I
n
d
on
e
s
i
a
n
Jo
u
r
n
al
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g a
n
d
C
om
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
V
ol
.
40
, N
o.
2
,
N
ov
e
m
b
e
r
2025
, pp.
1
149
~
1
157
I
S
S
N
:
2502
-
4752, D
O
I
:
10.11591/
i
j
e
e
c
s
.
v
40
.i
2
.
pp
1
149
-
1
157
1149
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
i
j
e
e
c
s
.i
ae
s
c
or
e
.c
om
I
n
t
e
r
ac
t
i
ve
m
u
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a e
-
c
ol
l
a
b
or
at
i
o
n
f
or
i
n
n
ovat
i
ve
l
i
n
g
u
i
st
i
c
s e
d
u
c
at
i
o
n
S
yar
i
f
a R
af
i
q
a,
N
of
vi
a D
e
V
e
ga, A
r
i
f
i
n
De
p
a
r
tm
e
n
t
o
f
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
T
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
tas
B
o
r
n
e
o
T
a
r
a
k
a
n
,
T
a
r
a
k
a
n
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
J
a
n
21
,
2025
R
e
v
i
s
e
d
J
ul
23
,
2025
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
O
c
t
15
,
2025
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
a
i
m
s
to
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
a
te
th
e
n
e
e
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
l
e
c
tu
r
e
r
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
i
n
ter
a
c
t
i
v
e
m
u
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
i
n
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
s
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
T
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
tas
B
o
r
n
e
o
T
a
r
a
k
a
n
,
to
f
a
c
i
li
tate
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
r
e
v
e
a
l
a
s
ig
n
if
i
c
a
n
t
g
a
p
b
e
twe
e
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
n
s
tr
u
c
ti
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
v
i
s
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
th
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
n
e
e
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
f
a
c
u
l
ty
,
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
th
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
ty
f
o
r
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
i
n
ter
a
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
i
n
g
i
n
li
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
s
.
U
t
il
i
z
i
n
g
a
m
i
x
e
d
-
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
a
n
d
i
n
ter
v
iew
s
wi
th
p
a
r
ti
c
i
p
a
n
ts
i
n
li
n
g
u
i
s
ti
c
s
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
.
R
e
s
u
l
ts
i
n
d
i
c
a
ted
th
a
t
8
6
%
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
o
u
g
h
t
i
n
-
d
e
p
t
h
k
n
o
wl
e
d
g
e
o
f
li
n
g
u
i
s
ti
c
s
,
a
n
d
7
3
%
f
e
l
t
th
a
t
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wa
s
i
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
te.
I
t
u
n
d
e
r
s
c
o
r
e
s
a
h
i
g
h
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
a
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
s
e
l
e
c
ted
to
p
i
c
s
,
s
i
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
d
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
ti
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
m
u
l
ti
m
e
d
i
a
i
n
ter
a
c
t
i
v
i
ty
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
a
te
th
a
t
i
n
s
tr
u
c
ti
o
n
a
l
m
a
ter
i
a
l
s
a
r
e
p
o
o
r
l
y
a
li
g
n
e
d
wi
th
tea
c
h
i
n
g
n
e
e
d
s
,
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
i
m
p
a
c
ti
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
f
a
il
i
n
g
to
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
n
e
e
d
s
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
li
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
e
x
te
n
d
to
p
r
a
c
ti
c
e
a
n
d
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
u
r
g
i
n
g
f
a
c
u
l
ty
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
to
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
l
y
i
n
te
g
r
a
te
m
u
l
ti
m
e
d
i
a
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts
i
n
to
th
e
i
r
tea
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
ta
il
o
r
e
d
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
i
d
e
n
ti
f
i
e
d
n
e
e
d
s
.
Ne
wl
y
c
r
e
a
te
d
m
a
ter
ial
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
p
r
a
c
ti
c
a
l
e
v
a
l
u
a
ti
o
n
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
ti
c
s
s
tu
d
i
e
s
.
K
e
y
w
or
d
s
:
F
a
c
ul
t
y
de
v
e
l
op
m
e
nt
I
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
L
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
e
duc
a
t
i
on
N
e
e
d a
na
l
y
s
i
s
P
e
da
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
nno
v
a
t
i
on
T
h
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
s
s
a
r
ti
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
C
C
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
c
e
n
s
e
.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
t
h
or
:
S
y
a
r
i
f
a
R
a
f
i
qa
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
E
n
g
l
i
s
h E
duc
a
t
i
on
,
F
a
c
ul
t
y
of
T
e
a
c
he
r
T
r
a
i
ni
ng
a
nd E
duc
a
t
i
on
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
B
or
ne
o T
a
r
a
ka
n
T
a
r
a
ka
n
,
I
ndone
s
i
a
r
a
f
i
qa
@
bor
ne
o.a
c
.i
d
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
L
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
i
s
t
he
s
c
i
e
nt
i
f
i
c
s
t
udy
of
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
a
nd,
a
s
s
uc
h,
i
s
a
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
pa
r
t
of
hum
a
n
unde
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng
a
nd
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
[
1]
[
3]
.
I
t
e
nc
o
m
p
a
s
s
e
s
a
m
ul
t
i
t
ude
of
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
ons
i
nt
o
t
he
s
oc
i
a
l
i
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
,
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
,
a
nd
f
unc
t
i
on
of
l
a
n
g
ua
g
e
.
L
i
n
g
ui
s
t
i
c
s
i
s
i
m
por
t
a
nt
,
not
j
us
t
f
or
a
c
a
de
m
i
c
s
but
f
or
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
,
e
duc
a
t
i
on, a
nd i
nt
e
r
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
[
4]
,
[
5
]
.
W
i
t
h t
he
w
o
r
l
d
be
c
o
m
i
n
g
one
bi
g
v
i
l
l
a
ge
w
he
r
e
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
c
ul
t
ur
e
s
a
nd
l
a
n
g
ua
g
e
s
c
r
os
s
pa
t
hs
,
t
he
ne
e
d
f
or
hi
g
hl
y
c
o
m
pe
t
e
nt
t
r
a
ns
l
a
t
or
s
a
nd
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
s
ha
s
e
m
e
r
ge
d.
I
n
t
hi
s
c
ont
e
xt
,
i
n
nov
a
t
i
v
e
pe
da
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
m
e
t
hodol
og
i
e
s
,
w
hi
c
h
w
oul
d
e
qui
p
s
t
ude
nt
s
w
i
t
h
t
he
s
ki
l
l
s
ne
e
de
d t
o de
a
l
w
i
t
h t
he
c
o
m
pl
e
xi
t
i
e
s
of
l
a
ng
ua
ge
us
e
i
n pr
of
e
s
s
i
ona
l
s
e
t
t
i
ng
s
, be
c
o
m
e
hi
g
hl
y
r
e
l
e
v
a
nt
. R
e
c
e
nt
s
t
udi
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
[
6
]
[
8
]
,
hi
g
hl
i
g
ht
t
ha
t
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
i
s
a
n
i
nt
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
na
r
y
br
a
nc
h
o
f
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
nd,
t
he
r
e
f
or
e
,
r
e
qui
r
e
s
i
nt
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
na
r
y
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
t
o
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
m
e
t
hodol
ogy
.
I
t
i
m
pl
i
e
s
t
ha
t
de
t
a
i
l
e
d
know
l
e
dge
of
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
be
c
om
e
s
a
n
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
c
om
pone
nt
of
m
a
ny
pr
of
e
s
s
i
ons
.
T
he
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
de
s
c
r
i
be
s
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
m
e
t
hods
a
nd
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
t
o
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
t
r
a
ns
l
a
t
i
on
a
nd
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
.
F
or
e
xa
m
pl
e
,
[
9
]
a
c
know
l
e
dge
s
t
he
P
T
T
(
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
I
ndone
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
om
p S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
40
, N
o.
2
,
N
ov
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1
149
-
1
157
1150
T
e
c
hni
que
,
a
nd
T
he
or
y
)
m
ode
l
a
s
one
of
t
he
m
os
t
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
m
ode
l
s
;
i
t
i
s
v
e
r
s
a
t
i
l
e
f
or
m
os
t
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
,
e
m
pha
s
i
z
i
ng
t
he
s
t
ude
nt
’
s
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
s
ki
l
l
s
i
n
t
r
a
ns
l
a
t
i
on
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
.
W
hi
l
e
g
i
v
i
n
g
a
m
pl
e
oppor
t
uni
t
y
f
or
s
t
ude
nt
s
t
o g
e
t
i
nt
e
ns
i
v
e
l
y
i
n
v
ol
v
e
d i
n t
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
, t
hi
s
m
ode
l
a
l
l
o
w
s
e
qua
l
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
of
t
he
or
e
t
i
c
a
l
i
nput
w
i
t
h pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on.
O
n
t
he
o
t
he
r
ha
nd
[1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
s
how
s
t
ha
t
t
e
c
hnol
og
y
-
e
nha
n
c
e
d
c
l
a
s
s
r
oo
m
s
r
e
s
ul
t
i
n
m
uc
h
hi
g
he
r
s
t
ude
nt
i
nv
ol
v
e
m
e
nt
a
nd
s
a
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
i
on,
i
ndi
c
a
t
i
ng
t
ha
t
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
ng
t
e
c
hnol
o
g
i
c
a
l
t
ool
s
w
i
l
l
pr
ov
i
de
a
m
or
e
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
a
nd
d
y
na
m
i
c
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
e
n
v
i
r
on
m
e
nt
.
T
he
s
e
s
t
udi
e
s
i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
e
t
he
i
m
por
t
a
nc
e
of
a
da
pt
i
ng
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
m
e
t
hods
t
o
t
he
c
ons
t
a
nt
l
y
c
h
a
ng
i
n
g
ne
e
ds
of
s
t
ude
nt
s
,
t
he
r
e
f
or
e
pr
o
v
i
di
ng
a
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
un
de
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng
of
t
h
e
pe
da
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
c
ur
r
e
nt
l
y
be
i
n
g
us
e
d i
n l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
e
duc
a
t
i
on.
D
e
s
pi
t
e
pr
o
v
i
di
ng
ke
y
i
ns
i
g
ht
s
,
s
uc
h
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
of
t
e
n
f
oc
us
on
t
he
i
r
m
e
t
hods
a
s
a
n
i
ndi
v
i
dua
l
m
e
t
hodol
ogy
;
i
n
ot
he
r
w
or
ds
,
t
he
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
i
n
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
i
s
f
a
r
f
r
o
m
e
nt
i
r
e
l
y
ut
i
l
i
z
e
d.
C
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
i
s
not
a
bout
t
he
j
ob
r
e
s
pons
i
bi
l
i
t
i
e
s
[1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
i
ns
t
e
a
d
of
i
t
r
e
l
a
t
e
s
t
o
t
he
c
o
m
pl
e
t
i
on
of
t
hi
s
by
g
r
oup
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
t
hr
oug
h
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
on,
c
ul
t
ur
a
l
a
nd
pr
of
e
s
s
i
ona
l
kn
ow
l
e
d
g
e
c
oul
d
be
de
v
e
l
ope
d,
a
nd
e
v
e
n
a
s
ha
r
e
d
m
e
a
ni
n
g
c
oul
d
be
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
he
d,
2019.
T
he
a
d
v
a
nt
a
ge
s
r
e
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
o
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
r
e
w
e
l
l
-
r
e
c
or
de
d
[1
4
]
–
[1
6]
.
H
i
g
hl
i
g
ht
t
ha
t
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
c
oope
r
a
t
i
on
de
v
e
l
ops
i
n
s
t
ude
nt
s
pos
i
t
i
v
e
i
nt
e
r
pe
r
s
ona
l
r
e
l
a
t
i
ons
hi
ps
,
pr
oduc
t
i
v
i
t
y
,
r
e
s
pons
i
bi
l
i
t
y
,
a
nd
m
ot
i
v
a
t
i
on.
I
n
[1
7
]
a
l
s
o
a
dds
t
ha
t
t
he
s
oc
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
n
c
oope
r
a
t
i
v
e
e
n
v
i
r
on
m
e
nt
s
e
na
bl
e
s
s
t
ude
nt
s
t
o
de
v
e
l
o
p
t
he
i
r
know
l
e
dg
e
by
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
ng
w
i
t
h
f
i
e
l
d
e
xpe
r
t
s
,
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
or
s
,
a
nd
c
ol
l
e
a
g
ue
s
.
