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r
e
-
p
an
d
em
ic
co
h
o
r
ts
[
5
]
.
Mo
r
e
th
an
2
y
ea
r
s
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
ac
er
b
ate
d
th
e
lear
n
in
g
cr
is
is
,
d
ee
p
en
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l g
ap
s
.
I
n
a
s
m
aller
s
co
p
e,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
a
b
ilit
ies,
esp
ec
ially
g
r
ad
e
7
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
wer
e
wo
r
s
en
ed
b
y
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
b
ec
au
s
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
ls
wer
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
t
o
th
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
l
teac
h
er
s
h
av
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
a
d
is
ce
r
n
ib
le
d
ec
lin
e
in
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
led
th
em
to
co
in
th
e
ter
m
“
p
an
d
em
ic
lear
n
er
s
”
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
o
s
e
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
Fil
ip
in
o
an
d
,
m
o
r
e
c
r
itically
,
E
n
g
lis
h
tex
ts
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
m
a
n
y
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
a
y
,
d
esp
ite
g
r
o
wi
n
g
u
p
i
n
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e,
c
o
n
tin
u
e
to
f
ac
e
d
ef
icits
i
n
ad
v
an
ce
d
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
k
ills
,
h
in
d
er
in
g
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
e
n
g
ag
e
with
co
m
p
lex
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
cr
itical
ly
,
ad
ap
t
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
an
d
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
d
r
iv
e
n
wo
r
ld
.
W
h
ile
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
lear
n
er
s
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
,
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
p
an
d
em
ic
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
r
em
ain
s
an
u
n
d
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
n
ew
d
y
n
am
ics,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
lea
r
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
7
]
a
n
d
th
e
p
er
s
is
ten
t
lear
n
in
g
g
ap
s
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
d
is
r
u
p
te
d
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
an
d
th
e
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
t
o
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
with
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
p
an
d
em
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
it
aim
s
to
an
s
wer
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
W
h
ich
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
lev
els d
o
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
le
wi
th
th
e
m
o
s
t?
ii)
W
h
at
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
th
e
s
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
as p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
?
iii)
W
h
at
ac
tio
n
ab
le
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
at
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es?
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
p
a
n
d
em
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
h
if
ts
in
s
tu
d
en
t
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
n
d
th
e
a
c
ce
ler
atin
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
o
n
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
lar
g
ely
o
v
er
lo
o
k
ed
in
p
r
io
r
r
esear
c
h
.
B
y
ex
am
in
i
n
g
th
ese
em
er
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
cr
itical
an
d
o
n
g
o
in
g
n
e
ed
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
in
a
d
ig
ital
er
a
wh
er
e
an
aly
zin
g
,
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
,
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
with
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ar
e
v
ital
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
,
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
,
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
em
p
lo
y
a
b
ilit
y
.
Ov
er
a
ll,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
tim
ely
ex
p
lo
r
es
h
o
w
p
o
s
t
-
p
an
d
em
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ea
liti
es
s
h
ap
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
c
h
allen
g
es,
a
n
d
its
g
o
al
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
th
at
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
tar
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
r
ed
esig
n
,
an
d
e
d
u
c
atio
n
p
o
licy
r
ef
o
r
m
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
f
o
llo
win
g
an
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
d
es
ig
n
[
9
]
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
d
esig
n
t
o
id
en
tify
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
th
at
s
tu
d
en
t
s
s
tr
u
g
g
led
with
th
e
m
o
s
t.
Fo
r
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
s
in
g
le
-
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
to
u
n
co
v
er
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
ca
u
s
es
b
e
h
in
d
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h
pa
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
h
ase
h
ad
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
3
0
g
r
ad
e
7
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Sam
p
le
s
ize
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
jectiv
e
an
d
d
esig
n
[
1
0
]
.
As
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
s
m
all
-
s
ca
le
an
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
e,
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
3
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
p
atter
n
s
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
I
t
also
m
ee
ts
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
ac
ce
p
ted
m
in
im
u
m
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
s
tatis
tically
m
e
an
in
g
f
u
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tu
d
i
es
wh
ile
r
em
ain
in
g
f
ea
s
ib
le
with
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
co
p
e
[
1
0
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
th
e
id
ea
l
ch
o
ice
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
e
n
co
u
n
ter
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
,
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
y
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
th
ey
ca
m
e
f
r
o
m
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
th
at
wer
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
th
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
l
o
y
ed
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
to
s
elec
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ten
tio
n
ally
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
elec
ted
th
em
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia:
i
)
cu
r
r
en
t
e
n
r
o
llm
en
t
in
g
r
a
d
e
7
;
ii
)
willin
g
n
ess
to
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
ass
ess
m
en
ts
an
d
in
ter
v
iews; an
d
iii
)
c
o
n
s
en
t f
r
o
m
g
u
a
r
d
ian
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
o
s
t
-
p
a
n
d
emic
b
a
r
r
iers
to
in
feren
tia
l a
n
d
crit
ica
l rea
d
in
g
:
a
mixe
d
-
meth
o
d
s
…
(
J
o
s
h
E
r
ick
G.
A
lb
a
r
ico
)
5163
T
h
e
q
u
alitativ
e
p
h
ase
h
ad
a
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
1
2
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
5
E
n
g
lis
h
teac
h
er
s
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
12
–
2
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
ty
p
ic
ally
en
o
u
g
h
to
r
ea
ch
d
ata
s
atu
r
atio
n
in
q
u
alitativ
e
s
tu
d
i
es
[
1
1
]
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
i
v
e
s
am
p
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
Fo
r
s
tu
d
en
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
in
clu
d
e
d
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
h
ase,
in
ter
v
iew
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
n
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
teac
h
er
s
o
r
g
u
ar
d
ian
s
.
