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T
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esig
n
tech
n
iq
u
es e
m
er
g
i
n
g
r
ec
en
tl
y
th
at
ali
g
n
w
i
th
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Sev
er
al
co
m
p
ac
t,
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
,
o
m
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
an
ten
n
as
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
E
ar
ly
w
o
r
k
,
s
u
ch
as
in
[
1
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
9
]
,
ex
p
lo
r
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Gu
o
et
a
l
.
[
1
]
u
tili
ze
d
co
u
p
led
f
ee
d
s
an
d
p
ar
asit
i
c
elem
en
ts
f
o
r
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
,
b
u
t
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
s
u
f
f
er
ed
f
r
o
m
lo
w
g
ain
.
Oth
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
g
ain
in
clu
d
ed
ca
v
ity
an
d
s
lo
t
-
d
ip
o
le
h
y
b
r
id
s
[
2
]
an
d
m
ea
n
d
er
lin
e
m
o
n
o
p
o
les
[
3
]
,
th
o
u
g
h
th
ese
w
er
e
s
in
g
le
-
b
an
d
d
esig
n
s
(
2
.
4
GHz
W
L
A
N)
.
A
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
(
2
.
4
/5
GHz
)
W
L
A
N
lo
o
p
-
s
lo
t
an
ten
n
a
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
w
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
5
]
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
g
ain
.
Mo
r
e
r
ec
en
t
d
esig
n
s
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
an
d
b
an
d
w
id
th
.
A
c
ı
k
a
y
a
a
n
d
Y
ı
l
d
ı
r
ı
m
[
6
]
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
d
u
a
l
-
b
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
2
.
4
/
5
G
H
z
W
L
A
N
b
y
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
a
s
y
m
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
u
t
s
,
m
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
r
y
,
a
f
ilter
,
an
d
a
p
ar
asit
ic
p
atch
.
A
co
m
p
ac
t,
th
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
lex
,
d
ef
ec
tiv
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
(
DGS)
s
lo
tted
d
o
u
b
le
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
f
o
r
W
L
A
N
an
d
5
G
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
r
ac
tal
g
eo
m
etr
y
-
b
ased
d
esig
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
m
u
ltip
le
r
eso
n
an
t
p
ath
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
m
u
lti
-
r
eso
n
an
t
b
eh
av
io
r
ac
r
o
s
s
a
w
id
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
an
g
e;
n
o
n
eth
eless
,
its
g
eo
m
etr
y
is
co
m
p
lex
[
1
0
]
.
C
o
m
p
lex
m
etam
ater
ial
-
f
r
ac
tal
-
DGS
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
1
1
]
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
tr
ip
le
-
b
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Kau
r
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
,
a
co
m
p
ac
t
MI
MO
an
ten
n
a
is
p
r
esen
ted
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
GSM
-
9
0
0
an
d
s
u
b
-
6
GHz
5
G
b
an
d
s
;
it
is
r
ea
lized
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
u
s
e
o
f
an
in
v
er
ted
T
-
s
h
ap
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e,
allo
w
in
g
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
ag
ilit
y
w
ith
o
u
t
en
lar
g
in
g
th
e
an
ten
n
a
’
s
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t.
Fu
r
th
er
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
clu
d
e
a
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
an
ten
n
a
u
s
in
g
a
s
er
ies
f
ee
d
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
m
ag
n
etic
co
u
p
lin
g
to
a
p
ar
asit
ic
p
atch
f
o
r
en
h
an
ce
d
b
an
d
w
id
th
[
1
3
]
.
A
m
u
lti
-
r
eso
n
an
t,
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
-
co
m
p
atib
le,
h
y
b
r
id
laser
-
d
ir
ec
t
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
an
ten
n
a
f
o
r
2
.
4
/5
/6
GHz
W
L
A
N,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
lo
o
p
,
p
ar
asit
ic
s
tr
ip
s
,
an
d
s
tu
b
tu
n
in
g
,
w
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
f
o
ld
ed
s
tep
p
ed
-
im
p
ed
an
ce
ap
er
tu
r
e
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
f
ilter
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize
an
d
lo
w
lo
s
s
w
ith
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
ex
ter
n
al
f
ilter
in
g
n
etw
o
r
k
s
[
1
5
]
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
m
o
d
e
th
eo
r
y
w
as
u
s
ed
in
[
1
6
]
to
g
en
er
ate
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
r
eso
n
an
ce
s
.