D
e
s
pi
t
e
s
uc
h
a
d
v
a
nt
a
ge
s
,
t
he
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
c
or
ds
a
de
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
i
n
i
nt
e
g
r
a
t
i
ng
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
i
nt
o
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
e
duc
a
t
i
on,
e
s
pe
c
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
t
r
a
ns
l
a
t
i
on
c
ont
e
xt
s
w
he
r
e
c
ol
l
a
b
or
a
t
i
on i
s
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
.
O
n
t
he
ot
he
r
ha
nd,
t
he
e
xi
s
t
i
ng
c
or
pus
of
s
t
ud
i
e
s
f
r
e
que
nt
l
y
f
a
i
l
s
t
o
a
ppr
e
c
i
a
t
e
t
he
g
a
i
ns
f
r
o
m
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
m
ode
l
s
t
ha
t
e
n
g
a
ge
s
t
ude
nt
s
i
n
a
j
oi
nt
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
w
i
t
h
one
a
not
he
r
[1
8
]
,
[
19
]
.
A
l
t
hough
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
on
i
s
r
e
c
og
ni
z
e
d
a
s
a
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
s
ki
l
l
i
n
pr
of
e
s
s
i
ona
l
s
e
t
t
i
ng
s
,
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
r
e
que
nt
l
y
c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
e
s
on
i
ndi
v
i
dua
l
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
,
di
s
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
t
he
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
of
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
a
ppr
o
a
c
he
s
t
o
i
m
pr
o
v
e
s
t
ude
nt
s
’
c
o
m
pr
e
he
ns
i
on
a
nd
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
of
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
c
onc
e
pt
s
.
T
hi
s
d
i
v
i
de
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
t
he
i
na
de
qua
c
y
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
i
n
a
de
qua
t
e
l
y
e
qui
ppi
ng
s
t
ude
nt
s
f
or
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
l
d
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
of
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
,
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
l
y
i
n
t
r
a
ns
l
a
t
i
on,
w
he
r
e
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
on
a
nd
m
ut
ua
l
s
uppor
t
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
.
T
he
m
a
j
or
c
h
a
l
l
e
nge
be
t
w
e
e
n
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
t
e
c
hnol
og
y
a
nd
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
m
e
t
hods
i
n
l
a
ng
ua
ge
e
duc
a
t
i
on
i
s
t
ha
t
t
he
y
do
not
a
de
qua
t
e
l
y
pr
e
pa
r
e
s
t
ude
nt
s
f
or
w
or
k
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
s
ki
l
l
s
.
T
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
f
a
i
l
t
o
r
e
c
o
g
ni
z
e
ho
w
c
r
uc
i
a
l
i
t
i
s
t
o
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
h
e
nv
i
r
on
m
e
nt
s
w
h
e
r
e
s
t
ude
n
t
s
c
a
n
e
n
g
a
g
e
w
i
t
h
e
a
c
h
ot
he
r
f
or
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
pur
pos
e
s
.
T
he
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
t
udy
m
e
r
g
e
s
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
c
ont
e
nt
w
i
t
h
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
t
ool
s
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
n
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
e
-
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
m
ode
l
t
ha
t
s
ol
v
e
s
t
he
s
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
i
e
s
.
T
hi
s
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
m
ode
l
s
e
r
v
e
s
t
o
s
t
r
e
ng
t
he
n
t
he
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
a
bi
l
i
t
i
e
s
of
s
t
ude
nt
s
t
hr
oug
h
de
v
e
l
opi
ng
bot
h
c
o
m
m
uni
t
y
t
i
e
s
a
nd
c
l
a
s
s
r
oo
m
i
n
v
ol
v
e
m
e
nt
.
T
hi
s
m
ode
l
i
s
our
f
ounda
t
i
on
t
o
i
m
pr
o
v
e
s
t
ude
nt
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
t
hr
oug
h
m
ode
r
n
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
s
t
a
nda
r
ds
t
ha
t
a
l
s
o
f
ul
f
i
l
l
t
he
i
r
f
ut
ur
e
bus
i
ne
s
s
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s.
W
e
pr
opos
e
t
he
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
hm
e
nt
of
a
n
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
e
-
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
m
ode
l
i
n l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
ba
s
e
d
on
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
t
o
f
i
l
l
t
h
i
s
g
a
p.
T
hi
s
nov
e
l
a
ppr
oa
c
h
t
o
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
i
s
pr
opos
e
d
t
o
br
i
ng
a
n
a
dde
d
di
m
e
ns
i
on
t
o
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
by
i
nt
e
g
r
a
t
i
ng
a
d
v
a
nc
e
d
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
w
i
t
h
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
pr
i
nc
i
pl
e
s
,
g
u
a
r
a
nt
e
e
i
ng
a
n
e
nga
g
i
ng
a
nd
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
.
U
s
i
n
g
t
e
c
hnol
og
y
,
s
t
ude
nt
s
w
i
l
l
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
e
i
n
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
,
s
ha
r
i
ng
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
nd
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
t
ha
t
w
i
l
l
e
nha
nc
e
t
he
i
r
unde
r
s
t
a
nd
i
ng
o
f
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
c
onc
e
pt
s
.
T
hi
s
m
od
e
l
i
s
v
e
r
y
i
m
po
r
t
a
nt
i
n
de
v
e
l
opi
ng
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
on
s
ki
l
l
s
,
a
s
i
t
c
r
e
a
t
e
s
a
s
e
ns
e
of
c
o
m
m
uni
t
y
a
nd e
nc
our
a
ge
s
a
c
t
i
v
e
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
t
i
on a
m
on
g
s
t
ude
nt
s
.
M
or
e
o
v
e
r
,
t
he
m
od
e
l
pr
opos
e
d
he
r
e
not
onl
y
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
s
t
he
de
f
i
c
i
e
nc
i
e
s
f
ound
i
n
pr
e
v
i
ou
s
s
t
udi
e
s
but
a
l
s
o
m
e
e
t
s
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
t
r
e
nds
t
ha
t
s
t
r
e
s
s
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
a
nd
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
e
n
v
i
r
on
m
e
nt
s
.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
i
s
l
i
ke
l
y
t
o
e
nha
nc
e
s
t
ude
nt
s
’
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
k
i
l
l
s
a
nd
pr
e
pa
r
e
t
he
m
be
t
t
e
r
f
or
t
he
de
m
a
nds
of
t
he
i
r
f
ut
ur
e
c
a
r
e
e
r
s
by
f
ul
l
y
i
nc
or
por
a
t
i
ng
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
t
ool
s
a
nd
t
e
c
hnol
og
i
e
s
.
T
he
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on
of
t
hi
s
m
ode
l
ha
s
t
he
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
t
o
i
m
pr
o
v
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
out
c
o
m
e
s
,
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
s
t
ude
nt
s
a
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
i
on,
a
nd
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
pr
of
e
s
s
i
ona
l
r
e
a
di
ne
s
s
,
t
he
r
e
b
y
c
ont
r
i
but
i
ng
t
o
t
he
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
of
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
e
duc
a
t
i
on.
I
t
w
i
l
l
di
s
c
o
v
e
r
t
he
m
ode
l
’
s
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
a
nd
pr
o
v
i
de
t
he
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
or
i
t
s
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
i
n
t
he
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
c
our
s
e
i
n
t
he
f
a
c
ul
t
y
of
t
e
a
c
he
r
t
r
a
i
ni
ng
a
nd
e
duc
a
t
i
on
,
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
B
or
ne
o
T
a
r
a
ka
n,
r
e
g
a
r
di
n
g
a
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
pr
o
c
e
s
s
f
or
t
he
s
t
ude
nt
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
hi
s
m
i
xe
d
m
e
t
hods
s
t
udy
i
nv
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
d
t
he
c
r
e
a
t
i
on
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ne
s
s
of
t
he
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
e
-
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
m
ode
l
ba
s
e
d
on
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
t
e
c
hnol
og
y
i
n
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
on
t
hr
ou
g
h
qua
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
nd
qua
nt
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
ppr
oa
c
h
e
s
.
T
hi
s
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
w
a
s
us
e
d
t
o
e
m
pl
o
y
bot
h
qua
nt
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
nd
qu
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
da
t
a
t
o
a
n
a
l
yz
e
t
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
que
s
t
i
ons
c
o
m
pr
e
he
ns
i
v
e
l
y
.
T
h
e
qua
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
pone
nt
w
a
s
e
xa
m
i
ne
d
t
hr
oug
h
i
nt
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
,
obs
e
r
v
a
t
i
ons
,
a
nd
pr
e
l
i
m
i
na
r
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
[2
0
]
.
T
hi
s
c
o
m
pone
nt
s
oug
ht
t
o
unde
r
s
t
a
nd
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
s
’
v
i
e
w
s
o
n
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
a
ppr
o
a
c
he
s
.
Q
ua
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
da
t
a
c
ol
l
e
c
t
i
on
m
e
t
hods
i
de
nt
i
f
i
e
d
de
f
i
c
i
e
nc
i
e
s
a
n
d
oppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
f
or
e
n
ha
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
,
a
i
d
i
ng
s
t
u
de
nt
s
a
nd
i
ns
t
r
u
c
t
or
s
i
n
c
om
pr
e
he
nd
i
ng
t
he
c
ha
l
l
e
ng
e
s
of
l
i
ng
u
i
s
t
i
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
[2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
ndone
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
om
p S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
I
nt
e
r
ac
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a e
-
c
ol
l
ab
or
at
i
on f
or
i
nnov
at
i
v
e
l
i
ngui
s
t
i
c
s
e
d
uc
at
i
o
n
(
Sy
ar
i
f
a R
a
f
i
qa
)
1151
M
e
a
nw
hi
l
e
,
t
he
qua
nt
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
pone
nt
c
ol
l
e
c
t
e
d
da
t
a
f
r
o
m
a
l
a
r
g
e
r
s
a
m
pl
e
us
i
ng
que
s
t
i
on
na
i
r
e
s
a
nd
s
ur
v
e
y
s
[2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
hi
s
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
e
na
bl
e
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
t
o
qua
nt
i
f
y
s
t
ude
nt
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
out
c
o
m
e
s
,
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
s
,
a
nd
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
r
e
g
a
r
di
ng t
he
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
pa
r
a
di
gm
. Q
ua
nt
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
a
nd qua
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
da
t
a
pr
o
v
i
de
d a
c
om
pl
e
t
e
pi
c
t
ur
e
o
f
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
’
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ne
s
s
a
nd
i
m
pa
c
t
on
s
t
ude
nt
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
.
T
he
s
t
ud
y
de
s
i
g
n
w
a
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
,
s
t
a
r
t
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
ne
e
ds
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
a
nd
e
a
r
l
y
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
ga
t
i
ons
t
o
i
nf
or
m
t
he
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
m
ode
l
.
E
xpe
r
t
a
nd
u
s
e
r
f
e
e
db
a
c
k
w
e
r
e
us
e
d
t
o
de
v
e
l
op
t
he
m
ode
l
t
hr
oug
h
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
v
a
l
i
da
t
i
on
a
nd
t
e
s
t
i
ng
,
w
hi
c
h
w
e
r
e
i
nc
or
por
a
t
e
d
i
nt
o
t
he
de
s
i
g
n.
T
hi
s
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
m
e
t
hod
e
nha
nc
e
s
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
r
e
nde
r
i
ng
t
he
m
m
o
r
e
pe
r
t
i
ne
nt
a
nd
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
i
ous
.
T
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
s
i
g
n
w
a
s
m
e
t
i
c
ul
ous
l
y
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
e
d
t
o
g
ua
r
a
nt
e
e
t
ha
t
t
he
ou
t
c
om
e
s
w
e
r
e
pe
r
t
i
ne
nt
a
nd
de
pe
nda
bl
e
f
or
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
e
duc
a
t
i
on.
I
nt
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
a
nd
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
ppr
o
a
c
he
s
w
e
r
e
e
m
pl
oye
d
t
o
c
u
l
t
i
v
a
t
e
i
nno
v
a
t
i
v
e
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
a
nd
y
i
e
l
d s
ubs
t
a
nt
i
a
l
f
i
nd
i
ng
s
.
2.
1.
P
ar
t
i
c
i
p
an
t
s
T
he
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
s
i
n
t
hi
s
s
t
udy
i
nc
l
ude
d
unde
r
g
r
a
dua
t
e
s
t
ude
nt
s
e
nr
ol
l
e
d
i
n
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
c
our
s
e
s
a
t
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
B
or
ne
o
T
a
r
a
ka
n,
a
l
on
g
w
i
t
h
t
he
i
r
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
or
s
.
