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1.
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ig
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atio
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ev
a
s
tatio
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o
f
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s
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ciety
'
s
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
So
cial,
p
o
liti
ca
l,
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
u
f
f
er
e
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
am
ag
e
.
C
o
n
f
lict,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
civ
il
w
ar
,
h
as
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
n
e
g
ativ
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
m
ilit
ar
y
o
p
er
ati
o
n
s
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
h
az
a
r
d
o
u
s
p
o
llu
ta
n
ts
in
to
th
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air
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ca
u
s
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g
r
esp
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y
is
s
u
es
in
b
o
th
c
o
m
b
atan
ts
an
d
civ
ilian
s
.
C
o
n
t
am
in
atio
n
o
f
wate
r
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
elev
ated
p
u
b
lic
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8
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I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
8
1
5
-
5
8
2
6
5816
h
ea
lth
h
az
ar
d
s
m
ay
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
in
f
r
astru
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r
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am
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e,
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wate
r
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ea
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en
t
f
a
cilities
an
d
wast
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
tim
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d
ca
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lead
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estatio
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lan
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d
eg
r
ad
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,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
ec
o
s
y
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tem
lo
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s
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d
s
o
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o
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io
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.
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al
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r
b
o
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s
in
k
s
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cr
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r
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o
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s
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as
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ca
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ac
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t
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wild
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in
g
[
3
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,
[
4
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.
T
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r
e,
it
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m
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at
o
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y
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n
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p
r
o
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u
r
in
g
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m
ed
co
n
f
li
cts.
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h
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
italizatio
n
,
m
o
d
er
n
o
p
tim
izatio
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d
ar
tific
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l
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tellig
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u
r
in
g
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m
ed
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o
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lict
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th
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ten
tial
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h
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ce
m
ilit
a
r
y
o
p
er
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s
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
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R
ec
en
t
m
ilit
ar
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co
n
f
licts
b
etwe
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m
e
n
ts
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d
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e
s
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wn
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f
u
tu
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e
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f
war
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ar
e
[
5
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.
Mo
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e,
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
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b
ein
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u
s
ed
to
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ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
e
h
u
g
e
am
o
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n
ts
o
f
d
ata
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te
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y
im
p
r
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ts
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h
icles
(
UAVs)
,
s
p
ac
e,
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
d
ata
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th
en
co
m
b
in
e
d
in
r
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tim
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with
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licly
av
ailab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
"
T
h
is
cr
ea
tes
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
er
e
th
e
m
ilit
ar
y
is
co
n
s
tan
tly
watc
h
in
g
.
Sig
n
if
ican
tly
,
t
h
is
co
u
ld
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
civ
ilian
f
atalities
an
d
co
llater
al
d
am
ag
e,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
h
u
m
an
itar
ia
n
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
th
ese
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
e
n
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
'
leg
al
an
d
eth
ical
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
civ
ilian
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
b
ein
g
ass
ess
ed
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
ess
co
u
ld
p
o
ten
tiall
y
lead
to
s
h
o
r
ter
war
s
an
d
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
o
f
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
co
m
b
at,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
o
p
tim
is
m
ab
o
u
t
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
m
ilit
ar
y
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
.
B
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
eir
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
m
ilit
ar
y
o
p
er
atio
n
s
m
ay
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
cy
b
er
ass
au
lts
,
d
ata
b
r
ea
ch
es,
an
d
d
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
ese
attac
k
s
ca
n
in
ten
s
if
y
co
n
f
licts
an
d
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
u
n
in
ten
d
ed
in
cid
en
ts
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ca
u
tio
n
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
io
n
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
d
i
g
ital
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
elec
tr
o
n
ic
waste,
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
ep
let
io
n
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
h
ar
m
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
8
]
.
T
o
p
r
ev
en
t
a
r
m
ed
co
n
f
licts
in
v
o
lv
in
g
d
ig
italizatio
n
,
m
o
d
er
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
an
d
ar
tific
ia
l
in
tellig
en
ce
f
r
o
m
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ately
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
ca
r
ef
u
lly
weig
h
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies ag
ain
s
t th
eir
p
o
te
n
tial r
is
k
s
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
,
g
u
id
in
g
o
u
r
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Ar
m
ed
f
o
r
ce
s
n
o
w
h
a
v
e
a
cc
ess
to
b
etter
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
th
an
k
s
t
o
d
ig
italizatio
n
an
d
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
[
9
]
,
wh
ic
h
h
av
e
c
h
an
g
e
d
h
o
w
war
s
ar
e
f
o
u
g
h
t.
