
a
s
w
ell
a
s
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
o
r
th
e
b
o
ar
d
ch
ip
s
ag
ain
s
t
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
cu
its
as
w
ell
a
s
s
m
o
o
t
h
i
n
g
o
u
t th
e
o
v
er
all
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
o
f
a
s
tep
-
u
p
/s
tep
-
d
o
w
n
s
w
itc
h
in
g
r
e
g
u
lato
r
2
.
3
.
3
.
Desig
n c
a
lcula
t
io
ns
T
h
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
llo
w
ed
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
as
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
in
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
atio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cir
cu
it a
r
e
g
iv
e
n
b
elo
w
:
−
I
n
p
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
(
V
in
)
: 5
.
9
V
to
2
2
.
3
V
−
Ou
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
(
V
out
)
: 5
V
−
S
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
eq
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3.
RE
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1
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Si
m
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m
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T
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T
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5
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B
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
T
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L
KOM
NI
K
A
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o
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h
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co
n
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(
A
min
e
Derr
a
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1381
Fig
u
r
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16
.
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x
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5
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o
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n
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n
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4
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f
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y
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ig
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n
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t
h
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n
w
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h
p
r
ev
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u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
[
3
7
]
,
w
h
er
e
a
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
s
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cc
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f
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ll
y
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la
ted
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tp
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t
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esp
ite
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n
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f
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n
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l
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ct
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RE
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