A
di
v
e
r
s
e
g
r
oup
of
s
t
ude
nt
s
w
a
s
s
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
v
a
r
i
ous
a
c
a
de
m
i
c
ba
c
k
g
r
ounds
a
nd
pr
of
i
c
i
e
nc
y
l
e
v
e
l
s
i
n
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
.
A
ddi
t
i
ona
l
l
y
,
e
xpe
r
t
c
ont
e
nt
,
de
s
i
g
n,
a
nd
m
e
di
a
e
v
a
l
ua
t
or
s
w
e
r
e
c
ons
ul
t
e
d
t
o
v
a
l
i
da
t
e
t
he
de
v
e
l
ope
d
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
.
T
hi
s
c
om
bi
na
t
i
on
of
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
s
e
ns
ur
e
d
t
ha
t
t
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
a
pt
ur
e
d
a
w
i
de
r
a
n
ge
of
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
s
,
e
nha
nc
i
ng
t
h
e
c
o
m
pr
e
he
ns
i
v
e
ne
s
s
a
nd
r
e
l
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
of
t
he
f
i
ndi
ng
s
.
T
he
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
i
n
v
ol
v
e
d
i
n
t
hi
s
s
t
udy
i
nc
l
ude
d
e
xi
s
t
i
ng
E
ng
l
i
s
h
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
doc
u
m
e
nt
s
,
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
a
nd
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
s
of
t
w
a
r
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
f
or
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
.
2.2.
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
p
r
oc
e
d
u
r
e
T
he
s
t
udy
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
a
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
m
e
t
hodol
og
y
,
c
o
m
m
e
nc
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
pr
e
l
i
m
i
na
r
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
t
o
a
c
c
u
m
ul
a
t
e
da
t
a
b
y
t
he
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
.
D
ur
i
ng
t
hi
s
pr
e
l
i
m
i
na
r
y
pha
s
e
,
i
nt
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
w
e
r
e
c
onduc
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
s
t
ude
nt
s
a
nd
l
e
c
t
ur
e
r
s
t
o
a
s
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
he
i
r
e
xpe
c
t
a
t
i
ons
r
e
g
a
r
di
ng
t
he
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
nd
t
o
i
de
nt
i
f
y
de
f
i
c
i
e
nc
i
e
s
i
n
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
.
P
r
i
m
a
r
y
s
our
c
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
obs
e
r
v
a
t
i
ons
,
i
n
-
de
pt
h
i
nt
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
,
a
nd
doc
u
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on, w
e
r
e
e
m
pl
o
y
e
d t
o c
ol
l
e
c
t
da
t
a
i
n na
t
ur
a
l
e
n
v
i
r
on
m
e
nt
s
.
I
n
p
a
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
F
i
g
ur
e
1
be
l
o
w
s
how
e
d
t
ha
t
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
i
ng
e
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
ng
ua
ge
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
on
w
a
s
t
he
pr
i
m
a
r
y
f
oc
us
of
t
he
obs
e
r
v
a
t
i
ons
a
nd
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
.
S
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
d
a
nd
s
e
m
i
-
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
d
i
nt
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
of
f
e
r
e
d
a
m
o
r
e
pr
of
ound
unde
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng
of
s
t
ude
nt
s
’
a
nd
l
e
c
t
ur
e
r
s
’
pe
r
c
e
pt
i
ons
a
nd
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
s
.
I
n
or
de
r
t
o
g
a
t
he
r
qua
nt
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
da
t
a
r
e
g
a
r
di
n
g
s
t
ude
nt
s
’
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
nd
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
s
w
i
t
h
e
xt
a
nt
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
e
t
hods
,
c
l
os
e
d
que
s
t
i
on
na
i
r
e
s
w
e
r
e
di
s
t
r
i
but
e
d.
I
n
or
de
r
t
o
e
nha
nc
e
t
he
s
t
udy
’
s
c
ont
e
xt
,
pe
r
t
i
ne
nt
doc
u
m
e
nt
s
,
i
nc
l
udi
ng
s
y
l
l
a
bi
a
nd
e
xt
a
nt
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
,
w
e
r
e
e
x
a
m
i
ne
d.
T
h
e
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
ode
l
w
a
s
de
v
e
l
ope
d
ba
s
e
d
on
t
he
i
ni
t
i
a
l
f
i
ndi
ng
s
a
f
t
e
r
t
he
da
t
a
c
ol
l
e
c
t
i
on,
w
hi
c
h
i
nc
l
ude
d
a
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
t
o
i
nf
or
m
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
a
nd
c
om
pr
e
he
nd
t
he
c
ons
t
r
a
i
nt
s
e
nc
ount
e
r
e
d
i
n
pr
e
v
i
ous
E
ng
l
i
s
h
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
e
f
f
or
t
s
.
T
h
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
-
ba
s
e
d
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
w
e
r
e
s
ubs
e
que
nt
l
y
d
e
v
e
l
ope
d
t
o
e
ns
ur
e
t
ha
t
t
he
y
w
e
r
e
e
ng
a
g
i
n
g
,
a
l
i
g
ne
d
w
i
t
h
t
he
i
de
nt
i
f
i
e
d
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
,
a
c
c
e
s
s
i
bl
e
us
i
ng
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
t
e
c
hn
ol
og
y
a
nd
de
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
e
nc
our
a
g
e
i
nde
pe
nde
nt
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
.
T
h
e
de
v
e
l
ope
d
m
od
e
l
unde
r
w
e
nt
a
v
a
l
i
da
t
i
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
i
n
v
ol
v
i
n
g
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
ons
by
e
xpe
r
t
s
a
nd
f
i
e
l
d
t
r
i
a
l
s
.
F
e
e
dba
c
k
w
a
s
obt
a
i
ne
d
t
hr
oug
h
one
-
on
-
one
e
xpe
r
t
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
ons
,
s
m
a
l
l
g
r
oup
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
,
a
nd
m
o
r
e
e
xt
e
n
s
i
v
e
f
i
e
l
d
t
r
i
a
l
s
t
o
e
ns
ur
e
t
he
m
ode
l
’
s
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ne
s
s
a
nd
qua
l
i
t
y
s
t
a
nda
r
ds
.
F
i
g
ur
e
1
. S
t
a
g
e
s
of
pl
a
nni
ng
f
or
de
v
e
l
opi
n
g
a
n i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
e
-
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
m
od
e
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
I
ndone
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
om
p S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
40
, N
o.
2
,
N
ov
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1
149
-
1
157
1152
2.3.
D
at
a
an
al
ys
i
s
D
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
obs
e
r
v
a
t
i
ons
,
i
nt
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
,
que
s
t
i
onna
i
r
e
s
,
a
nd
doc
u
m
e
nt
a
na
l
y
s
e
s
w
e
r
e
r
i
g
or
ous
l
y
e
xa
m
i
ne
d.
Q
ua
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
da
t
a
w
e
r
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
c
ode
d
a
nd
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
z
e
d
t
o
di
s
c
e
r
n
pr
e
v
a
l
e
nt
t
he
m
e
s
a
nd
i
ns
i
g
ht
s
,
a
nd
qua
nt
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
da
t
a
w
e
r
e
s
ubj
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
t
o
e
v
a
l
ua
t
e
t
he
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
of
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
m
od
e
l
[2
0
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
he
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l
p
r
oc
e
dur
e
e
nc
o
m
pa
s
s
e
d
m
ul
t
i
pl
e
s
t
a
g
e
s
:
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
i
ng
a
nd
pr
e
pa
r
i
ng
da
t
a
f
o
r
e
xa
m
i
na
t
i
on,
m
e
t
i
c
ul
ous
l
y
s
c
r
ut
i
ni
z
i
ng
a
l
l
g
a
t
he
r
e
d
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on,
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
m
i
n
g
c
o
m
pr
e
h
e
ns
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
v
i
a
c
odi
ng
.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
w
e
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
na
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
l
y
,
v
i
s
ua
l
l
y
,
a
nd
i
n
c
ha
r
t
s
f
or
c
l
a
r
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ut
i
l
i
z
e
d
r
i
g
or
ous
da
t
a
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
t
o
a
s
s
ur
e
t
he
r
e
l
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
a
nd
v
a
l
i
di
t
y
of
t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
,
t
he
r
e
by
l
e
a
di
ng
t
o
t
he
c
ons
t
r
uc
t
i
on
of
a
s
t
r
ong
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
od
e
l
t
ha
t
pr
om
ot
e
s
t
he
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
on
a
nd
c
o
m
pr
e
he
ns
i
on
of
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
s
a
t
t
h
e
uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
l
e
v
e
l
.
3.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
3.1.
R
e
s
u
l
t
of
n
e
e
d
a
n
al
ys
i
s
T
hi
s
c
ha
pt
e
r
c
ont
a
i
ns
r
e
s
ul
t
s
f
r
om
t
he
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
onduc
t
e
d
by
t
he
f
a
c
ul
t
y
of
t
e
a
c
he
r
t
r
a
i
ni
ng
a
nd
e
duc
a
t
i
on
a
t
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
B
or
ne
o
T
a
r
a
ka
n.
I
n
t
he
pr
o
v
i
s
i
on
f
or
t
he
de
v
e
l
op
m
e
nt
of
i
nno
v
a
t
i
v
e
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
t
ha
t
w
i
l
l
be
a
bl
e
t
o
m
e
e
t
l
e
c
t
ur
e
r
s
’
a
nd s
t
ude
nt
s
’
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
,
a
pr
e
l
i
m
i
na
r
y s
t
udy
i
n t
he
c
l
a
s
s
r
oo
m
ne
e
ds
t
o
be
c
onduc
t
e
d
t
o
a
s
s
e
s
s
t
he
c
l
a
s
s
r
oo
m
c
ondi
t
i
ons
a
nd
ne
e
ds
f
or
b
e
t
t
e
r
l
i
ng
u
i
s
t
i
c
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
.
T
he
pr
e
l
i
m
i
na
r
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
nc
l
ude
d
f
i
e
l
d
s
ur
v
e
y
s
a
nd
di
r
e
c
t
que
s
t
i
onna
i
r
e
s
a
nd
w
a
s
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
e
d
i
n
e
ng
l
i
s
h
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
e
duc
a
t
i
on
a
nd
i
nd
one
s
i
a
n
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
e
duc
a
t
i
on
m
a
j
or
s
.
T
he
s
t
udy
’
s
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
ur
e
r
s
a
n
d
s
t
ude
nt
s
e
nr
ol
l
e
d
i
n
t
he
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
c
our
s
e
’
s
e
ng
l
i
s
h
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
e
du
c
a
t
i
on
a
nd
i
ndone
s
i
a
n
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
e
du
c
a
t
i
on
pr
og
r
a
m
s
.
T
he
pur
pos
e
of
t
he
pr
e
-
s
t
udy
w
a
s
t
o
obs
e
r
v
e
c
l
a
s
s
r
oo
m
c
ondi
t
i
ons
a
nd
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
w
he
t
he
r
m
or
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
w
e
r
e
ne
e
de
d.
T
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
a
s
i
ni
t
i
a
t
e
d
i
n
A
pr
i
l
2024.
T
o
be
g
i
n
w
i
t
h,
t
he
pr
e
l
i
m
i
na
r
y
s
t
a
g
e
of
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
ons
i
s
t
e
d
of
a
n
e
xpl
or
a
t
or
y
s
t
udy
by
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
t
o
unde
r
s
t
a
nd
w
ha
t
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
i
s
c
ur
r
e
nt
l
y
be
i
ng
us
e
d
b
y
t
he
l
e
c
t
ur
e
r
s
a
nd
s
t
ude
nt
s
w
i
t
hi
n
a
c
l
a
s
s
r
oo
m
s
e
t
u
p.
I
t
w
a
s
t
o
e
s
t
a
bl
i
s
h
w
he
t
he
r
t
he
a
v
a
i
l
a
bl
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
w
e
r
e
a
de
qua
t
e
or
i
f
ne
w
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
s
houl
d
be
de
v
e
l
ope
d,
w
he
r
e
t
he
i
r
ne
e
ds
w
oul
d
be
m
or
e
i
nc
l
us
i
v
e
f
or
l
e
c
t
ur
e
r
s
a
nd
s
t
ude
nt
s
a
nd
opt
i
m
i
z
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
m
or
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
T
o
c
o
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
t
he
e
xpl
or
a
t
or
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
i
nt
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
w
e
r
e
c
onduc
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
w
o
l
e
c
t
ur
e
r
s
,
he
r
e
a
f
t
e
r
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
a
s
L
e
c
t
ur
e
r
s
1
a
nd
2.