T
h
ese
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
in
c
lu
d
e
cy
b
er
wa
r
f
ar
e
to
o
ls
,
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
d
r
o
n
es,
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
W
h
en
m
ak
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
p
r
ec
is
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ey
also
b
r
in
g
f
o
r
t
h
n
ew
eth
ical
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
d
an
g
er
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
u
n
in
ten
tio
n
al
in
ju
r
y
a
n
d
a
lack
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
with
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
wea
p
o
n
s
an
d
c
y
b
er
attac
k
s
m
ay
in
ter
r
u
p
t
v
ital
s
er
v
ices
b
y
tar
g
etin
g
civ
ilian
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
a
n
g
er
s
an
d
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
civ
ilian
s
in
war
zo
n
es,
leg
i
s
latio
n
an
d
eth
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
co
m
p
licated
a
n
d
e
v
er
-
ch
a
n
g
in
g
r
o
le
o
f
d
ig
italiza
tio
n
an
d
AI
in
ar
m
e
d
co
n
f
licts
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
R
ec
en
t r
esear
ch
r
ev
ea
ls
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
n
eu
r
al
n
et
wo
r
k
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
cy
b
er
war
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
So
m
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
d
y
n
am
ic
f
o
r
eig
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
(
FX)
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
ar
k
et
f
o
r
ec
asts
,
in
tellig
en
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
I
T
S),
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
an
d
e
v
alu
atio
n
,
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
p
r
ed
ictio
n
[
1
5
]
a
n
d
s
ep
ar
atin
g
in
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
twee
ts
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
co
n
tain
in
g
r
u
m
o
r
s
o
r
u
n
d
etailed
u
s
eless
d
ata.
T
h
is
en
h
an
ce
r
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
o
l
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
b
en
e
f
its
to
th
e
m
il
itar
y
[
1
6
]
.
Hu
m
a
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
co
m
b
at
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
eh
icles,
h
elico
p
ter
s
,
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
in
tellig
en
ce
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
ar
till
er
y
,
m
is
s
iles
,
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
r
e
ju
s
t
a
f
ew
ex
am
p
les
o
f
th
e
m
an
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
wh
en
m
a
k
in
g
m
ilit
ar
y
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
AI
s
tan
d
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
ter
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
th
at
ca
n
lear
n
,
r
ea
s
o
n
,
s
o
l
v
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
an
d
p
er
ce
i
v
e
an
d
in
ter
p
r
et
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
th
e
s
am
e
way
as
h
u
m
an
s
ca
n
[
1
9
]
.
C
r
ea
tin
g
m
o
d
els
an
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
o
co
m
p
u
ter
s
ca
n
ex
ec
u
te
ac
tiv
ities
ty
p
ically
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
h
u
m
an
i
n
tellect
is
wh
at
it
is
all
ab
o
u
t.
Sp
ee
ch
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
in
d
r
iv
e
r
less
ca
r
s
is
o
n
ly
o
n
e
ex
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
m
an
y
AI
u
s
es
[
2
0
]
.
AI
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
ter
ch
a
n
g
ea
b
ly
with
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
o
r
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
ev
en
AI
p
atter
n
s
in
c
lu
d
e
s
y
s
tem
s
d
r
iv
en
b
y
g
o
als,
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
,
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
th
at
m
im
ic
h
u
m
an
co
n
tact,
an
aly
tics
th
at
ca
n
f
o
r
ec
ast
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
h
y
p
er
-
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
t
h
at
ca
n
ass
is
t
with
m
ak
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[
2
2
]
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
Af
ter
war
d
,
AI
is
ap
p
lied
to
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
itu
atio
n
u
s
in
g
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
f
th
ese
s
ev
en
p
atter
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
Sev
en
AI
p
atter
n
s
in
clu
d
e:
p
atter
n
an
d
an
o
m
alies r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
wh
ich
id
en
tifie
s
p
atter
n
s
in
im
ag
es a
n
d
s
p
ee
ch
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le
o
b
ject
d
etec
tio
n
in
m
ilit
ar
y
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
[
2
4
]
;
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
atio
n
al
an
d
h
u
m
an
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
d
ialo
g
u
e
b
etwe
en
h
u
m
an
s
an
d
m
ac
h
in
es in
clu
d
i
n
g
ch
atb
o
ts
f
o
r
m
ilit
ar
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
25
]
;
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
an
al
y
tics
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
f
o
r
ec
asts
o
u
tco
m
es
b
ased
o
n
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata
in
v
o
lv
in
g
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
f
o
r
m
ilit
ar
y
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
[
26
]
;
g
o
al
-
d
r
iv
en
s
y
s
tem
s
,
t
h
at
o
p
tim
ize
ac
tio
n
s
t
o
ac
h
iev
e
o
b
jectiv
es
lik
e
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
d
r
o
n
es
[
2
7
]
;
h
ype
r
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
,
w
h
ich
cu
s
to
m
izes
s
er
v
ices
b
ased
o
n
u
s
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
u
ch
as
ad
v
er
s
ar
ial
n
etwo
r
k
s
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
s
o
ld
ier
tr
ain
in
g
[
2
8
]
;
d
ec
is
io
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
AI
-
ass
is
ted
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
in
m
ilit
ar
y
o
p
er
atio
n
s
[
2
9
]
;
an
d
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
s
elf
-
d
r
iv
in
g
m
ilit
ar
y
v
eh
icles
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
ese
s
ev
en
AI
p
atter
n
s
h
av
e
r
ec
en
tly
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
m
ilit
ar
y
o
p
er
atio
n
s
with
th
eir
n
o
v
el
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
u
s
e
f
o
r
task
s
lik
e
o
b
ject
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
d
ec
is
io
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
al
e
n
g
ag
em
en
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
B
ib
lio
metric a
n
a
lysi
s
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
imp
a
cts o
f d
i
g
ita
liz
a
tio
n
,
a
r
tifi
cia
l in
tellig
en
ce
,
a
n
d
…
(
Heg
a
z
y
R
ezk
)
5817
AI
p
a
tte
r
n
s
H
y
p
e
r
-
p
e
rso
n
al
i
z
at
i
o
n
R
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
an
d
h
u
m
an
i
n
t
e
ra
c
t
i
o
n
s
P
re
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
an
d
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
G
o
al
d
ri
v
i
n
g
sy
st
e
m
s
A
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
sy
st
e
m
s
P
at
t
e
r
n
s
an
d
an
o
m
a
l
i
e
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
AI
m
ain
p
atter
n
s
I
n
tellig
en
t
m
ilit
ar
y
s
y
s
tem
s
c
an
h
an
d
le
v
ast
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
a
ta
b
etter
th
an
tr
ad
itio
n
al
o
n
es
[
2
2
]
.