Fo
r
tea
ch
er
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
th
e
cr
iter
ia
in
clu
d
ed
cu
r
r
en
t
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
t
o
g
r
ad
e
7
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
in
ter
v
iew
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
co
n
s
en
t.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
ins
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
h
ase
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
co
n
tex
t
u
a
lly
r
elev
an
t
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ad
ap
ted
ass
ess
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
Dep
E
d
’
s
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
I
n
f
o
r
m
al
R
ea
d
in
g
I
n
v
en
to
r
y
(
Ph
il
-
I
R
I
)
,
wh
ich
a
lig
n
s
with
n
atio
n
al
liter
ac
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
an
d
f
r
o
m
State
o
f
T
ex
as
As
s
es
s
m
en
ts
o
f
Aca
d
em
ic
R
ea
d
in
ess
(
ST
AAR
)
,
an
in
ter
n
atio
n
ally
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
e
d
r
ea
d
in
g
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
l,
it
u
n
d
er
wen
t
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
th
r
ee
e
x
p
er
ts
with
d
o
cto
r
ate
d
eg
r
ee
s
an
d
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
esear
ch
i
n
p
r
esti
g
io
u
s
jo
u
r
n
als.
T
h
eir
r
ev
iew
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
to
o
l
’
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
Ph
il
-
I
R
I
an
d
STAA
R
-
b
ased
as
s
ess
m
en
ts
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
ev
alu
ates
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
if
f
icu
lty
lev
els
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
f
o
r
m
ats,
a
llo
win
g
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
an
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
ei
r
liter
ac
y
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
s
elf
-
m
ad
e,
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
te
r
v
iew
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
p
h
ase.
T
h
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
b
ec
au
s
e
it
allo
wed
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
in
ter
v
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
en
c
o
u
r
ag
e
d
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
e
d
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
etaile
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
2
]
.
Similar
ly
,
th
is
u
n
d
er
wen
t a
v
a
lid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
ich
t
h
e
s
am
e
ex
p
er
ts
ch
ec
k
ed
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
g
a
t
hering
pro
ce
du
re
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
e
r
wen
t
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
r
ea
d
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
ts
b
y
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
,
wh
i
ch
h
elp
ed
id
en
tify
th
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
also
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
-
d
ep
th
in
ter
v
iews
with
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
teac
h
e
r
s
to
s
u
p
p
le
m
en
t
an
d
c
o
n
tex
tu
alize
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
was
ess
en
tial
b
ec
au
s
e
it
allo
wed
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
g
ath
e
r
d
ee
p
in
s
i
g
h
ts
in
to
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
c
in
g
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
In
th
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
p
h
ase,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
m
ea
n
,
m
ed
ian
,
m
o
d
e,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
,
to
q
u
an
tif
y
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fo
r
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
p
h
ase,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
em
p
l
o
y
ed
C
lar
k
e
an
d
B
r
au
n
’
s
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
to
id
en
tify
th
e
f
a
cto
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
ch
allen
g
es
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
p
an
d
e
m
ic
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
an
aly
s
is
h
elp
ed
tr
ac
k
an
d
v
er
if
y
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wh
ile
also
ass
i
s
tin
g
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
id
e
n
tify
in
g
th
e
m
es a
n
d
p
atter
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
2
.
6
.
E
t
hica
l
co
ns
idera
t
io
ns
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
llo
wed
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
r
ig
h
ts
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
as we
l
l a
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
in
teg
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
[
1
4
]
.
B
ef
o
r
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
jectiv
e,
b
en
e
f
its
,
r
is
k
s
,
an
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
r
esear
c
h
,
p
h
y
s
ical,
s
o
cial
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical,
an
d
all
o
th
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
h
ar
m
we
r
e
av
o
id
ed
to
an
ab
s
o
lu
te
m
in
im
u
m
b
y
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
en
g
ag
in
g
with
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
an
o
n
y
m
ity
an
d
c
o
n
f
id
en
tiality
wer
e
m
ain
tain
ed
b
y
an
o
n
y
m
izin
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
id
en
titi
es
an
d
m
ak
in
g
th
eir
d
ata
p
r
iv
ate.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ep
r
esen
ted
th
e
d
ata
g
ath
er
ed
f
r
o
m
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Rea
din
g
co
m
prehens
io
n diff
icultie
s
a
ncho
ri
ng
o
n lev
els o
f
re
a
din
g
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
fo
ur
d
is
tin
ct
lev
els:
liter
al,
in
f
er
en
tial,
cr
itical,
a
n
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
.
T
h
ese
lev
els
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
ass
ess
ed
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
ey
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
ich
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
k
ill
ar
ea
s
p
o
s
ed
th
e
g
r
ea
test
ch
allen
g
es f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
s
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
te
x
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ef
lecte
d
th
at
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
wel
l
at
th
e
liter
al
an
d
ap
p
licati
o
n
lev
els,
with
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
o
f
4
.
0
3
a
n
d
3
.
5
,
b
o
th
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
as
“g
o
o
d
.
”
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
alig
n
s
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
s
h
o
w
g
r
ad
e
7
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
ed
s
tr
o
n
g
est
at
th
e
liter
al
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
lev
els
[
1
5
]
.
I
t
im
p
lies
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
is
ac
ad
em
ic
lev
el
g
en
er
ally
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
r
e
m
em
b
er
in
g
an
d
ap
p
ly
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
f
am
iliar
co
n
tex
ts
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
ey
p
o
s
s
ess
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
1
6
1
-
5
1
7
3
5164
T
ab
le
1
.