L
e
c
t
ur
e
r
1
c
onf
i
r
m
e
d
t
ha
t
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
r
e
i
n
t
a
nde
m
w
i
t
h
t
he
l
e
s
s
on
pl
a
ns
,
m
a
ki
n
g
e
v
e
r
y
c
l
a
s
s
s
e
s
s
i
on
w
e
l
l
-
pr
e
pa
r
e
d
a
nd
di
r
e
c
t
l
y
r
e
l
e
v
a
nt
t
o
t
he
c
ur
r
i
c
ul
um
s
t
i
pul
a
t
e
d.
H
e
not
e
d
t
ha
t
t
he
t
he
m
e
s
a
nd
t
opi
c
s
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
t
o t
he
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
on a
r
e
up
-
to
-
da
t
e
a
nd r
e
l
a
t
e
d t
o pr
e
s
e
nt
s
oc
i
a
l
c
ont
e
xt
s
t
ha
t
w
i
l
l
e
ng
a
g
e
t
he
s
t
ude
nt
s
a
nd bui
l
d a
c
onne
c
t
i
on be
t
w
e
e
n
w
h
a
t
t
he
y
l
e
a
r
n i
n c
l
a
s
s
a
nd l
i
f
e
.
B
y
c
ont
r
a
s
t
,
L
e
c
t
ur
e
r
2
e
m
pha
s
i
z
e
d
t
ha
t
a
l
t
houg
h
t
he
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
r
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
c
ur
r
e
nt
s
oc
i
a
l
c
ont
e
xt
s
,
t
he
y
do
not
e
nt
i
r
e
l
y
f
i
t
t
he
de
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
’
s
c
ur
r
i
c
ul
u
m
.
S
he
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
d
t
ha
t
t
he
c
om
pe
t
e
nc
i
e
s
s
he
ha
d
w
a
nt
e
d
w
e
r
e
not
a
t
t
a
i
ne
d
b
y
a
l
l
he
r
s
t
ude
nt
s
,
w
hi
c
h
m
a
y
m
e
a
n
t
he
f
a
i
l
ur
e
o
f
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
m
e
t
hodol
og
i
e
s
or
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
i
n
t
he
i
r
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
ne
s
s
.
S
he
,
how
e
v
e
r
,
c
onc
l
ude
d
t
ha
t
t
he
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
t
a
p
t
h
e
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
know
l
e
dg
e
i
n
a
g
ood
w
a
y
a
nd
t
ha
t
,
on
t
he
w
hol
e
,
s
t
ude
nt
s
e
nj
oy
t
he
l
e
c
t
ur
e
e
xp
l
a
na
t
i
ons
e
nr
i
c
he
d
us
i
n
g
pr
oj
e
c
t
-
ba
s
e
d
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
.
B
e
s
i
de
s
,
t
he
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
t
ool
s
of
i
m
a
g
e
s
,
t
e
xt
s
,
a
nd
a
udi
o
a
r
e
us
e
d
w
e
l
l
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
m
ul
t
i
s
e
ns
or
y
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
c
ont
e
xt
.
B
ot
h
l
e
c
t
ur
e
r
s
r
e
c
og
ni
z
e
d
t
he
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
nt
us
e
of
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
a
nd
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
i
n
t
he
i
r
pe
da
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
,
t
hus
c
r
e
a
t
i
ng
a
n
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
t
ha
t
w
oul
d
a
de
qua
t
e
l
y
e
qu
i
p
s
t
ude
nt
s
f
or
a
t
e
c
hnol
og
y
-
dr
i
v
e
n
w
or
l
d.
L
e
c
t
ur
e
r
1
a
f
f
i
r
m
e
d
t
ha
t
t
he
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
m
ode
l
m
a
ke
s
i
t
e
a
s
y
t
o
t
e
a
c
h
f
r
o
m
ho
m
e
w
i
t
h
ob
v
i
ous
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ons
a
nd
t
ha
t
s
c
he
dul
e
s
of
l
e
s
s
ons
c
a
n
be
r
e
a
r
r
a
nge
d
a
c
c
o
r
di
ng
t
o
s
t
ude
nt
s
’
ne
e
ds
.
T
he
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
ha
v
e
bot
h
f
or
m
a
t
i
v
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
f
oc
us
e
d
on
unde
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng
c
onc
e
pt
s
a
nd
t
he
i
r
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
,
a
l
ong
w
i
t
h
s
u
m
m
a
t
i
v
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
di
r
e
c
t
e
d
t
ow
a
r
ds
m
e
a
s
ur
i
ng
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
out
c
om
e
s
.
S
uc
h
w
oul
d
be
t
h
e
i
ns
i
g
ht
s
f
r
om
t
he
i
nt
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
,
on
t
op
of
t
he
f
i
ndi
ng
s
f
r
om
t
he
pr
e
l
i
m
i
na
r
y
s
t
udy
,
t
ha
t
w
i
l
l
e
ns
ur
e
t
he
de
v
e
l
op
m
e
nt
of
m
or
e
us
e
f
ul
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
,
c
a
t
e
r
i
ng
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
y
t
o
t
he
ne
e
ds
of
t
he
l
e
c
t
ur
e
r
s
a
nd
s
t
ude
nt
s
;
t
hi
s
de
t
a
i
l
e
d
ne
e
ds
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
de
pi
c
t
s
t
he
c
om
m
i
t
m
e
nt
t
o
e
nha
nc
i
ng
qua
l
i
t
y
i
n
t
he
f
i
e
l
d
of
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
e
duc
a
t
i
on a
t
t
he
h
i
g
he
r
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
l
e
v
e
l
.
3.2.
Wan
t
s
a
n
al
ys
i
s
f
or
l
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
s
t
e
ac
h
i
n
g m
at
e
r
i
al
s
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
f
r
o
m
t
he
ne
e
ds
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
que
s
t
i
onna
i
r
e
g
i
v
e
n
t
o
t
he
s
t
ude
nt
s
r
e
g
a
r
di
n
g
t
he
m
u
l
t
i
m
e
di
a
-
ba
s
e
d
e
ng
l
i
s
h
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
m
ode
l
pr
o
v
i
d
e
v
e
r
y
i
m
por
t
a
nt
i
m
pl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
a
bout
t
he
i
r
ne
e
ds
a
nd
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
t
ow
a
r
d
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
e
duc
a
t
i
on.
T
he
que
s
t
i
onna
i
r
e
i
nc
l
ude
d
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
que
s
t
i
ons
t
o
unde
r
s
t
a
nd
w
ha
t
s
t
ude
nt
s
w
a
nt
a
nd
ne
e
d
dur
i
n
g
a
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
p
r
oc
e
s
s
.
A
c
c
or
di
ng
t
o
F
i
g
ur
e
2
,
A
s
m
a
ny
a
s
92
%
of
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
a
r
e
w
i
l
l
i
ng
t
o
s
t
udy
l
i
n
g
ui
s
t
i
c
s
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
a
bout
t
he
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
,
e
v
ol
ut
i
on,
a
nd
f
unc
t
i
ons
of
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
i
n
de
pt
h.
I
t
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
s
t
he
m
ot
i
v
a
t
i
on
f
or
pr
of
ound
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
t
he
s
ub
j
e
c
t
m
a
t
t
e
r
.
A
ddi
t
i
ona
l
l
y
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
ndone
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
om
p S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
I
nt
e
r
ac
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a e
-
c
ol
l
ab
or
at
i
on f
or
i
nnov
at
i
v
e
l
i
ngui
s
t
i
c
s
e
d
uc
at
i
o
n
(
Sy
ar
i
f
a R
a
f
i
qa
)
1153
88%
of
t
he
s
t
ude
nt
s
r
e
por
t
e
d
a
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
i
n
-
de
pt
h
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
of
t
he
i
s
s
ue
s
t
he
i
r
p
r
of
e
s
s
or
ha
s
i
nt
r
oduc
e
d,
m
e
a
ni
n
g
t
ha
t
s
pe
c
i
a
l
i
z
e
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
m
i
g
ht
s
e
r
v
e
t
he
i
r
ne
e
ds
.
A
n
o
v
e
r
w
h
e
l
m
i
ng
m
a
j
o
r
i
t
y
,
92%
of
t
he
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
s
,
c
ons
i
de
r
e
d
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
s
ki
l
l
s
c
r
uc
i
a
l
,
w
hi
c
h
s
how
e
d
t
ha
t
t
he
y
c
ons
i
de
r
e
d
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
a
s
a
ba
s
i
c
f
or
m
of
s
e
l
f
-
e
xpr
e
s
s
i
on
t
o
ot
he
r
s
.
M
or
e
s
o,
96%
of
t
he
s
t
ude
nt
s
r
e
por
t
e
d
t
ha
t
t
he
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
s
houl
d
e
xpl
a
i
n
t
he
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
i
nput
dur
i
ng
t
he
l
e
s
s
on,
s
how
i
ng
t
he
ne
e
d
f
or
c
l
e
a
r
pe
da
g
og
i
c
a
l
s
uppor
t
.
A
r
e
m
a
r
ka
bl
e
ne
e
d
e
m
e
r
ge
d
f
or
v
i
de
os
:
92%
m
e
nt
i
one
d
t
ha
t
t
he
y
w
oul
d
unde
r
s
t
a
nd
t
he
i
t
e
m
s
m
or
e
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
w
i
t
h
t
he
v
i
de
os
.
P
r
ov
i
di
n
g
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
s
uppor
t
i
s
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
s
i
nc
e
99%
of
t
he
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
m
e
nt
i
one
d
a
ne
e
d
f
or
g
ui
da
nc
e
t
o
f
i
ni
s
h t
he
a
s
s
i
g
nm
e
nt
s
.
I
t
f
ur
t
he
r
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
s
t
he
ne
e
d t
o pr
o
v
i
de
c
l
e
a
r
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ons
a
nd r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
E
v
i
de
nc
e
of
r
e
l
i
a
nc
e
on
t
e
c
hnol
og
y
i
s
pr
o
v
e
n
by
97%
of
t
he
s
t
u
de
nt
s
m
e
nt
i
oni
ng
t
he
ne
e
d
f
or
e
l
e
c
t
r
oni
c
de
v
i
c
e
s
, s
uc
h a
s
m
obi
l
e
phone
s
, t
o c
o
m
pl
e
t
e
t
he
i
r
t
a
s
ks
. N
i
ne
t
y
-
e
i
g
ht
pe
r
c
e
nt
c
o
nf
i
r
m
e
d t
he
i
r
ne
e
d
f
or
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o
t
he
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
t
o
s
t
udy
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
.
E
v
e
n
t
houg
h
73%
of
s
t
ude
nt
s
s
how
e
d
a
n
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
onl
i
ne
,
i
t
ha
s
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
d
t
ha
t
t
he
r
e
i
s
s
t
i
l
l
a
de
s
i
r
e
t
o
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
on
i
n
t
he
t
r
a
di
t
i
ona
l
c
l
a
s
s
r
oom
c
o
m
bi
ne
d
w
i
t
h
s
o
m
e
onl
i
ne
c
ont
e
nt
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
he
r
e
i
s
r
e
c
o
g
ni
t
i
on
t
ha
t
84%
s
t
i
l
l
f
i
nd
pr
i
n
t
e
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
a
s
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
f
o
r
r
e
i
nf
or
c
e
m
e
nt
w
i
t
h
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
-
ba
s
e
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
.
B
e
s
i
de
s
,
69%
of
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
hi
g
hl
i
g
ht
e
d
a
ut
o
nom
y
i
n
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
,
m
e
a
ni
n
g
t
he
y
hi
g
hl
y
v
a
l
ue
d
t
he
t
i
m
e
f
or
s
e
l
f
-
s
t
udy
.