AI
'
s
n
atu
r
al
ca
lcu
latin
g
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
k
ills
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
m
b
at
s
y
s
tem
s
'
s
elf
-
co
n
tr
o
l,
s
elf
-
r
e
g
u
latio
n
,
an
d
s
elf
-
ac
tu
atio
n
.
Nea
r
ly
ev
er
y
m
ilit
ar
y
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
es
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
an
d
ex
p
an
d
in
g
m
ilit
ar
y
b
ac
k
in
g
f
o
r
n
o
v
el
a
n
d
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
AI
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
will
r
aise
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
tar
g
et
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
s
u
r
v
eillan
ce
,
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
lo
g
is
tics
,
r
o
b
o
tics
an
d
d
r
o
n
e
n
av
ig
atio
n
,
an
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
g
o
als
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
a
clea
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
d
ig
italizatio
n
an
d
AI
af
f
ec
t
th
e
h
u
m
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
d
u
r
in
g
ar
m
ed
co
n
f
licts
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
ir
r
o
le
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
an
d
h
u
m
an
itar
ia
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
wh
ile
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
k
ey
tr
en
d
s
,
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
n
f
lict
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
is
co
v
er
th
e
o
p
tim
a
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
c
o
m
p
licated
is
s
u
es
in
m
a
n
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
ield
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
f
in
an
ce
,
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
i
n
g
,
an
d
m
an
y
m
o
r
e
,
m
o
d
er
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
u
s
es
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
to
o
ls
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
Op
tim
izatio
n
aim
s
to
m
ax
im
ize
o
r
m
in
i
m
ize
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
b
y
m
eth
o
d
ically
ch
o
o
s
in
g
t
h
e
id
ea
l
in
p
u
t
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
f
in
d
th
e
b
est
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
wh
ile
s
till
m
ee
tin
g
all
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
.
C
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
em
p
lo
y
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
els,
co
m
p
u
ter
to
o
ls
,
an
d
co
m
p
licated
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
s
o
lv
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
is
s
u
es
i
n
s
tead
o
f
m
o
r
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es ty
p
ically
co
n
s
is
t o
f
:
a.
Me
tah
eu
r
is
tic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
: th
ese
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
to
r
eso
l
v
e
co
m
p
licated
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
s
u
es
th
at
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
e
n
in
ca
p
ab
l
e
o
f
ad
eq
u
ately
m
an
ag
in
g
.
T
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
c
an
b
e
class
if
ied
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
s
tr
ateg
ies an
d
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
ci
p
les as:
˗
P
o
p
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
v
s
.
s
in
g
le
-
s
o
lu
tio
n
:
i
n
ea
c
h
iter
atio
n
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
eith
er
wo
r
k
o
n
o
n
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
r
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Ge
n
etic
tech
n
iq
u
es
(
GA)
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
PS
O)
ar
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
es,
wh
er
ea
s
s
im
u
lated
an
n
ea
lin
g
(
SA)
is
s
in
g
le
-
s
o
lu
tio
n
-
b
ased
.
˗
Natu
r
e
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
v
s
.
n
o
n
-
n
atu
r
e
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
:
Natu
r
al
co
n
ce
p
ts
s
u
ch
as
Dar
win
ian
th
e
o
r
y
,
p
ar
t
icle
s
war
m
s
,
an
d
a
n
t
a
n
d
b
ee
b
eh
a
v
io
r
m
a
y
in
s
p
ir
e
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
i
th
m
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
m
at
h
em
atica
l
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies lik
e
s
im
u
lated
an
n
ea
lin
g
o
r
T
a
b
u
s
ea
r
ch
a
r
e
n
o
t n
at
u
r
e
in
s
p
ir
e
d
.
˗
L
o
ca
l
s
ea
r
ch
v
s
.