A
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
an
ten
n
a
lo
ad
ed
w
ith
a
d
u
p
lex
er
-
in
teg
r
ated
b
alu
n
w
as
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
[
1
7
]
.
Oth
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
lik
e
th
e
m
etam
ater
ial
an
ten
n
as
in
[
1
9
]
,
co
n
tin
u
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
f
o
r
2
.
4
/5
GHz
W
i
-
Fi.
Mu
lti
-
m
o
d
e
r
ad
iato
r
s
w
er
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
[
2
0
]
f
o
r
m
u
lti
-
b
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
,
b
u
t
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
d
u
e
to
m
u
lti
-
ex
citatio
n
,
co
u
p
lin
g
,
an
d
is
o
latio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
L
am
u
ltre
e
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
,
h
alf
-
w
av
elen
g
th
in
v
er
ted
U
-
s
lo
ts
w
er
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
a
r
ad
iatin
g
p
atch
f
o
r
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
o
m
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
o
p
er
atio
n
.
A
p
ar
tial
g
r
o
u
n
d
p
lan
e
an
d
a
p
ar
asit
ic
elem
en
t
w
er
e
u
s
ed
[
2
2
]
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
ad
iatio
n
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
b
an
d
w
id
th
.
Fin
ally
,
a
co
m
p
lex
4
×4
m
u
ltip
le
in
p
u
t
m
u
ltip
le
o
u
tp
u
t
(
MI
MO
)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
u
s
in
g
h
alf
-
m
o
d
e
an
d
p
ar
asit
ic
h
alf
-
m
o
d
e
p
atch
es,
ac
h
iev
in
g
tw
o
d
is
tin
ct
-
6
d
B
b
an
d
w
id
th
s
,
w
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
2
3
]
.
T
r
i
-
b
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
w
as
co
m
p
leted
in
[
2
4
]
u
s
in
g
an
asy
m
m
etr
ic
co
p
lan
ar
s
tr
ip
-
f
ed
an
ten
n
a
w
ith
m
u
lti
-
s
h
ap
ed
r
ad
iatin
g
b
r
an
ch
es.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
an
ten
n
a
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
2
.
4
/5
GHz
W
L
A
N
an
d
ex
ten
d
ed
Wi
-
Fi
6
E
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
s
im
p
le,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
s
in
g
le
-
f
ed
g
eo
m
etr
y
w
ith
tw
o
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
an
d
s
,
co
v
er
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
f
r
o
m
2
.
4
to
2
.
4
8
5
GHz
,
5
.
1
5
0
to
5
.
8
5
0
GHz
,
an
d
5
.
9
2
5
to
6
.
4
2
5
GHz
.
T
h
e
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
w
o
r
k
in
clu
d
e:
(
i)
a
s
in
g
le
an
ten
n
a
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
tw
o
d
is
tin
ct
t
r
an
s
itio
n
b
an
d
s
f
o
r
W
L
A
N
ap
p
licatio
n
s
;
(
ii)
a
n
o
m
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
w
ith
im
p
r
o
v
ed
g
ain
f
o
r
2
.
4
/5
GHz
W
L
A
N
ap
p
licatio
n
s
;
(
iii)
p
ar
asit
ic
elem
en
ts
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
at
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
th
e
an
ten
n
a
f
r
o
m
a
w
id
eb
an
d
to
a
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
d
esig
n
,
en
h
an
cin
g
its
r
ad
iatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
;
an
d
(
iv
)
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
f
ee
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
p
lan
ar
w
av
eg
u
id
e
(
C
P
W
)
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
as
:
s
ec
tio
n
1
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
to
p
ic,
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
2
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
an
ten
n
a
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
el,
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
d
u
al
-
ba
n
d
p
atch
an
ten
n
a
(
DB
P
A
)
,
an
d
in
itial
f
o
r
m
u
las.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
an
ten
n
a
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
alo
n
g
w
ith
n
u
m
er
ical
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
esu
lts
.
Fin
ally
,
se
ctio
n
4
co
n
clu
d
es th
e
w
o
r
k
.