T
he
r
e
i
s
una
ni
m
ous
s
uppor
t
a
m
on
g
a
l
l
pa
r
t
i
c
i
pa
nt
s
on t
he
i
s
s
ue
of
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
i
n
c
l
a
s
s
be
c
a
us
e
t
he
r
e
i
s
no
s
ubs
t
i
t
ut
i
on
f
or
a
c
t
ua
l
l
i
v
e
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
;
he
nc
e
,
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
i
n
t
he
c
l
a
s
s
r
oo
m
ha
s
a
c
r
uc
i
a
l
pl
a
c
e
i
n
s
t
ude
nt
s
’
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
A
c
t
ua
l
l
y
,
86%
of
r
e
s
po
nde
nt
s
ne
e
de
d
m
o
r
e
i
n
-
c
l
a
s
s
t
i
m
e
t
o unde
r
s
t
a
nd l
a
ng
u
a
g
e
s
, i
ndi
c
a
t
i
ng
t
he
r
e
qui
r
e
d de
e
p
e
r
i
n
v
ol
v
e
m
e
nt
w
i
t
h s
ubj
e
c
t
s
.
A
s
s
i
g
n
m
e
nt
he
l
p
i
s
c
r
uc
i
a
l
,
a
s
93%
of
s
t
ude
nt
s
ne
e
de
d
s
uppor
t
i
n
f
ul
f
i
l
l
i
ng
t
he
i
r
r
e
s
pon
s
i
bi
l
i
t
i
e
s
,
w
hi
l
e
89%
w
i
s
he
d
t
o
w
or
k
i
n
g
r
oups
,
e
m
ph
a
s
i
z
i
ng
t
he
pow
e
r
of
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
t
o
g
e
t
he
r
.
T
h
e
qu
e
s
t
i
onna
i
r
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
s
ho
w
a
s
t
r
on
g
s
t
ude
nt
ne
e
d
f
or
a
n i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
d a
c
a
de
m
i
c
s
uppor
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
ha
t
i
nc
l
ude
s
c
l
e
a
r
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
g
ui
da
nc
e
,
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
a
nd
e
nga
g
e
m
e
nt
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
f
or
bot
h
t
he
c
l
a
s
s
r
oo
m
a
nd
onl
i
ne
e
n
v
i
r
on
m
e
nt
s
.
T
he
s
e
w
i
l
l
be
i
ns
t
r
um
e
nt
a
l
i
n
g
ui
di
ng
t
he
de
v
e
l
op
m
e
nt
of
t
a
i
l
or
e
d
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
nd
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
t
ha
t
m
e
e
t
s
t
ude
nt
s
’
i
de
nt
i
f
i
e
d ne
e
ds
a
nd pr
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
a
nd t
hus
e
nha
nc
e
t
he
qua
l
i
t
y
of
t
he
i
r
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
i
n l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
.
F
i
g
ur
e
2
. M
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
-
ba
s
e
d i
n l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
3.3.
A
n
al
yz
i
n
g t
h
e
G
ap
s
f
or
i
n
t
e
r
ac
t
i
ve
m
u
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a r
e
s
ou
r
c
e
s
T
he
s
ur
v
e
y
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
d
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
a
s
pe
c
t
s
of
t
he
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
,
hi
g
hl
i
g
ht
i
ng
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
i
n
t
he
ur
ge
nt
ne
e
d
f
or
m
or
e
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
c
us
t
o
m
i
z
e
d
c
ont
e
nt
,
a
nd
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
s
uppor
t
.
T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
t
ha
t
a
l
t
h
oug
h
s
t
ude
nt
s
e
xpr
e
s
s
a
s
t
r
ong
de
s
i
r
e
f
or
de
e
pe
r
e
ng
a
ge
m
e
nt
w
i
t
h
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
c
onc
e
pt
s
,
c
ur
r
e
nt
pr
ov
i
s
i
ons
of
t
e
n
f
a
l
l
s
hor
t
,
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
l
y
i
n
t
he
i
nt
e
g
r
a
t
i
on
of
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
.
T
hi
s
s
ugg
e
s
t
s
a
ne
e
d
f
or
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
r
e
f
or
m
s
t
o
be
t
t
e
r
a
l
i
g
n
e
duc
a
t
i
o
na
l
of
f
e
r
i
ng
s
w
i
t
h
s
t
ude
nt
ne
e
ds
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
I
ndone
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
om
p S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
40
, N
o.
2
,
N
ov
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1
149
-
1
157
1154
B
a
s
e
d
on
F
i
g
ur
e
3,
t
he
ne
e
ds
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
que
s
t
i
onna
i
r
e
da
t
a
r
e
v
e
a
l
s
s
ubs
t
a
nt
i
a
l
di
s
c
r
e
pa
nc
i
e
s
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
e
xi
s
t
i
n
g
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
pr
ov
i
s
i
ons
a
nd
t
he
s
t
ude
nt
s
’
pe
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
.
W
hi
l
e
86
%
of
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
e
d
a
pr
of
ound
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
a
c
qui
r
i
ng
i
n
-
de
pt
h
kno
w
l
e
d
g
e
of
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
,
73%
a
s
s
e
r
t
e
d
t
ha
t
t
h
e
e
xi
s
t
i
ng
l
e
v
e
l
of
s
uppor
t
i
s
i
na
de
qua
t
e
.
I
t
s
how
s
a
r
e
a
l
ne
e
d
f
or
be
t
t
e
r
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
t
ha
t
w
oul
d
a
l
l
ow
s
t
ude
nt
s
t
o
e
ng
a
ge
m
or
e
m
e
a
ni
n
g
f
ul
l
y
w
i
t
h
i
de
a
s
a
bout
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
.
A
l
s
o,
78%
of
s
t
ude
nt
s
be
l
i
e
v
e
d
t
he
r
e
i
s
a
ne
e
d
f
or
t
a
r
ge
t
e
d t
opi
c
s
of
r
e
l
e
v
a
nc
e
t
o t
he
i
r
ow
n s
t
udi
e
s
. O
f
t
he
s
e
s
t
ude
nt
s
, 60%
be
l
i
e
v
e
t
he
s
e
a
r
e
poor
l
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d f
o
r
a
t
t
he
m
o
m
e
nt
,
f
ur
t
he
r
s
t
r
e
s
s
i
ng
t
he
ne
e
d
f
or
m
o
r
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
nt
c
ont
e
nt
.
T
hi
s
e
l
e
v
a
t
e
d
t
he
c
o
m
m
uni
c
a
t
i
on
c
o
m
pe
t
e
nc
e
t
o
87%
,
a
l
t
houg
h
onl
y
68%
pe
r
c
e
i
v
e
s
uf
f
i
c
i
e
nt
s
uppor
t
,
i
ndi
c
a
t
i
ng
t
ha
t
e
du
c
a
t
i
ona
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
s
houl
d e
m
pha
s
i
s
e
t
he
pr
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
ons
of
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
t
he
or
y
m
or
e
pr
o
m
i
ne
nt
l
y
. E
qua
l
l
y
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
w
a
s
t
he
de
m
a
nd
f
or
c
l
e
a
r
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
e
xpl
a
na
t
i
on;
96%
of
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
pe
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
t
hi
s
ne
c
e
s
s
i
t
y
,
w
he
r
e
a
s
j
us
t
59%
s
a
i
d
i
t
w
a
s
a
d
e
qua
t
e
l
y
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d, unde
r
s
c
or
i
n
g
a
de
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
i
n i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
c
l
a
r
i
t
y
.
T
he
de
m
a
nd
f
or
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
c
ont
e
nt
,
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
l
y
m
o
v
i
e
s
,
i
s
e
xc
e
e
di
ng
l
y
s
t
r
ong
.
N
i
ne
t
y
p
e
r
c
e
nt
of
s
t
ude
nt
s
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
d a
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
de
m
a
nd f
or
t
he
s
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
, s
t
a
r
kl
y
c
ont
r
a
s
t
i
ng
w
i
t
h t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
v
a
i
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y
of
m
e
r
e
l
y
t
hi
r
t
y
-
t
w
o
pe
r
c
e
nt
.
T
hi
s
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
a
t
v
i
s
ua
l
a
i
ds
c
a
n
m
a
r
ke
dl
y
e
nha
nc
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
he
ns
i
on
a
nd
e
ng
a
ge
m
e
nt
.
T
he
f
i
na
l
y
e
t
i
m
por
t
a
nt
poi
nt
i
s
i
n
s
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
s
uppor
t
:
w
he
r
e
a
s
95%
s
t
ude
n
t
s
r
e
s
ponde
d
t
ha
t
a
s
s
i
g
n
m
e
nt
s
upe
r
v
i
s
i
on w
a
s
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
a
nd onl
y
65%
de
t
e
c
t
e
d s
uf
f
i
c
i
e
nt
s
uppor
t
.
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
c
a
l
a
s
pe
c
t
, on t
he
one
ha
nd,
w
hi
l
e
a
l
l
r
e
por
t
e
d
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
a
v
a
i
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y
of
i
nt
e
r
ne
t
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
s
t
udy
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
but
c
l
a
i
m
e
d
t
ha
t
t
hi
s
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
w
a
s
a
c
t
ua
l
l
y
f
ul
f
i
l
l
e
d
f
or
j
us
t
14%
.
C
onv
e
r
s
e
l
y
,
100%
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
d
a
de
m
a
nd
f
or
onl
i
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
opt
i
ons
,
w
hi
l
e
49%
r
e
por
t
e
d
t
ha
t
t
he
s
e
of
f
e
r
i
n
g
s
w
e
r
e
no
w
i
ns
uf
f
i
c
i
e
nt
.
F
ur
t
he
r
m
or
e
,
97%
of
s
t
ude
nt
s
r
e
qui
r
e
d
pr
i
nt
e
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
,
s
how
i
n
g
t
ha
t
c
on
v
e
nt
i
ona
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
r
e
m
a
i
n
v
i
t
a
l
i
n
c
onj
unc
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
di
g
i
t
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
R
e
m
a
r
ka
bl
y
,
w
hi
l
e
66%
of
s
t
ude
nt
s
de
s
i
r
e
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
a
ut
ono
m
y
i
n
t
he
i
r
s
t
udy
,
onl
y
41%
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
d
t
ha
t
t
hi
s
ne
e
d
i
s
be
i
ng
f
ul
f
i
l
l
e
d.
C
or
r
e
s
pondi
ng
l
y
,
85%
f
e
l
t
t
he
ne
e
d
f
or
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
i
n
t
he
c
l
a
s
s
r
oo
m
;
how
e
v
e
r
,
onl
y
30%
r
e
por
t
e
d
t
hi
s
ne
e
d
t
o
be
f
ul
f
i
l
l
e
d.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
l
y
,
on
t
he
i
s
s
ue
of
t
i
m
e
ut
i
l
i
z
e
d
i
n
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
,
t
he
r
e
w
a
s
a
m
a
j
o
r
s
hor
t
f
a
l
l
of
t
he
s
a
m
e
,
a
s
78%
f
e
l
t
t
ha
t
m
or
e
t
i
m
e
ne
e
de
d
t
o
be
de
v
ot
e
d
i
n
c
l
a
s
s
on
e
v
e
r
y
t
opi
c
i
n
or
de
r
t
o
c
o
m
pr
e
he
nd
i
t
m
or
e
c
l
e
a
r
l
y
.
F
i
na
l
l
y
,
gr
e
a
t
i
m
por
t
a
n
c
e
w
a
s
pl
a
c
e
d
on
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
:
91%
of
t
he
s
t
ude
nt
s
s
t
a
t
e
d
t
ha
t
t
he
y
ne
e
d
e
d
gr
oup
w
o
r
k,
w
hi
l
e
onl
y
26%
pe
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
pr
o
v
i
s
i
on
a
s
a
de
qua
t
e
l
y
s
uppor
t
i
ng
t
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h.
F
r
om
t
he
s
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
,
i
t
f
ol
l
ow
s
t
ha
t
t
he
r
e
i
s
a
n ur
g
e
nt
ne
e
d
f
or
r
e
s
our
c
e
de
v
e
l
op
m
e
n
t
a
nd
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
i
nnov
a
t
i
on
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
of
m
e
e
t
i
ng
t
he
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
ne
e
ds
a
nd
pr
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
t
ha
t
s
t
ude
nt
s
br
i
ng
w
i
t
h
t
he
m
t
o l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
.