R
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
Le
v
e
l
o
f
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
M
e
a
n
M
e
d
i
a
n
M
o
d
e
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
Li
t
e
r
a
l
4
.
0
3
4
4
0
.
4
9
G
o
o
d
I
n
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
3
.
1
3
3
0
.
3
7
F
a
i
r
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
2
2
2
0
.
7
4
P
o
o
r
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
3
.
5
3
.
5
4
0
.
5
1
G
o
o
d
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
3
.
2
3
.
1
3
.
3
0
.
5
3
F
a
i
r
S
c
a
l
e
:
4
.
2
1
-
5
.
0
0
(
e
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
)
,
3
.
4
1
-
4
.
2
0
(
g
o
o
d
)
,
2
.
6
1
-
3
.
4
0
(
f
a
i
r
)
,
1
.
8
1
-
2
.
6
0
(
p
o
o
r
)
,
1
.
0
0
-
1
.
8
0
(
v
e
r
y
p
o
o
r
)
At
th
e
in
f
er
e
n
tial
lev
el,
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
f
ac
ed
g
r
ea
ter
d
if
f
icu
lt
y
,
as
r
ef
lecte
d
b
y
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
1
,
wh
ich
f
alls
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
“f
air
”
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
ey
s
tr
u
g
g
led
to
a
p
p
ly
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
in
th
is
d
o
m
ain
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
f
e
r
en
tial
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
i
n
v
o
lv
es
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
er
r
ea
d
i
n
g
ab
ilit
ies,
r
eq
u
i
r
in
g
r
ea
d
er
s
to
m
ak
e
im
p
licit
an
d
ex
p
licit
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
s
to
g
r
asp
th
e
d
ee
p
e
r
m
ea
n
i
n
g
o
f
a
tex
t
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
ese
s
k
ills
in
clu
d
e
id
en
tify
i
n
g
ca
u
s
e
-
an
d
-
ef
f
ec
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
in
f
er
r
in
g
u
n
s
tated
m
ea
n
i
n
g
s
,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
’
s
in
ten
tio
n
s
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
,
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
m
ess
ag
es,
p
r
ed
ictin
g
f
u
tu
r
e
e
v
en
ts
,
an
d
d
r
awin
g
l
o
g
ical
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
g
r
ad
e
7
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
eg
a
n
to
f
ac
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
at
th
e
in
f
er
en
tial
lev
el
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
r
e
s
u
lt
in
d
icate
s
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
en
h
an
ce
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
teac
h
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
ak
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
id
ea
s
an
d
r
ea
d
b
etwe
en
th
e
lin
es,
as
th
is
is
a
cr
u
cial
s
k
ill
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
[
1
7
]
.
E
d
u
ca
t
o
r
s
m
ay
co
n
s
id
er
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
lev
el
-
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
ea
d
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
tar
g
ete
d
s
tr
ateg
ies,
s
u
ch
as
in
f
er
en
ce
-
b
ase
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
1
7
]
an
d
o
p
en
-
en
d
ed
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
en
g
ag
e
with
tex
ts
b
ey
o
n
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
lev
el
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
co
n
tex
t,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
is
d
o
m
ai
n
is
cr
u
cial
—
n
o
t
o
n
ly
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ese
s
k
ills
ar
e
v
ital
f
o
r
n
av
i
g
atin
g
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e,
b
u
t
also
b
e
ca
u
s
e
n
eg
lectin
g
th
is
ar
ea
m
a
y
lead
to
g
r
ea
ter
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
tr
u
g
g
les
in
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
as
in
f
er
e
n
tial
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
p
la
y
s
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
o
le
in
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
ad
u
lt r
ea
d
er
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
cr
itical
lev
el
is
wh
er
e
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
led
th
e
m
o
s
t
with
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
,
w
ith
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
2
.
0
,
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
“p
o
o
r
.
”
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
u
n
d
er
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
L
ik
e
th
e
in
f
er
e
n
tial
lev
el,
cr
iti
ca
l
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
r
e
q
u
ir
es
a
d
v
an
ce
d
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
ese
s
k
ills
in
clu
d
e
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
well
-
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
s
tan
ce
o
n
th
e
tex
t,
cr
itically
an
aly
zin
g
its
co
n
ten
t,
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
au
th
o
r
’
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
d
r
awin
g
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
s
b
etwe
en
co
n
ce
p
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
tex
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
an
d
co
n
tr
ast,
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
m
es,
s
y
m
b
o
lis
m
,
an
d
m
o
tifs
em
b
ed
d
e
d
with
in
th
e
tex
t.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
PISA
2
0
2
2
,
wh
ich
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
Ph
il
ip
p
in
es
f
ac
ed
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ch
allen
g
es
in
attain
in
g
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
lev
els
in
r
ea
d
in
g
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
m
an
y
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
atio
n
wid
e
ca
n
n
o
t
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
d
ex
te
n
d
ed
tex
ts
,
en
g
ag
e
with
ab
s
tr
ac
t
o
r
co
u
n
ter
i
n
tu
itiv
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
tiate
b
etwe
en
f
ac
t a
n
d
o
p
i
n
io
n
b
ased
o
n
s
u
b
tle
cu
es r
elate
d
to
co
n
ten
t
o
r
s
o
u
r
ce
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
is
s
u
e
r
ef
lects
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
d
ec
lin
e
i
n
ess
en
tial
h
ig
h
er
-
lev
el
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
et
en
cies
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
—
in
clu
d
in
g
cr
itical
an
d
co
n
s
cio
u
s
r
ea
d
in
g
,
s
lo
w
r
ea
d
in
g
,
n
o
n
-
s
tr
ateg
ic
r
ea
d
in
g
,
an
d
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
lo
n
g
-
f
o
r
m
tex
ts
—
with
in
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
1
8
]
.