Glo
b
al
s
ea
r
ch
:
Me
tah
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
m
ay
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
g
lo
b
ally
o
r
r
ef
in
e
r
esu
lts
lo
ca
lly
.
I
ter
ativ
e
lo
ca
l
s
ea
r
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
lo
ca
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
h
ill
clim
b
in
g
o
r
s
im
u
lated
an
n
ea
lin
g
.
Gen
etic
an
d
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es
ar
e
g
l
o
b
al
s
ea
r
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
ex
p
lo
r
e
a
lar
g
er
s
ea
r
c
h
ar
ea
.
b.
C
o
n
v
e
x
o
p
ti
m
iz
ati
o
n
[
3
7
]
:
c
o
n
v
e
x
o
p
tim
iz
ati
o
n
is
a
b
r
a
n
c
h
o
f
m
at
h
e
m
at
ica
l
o
p
t
im
i
za
ti
o
n
t
h
at
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
a
tes
o
n
m
i
n
im
izi
n
g
c
o
n
v
e
x
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
s
o
v
e
r
co
n
v
e
x
s
ets
.
Un
iq
u
e
g
lo
b
al
m
i
n
im
a
f
a
cil
ita
te
th
e
ef
f
i
cie
n
t
a
n
d
w
ell
-
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
d
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
x
o
p
t
im
i
za
ti
o
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
F
u
n
d
am
e
n
t
al
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
li
k
e
g
r
a
d
i
en
t
d
es
ce
n
t
a
n
d
in
t
er
io
r
-
p
o
i
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
tly
r
eso
lv
e
co
n
v
e
x
o
p
ti
m
i
za
t
io
n
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
.
I
n
g
e
n
e
r
a
l,
c
o
n
v
ex
o
p
ti
m
i
za
t
io
n
is
ess
e
n
ti
al
f
o
r
c
r
ea
ti
n
g
s
ca
la
b
l
e
an
d
e
f
f
ici
en
t s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
t
o
a
d
i
v
er
s
e
ar
r
a
y
o
f
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
is
s
u
es.
c.
Sto
ch
asti
c
o
p
ti
m
iz
ati
o
n
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
:
t
h
ese
o
p
tim
iz
ati
o
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
c
h
o
o
s
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
le
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
t
o
ite
r
at
iv
el
y
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
ese
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
s
tr
y
t
o
d
is
c
o
v
e
r
a
s
atis
f
a
ct
o
r
y
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
i
n
a
r
e
aso
n
a
b
l
e
ti
m
e
,
p
ar
tic
u
l
ar
ly
wh
e
n
t
h
e
is
s
u
e
is
co
m
p
li
ca
t
e
d
o
r
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
e
is
u
n
ce
r
ta
in
t
y
o
r
n
o
is
e
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
St
o
ch
asti
c
g
r
a
d
i
en
t
d
e
s
ce
n
t
(
SG
D)
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
u
s
e
d
s
to
c
h
asti
c
o
p
ti
m
i
za
t
io
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
[
4
0
]
.
I
t
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
g
r
ad
ien
t
o
f
th
e
lo
s
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
an
ar
b
itra
r
ily
s
elec
ted
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
d
ata
p
o
in
t.
T
h
is
r
an
d
o
m
n
ess
en
ab
les
it
to
co
n
v
er
g
e
r
ap
id
l
y
an
d
cir
cu
m
v
e
n
t
lo
ca
l
m
in
im
a,
r
en
d
er
in
g
it
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
lar
g
e
d
atasets
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
SGD
m
ay
n
ec
es
s
itate
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
b
e
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
to
h
y
p
er
p
a
r
am
e
ter
s
an
d
r
an
d
o
m
n
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
8
1
5
-
5
8
2
6
5818
Mo
d
er
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
m
ath
em
atic
s
,
v
ast
co
m
p
u
ter
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
a
n
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
s
o
lv
e
co
m
p
licated
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
m
an
y
b
u
s
in
ess
es,
th
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
im
p
lify
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
b
o
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
cr
ea
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
m
ain
s
tep
s
to
s
o
lv
e
a
p
r
o
b
lem
u
s
in
g
m
o
d
er
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
ill
u
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
a
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ef
e
n
s
e
f
o
r
ce
is
a
c
o
m
p
lex
an
d
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
is
s
u
e,
wh
er
e
th
e
d
ef
en
s
e
s
ec
to
r
h
as
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ch
allen
g
es
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
o
th
e
r
ap
p
licatio
n
a
r
ea
s
[
4
1
]
.
M
o
d
er
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
m
ilit
ar
y
s
ec
to
r
to
en
h
a
n
ce
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
t
h
ey
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
UAV
[
4
2
]
,
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
co
m
p
lex
m
ilit
ar
y
f
leet
m
ix
a
n
d
u
p
g
r
ad
e
p
r
o
b
lem
[
4
3
]
,
c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
[
4
4
]
,
an
d
s
o
m
an
y
o
th
e
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
g
o
a
ls
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
m
o
d
er
n
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
im
p
ac
ts
t
h
e
h
u
m
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
d
u
r
in
g
ar
m
ed
co
n
f
licts
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
,
lo
g
is
tics
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
to
ad
v
an
ce
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
,
h
u
m
a
n
itar
ian
aid
d
eli
v
er
y
,
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
c
o
n
f
lict m
an
a
g
em
en
t
.