F
i
g
ur
e
3
. A
na
l
y
s
i
s
of
l
a
c
ks
a
nd ne
c
e
s
s
i
t
i
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
ndone
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
om
p S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
I
nt
e
r
ac
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a e
-
c
ol
l
ab
or
at
i
on f
or
i
nnov
at
i
v
e
l
i
ngui
s
t
i
c
s
e
d
uc
at
i
o
n
(
Sy
ar
i
f
a R
a
f
i
qa
)
1155
T
he
ne
e
ds
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
e
v
i
de
nc
e
s
a
c
ons
i
de
r
a
bl
e
g
a
p
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
e
xpe
c
t
a
t
i
ons
of
s
t
ude
nt
s
r
e
ga
r
di
n
g
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
m
e
a
ns
of
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
e
duc
a
t
i
on
a
nd
a
c
t
ua
l
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
pr
o
v
i
s
i
ons
.
A
dr
a
m
a
t
i
c
86
%
hope
d
t
o
be
de
e
pl
y
know
l
e
dge
a
bl
e
i
n
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
,
w
hi
l
e
f
or
73%
,
t
he
s
uppor
t
w
a
s
i
ns
uf
f
i
c
i
e
nt
.
T
he
di
s
c
r
e
pa
nc
y
i
n
t
he
s
e
f
a
c
t
s
g
i
v
e
s
e
v
i
d
e
nc
e
of
a
n
a
c
ut
e
ne
e
d
f
or
e
nha
nc
e
d
t
e
a
c
hi
n
g
pr
o
v
i
s
i
ons
w
hi
c
h
c
oul
d
a
l
l
ow
m
o
r
e
pr
of
ound e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
nt
w
i
t
h l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
m
a
t
t
e
r
s
a
nd i
m
pr
o
v
e
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
a
t
t
a
i
n
m
e
nt
.
T
he
s
e
f
i
ndi
ng
s
a
r
e
i
m
por
t
a
nt
be
c
a
us
e
t
he
y
c
ont
r
i
but
e
t
o
c
ur
r
i
c
ul
u
m
de
v
e
l
op
m
e
nt
a
nd
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
de
s
i
g
n.
A
s
t
he
r
e
s
pons
e
s
s
how
,
s
t
ude
nt
s
a
r
e
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
e
d
i
n
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
a
nd
w
a
nt
be
t
t
e
r
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
s
uppor
t
.
T
he
hi
g
h
s
c
or
e
s
i
n
t
he
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
or
s
pe
c
i
f
i
c
t
opi
c
s
a
nd
c
l
e
a
r
e
xpl
a
na
t
i
ons
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
pot
e
nt
i
a
l
pr
obl
e
m
s
w
i
t
h
m
e
e
t
i
ng
t
he
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
t
ude
nt
s
’
a
c
a
de
m
i
c
ne
e
ds
t
hr
ou
g
h
e
xi
s
t
i
ng
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
.
T
hi
s
g
a
p
i
s
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
be
c
a
us
e
t
he
i
na
bi
l
i
t
y
t
o
r
e
l
a
t
e
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
t
he
or
i
e
s
f
ounda
t
i
ona
l
t
o
t
he
i
r
t
r
a
i
ni
ng
i
m
m
e
di
a
t
e
l
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
s
s
t
ude
nt
s
’
unde
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng
a
nd
a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on
of
s
a
i
d
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
t
he
or
i
e
s
.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
a
l
s
o
a
g
r
e
e
w
i
t
h
pr
e
v
i
ous
s
t
udi
e
s
t
ha
t
ha
d
i
de
nt
i
f
i
e
d
pe
r
s
ona
l
i
z
e
d
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
s
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
f
or
t
he
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
of
hi
g
he
r
e
duc
a
t
i
on.
O
t
he
r
s
t
udi
e
s
,
f
or
i
ns
t
a
nc
e
[2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
ha
v
e
g
one
a
he
a
d
t
o
a
dd
w
e
i
g
ht
t
o
t
he
a
s
s
e
r
t
i
on
t
ha
t
s
t
ude
nt
s
a
r
e
m
or
e
m
ot
i
v
a
t
e
d
w
he
n
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
r
e
c
us
t
o
m
i
z
e
d
t
o
s
ui
t
t
he
i
r
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
c
ont
e
xt
s
.
S
t
udy
b
y
[2
8
]
,
[
29
]
f
ur
t
he
r
de
m
ons
t
r
a
t
e
how
t
he
i
nc
l
us
i
on
of
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
i
nt
o
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
e
du
c
a
t
i
on
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
unde
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng
a
nd
r
e
t
e
nt
i
on
of
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
a
bout
e
v
e
n
t
r
i
c
k
y
c
onc
e
pt
s
.
I
t
t
a
l
l
i
e
s
w
e
l
l
w
i
t
h
t
he
s
t
r
ong
a
pp
e
a
l
t
he
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
of
t
hi
s
s
t
udy
ha
v
e
f
or
v
i
de
o
c
ont
e
nt
a
nd
ot
he
r
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
pone
nt
s
i
n t
he
l
e
a
r
ni
n
g
pr
oc
e
s
s
. T
hus
, t
he
i
nt
e
g
r
a
t
i
on of
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
m
a
y pr
o
v
i
de
a
n i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
e
xpe
r
i
e
nc
e
.
Y
e
t
,
t
he
f
i
ndi
ng
s
c
oul
d
be
e
xpl
a
i
ne
d
f
r
o
m
s
o
m
e
ot
he
r
di
r
e
c
t
i
ons
a
s
w
e
l
l
.
T
he
a
ppa
r
e
n
t
i
na
bi
l
i
t
y
of
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
t
o
e
ng
a
g
e
t
he
s
t
ude
nt
s
pr
ope
r
l
y
i
s
due
t
o
t
he
i
na
bi
l
i
t
y
t
o
m
a
ke
g
ood
us
e
of
t
he
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
r
a
t
he
r
t
ha
n
t
he
i
ne
f
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
.
F
ur
t
he
r
m
o
r
e
,
s
o
m
e
l
e
c
t
ur
e
r
s
m
a
y
pos
s
e
s
s
a
n
i
ndi
v
i
dua
l
w
a
y
o
f
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
a
nd
de
a
l
i
ng
w
i
t
h
s
t
ude
nt
s
;
he
nc
e
,
t
he
a
t
t
i
t
ude
s
t
ha
t
s
t
ude
nt
s
ha
v
e
t
ow
a
r
ds
t
he
s
uf
f
i
c
i
e
nc
y
of
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
v
a
r
y
.
S
i
nc
e
i
t
’
s
a
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
-
ba
s
e
d
s
t
udy
,
t
he
da
t
a
t
a
ke
n
w
a
s
j
us
t
f
r
om
one
c
ohor
t
of
t
he
f
a
c
ul
t
y
of
t
e
a
c
he
r
t
r
a
i
ni
ng
a
nd
e
duc
a
t
i
on
s
t
ude
nt
s
,
s
o
m
a
y
be
ot
he
r
f
a
c
ul
t
i
e
s
or
uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
e
s
a
r
e
n
’
t
t
a
ki
ng
pa
r
t
i
n
t
he
s
t
udy
.
I
n
a
ddi
t
i
on,
s
t
ude
nt
s
’
i
nd
i
v
i
dua
l
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
s
t
y
l
e
s
a
nd
pr
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
w
e
r
e
not
m
e
a
s
ur
e
d,
w
hi
c
h
m
i
g
ht
be
a
m
odi
f
i
e
r
of
s
t
ude
nt
pe
r
c
e
pt
i
on
of
t
he
a
de
qua
c
y
of
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
F
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
houl
d
be
c
o
nduc
t
e
d
i
n
a
m
or
e
he
t
e
r
oge
ne
ous
s
a
m
pl
e
w
i
t
h
a
m
or
e
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
nt
num
be
r
of
v
a
r
i
a
bl
e
s
t
o
g
e
t
a
c
om
pl
e
t
e
pi
c
t
ur
e
of
t
he
ne
e
ds
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
of
s
t
ude
nt
s
i
n l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
e
duc
a
t
i
on.
4.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
T
he
s
t
udy
l
ooks
a
t
t
he
ne
e
ds
a
na
l
y
s
i
s
of
l
e
c
t
ur
e
r
s
a
nd
s
t
ude
nt
s
a
bout
t
he
e
v
ol
ut
i
on
of
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
i
n
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
e
duc
a
t
i
on
a
t
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
B
or
ne
o
T
a
r
a
ka
n
f
a
c
ul
t
y
of
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
t
r
a
i
ni
ng
a
nd
e
duc
a
t
i
on.
B
y
us
e
of
que
s
t
i
onna
i
r
e
s
a
nd
i
nt
e
r
v
i
e
w
s
,
w
e
f
ound
not
a
bl
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
pr
e
s
e
nt
t
e
a
c
hi
ng
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
a
nd t
he
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
i
ng
, t
hor
oug
h l
a
n
g
ua
g
e
e
duc
a
t
i
on s
oug
ht
f
or
s
t
a
f
f
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
a
nd s
t
ude
nt
s
. T
he
r
e
s
ul
t
s
s
how
t
ha
t
86%
of
r
e
s
ponde
nt
s
w
a
nt
a
be
t
t
e
r
kn
ow
l
e
dge
of
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
,
a
nd
73%
w
a
nt
be
t
t
e
r
he
l
p
by
m
e
a
ns
of
m
o
r
e
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
F
ur
t
he
r
m
or
e
,
hi
g
hl
y
s
ou
g
ht
f
or
a
r
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
r
e
s
our
c
e
c
a
t
e
g
or
i
e
s
,
f
oc
us
e
d
s
ubj
e
c
t
s
,
a
nd
c
onc
i
s
e
e
xpl
a
na
t
i
ons
,
t
he
r
e
by
unde
r
s
c
or
i
ng
t
he
i
m
m
e
di
a
t
e
ne
e
d
of
pr
oduc
i
ng
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
T
he
s
e
r
e
s
ul
t
s
i
m
pl
y
a
m
or
e
g
e
ne
r
a
l
i
m
por
t
a
nc
e
i
n
t
he
f
i
e
l
d
of
l
a
n
g
ua
g
e
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
on
t
ha
n
onl
y
t
he
i
m
m
e
di
a
t
e
c
ont
e
xt
of
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
O
ur
s
t
udi
e
s
e
m
pha
s
i
s
e
t
he
ne
e
d
of
a
pa
r
a
di
gm
c
ha
n
g
e
i
n
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
a
nd
s
uppor
t
t
he
i
nc
l
us
i
o
n
of
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
c
o
m
pone
nt
s
i
nt
o
t
he
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
c
our
s
e
o
f
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
on.
T
hi
s
m
e
t
hod
not
onl
y
s
ol
v
e
s
t
he
f
ound
s
hor
t
c
o
m
i
n
g
s
i
n
pr
e
s
e
nt
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
ona
l
t
ool
s
but
a
l
s
o
e
nc
our
a
g
e
s
m
o
r
e
s
t
ude
nt
i
n
v
ol
v
e
m
e
nt
a
nd c
o
m
pr
e
he
ns
i
on.
F
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h s
houl
d c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
e
on t
he
c
r
e
a
t
i
on a
nd a
ppl
i
c
a
t
i
on of
i
nt
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
t
ool
s
f
i
t
f
or
t
he
de
m
a
nds
r
e
v
e
a
l
e
d
i
n
t
hi
s
s
t
u
dy
.
W
or
ki
ng
t
og
e
t
he
r
,
f
a
c
ul
t
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
a
nd
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
on
a
l
de
s
i
g
ne
r
s
m
i
g
ht
pr
oduc
e
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
i
ng
di
g
i
t
a
l
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
m
e
a
nt
t
o
i
m
pr
o
v
e
t
he
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
e
n
v
i
r
on
m
e
nt
.
M
or
e
o
v
e
r
,
ne
xt
i
nv
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
ons
s
houl
d
i
nv
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
ho
w
t
he
s
e
no
v
e
l
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
a
c
a
de
m
i
c
pe
r
f
or
m
a
nc
e
a
nd
s
t
ude
nt
s
a
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
i
on,
t
he
r
e
by
a
ddi
ng
i
m
por
t
a
nt
ne
w
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
s
t
o
t
he
f
i
e
l
d
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
I
n
t
he
f
i
na
l
s
t
a
g
e
,
our
r
e
s
ul
t
s
hi
g
hl
i
g
ht
t
he
ne
e
d
of
f
a
c
ul
t
y
m
e
m
be
r
s
g
i
v
i
n
g
t
he
de
v
e
l
op
m
e
nt
a
nd
us
a
g
e
of
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
t
ool
s
c
us
t
om
i
s
e
d
t
o
m
e
e
t
t
he
pa
r
t
i
c
ul
a
r
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
of
t
he
i
r
s
t
ude
nt
s
t
op
f
i
r
s
t
pr
i
or
i
t
y
.