Su
ch
a
d
ec
lin
e
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
cu
r
r
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
ad
eq
u
ately
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
ese
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
in
ab
ilit
y
to
cr
itically
ev
alu
ate
o
r
ass
ess
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
g
ap
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
r
esu
lt
was
in
ter
p
r
eted
as
“f
air
,
”
with
a
to
tal
av
er
ag
e
m
ea
n
o
f
3
.
2
an
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
0
.
5
3
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
r
ev
ea
ls
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
is
p
ar
ity
in
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
u
g
g
ests
a
m
o
d
er
ate
le
v
el
o
f
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
im
p
ly
in
g
th
at
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
with
i
n
a
s
im
ilar
r
an
g
e,
with
f
ewe
r
e
x
tr
em
e
o
u
tlier
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ac
h
i
ev
ed
r
elativ
el
y
h
i
g
h
s
co
r
es,
m
o
s
t
f
ell
b
elo
w
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
an
d
p
er
s
is
ten
t
ch
allen
g
es
in
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
in
to
d
ay
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
u
r
g
e
n
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tar
g
ete
d
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
itical
an
d
in
f
er
en
tial
r
ea
d
in
g
a
b
ilit
ies,
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
n
av
i
g
a
tin
g
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e
an
d
m
e
etin
g
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
t
o
d
ay
’
s
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
in
g
th
is
is
s
u
e
is
v
ital in
cu
r
b
in
g
th
e
r
is
in
g
lev
e
ls
o
f
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
illi
ter
ac
y
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
m
u
s
t
p
r
i
o
r
itize
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
er
-
lev
el
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
1
8
]
.
E
n
g
ag
in
g
in
a
d
v
an
ce
d
r
ea
d
in
g
task
s
th
at
g
o
b
ey
o
n
d
s
im
p
le
tex
t
d
ec
o
d
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
to
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
ab
ilit
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
em
p
ath
y
,
s
o
cial
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
o
p
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
,
an
d
atten
tio
n
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
,
r
ea
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
h
o
u
ld
em
b
e
d
cr
itical
an
aly
s
is
,
in
f
er
en
ce
-
m
a
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
ev
alu
ativ
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
g
r
ad
e
lev
els.
T
ea
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
eq
u
i
p
p
ed
wit
h
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
ese
co
m
p
lex
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
ed
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
tex
t
-
b
a
s
ed
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
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o
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te
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em
o
r
izatio
n
o
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
lev
el
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
.
Natio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
ts
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
ev
a
lu
atio
n
s
in
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
s
h
o
u
ld
lik
ewise
r
ef
lect
a
g
r
ea
ter
em
p
h
asis
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
cr
itically
in
ter
p
r
et,
an
aly
ze
,
a
n
d
ev
alu
ate
t
ex
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
v
estme
n
t
in
liter
a
cy
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
u
n
d
er
s
er
v
ed
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
ca
n
h
elp
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
ap
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
at
r
is
k
o
f
f
all
in
g
b
e
h
in
d
.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
s
e
ar
ea
s
,
p
o
licy
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
c
an
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
e
r
to
cu
ltiv
ate
a
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
r
ea
d
e
r
s
wh
o
ar
e
n
o
t o
n
ly
liter
ate
b
u
t a
ls
o
th
o
u
g
h
tf
u
l,
d
is
ce
r
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ch
allen
g
es o
f
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
n
wo
r
ld
.
3
.
2
.
F
a
ct
o
rs
influencing
re
a
din
g
co
m
prehens
io
n diff
icu
lt
ies
Sev
er
al
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
T
h
ese
wer
e
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
co
llected
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
ch
allen
g
e
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
n
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
is
s
u
es
th
at
af
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
tex
ts
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Facto
r
s
ca
u
s
in
g
r
ea
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
Th
e
m
e
s
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Lo
w
p
r
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o
r
i
t
y
f
o
r
r
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a
d
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c
k
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f
r
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a
d
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t
r
a
t
e
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i
e
s
La
c
k
o
f
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
M
u
l
t
i
m
o
d
a
l
l
e
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r
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p
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f
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La
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D
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R
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U
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C
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n
d
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me
D
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l
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t
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d
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En
v
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F
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mi
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l
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p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
3
.
2
.
1
.
Cha
lleng
es in
re
a
din
g
eng
a
g
em
ent
T
h
is
th
em
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lack
o
f
en
th
u
s
iasm
an
d
ef
f
o
r
t
in
r
ea
d
in
g
to
d
a
y
.
I
t
is
an
in
f
lu
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
in
th
ei
r
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
b
ec
au
s
e
it
h
in
d
er
s
co
n
s
tan
t
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e.
I
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
r
eg
u
lar
ly
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
en
g
ag
e
with
r
ea
d
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
th
ey
will
f
ac
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
ch
allen
g
es.
T
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
is
,
en
g
a
g
ed
r
ea
d
er
s
ten
d
to
r
ea
d
m
o
r
e,
wh
ich
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
ab
ilit
ies
lik
e
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
in
te
g
r
atio
n
,
an
d
an
y
o
th
er
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
e
r
th
i
n
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
d
is
en
g
a
g
ed
r
ea
d
er
s
ten
d
to
r
ea
d
less
,
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
im
p
air
in
g
th
eir
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
in
lin
e
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
r
ep
o
r
t
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
in
r
ea
d
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
ely
d
eter
m
in
es
s
u
cc
ess
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
[
2
3
]
.