I
n
s
u
m
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
b
lem
ca
n
b
e
d
ef
in
e
d
as
th
e
lack
o
f
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
d
ig
italizatio
n
an
d
AI
im
p
ac
t
t
h
e
h
u
m
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
d
u
r
in
g
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ar
m
e
d
co
n
f
licts
,
wh
ich
h
in
d
er
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
to
m
in
im
ize
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
ts
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
h
u
m
an
itar
ian
ef
f
o
r
ts
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
is
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
d
ig
italizatio
n
an
d
AI
ca
n
alter
war
f
a
r
e
an
d
h
o
w
th
ey
m
ay
h
ar
m
civ
ilian
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
an
d
th
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
in
c
o
n
f
lict
zo
n
es
m
ak
es
r
esear
ch
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
ig
italizatio
n
an
d
AI
o
n
th
e
h
u
m
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
d
u
r
in
g
ar
m
ed
co
n
f
licts
im
p
o
r
tan
t.
R
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
d
is
co
v
e
r
p
o
ten
tial
r
is
k
s
an
d
d
if
f
icu
lties
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
co
n
f
licts
.
Po
ten
tial
r
i
s
k
s
an
d
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
v
o
lv
e
et
h
ical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
m
is
u
s
e,
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
is
s
u
es,
an
d
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ex
ac
er
b
atin
g
co
n
f
licts
.
B
esid
es,
way
s
to
m
itig
ate
th
eir
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
civ
ilian
s
an
d
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
b
y
lo
o
k
in
g
in
t
o
an
d
an
aly
zin
g
th
ese
im
p
ac
ts
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
to
less
en
h
ar
m
an
d
p
r
o
tect
h
u
m
an
r
ig
h
ts
d
u
r
in
g
tim
es
o
f
war
b
y
ass
is
tin
g
in
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
laws
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
m
o
r
al
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
a
p
p
licat
io
n
o
f
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
d
ig
italizatio
n
in
c
o
m
b
at
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
e
r
is
o
r
g
a
n
ized
as
:
Sectio
n
2
p
r
esen
ts
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
g
iv
es
an
ex
p
lan
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
ca
r
ied
o
u
t
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
Sectio
n
3
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
it
in
clu
d
in
g
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
o
v
er
v
iew,
R
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
an
d
h
o
ts
p
o
ts
an
d
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
n
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
a
n
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
P
ro
b
l
e
m
F
o
rm
u
l
at
i
o
n
A
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
S
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
I
t
e
ra
t
i
v
e
P
ro
c
e
ss
C
o
n
v
e
rg
e
n
c
e
C
h
e
c
k
i
n
g
O
p
t
i
m
al
S
o
l
ut
i
o
n
I
d
e
n
t
i
fi
c
at
i
o
n
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
D
e
pl
o
y
m
e
n
t
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ma
in
s
tep
s
o
f
a
m
o
d
er
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
co
n
d
u
cted
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
d
iv
i
d
ed
in
to
two
m
ai
n
s
tag
es:
d
at
a
co
llectio
n
an
d
d
ata
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase
was
ch
o
s
en
d
u
e
to
s
ev
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
d
ata
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
ea
s
e
o
f
e
x
p
o
r
t
,
an
d
wid
e
d
ata
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
er
y
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
:
(
Dig
ita
liz
a
tio
n
OR
"A
r
tifi
cia
l
in
tellig
en
ce
"
OR
C
yb
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A
N
D
(
"A
r
med
co
n
flict*
"
OR
"A
r
med
a
tta
ck
*
"
OR
"A
r
med
fo
r
ce
*
")
.
A
d
etailed
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
llo
we
d
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
p
r
esen
t
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
th
is
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
er
y
,
t
h
e
“*
”
was
m
ain
ly
u
s
ed
to
in
clu
d
e
th
e
p
lu
r
al
o
f
th
ese
wo
r
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ar
m
ed
c
o
n
f
licts
,
ar
m
ed
attac
k
s
,
an
d
a
r
m
ed
f
o
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
tim
esp
an
was
k
ep
t
as
d
e
f
au
lt,
wh
ich
r
esu
lted
i
n
g
e
n
er
atin
g
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
f
r
o
m
1
9
9
3
to
2
0
2
4
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
ata
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
th
r
ee
to
o
ls
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
First,
th
e
an
n
u
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
li
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
r
elate
d
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
s
wer
e
d
ir
ec
tly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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n
t J E
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&
C
o
m
p
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lio
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lysi
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to
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ig
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t th
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f d
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tio
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,
a
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(
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a
z
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5819
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aly
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h
e
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atic
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s
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wer
e
cr
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s
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g
th
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VOSv
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e,
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g
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o
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tio
n
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et
wee
n
th
e
m
o
s
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o
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alize
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d
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u
s
in
g
b
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in
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B
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
is
a
web
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ter
f
ac
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
ib
li
o
m
etr
ix
R
p
ac
k
a
g
e.
b
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
e
n
ab
les
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
in
d
icato
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
ex
p
o
r
ted
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
was
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
o
r
ted
in
t
o
b
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
.