2.
P
RO
CE
DUR
E
SP
E
CIFI
CA
L
L
Y
D
E
S
I
G
NE
D
2
.
1
.
Desig
n la
y
o
ut
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
lay
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
d
u
al
-
b
an
d
p
atch
an
ten
n
a.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
r
ad
iatin
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
a
m
o
d
if
ied
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atch
w
ith
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
w
id
th
(
w
r
)
an
d
len
g
th
(
l
r
)
,
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
a
co
r
n
er
cu
t
at
an
an
g
le
(
α
)
.
Flan
k
in
g
th
e
m
ain
p
atch
ar
e
tw
o
p
ar
asit
ic
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
p
atch
es,
ea
ch
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
len
g
th
l
p
(
3
3
m
m
)
an
d
w
id
th
w
p
(
1
5
m
m
)
.
A
ll
elem
en
ts
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
o
n
a
th
ick
(
t
)
co
p
p
er
lay
er
,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
i
s
e
x
c
i
t
e
d
b
y
a
5
0
-
O
h
m
c
o
p
l
a
n
a
r
w
a
v
e
g
u
i
d
e
w
i
t
h
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
w
i
d
t
h
(
w
g
)
,
l
e
n
g
t
h
(
l
g
)
,
a
n
d
a
0
.
4
m
m
f
e
e
d
-
to
-
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r
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5
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r
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tiv
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Fig
u
r
e
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.
T
h
e
DB
P
A
p
r
o
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ty
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e:
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to
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d
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ea
s
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r
e
m
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Valid
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n
o
f
DB
PA
p
er
f
o
r
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a
n
ce
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s
i
m
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lated
v
s
m
ea
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ed
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11
|
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n
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ai
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p
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d
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atch
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n
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ea
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5
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atter
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t
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ten
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h
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ly
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e
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atter
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r
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1
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lan
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cu
t
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r
e
1
1
(
b
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n
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ir
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n
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t
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ield
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in
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ir
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r
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e
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e
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as
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4
s
u
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ate,
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e
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[
1
9
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
I
t
is
also
ca
teg
o
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ized
as
h
av
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lex
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m
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ar
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le
to
th
e
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n
as
in
[
1
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[
1
9
]
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[
2
1
]
,
b
u
t
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im
p
ler
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MI
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[
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th
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le
p
atch
in
[
9
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.
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e
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ten
n
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ac
h
iev
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o
m
n
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ter
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n
s
in
[
1
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[
2
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[
5
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[
9
]
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[
2
1
]
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b
u
t
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n
lik
e
th
e
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ir
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s
ee
n
in
o
th
er
w
o
r
k
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
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ter
m
s
o
f
r
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ce
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in
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2
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[
2
0
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[
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1
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g
h
it
is
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th
e
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r
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ted
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3
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.
A
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n
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its
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o
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ly
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d
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1
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B
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7
%
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GHz
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f
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th
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d
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d
5
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4
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GHz
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f
o
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th
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d
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T
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g
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f
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n
d
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d
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t
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s
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[
1
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[
3
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5
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[
2
1
]
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F
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[
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n
d
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r
d
2
.
4
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8
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H
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n
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4
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9
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–
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.
8
6
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H
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s
,
th
e
p
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p
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n
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ten
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ed
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d
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s
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ited
to
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p
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er
g
i
n
g
W
i
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Fi
6
E
r
eq
u
ir
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en
ts
.
T
h
is
an
ten
n
a
also
p
r
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m
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e
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ain
s
o
f
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.
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2
d
B
i
at
2
.
4
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d
4
.
2
5
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5
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ile
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e
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ten
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in
[
2
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ac
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h
ig
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ain
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its
s
tr
u
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r
e
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
(
an
8
-
elem
en
t
ar
r
ay
)
.
T
h
e
g
ain
s
o
f
th
is
w
o
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k
ar
e
also
h
ig
h
er
th
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th
e
g
ain
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
1
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
p
r
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p
o
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ed
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p
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licity
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m
p
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t
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ize
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9
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7
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λ
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3
9
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6
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9
1
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)
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en
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it w
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ited
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T
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R
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mλ
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n
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P
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Ef
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3
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G
H
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M
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[
3
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P
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