Sin
ce
n
eu
r
al
p
ath
way
s
in
th
e
b
r
ain
n
ec
ess
itate
co
n
s
tan
t st
im
u
latio
n
to
cr
ea
te
an
d
m
ain
tain
s
k
ills
,
lack
in
g
th
em
ca
n
lead
to
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
ec
lin
e
in
th
ese
ab
ilit
ies.
W
h
en
in
d
iv
id
u
als
d
o
n
o
t
in
ter
ac
t
with
te
x
ts
r
eg
u
lar
ly
,
th
e
y
m
is
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
t
h
eir
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
ea
d
in
g
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
e
n
h
an
ce
th
eir
o
v
er
all
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
t
r
ib
u
t
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
r
ea
d
i
n
g
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
First,
lo
w
p
r
io
r
ity
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
e
clin
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
Qu
alitativ
e
d
ata
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
o
b
lig
atio
n
s
,
ac
a
d
em
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies,
an
d
leis
u
r
ely
ac
tiv
itie
s
m
o
s
tly
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
f
ac
to
r
is
ev
i
d
en
t in
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
s
am
p
l
e
q
u
o
ted
s
tatem
en
t:
“
I
s
o
metime
s
o
n
ly
r
ea
d
.
.
.
B
ec
a
u
s
e
I
’
m
b
u
s
y
a
t h
o
me.
.
.
I
w
a
s
h
th
e
d
is
h
es,
clea
n
o
u
r
h
o
u
s
e,
a
n
d
d
o
s
o
me
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
c
h
o
r
es.
”
(
Stu
d
en
t 1
7
)
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
er
e
wer
e
f
ewe
r
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
d
e
v
elo
p
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
ab
ilit
ies
d
u
e
to
in
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
d
ec
lin
in
g
en
g
ag
em
en
t
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
am
o
n
g
c
h
ild
r
en
to
d
ay
is
ev
id
en
t
[
2
4
]
.
E
n
g
ag
ed
a
n
d
in
ter
ested
r
ea
d
er
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
p
r
io
r
i
tize
r
ea
d
in
g
,
ev
en
wh
en
f
ac
ed
with
co
m
p
etin
g
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
th
eir
tim
e
a
n
d
att
en
tio
n
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
t
h
e
lack
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
d
if
f
icu
lties
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
tex
ts
.
Usi
n
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
ad
eq
u
ate
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
is
s
k
ill
o
v
er
tim
e
[
2
5
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
lack
o
f
p
r
o
p
er
r
ea
d
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
1
6
1
-
5
1
7
3
5166
s
tr
ateg
ies
h
in
d
er
s
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
an
d
m
a
y
n
e
g
ativ
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af
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
wi
th
r
ea
d
in
g
.
W
h
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ess
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
,
th
ey
ca
n
n
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ap
p
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o
ac
h
te
x
ts
ef
f
icien
tly
,
m
ak
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
f
ee
l
f
r
u
s
tr
atin
g
an
d
u
n
p
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a
r
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ter
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d
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f
r
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ac
tiv
ities
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
h
a
r
m
f
u
l
attitu
d
es
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
to
war
d
r
ea
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
cy
cle
o
f
s
tr
u
g
g
le,
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
,
an
d
av
o
i
d
an
ce
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
a
lack
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
k
ills
ca
n
u
ltima
tely
d
im
in
is
h
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
r
ea
d
in
g
.
Data
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
’
co
m
m
o
n
s
tr
ateg
y
is
t
o
r
er
ea
d
t
h
e
tex
t.
T
h
is
f
ac
to
r
is
ev
id
en
t in
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
’
s
am
p
le
q
u
o
te
d
s
tatem
en
t:
“
I
’
ll ju
s
t rer
ea
d
it a
g
a
in
a
n
d
a
g
a
in
u
n
til it
’
s
a
b
s
o
r
b
ed
in
my
b
r
a
in
.
”
(
Stu
d
en
t
1
0
)
T
h
ir
d
,
lack
o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ep
o
r
ts
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
o
o
r
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
r
ea
d
i
n
g
—
s
u
ch
as
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
b
o
r
e
d
o
m
,
f
r
u
s
tr
atio
n
,
lo
w
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
,
o
r
th
e
b
elief
th
at
r
ea
d
in
g
is
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
o
r
u
n
in
ter
esti
n
g
—
ca
u
s
ed
th
is
is
s
u
e.
T
h
is
f
ac
to
r
i
s
ev
id
en
t in
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
s
am
p
le
q
u
o
ted
s
tatem
en
t:
“
N
o
,
I
d
o
n
’
t like
to
r
ea
d
…
it
’
s
h
a
r
d
a
n
d
tir
in
g
.
”
(
Stu
d
e
n
t 1
0
)
Mo
s
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ex
p
r
ess
ed
d
is
in
ter
est
in
r
ea
d
in
g
,
o
f
ten
lead
in
g
to
a
v
o
id
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
alto
g
eth
er
.
T
h
is
d
is
en
g
ag
e
m
e
n
t
s
tem
m
ed
f
r
o
m
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
,
lead
in
g
m
a
n
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
tu
r
n
to
n
o
n
-
r
ea
d
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
s
cr
ee
n
tim
e,
wh
ich
th
ey
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
as
m
o
r
e
en
jo
y
ab
le
o
r
r
ewa
r
d
in
g
[
2
6
]
.