On
ce
im
p
o
r
ted
,
v
ar
io
u
s
m
etr
ics
co
u
ld
b
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
b
y
s
elec
tin
g
th
em
f
r
o
m
th
e
av
ai
lab
le
o
p
tio
n
s
in
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
an
d
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
p
r
e
f
er
en
c
es
an
d
p
ar
am
eter
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
clu
d
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
wo
r
d
clo
u
d
,
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
v
er
tim
e,
co
u
n
tr
ies
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
n
u
al
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
co
u
n
tr
ies,
an
d
c
o
u
n
tr
ies co
llab
o
r
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
al
y
s
is
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
B
ibl
io
m
et
ric
o
v
er
v
iew
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
s
p
an
s
f
r
o
m
1
9
9
3
to
2
0
2
4
,
c
ap
tu
r
in
g
5
4
4
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
with
an
an
n
u
al
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
o
f
1
2
.
7
3
%.
T
a
b
le
1
s
h
o
ws
all
d
etails
r
elate
d
to
th
e
m
ain
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
b
ib
lio
m
etr
i
c
an
aly
s
is
,
wh
ich
was
g
en
er
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
.
T
h
e
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
ar
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
2
0
8
ar
ticles,
1
7
1
c
o
n
f
e
r
en
ce
p
ap
er
s
,
9
9
b
o
o
k
ch
a
p
ter
s
,
an
d
2
2
b
o
o
k
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
b
r
o
a
d
r
an
g
e
o
f
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
f
o
r
m
ats.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
in
v
o
lv
es
1
0
1
8
au
th
o
r
s
,
with
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4
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co
n
tr
ib
u
t
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g
to
s
in
g
le
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a
u
th
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ip
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ate
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th
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r
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er
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e
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t.
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ter
n
atio
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llab
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atio
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ts
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r
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th
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r
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ip
s
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ich
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o
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n
s
id
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ter
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atio
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lla
b
o
r
atio
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.
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d
itio
n
a
lly
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
in
g
le
-
au
th
o
r
e
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
is
2
9
8
,
wh
ich
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
5
4
.
8
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ten
d
en
cy
to
war
d
s
in
g
le
-
au
th
o
r
ed
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
lim
ited
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
in
h
er
e
n
t
in
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
d
ig
italizatio
n
,
ar
tific
ial
in
t
ellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
,
an
d
cy
b
er
war
f
ar
e
in
ar
m
ed
co
n
f
licts
.
T
h
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
ese
to
p
ics
o
f
ten
n
ec
ess
itate
s
r
estricte
d
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
r
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ltin
g
in
m
o
r
e
is
o
lated
ac
ad
em
ic
e
f
f
o
r
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
g
e
n
e
r
ated
b
y
Sco
p
u
s
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
el
ated
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
was
So
cial
Scien
ce
s
,
with
2
8
9
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
(
3
2
%),
r
ef
lectin
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
s
o
cieta
l,
p
o
liti
ca
l,
a
n
d
eth
ical
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
co
n
f
l
ict
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
(
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
.
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scien
ce
,
with
2
2
6
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
(
2
5
%),
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
tech
n
ical
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
asp
ec
ts
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
d
ig
ital
an
d
AI
to
o
ls
in
s
u
ch
co
n
te
x
ts
.
T
h
e
th
i
r
d
r
an
k
ed
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
was E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
1
3
0
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
(
1
4
%),
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
its
r
o
le
in
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
g
a
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
t
h
e
t
o
p
t
h
r
e
e
r
a
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k
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d
a
r
e
a
s
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n
d
t
h
e
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e
m
a
i
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b
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e
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ts
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ch
t
h
at
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s
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b
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wer
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at
h
e
m
at
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e
cisi
o
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ci
e
n
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d
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r
ts
a
n
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h
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m
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it
ies
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o
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
8
1
5
-
5
8
2
6
5820
T
ab
le
1
.
Ma
in
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
a
n
aly
s
is
P
a
r
met
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
P
a
r
met
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
Ti
mes
p
a
n
1
9
9
3
:
2
0
2
4
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
t
e
r
1
S
o
u
r
c
e
s (
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
s
)
3
3
6
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
1
D
o
c
u
me
n
t
s
5
4
4
B
o
o
k
22
A
n
n
u
a
l
g
r
o
w
t
h
r
a
t
e
%
1
2
.
7
3
B
o
o
k
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
1
D
o
c
u
me
n
t
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
a
g
e
5
.
6
8
B
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
t
e
r
99
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
c
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
p
e
r
d
o
c
6
.