E
nc
our
a
ge
m
e
nt
of
c
oo
pe
r
a
t
i
v
e
e
f
f
or
t
s
t
o
pr
o
v
i
de
t
a
i
l
or
e
d
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
w
oul
d
he
l
p
t
o
g
r
e
a
t
l
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
he
qua
l
i
t
y
of
l
i
n
g
ui
s
t
i
c
t
r
a
i
ni
ng
,
t
he
r
e
f
or
e
a
r
m
i
n
g
pupi
l
s
f
or
t
he
i
r
f
ut
ur
e
a
c
a
de
m
i
c
a
nd
pr
of
e
s
s
i
ona
l
e
nde
a
v
our
s
.
T
hi
s
s
t
udy
not
onl
y
a
dv
a
nc
e
s
l
i
ng
ui
s
t
i
c
s
e
duc
a
t
i
on
a
t
our
uni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
but
a
l
s
o
pr
ov
i
de
s
a
t
e
m
pl
a
t
e
f
or
ot
he
r
e
duc
a
t
i
ona
l
e
n
v
i
r
onm
e
nt
s
t
r
y
i
n
g
t
o
be
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
a
nd e
nha
n
c
e
l
a
n
g
ua
g
e
i
ns
t
r
uc
t
i
on.
A
C
K
N
O
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
N
T
S
S
pe
c
i
a
l
t
ha
nks
a
r
e
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d
t
o
t
he
I
ns
t
i
t
ut
e
f
or
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
C
o
m
m
uni
t
y
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
(
L
P
2M
)
of
t
he
U
ni
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
B
or
ne
o
T
a
r
a
ka
n
t
hr
oug
h
D
I
P
A
U
B
T
f
or
t
he
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
a
nd
s
uppor
t
t
ha
t
t
he
a
ut
hor
s
w
oul
d
l
i
ke
t
o c
on
v
e
y
. W
i
t
hout
t
he
i
r
i
m
m
e
ns
e
e
f
f
o
r
t
s
a
nd s
uppor
t
, t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
oul
d not
ha
v
e
be
e
n c
o
m
pl
e
t
e
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
I
ndone
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
om
p S
c
i
,
V
ol
.
40
, N
o.
2
,
N
ov
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
1
149
-
1
157
1156
F
U
N
D
I
N
G
I
N
F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
s
t
a
t
e
no f
undi
ng
i
s
i
n
v
ol
v
e
d.
C
O
N
F
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
S
T
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
he
a
ut
hor
s
s
t
a
t
e
no c
onf
l
i
c
t
of
i
nt
e
r
e
s
t
.
D
A
T
A
A
V
A
I
L
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
D
a
t
a
a
v
a
i
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y
doe
s
not
a
ppl
y
t
o t
hi
s
pa
pe
r
a
s
no ne
w
da
t
a
w
e
r
e
c
r
e
a
t
e
d or
a
na
l
y
z
e
d i
n t
hi
s
s
t
udy
.
R
E
F
E
R
E
N
C
E
S
[
1]
K
.
A
l
l
a
n
,
“
L
i
ng
u
i
s
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n,
”
I
nt
e
r
c
ul
t
ur
al
P
r
agm
at
i
c
s
,
vo
l
.
17,
n
o.
3,
pp.
293
–
313,
J
u
n
.
2020
,
doi
:
10.
1515/
i
p
-
2020
-
3002.
[
2]
B
.
M
.
R
o
w
e
a
n
d
D
.
P
.
L
e
vi
n
e
,
“
A
c
o
n
c
i
s
e
i
nt
r
oduc
t
i
o
n
t
o
l
i
ngui
s
t
i
c
s
,
”
A
C
o
nc
i
s
e
I
nt
r
odu
c
t
i
on
t
o
L
i
ngu
i
s
t
i
c
s
,
2022,
doi
:
10.
4324/
9781003268
369.
[
3]
R
.
F
ow
l
e
r
,
U
nde
r
s
t
andi
ng
L
an
guage
.
L
o
n
do
n
:
R
out
l
e
d
g
e
,
2022.
doi
:
10.
4324/
9781003267
83
6.
[
4]
H
.
B
a
i
s
a
n
d
M
.
M
a
c
h
k
our
,
“
A
p
pl
yi
ng
i
n
duc
t
i
ve
l
o
g
i
c
pr
o
gr
a
m
m
i
ng
t
o
a
ut
o
m
a
t
e
t
h
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
of
a
n
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
nt
na
t
ur
a
l
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
s
f
or
da
t
a
ba
s
e
s
,
”
I
ndone
s
i
an
J
our
nal
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
al
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
and
C
om
put
e
r
Sc
i
e
nc
e
,
vol
.
36,
n
o.
2,
pp.
983
–
993,
N
ov.
2024,
doi
:
10.
11591/
i
j
e
e
c
s
.
v36.
i
2.
pp983
-
993.
[
5]
M
.
T
h
o
m
a
s
,
C
.
A
.
L
a
t
h
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
P
u
t
h
us
s
e
r
y,
“
I
de
nt
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
of
l
a
ng
ua
g
e
i
n
a
c
r
os
s
l
i
ng
u
i
s
t
i
c
e
nvi
r
o
nm
e
nt
,
”
I
ndon
e
s
i
an
J
our
nal
of
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng
and
C
om
put
e
r
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
,
vol
.
18,
n
o.
1,
pp.
544
–
548,
A
pr
.
2019,
doi
:
10.
11591/
i
j
e
e
c
s
.
v18.
i
1.
pp544
-
548.
[
6]
G
.
D
e
S
ut
t
e
r
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
L
e
f
e
r
,
“
O
n
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
or
a
n
e
w
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
g
e
n
da
f
or
c
or
pus
-
ba
s
e
d
t
r
a
n
s
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
udi
e
s
:
a
m
ul
t
i
-
m
e
t
hodol
o
g
i
c
a
l
,
m
ul
t
i
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
n
a
r
y
a
p
pr
oa
c
h
,
”
P
e
r
s
pe
c
t
i
v
e
s
:
St
u
di
e
s
i
n
T
r
ans
l
at
i
on
T
he
or
y
and
P
r
ac
t
i
c
e
,
vo
l
.
28
,
n
o.
1,
pp.
1
–
23,
J
a
n
.
2020,
doi
:
10.
1080/
09
07676
X
.
2019.
1611891.
[
7
]
F
.
M
a
z
z
oc
c
h
i
,
“
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
c
r
os
s
a
n
d
be
yon
d
di
s
c
i
pl
i
n
e
s
,
”
E
M
B
O
r
e
por
t
s
,
vol
.
20,
n
o.
6,
J
un
.
2019,
doi
:
10.
15252/
e
m
br
.
2019476
82.
[
8
]
M.
B
r
a
s
s
l
e
r
a
n
d
J
.
D
e
t
t
m
e
r
s
,
“
H
o
w
t
o
e
nh
a
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
n
a
r
y
c
om
pe
t
e
n
c
e
—
i
n
t
e
r
d
i
s
c
i
pl
i
n
a
r
y
pr
obl
e
m
-
ba
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
ve
r
s
us
i
n
t
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
n
a
r
y
pr
oj
e
c
t
-
ba
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng,
”
I
nt
e
r
di
s
c
i
pl
i
n
ar
y
J
our
nal
of
P
r
obl
e
m
-
bas
e
d
L
e
ar
ni
ng
,
vol
.
11,
n
o.
2,
J
ul
.
2017,
doi
:
10.
7771
/
1541
-
50
15.
1686.
[
9
]
A
.
K
a
r
i
m
n
i
a
,
“
U
n
de
r
g
r
a
dua
t
e
t
r
a
n
s
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
r
a
i
n
i
ng
:
i
n
s
e
a
r
c
h
of
a
m
ode
l
,
”
P
r
o
c
e
di
a
-
So
c
i
al
and
B
e
hav
i
or
al
Sc
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
vol
.
70,
pp.
915
–
921,
J
a
n
.
2013
,
doi
:
10.
1016/
j
.
s
bs
pr
o.
2013.
01.
138.
[1
0
]
M
.
B
o
w
e
r
,
“
D
e
s
i
gn
i
ng
f
or
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
us
i
ng
vi
r
t
ua
l
w
o
r
l
ds
,
”
D
e
s
i
gn
of
T
e
c
hnol
ogy
-
E
nha
nc
e
d
L
e
ar
ni
ng
,
pp.
305
–
364,
2017,
doi
:
10.
1108/
978
-
1
-
78714
-
182
-
7
20171012.
[1
1
]
A
.
S
.
A
l
-
A
dw
a
n
,
N
.
A
.
A
l
be
l
bi
s
i
,
O
.
H
uj
r
a
n,
W
.
M
.
A
l
-
R
a
hm
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
l
k
h
a
l
i
f
a
h,
“
D
e
ve
l
opi
ng
a
h
ol
i
s
t
i
c
s
uc
c
e
s
s
m
ode
l
f
o
r
s
us
t
a
i
n
a
bl
e
e
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng:
A
s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
a
l
e
qua
t
i
o
n
m
o
de
l
i
ng
a
ppr
oa
c
h,
”
Sus
t
ai
nabi
l
i
t
y
(
Sw
i
t
z
e
r
l
and)
,
vol
.
13
,
n
o.
16,
p.
9453,
A
u
g.
2021,
doi
:
10.
3390/
s
u131694
53.
[1
2
]
J
.
A
.
N
.
A
n
s
a
r
i
a
n
d
N
.
A
.
K
h
a
n
,
“
E
x
pl
o
r
i
ng
t
h
e
r
ol
e
of
s
oc
i
a
l
m
e
di
a
i
n
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
ve
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
t
h
e
n
e
w
do
m
a
i
n
of
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng,
”
Sm
ar
t
L
e
ar
ni
ng
E
nv
i
r
onm
e
nt
s
,
vol
.
7,
n
o.
1,
p.
9,
D
e
c
.
2020,
doi
:
10.
1186/
s
40561
-
020
-
00118
-
7.
[1
3
]
H
.
M
e
i
j
e
r
,
R
.
H
oe
ks
t
r
a
,
J
.
B
r
ou
w
e
r
,
a
n
d
J
.
W
.
S
t
r
i
j
bos
,
“
U
n
f
o
l
di
ng
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
ve
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y:
a
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
on
o
n
c
ur
r
e
n
t
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
m
e
t
h
ods
i
n
h
i
gh
e
r
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
A
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
and
E
v
al
uat
i
on
i
n
H
i
ghe
r
E
du
c
a
t
i
on
,
vol
.
45,
n
o.
8,
pp.
1222
–
1240
,
N
ov.
2020
,
doi
:
10.
1080/
02602938.
2020.
17296
96.
[1
4
]
D
.
W
.
J
ohn
s
o
n
a
n
d
R
.
T
.
J
ohn
s
o
n
,
“
M
a
ki
ng
c
oope
r
a
t
i
ve
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
w
o
r
k,
”
T
he
or
y
i
nt
o
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
,
vo
l
.
38,
n
o.
2,
pp.
67
–
73,
M
a
r
.
1999,
doi
:
10.
1080/
0040
584990954
3834.
[1
5
]
Z
.
D
ör
n
ye
i
a
n
d
C
.
M
ui
r
,
“
C
r
e
a
t
i
ng
a
m
o
t
i
va
t
i
ng
c
l
a
s
s
r
oo
m
e
n
v
i
r
o
nm
e
nt
,
”
Spr
i
nge
r
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
H
andbook
s
of
E
du
c
at
i
on
,
vol
.
P
a
r
t
F
1628
,
pp.
719
–
736,
2019,
doi
:
10.
1007/
978
-
3
-
030
-
02899
-
2_36.
[1
6
]
E
.
N
a
m
a
z
i
a
n
d
os
t
,
V
.
S
h
a
t
a
l
e
bi
,
a
n
d
M
.
N
a
s
r
i
,
“
T
h
e
i
m
pa
c
t
of
c
oope
r
a
t
i
ve
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
o
n
de
ve
l
opi
ng
s
pe
a
ki
ng
a
bi
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
m
ot
i
va
t
i
o
n
t
ow
a
r
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
E
ngl
i
s
h,
”
J
our
nal
of
L
anguage
and
E
duc
at
i
on
,
vol
.