Ma
n
y
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
co
m
m
o
n
ly
cited
th
e
ta
x
in
g
an
d
s
lo
w
n
atu
r
e
o
f
r
ea
d
i
n
g
as
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
is
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
T
h
is
lack
o
f
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
d
is
co
u
r
ag
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
eg
u
lar
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
,
th
er
eb
y
w
o
r
s
en
in
g
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
tr
e
n
d
r
e
f
lects
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
d
ec
lin
e
in
r
ec
r
ea
tio
n
al
,
leis
u
r
ely
,
an
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
ea
d
in
g
am
o
n
g
c
h
ild
r
en
t
o
d
ay
—
a
d
ec
lin
e
th
at
h
as
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
C
h
ild
r
en
wh
o
p
o
s
s
ess
s
tr
o
n
g
in
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
t
o
r
ea
d
a
n
d
r
eg
u
lar
ly
en
g
ag
e
in
r
ec
r
ea
tio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
g
ten
d
t
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
ig
h
er
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
[
2
7
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
d
ec
lin
e
in
r
ea
d
i
n
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
h
a
b
its
is
esp
ec
ially
cr
itical
in
th
e
d
ig
ital a
g
e
.
Fo
u
r
th
ly
,
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
m
u
ltimo
d
al
lear
n
in
g
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
watc
h
in
g
lectu
r
e
v
id
e
o
s
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
r
ea
d
in
g
n
o
wad
ay
s
.
W
h
ile
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
av
o
r
e
d
th
ese
f
o
r
m
ats
f
o
r
th
eir
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
,
th
is
o
f
ten
led
t
o
o
v
er
r
elian
ce
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
en
g
ag
e
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
g
task
s
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
ass
er
tio
n
th
at
m
u
ltimo
d
al
m
ed
ia
is
a
m
ajo
r
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
f
ac
to
r
u
n
d
e
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
er
-
le
v
el
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
p
r
ac
tices [
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
lear
n
er
s
f
in
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
g
less
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
,
wh
ic
h
o
f
ten
h
in
d
er
s
d
ee
p
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
im
p
ed
es
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
f
ac
to
r
is
ev
id
en
t
in
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
s
am
p
le
q
u
o
ted
s
tatem
en
t:
“
On
e
r
ea
s
o
n
th
ey
a
r
e
n
o
t
i
n
teres
ted
in
r
ea
d
in
g
n
o
w
is
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ere
a
r
e
ma
n
y
vid
eo
le
s
s
o
n
s
.
So,
th
ey
w
ill r
esea
r
ch
o
n
Yo
u
T
u
b
e
o
r
Go
o
g
le
a
n
d
ju
s
t lis
ten
.
”
(
T
ea
ch
er
2
)
Fro
m
a
b
r
o
ad
er
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
it
also
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
r
ea
d
in
g
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
W
h
en
lear
n
e
r
s
u
s
e
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
et
as
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
,
th
ey
ca
n
en
h
an
c
e
th
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
[
2
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
d
ig
ital
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
an
d
r
ap
id
c
o
n
ten
t
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ca
n
lead
to
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
r
ea
d
i
n
g
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t [
2
9
]
,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tial f
o
r
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
3
.
2
.
2
.
L
a
ck
o
f
lin
g
uis
t
ic
co
mp
et
ence
T
h
is
th
em
e
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
lack
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
f
ac
to
r
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
b
ar
r
ier
s
,
s
u
ch
as
d
ec
o
d
in
g
s
k
ills
,
lim
ited
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
,
an
d
wea
k
s
en
ten
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
.
T
h
ese
o
b
s
tacle
s
h
in
d
er
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
g
r
asp
th
e
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
tex
ts
an
d
en
g
ag
e
with
th
em
cr
itically
.
Firstl
y
,
d
ec
o
d
in
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
em
er
g
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
s
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
h
a
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
.
Ma
n
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ch
allen
g
es
in
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
f
am
i
liar
an
d
u
n
f
a
m
iliar
wo
r
d
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
.
R
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
h
ea
v
ily
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
wo
r
d
r
ea
d
in
g
—
wh
en
th
is
s
k
ill
is
wea
k
,
o
v
er
all
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
s
u
f
f
er
s
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
ese
wid
esp
r
ea
d
s
tr
u
g
g
les
o
f
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
wo
r
d
-
lev
el
s
k
ills
ca
n
b
e
d
ir
ec
tly
lin
k
ed
to
d
elay
ed
lite
r
ac
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t,
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
o
f
r
em
o
te
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ea
r
ly
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
x
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
is
ev
id
en
t i
n
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
s
tatem
en
t:
“
E
a
r
lier
,
I
felt
s
o
r
r
y
fo
r
th
e
c
h
ild
b
ec
a
u
s
e
h
e
h
a
d
a
co
r
r
ec
t
w
o
r
d
,
b
u
t
th
o
s
e
w
ere
th
e
e
a
s
y
o
n
es
like
‘
it,
’
‘
h
elp
,
’
a
n
d
‘
w
ith
.
’
Th
ey
s
a
y
‘
n
ee
d
ed
’
fo
r
th
e
w
o
r
d
‘
n
ee
d
.
’
Wh
y
d
o
th
ey
fill
it?
Th
a
t
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
o
s
t
-
p
a
n
d
emic
b
a
r
r
iers
to
in
feren
tia
l a
n
d
crit
ica
l rea
d
in
g
:
a
mixe
d
-
meth
o
d
s
…
(
J
o
s
h
E
r
ick
G.
A
lb
a
r
ico
)
5167
in
s
erti
o
n
.
Well,
th
ey
h
a
ve
a
lo
t
o
f
mis
cu
es,
mis
p
r
o
n
u
n
cia
tio
n
s
,
o
mis
s
io
n
s
,
r
ep
etitio
n
,
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
,
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
p
o
s
itio
n
.
Th
a
t
is
w
h
a
t
th
ey
u
s
u
a
lly
d
o
.