4
2
5
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
r
1
7
1
K
e
y
w
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r
d
s
p
l
u
s (I
D
)
1
9
4
6
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
r
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
1
A
u
t
h
o
r
's
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
(
D
E)
1
4
3
7
C
o
n
f
e
r
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n
c
e
p
a
p
e
r
b
o
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k
c
h
a
p
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r
1
A
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h
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s
1
0
1
8
C
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f
e
r
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n
c
e
r
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v
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w
8
A
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s
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d
d
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s
2
4
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Ed
i
t
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l
2
S
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l
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d
d
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s
2
9
8
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r
a
t
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m
2
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a
u
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h
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r
s
p
e
r
d
oc
2
.
0
9
Le
t
t
e
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I
n
t
e
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n
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t
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R
e
v
i
e
w
24
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
elate
d
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
s
3
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h t
re
nd
s
a
n
d ho
t
s
po
t
s
Fro
m
a
m
o
d
est
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
with
s
p
o
r
ad
ic
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
1
9
9
0
s
an
d
ea
r
ly
2
0
0
0
s
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
b
eg
an
to
r
is
e
n
o
tic
ea
b
ly
ar
o
u
n
d
2
0
1
1
.
As
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
:
a
n
n
u
al
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
5
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
ju
m
p
s
th
a
t
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
with
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
s
h
ar
p
g
r
o
wth
in
2
0
2
0
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
7
1
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
lik
ely
r
ef
lects
th
e
r
ap
id
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ic
al
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
an
d
th
e
i
n
cr
e
asin
g
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
an
d
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
m
ilit
ar
y
c
o
n
tex
t
s
.
A
d
r
o
p
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
was
th
en
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
2
0
2
1
an
d
2
0
2
2
,
w
h
ich
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u
ld
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e
attr
ib
u
te
d
to
th
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
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ic
.
Af
ter
th
at,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
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ea
k
w
as
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iev
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in
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0
2
3
,
with
8
9
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u
b
licatio
n
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
c
o
n
tin
u
ed
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
f
ield
,
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
d
r
iv
en
b
y
r
ec
en
t
g
l
o
b
al
ev
e
n
ts
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
an
n
u
al
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
was
n
o
t
h
ig
h
at
1
2
.
7
3
%,
th
er
e
wer
e
s
o
m
e
y
ea
r
s
wh
en
th
e
g
r
o
wth
r
a
te
was
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
T
h
is
is
m
ain
ly
d
u
e
to
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
in
a
f
ew
y
ea
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
2
0
2
1
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
af
ter
2
0
1
1
,
th
e
to
p
t
h
r
ee
ju
m
p
s
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
a
n
n
u
al
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
s
o
f
1
2
5
%,
1
0
9
%,
an
d
8
2
%,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
i
n
2
0
1
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
a
n
d
2
0
2
3
,
r
esp
ec
t
iv
ely
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
al
y
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
AI
an
d
cy
b
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
with
ar
m
ed
c
o
n
f
lict
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
"Ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
"
e
m
er
g
es
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
t
er
m
(
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
6
)
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
l
e
in
m
o
d
er
n
co
n
f
licts
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
is
k
ey
wo
r
d
was
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
th
e
h
ig
h
est
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
wo
r
d
,
with
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
1
1
2
.
C
o
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
tly
,
"c
y
b
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
"
an
d
"n
e
two
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
"
ar
e
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
o
tectin
g
d
ig
ital
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
co
n
f
lict
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
n
o
tab
le
f
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e.
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ep
icted
in
Fig
u
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,
s
h
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win
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eir
f
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5821
T
o
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ter
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atic
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ix
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ate
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:
d
ar
k
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lu
e,
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h
t
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ed
,
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,
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d
y
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T
h
e
co
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esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
p
o
cc
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r
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in
g
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ch
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wer
e
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g
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e
th
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y
,
a
r
m
ed
f
o
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ce
s
,
in
ter
n
atio
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al
h
u
m
a
n
itar
ian
law,
w
ar
,
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d
a
r
m
ed
c
o
n
f
lict,
r
es
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h
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e
d
if
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u
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5
.
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b
licatio
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s
Fig
u
r
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.
W
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clo
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o
f
m
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s
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cc
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r
r
in
g
k
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wo
r
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s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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2
0
8
8
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&
C
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,
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6
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Decem
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r
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5822
Fig
u
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.
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r
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e
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cy
o
f
m
o
s
t o
cc
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r
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g
k
e
y
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s
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Key
w
o
r
d
s
th
em
atic
clu
s
ter
s
3
.
3
.
Co
un
t
ries c
o
ntr
ibu
t
io
n a
nd
co
lla
bo
ra
t
io
n
T
h
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
USA
is
b
y
f
ar
th
e
lead
in
g
co
u
n
t
r
y
in
r
esear
ch
with
in
th
is
f
ield
,
with
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
1
8
1
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
I
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
u
r
p
ass
es
th
at
o
f
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies,
in
d
icatin
g
its
d
o
m
i
n
an
t
p
o
s
itio
n
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
T
h
e
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
f
o
llo
ws
with
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
6
3
,
an
d
Ger
m
a
n
y
is
clo
s
e
b
eh
in
d
with
5
5
,
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u
t
th
ese
n
u
m
b
er
s
ar
e
n
o
tab
ly
lo
wer
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
USA
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t.