5,
n
o.
3,
pp.
83
–
101,
S
e
p.
2019,
doi
:
10.
17323
/
j
l
e
.
2019.
9809.
[1
7
]
D
.
P
.
G
a
w
r
i
s
c
h,
K
.
A
.
R
.
R
i
c
h
a
r
ds
,
a
n
d
C
.
M
.
K
i
l
l
i
a
n,
“
I
nt
e
gr
a
t
i
ng
t
e
c
hn
ol
o
g
y
i
n
p
h
ys
i
c
a
l
e
duc
a
t
i
on
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
e
duc
a
t
i
on
:
a
s
oc
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
pe
r
s
pe
c
t
i
ve
,
”
Q
ue
s
t
,
vol
.
72,
n
o.
3,
pp.
260
–
277,
J
ul
.
2020,
doi
:
10.
1080/
00336297.
2019.
1685
554.
[1
8]
M
.
E
r
ke
n
s
a
n
d
D
.
B
ode
m
e
r
,
“
I
m
p
r
ovi
ng
c
ol
l
a
bor
a
t
i
ve
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
:
G
u
i
di
ng
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
e
x
c
h
a
ng
e
t
h
r
ou
gh
t
he
pr
ovi
s
i
o
n
o
f
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
bout
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
pa
r
t
n
e
r
s
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
,
”
C
om
put
e
r
s
and
E
duc
at
i
on
,
vol
.
128,
pp.
452
–
472,
J
a
n
.
2019,
doi
:
10.
1016/
j
.
c
om
pe
d
u.
2018.
10.
009.
[
19
]
R
.
M
.
G
i
l
l
i
e
s
,
“
P
r
o
m
ot
i
ng
a
c
a
de
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
pr
od
uc
t
i
ve
s
t
ude
n
t
di
a
l
o
g
ue
du
r
i
ng
c
ol
l
a
bo
r
a
t
i
ve
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
onal
J
our
nal
of
E
du
c
at
i
ona
l
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
vol
.
97,
pp.
200
–
209,
2019
,
doi
:
10.
1016/
j
.
i
j
e
r
.
2017.
07.
014.
[2
0
]
G
.
A
n
de
r
s
o
n
a
nd
N
.
A
r
s
e
n
a
ul
t
,
“
I
nt
r
o
duc
t
i
o
n
t
o
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
e
duc
a
t
i
o
n
:
qua
l
i
t
a
t
i
ve
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
”
F
un
dam
e
nt
al
s
of
E
duc
at
i
ona
l
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
pp.
136
–
153,
2018.
[2
1
]
H
.
N
a
s
s
a
j
i
,
“
G
ood
qua
l
i
t
a
t
i
ve
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
”
L
an
guage
T
e
ac
hi
ng
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
vol
.
24,
n
o.
4,
pp.
427
–
431,
J
ul
.
2020,
doi
:
10.
1177/
1362168820
941288.
[2
2
]
S
.
İ
.
K
ur
u
G
ö
n
e
n,
“
A
qua
l
i
t
a
t
i
ve
s
t
udy
on
a
s
i
t
ua
t
e
d
e
x
pe
r
i
e
n
c
e
of
t
e
c
hnol
o
g
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
:
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
pr
e
-
s
e
r
vi
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
a
n
d
s
t
ude
n
t
s
,
”
C
om
put
e
r
A
s
s
i
s
t
e
d
L
anguage
L
e
ar
ni
ng
,
vol
.
32,
n
o.
3,
pp.
163
–
189,
M
a
r
.
2019,
doi
:
10.
1080/
09588221.
2018.
155297
4.
[2
3
]
D
.
S
t
oc
ke
m
e
r
,
Q
uant
i
t
at
i
v
e
m
e
t
hods
f
o
r
t
he
s
oc
i
al
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
.
C
h
a
m
:
S
pr
i
ng
e
r
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
ubl
i
s
h
i
ng,
2019.
[2
4
]
U
.
L
u
h
a
ng
a
a
n
d
A
.
G
.
H
a
r
ba
u
gh,
B
as
i
c
E
l
e
m
e
nt
s
of
Sur
v
e
y
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
i
n
E
du
c
a
t
i
on:
A
ddr
e
s
s
i
ng
t
he
P
r
obl
e
m
s
Y
our
A
dv
i
s
or
N
e
v
e
r
T
ol
d
Y
ou
A
bou
t
.
2021.
[2
5
]
J
.
W
.
C
r
e
s
w
e
l
l
,
E
d
uc
at
i
onal
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h:
pl
anni
ng,
c
ondu
c
t
i
ng,
and
e
v
al
uat
i
ng
quant
i
t
at
i
v
e
and
qual
i
t
at
i
v
e
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
(
i
nt
e
r
gov
e
r
nm
e
nt
al
pane
l
on
c
l
i
m
at
e
c
han
ge
,
E
d.
)
.
B
os
t
o
n
,
M
A
,
2012.
[2
6
]
M
.
M
a
r
r
a
s
,
L
.
B
or
a
t
t
o,
G
.
R
a
m
os
,
a
n
d
G
.
F
e
n
u
,
“
E
q
ua
l
i
t
y
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
oppor
t
u
n
i
t
y
vi
a
i
n
di
vi
dua
l
f
a
i
r
n
e
s
s
i
n
pe
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
da
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
i
ona
l
J
our
nal
of
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
I
nt
e
l
l
i
ge
n
c
e
i
n
E
du
c
at
i
on
,
vol
.
32,
n
o.
3
,
pp.
636
–
684
,
S
e
p.
2022,
doi
:
10.
1007/
s
40593
-
021
-
00271
-
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
ndone
s
i
a
n J
E
l
e
c
E
n
g
&
C
om
p S
c
i
I
S
S
N
:
2502
-
4752
I
nt
e
r
ac
t
i
v
e
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a e
-
c
ol
l
ab
or
at
i
on f
or
i
nnov
at
i
v
e
l
i
ngui
s
t
i
c
s
e
d
uc
at
i
o
n
(
Sy
ar
i
f
a R
a
f
i
qa
)
1157
[2
7
]
H
.
W
a
ng
a
n
d
J
.
D
.
L
e
hm
a
n
,
“
U
s
i
ng
a
c
hi
e
ve
m
e
n
t
g
oa
l
-
ba
s
e
d
pe
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
m
ot
i
va
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
e
e
dba
c
k
t
o
e
nh
a
n
c
e
o
n
l
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng
,
”
E
du
c
at
i
ona
l
T
e
c
hn
ol
ogy
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
and
D
e
v
e
l
opm
e
nt
,
vol
.
69,
n
o.
2,
pp.
553
–
581,
A
pr
.
2021,
doi
:
10.
1007/
s
11423
-
021
-
09940
-
3.
[2
8
]
S
.
S
i
ya
l
,
C
.
X
i
n,
W
.
A
.
U
m
r
a
n
i
,
S
.
F
a
t
i
m
a
,
a
n
d
D
.
P
a
l
,
“
H
o
w
do
l
e
a
de
r
s
i
n
f
l
ue
n
c
e
i
nn
ova
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
r
e
a
t
i
vi
t
y
i
n
e
m
pl
oye
e
s
?
t
h
e
m
e
di
a
t
i
ng
r
ol
e
o
f
i
n
t
r
i
n
s
i
c
m
ot
i
va
t
i
o
n
,
”
A
dm
i
n
i
s
t
r
at
i
on
and
So
c
i
e
t
y
,
vo
l
.
53,
n
o.
9,
pp.
1337
–
1361
,
O
c
t
.
2021,
doi
:
10.
1177/
0095399721
997427.
[
29
]
M
.
H
e
o
a
n
d
N
.
T
oom
e
y,
“
L
e
a
r
n
i
ng
w
i
t
h
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
:
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
of
g
e
n
de
r
,
t
ype
of
m
ul
t
i
m
e
di
a
l
e
a
r
n
i
ng
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
s
pa
t
i
a
l
a
bi
l
i
t
y,
”
C
om
put
e
r
s
and
E
duc
a
t
i
on
,
vol
.
146,
p.
103747,
M
a
r
.
2020,
doi
:
10.
1016/
j
.
c
o
m
pe
du.
2019.
1037
47.
B
I
O
G
R
A
P
H
I
E
S
O
F
A
U
T
H
O
R
S
Dr
.
S
y
a
r
if
a
Ra
f
iq
a
,
S
.
P
d
.
,
M
.
P
d
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
l
e
c
tu
r
e
r
i
n
th
e
E
n
g
li
s
h
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
De
p
a
r
tm
e
n
t
a
t
th
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
ty
o
f
B
o
r
n
e
o
T
a
r
a
k
a
n
s
i
n
c
e
2
0
1
0
,
a
n
d
wa
s
,
u
n
ti
l
r
e
c
e
n
tl
y
,
th
e
h
e
a
d
o
f
th
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
c
e
n
ter
a
t
th
e
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
ty
o
f
B
o
r
n
e
o
T
a
r
a
k
a
n
.
S
h
e
wa
s
b
o
r
n
o
n
Oc
to
b
e
r
1
5
,
1
9
8
7
,
i
n
T
a
r
a
k
a
n
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
ted
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
p
a
p
e
r
s
i
n
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
i
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
s
e
m
i
n
a
r
s
/co
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
a
l
s
o
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
a
p
e
r
s
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
i
n
S
c
o
p
u
s
I
n
d
e
x
e
d
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
c
h
a
p
ter
s
i
n
b
o
o
k
s
,
a
n
d
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
b
o
o
k
s
wi
th
I
S
B
N.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
h
ig
h
i
n
ter
e
s
t
i
n
th
e
s
tu
d
i
e
s
o
f
E
n
g
li
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
a
p
p
li
e
d
li
n
g
u
i
s
ti
c
s
,
a
n
d
I
C
T
i
n
E
n
g
li
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
tea
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
r
a
f
i
q
a
@b
o
r
n
e
o
.
a
c
.
i
d
Dr
.
N
o
f
v
ia
De
Ve
g
a
,
S
.
P
d
.
,
M
.
P
d
l
e
c
tu
r
e
d
E
n
g
li
s
h
a
t
U
n
iv
e
r
s
i
tas
B
o
r
n
e
o
T
a
r
a
k
a
n
.
S
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
h
e
r
c
a
r
e
e
r
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
ll
y
b
y
a
u
th
o
r
i
n
g
b
o
o
k
s
,
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
,
s
e
m
i
n
a
r
s
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
.
He
r
s
tu
d
y
i
s
m
o
s
tl
y
a
b
o
u
t
h
o
w
to
tea
c
h
E
n
g
li
s
h
a
n
d
h
o
w
to
u
s
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
i
n
th
e
c
l
a
s
s
r
o
o
m
.
He
r
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
a
r
e
a
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
ti
s
e
i
n
th
e
c
l
a
s
s
r
o
o
m
i
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
m
e
d
i
a
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
o
f
v
i
a
d
e
v
e
g
a
@b
o
r
n
e
o
.
a
c
.
i
d
Dr
.
Ar
if
in
,
S
.
P
d
.
,
M
.
P
d
s
e
r
v
e
s
a
s
a
n
E
n
g
li
s
h
l
e
c
tu
r
e
r
a
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
tas
B
o
r
n
e
o
T
a
r
a
k
a
n
.
He
i
s
d
e
d
i
c
a
ted
to
f
u
r
th
e
r
i
n
g
h
i
s
c
a
r
e
e
r
b
y
a
u
th
o
r
i
n
g
p
a
p
e
r
s
a
n
d
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
e
n
g
a
g
i
n
g
i
n
s
e
m
i
n
a
r
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
.
H
i
s
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
o
n
th
e
c
r
e
a
ti
o
n
o
f
i
n
s
tr
u
c
ti
o
n
a
l
m
a
ter
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
,
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
ll
y
wi
th
i
n
th
e
f
i
e
l
d
o
f
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
te
ll
i
g
e
n
c
e
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
h
e
h
a
s
a
u
th
o
r
e
d
m
u
l
ti
p
l
e
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ter
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
n
tr
a
ted
o
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
f
a
m
il
y
li
ter
a
c
y
a
n
d
l
i
te
r
a
c
y
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
m
u
l
ti
c
u
l
tu
r
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
i
l:
a
r
i
f
i
n
.
u
b
t@b
o
r
n
e
o
.
a
c
.
i
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.