Th
e
w
o
r
s
t
is
th
a
t
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
kn
o
w
h
o
w
to
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
th
e
w
o
r
d
s
co
r
r
ec
tly.
”
(
T
ea
ch
er
1
)
Seco
n
d
ly
,
v
o
ca
b
u
la
r
y
d
e
f
icien
cies
em
er
g
ed
as
an
o
t
h
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
.
Data
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
led
with
u
n
f
a
m
iliar
wo
r
d
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
ei
r
lim
ited
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
ar
g
u
m
en
t
t
h
at
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
p
la
y
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
as
a
s
tr
o
n
g
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
en
ab
les
r
ea
d
er
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
wr
itten
tex
ts
b
etter
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
lin
k
ed
to
d
ec
lin
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
an
d
lim
ited
lan
g
u
ag
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
p
a
r
tly
d
u
e
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
r
elian
ce
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
m
ed
ia
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
is
ev
id
en
t in
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
s
a
m
p
le
q
u
o
ted
s
tatem
en
t:
“
I
h
a
ve
a
h
a
r
d
time
w
ith
w
h
a
t
I
r
ea
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
mea
n
in
g
s
,
esp
ec
ia
lly
th
o
s
e
w
o
r
d
s
th
a
t
I
h
a
ve
n
o
t
co
me
a
cro
s
s
a
n
d
a
r
e
n
o
t
u
s
ed
d
a
ily.
.
.
I
f
th
ere
a
r
e
ma
n
y
s
u
ch
u
n
fa
milia
r
w
o
r
d
s
,
I
w
ill
b
e
d
is
co
u
r
a
g
ed
,
a
n
d
it
w
ill
b
e
h
a
r
d
fo
r
me
to
fo
c
u
s
.
I
ca
n
’
t
r
ea
d
immed
ia
tely
b
ec
a
u
s
e
I
p
a
u
s
e
to
s
ee
k
mea
n
in
g
.
”
(
Stu
d
en
t 1
5
)
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
to
p
r
io
r
itize
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
as
a
k
ey
ar
ea
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
T
h
is
co
u
l
d
in
c
lu
d
e
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
u
ch
as
wo
r
d
r
ep
etitio
n
,
v
o
c
ab
u
lar
y
n
o
teb
o
o
k
s
,
m
ea
n
in
g
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
wo
r
d
m
ap
p
in
g
—
tech
n
i
q
u
es th
at
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
,
an
d
r
etain
n
ew
v
o
ca
b
u
lar
y
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
ese
p
r
ac
tices
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
wo
r
d
-
lev
el
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
co
n
t
r
ib
u
ted
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
r
ea
d
in
g
f
lu
e
n
cy
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
b
y
r
ein
f
o
r
ci
n
g
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
m
ea
n
in
g
a
n
d
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
t
h
e
tex
t.
T
h
ir
d
ly
,
s
y
n
tactic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
in
d
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
tex
ts
.
Data
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
th
ese
c
h
allen
g
es
o
f
ten
led
to
a
lo
s
s
o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
f
o
cu
s
wh
ile
r
ea
d
in
g
,
m
ak
in
g
i
t
h
ar
d
er
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
id
en
tify
m
ain
id
ea
s
an
d
f
o
llo
w
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
lo
n
g
s
en
ten
ce
s
an
d
co
m
p
le
x
g
r
a
m
m
atica
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
ca
n
o
v
e
r
wh
elm
r
ea
d
er
s
,
ca
u
s
in
g
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
s
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
r
esear
ch
th
at
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
g
r
am
m
atica
l
co
m
p
lex
ity
as
a
k
ey
b
ar
r
ier
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
[
3
1
]
.
Dif
f
icu
l
ties
at
th
e
s
en
ten
ce
an
d
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
lev
els
im
p
air
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
,
s
u
ch
as
m
ak
in
g
in
f
er
en
ce
s
,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
co
h
esiv
e
d
ev
ices,
in
teg
r
atin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
a
n
d
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
.
Su
ch
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
ten
r
esu
lt
in
m
is
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
g
r
asp
in
g
n
u
an
c
ed
m
ea
n
i
n
g
s
with
in
tex
ts
.
T
h
ese
s
tr
u
g
g
les
s
tem
f
r
o
m
we
ak
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
wo
r
d
-
lev
el
s
k
ills
o
r
d
if
f
icu
lties
s
u
s
tain
in
g
at
ten
tio
n
,
p
o
ten
tially
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
m
o
d
er
n
ten
d
en
c
ies
to
war
d
in
s
tan
t
g
r
atif
icatio
n
,
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
is
ev
i
d
en
t in
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
s
am
p
l
e
q
u
o
ted
s
tatem
en
t:
“
S
o
metime
s
th
ere
a
r
e
s
en
ten
ce
s
w
ith
d
iffi
cu
lt
g
r
a
mma
r
,
like
th
ere
a
r
e
co
mp
lex
s
en
ten
c
e
s
s
u
ch
a
s
z
ero
co
n
d
itio
n
a
l (
te
n
s
es)
th
a
t d
o
n
’
t seem
to
h
a
ve
a
clea
r
p
o
in
t.
”
(
Stu
d
e
n
t 1
5
)
3
.
2
.
3
.
Rem
o
t
e
lea
rning
re
perc
us
s
io
n
s
T
h
e
th
ir
d
th
em
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
r
em
o
te
lear
n
in
g
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
s
h
if
t
b
eg
an
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
wh
en
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
was
g
en
er
ally
lo
wer
[
3
2
]
,
wh
ich
co
n
t
r
ib
u
ted
to
d
elay
s
in
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
m
an
y
lear
n
er
s
.