Oth
er
co
u
n
tr
i
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
I
n
d
ia,
Au
s
tr
alia,
an
d
C
an
ad
a,
h
a
v
e
e
v
en
s
m
aller
f
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u
en
cies,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
USA's
p
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ee
m
in
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ce
in
t
h
is
ar
ea
o
f
s
tu
d
y
.
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h
e
d
ata
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r
ly
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
USA
'
s
lead
in
g
r
o
le
in
ad
v
an
cin
g
r
esear
ch
r
elate
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to
th
e
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ter
s
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n
o
f
d
ig
italizatio
n
,
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
cy
b
er
war
f
ar
e,
a
n
d
ar
m
ed
co
n
f
lict.
A
d
etailed
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
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f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
p
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lis
h
ed
b
y
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ac
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e
lead
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n
g
co
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n
tr
ies in
th
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ield
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s
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in
Fig
u
r
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1
0
.
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h
e
s
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r
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n
s
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u
g
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ests
th
at
s
ec
u
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ity
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n
d
c
o
n
f
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tiality
co
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ce
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n
s
ar
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s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
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s
h
in
d
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ex
te
n
s
iv
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ter
n
atio
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al
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ip
s
.
Fig
u
r
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1
1
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n
d
e
r
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co
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th
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lim
ited
s
co
p
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f
in
ter
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co
llab
o
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n
in
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ield
,
w
h
ich
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o
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ly
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e
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ted
as
1
1
.
7
6
%
.
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h
e
d
ata
r
ev
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ls
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
ll
ab
o
r
atio
n
is
b
etwe
en
th
e
USA
an
d
th
e
UK,
with
o
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ly
9
p
u
b
licatio
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s
s
h
ar
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d
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etwe
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em
.
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h
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is
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o
llo
wed
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y
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m
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est
5
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o
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e
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s
f
r
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m
th
e
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d
Ger
m
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y
.
T
h
ese
n
u
m
b
er
s
r
e
f
lect
an
ex
tr
em
ely
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
o
p
er
atio
n
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
h
o
w
s
en
s
itiv
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
ics in
th
i
s
ar
ea
m
ay
r
estrict
th
e
ex
te
n
t o
f
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
B
ib
lio
metric a
n
a
lysi
s
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
imp
a
cts o
f d
i
g
ita
liz
a
tio
n
,
a
r
tifi
cia
l in
tellig
en
ce
,
a
n
d
…
(
Heg
a
z
y
R
ezk
)
5823
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
p
er
co
u
n
tr
y
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
C
u
m
u
lativ
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
p
e
r
co
u
n
tr
y
o
v
er
tim
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
C
o
u
n
tr
ies'
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
6
,
Decem
b
e
r
20
25
:
5
8
1
5
-
5
8
2
6
5824
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Hig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
d
ig
italizatio
n
an
d
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
o
n
th
e
h
u
m
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
d
u
r
in
g
a
r
m
ed
co
n
f
licts
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
b
ib
lio
m
e
tr
ic
an
aly
s
is
s
p
an
s
f
r
o
m
1
9
9
3
to
2
0
2
4
,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
5
4
4
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
with
an
an
n
u
al
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
o
f
1
2
.
7
3
%.
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
au
th
o
r
ed
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
r
ep
r
esen
t
ar
o
u
n
d
5
4
.
8
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
te
n
d
en
c
y
to
war
d
s
in
g
le
-
a
u
th
o
r
e
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
an
d
lim
ited
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
tial
ity
an
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
in
h
er
en
t
in
r
esear
ch
r
elate
d
to
d
ig
italizatio
n
,
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
,
an
d
cy
b
er
war
f
a
r
e
in
ar
m
ed
co
n
f
licts
.
T
h
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
ese
t
o
p
ics o
f
ten
n
ec
ess
itates r
estricte
d
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
m
o
r
e
is
o
lated
ac
ad
em
ic
e
f
f
o
r
ts
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
d
ata
b
y
Sco
p
u
s
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
elate
d
s
u
b
j
ec
t
ar
ea
was
So
cial
Scien
ce
s
,
with
3
2
%,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
s
o
cieta
l,
p
o
liti
ca
l,
an
d
eth
ical
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
co
n
f
lict
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scien
ce
,
with
2
5
%,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
tech
n
ical
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
asp
ec
ts
cr
u
cia
l
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
d
i
g
ital
an
d
AI
to
o
ls
in
s
u
ch
co
n
tex
ts
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
li
ter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iews
in
th
e
f
ield
,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
AI
in
war
f
ar
e,
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
cr
is
is
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
o
r
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
co
n
f
li
ct
zo
n
es,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
b
y
r
ev
ea
lin
g
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
l
iter
atu
r
e,
th
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
an
d
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
c
h
an
g
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
tr
en
d
s
with
a
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t,
r
ep
e
atab
le
an
d
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