T
o
d
ay
,
r
em
o
te
lear
n
in
g
h
as b
e
co
m
e
a
wid
ely
ad
o
p
ted
alter
n
a
tiv
e
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ettin
g
s
[
3
3
]
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
in
-
p
er
s
o
n
s
ch
o
o
lin
g
f
ac
es
lo
g
is
tical
ch
allen
g
es.
W
h
ile
r
em
o
te
lear
n
in
g
o
f
f
e
r
s
ce
r
ta
in
ad
v
an
ta
g
es,
g
ap
s
in
its
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
co
n
tin
u
e
to
ex
ac
er
b
ate
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
r
aisi
n
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
its
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
is
is
d
u
e
to
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
co
v
er
ed
in
t
h
e
en
s
u
in
g
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
Firstl
y
,
an
u
n
co
n
d
u
civ
e
h
o
m
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
s
p
ac
e
in
th
eir
h
o
m
e
was
f
u
ll
o
f
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
s
,
r
esu
l
tin
g
in
d
if
f
icu
lty
co
n
ce
n
tr
atin
g
o
n
lear
n
in
g
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
h
is
is
ev
id
en
t in
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
s
am
p
le
q
u
o
ted
s
tatem
en
t:
“
A
t
h
o
me,
th
ere
w
ere
s
o
ma
n
y
d
is
tr
a
ctio
n
s
.
Th
ere
w
a
s
n
o
is
e
fr
o
m
th
e
TV
o
r
r
a
d
io
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ere
w
ere
ch
ild
r
en
a
n
d
o
ld
p
eo
p
le
in
o
u
r
h
o
u
s
e,
a
n
d
s
o
metime
s
,
th
ere
w
e
r
e
mo
vies
o
r
mu
s
i
c
th
a
t
g
r
a
b
b
ed
my
a
tten
tio
n
.
S
o
meti
mes
my
s
ib
lin
g
s
w
ere
p
la
yin
g
,
a
n
d
I
co
u
ld
n
o
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
a
te
o
n
w
h
a
t
I
w
a
s
r
ea
d
in
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f th
is
.
”
(
Stu
d
en
t 2
1
)
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
ar
is
es
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
co
m
p
a
r
tm
en
talize
h
o
m
e
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
d
is
cip
lin
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
r
esis
t
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
co
n
tex
t,
th
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
q
u
ick
ly
i
n
a
h
o
m
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
co
n
d
u
civ
e
to
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
1
6
1
-
5
1
7
3
5168
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
r
ea
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
en
h
an
ce
s
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
b
y
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
e
n
jo
y
m
e
n
t a
n
d
tim
e
s
p
en
t r
ea
d
in
g
[
3
4
]
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
p
ar
e
n
tal
tu
to
r
in
g
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
r
ep
er
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
o
f
r
em
o
te
lea
r
n
in
g
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
th
eir
p
ar
en
tal
f
i
g
u
r
es
at
h
o
m
e
lack
ed
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
ey
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
was
p
o
o
r
.
T
h
i
s
is
d
u
e
to
p
ar
en
ts
’
lack
o
f
tim
e
an
d
in
ab
ilit
y
t
o
b
e
co
m
e
teac
h
er
s
f
o
r
th
eir
c
h
ild
r
e
n
.
T
h
is
is
ev
id
en
t in
t
h
e
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
’
s
tatem
en
t:
“
Th
en
w
e
d
id
a
h
o
me
visi
t…
‘
Ma
’
a
m,
I
’
m
ve
r
y
s
o
r
r
y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
I
c
a
n
’
t
te
a
ch
my
s
o
n
;
I
’
v
e
o
n
l
y
co
mp
leted
g
r
a
d
e
1
.
’
Yo
u
kn
o
w
my
tea
r
s
r
u
s
h
ed
o
u
t
a
fter
h
ea
r
in
g
it.
Wh
a
t
ca
n
th
ey
tea
c
h
?
Yo
u
ca
n
n
o
t
g
ive
w
h
a
t y
o
u
d
o
n
o
t h
a
ve
.
Yo
u
ca
n
n
o
t te
a
ch
w
h
a
t y
o
u
d
o
n
o
t k
n
o
w
.
”
(
T
ea
ch
er
1
)
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
ar
en
tal
i
n
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
at
h
o
m
e
d
r
iv
e
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
k
ills
;
th
e
m
o
r
e
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
en
ts
h
elp
th
eir
ch
ild
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
ch
ild
ex
ce
ls
in
th
ese
ar
ea
s
.
Par
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
liter
ac
y
h
ab
its
,
esp
e
cially
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
y
ea
r
s
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
a
r
en
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
is
to
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
n
tex
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
alar
m
in
g
d
ec
lin
e
in
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
th
eir
liter
ac
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
ir
d
ly
,
ch
allen
g
es
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
er
e
was
lim
ited
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
,
wh
ic
h
h
in
d
er
e
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
W
ith
o
u
t
p
r
o
p
e
r
g
u
id
an
ce
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
is
s
ed
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
ad
d
r
ess
g
ap
s
in
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
wer
e
u
n
awa
r
e
o
f
th
eir
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
T
h
is
is
ev
id
en
t
in
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
s
am
p
le
q
u
o
ted
s
tatem
en
t:
“
Th
e
tea
ch
er
co
u
ld
n
o
t
ex
p
la
i
n
to
yo
u
r
ig
h
t
a
w
a
y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
w
a
s
o
n
ly
mo
d
u
les,
s
o
th
ere
w
a
s
n
o
p
r
o
p
er in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
”
(
Stu
d
en
t
5
)
Feed
b
ac
k
is
v
ital
f
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
[
3
7
]
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
e
r
s
with
s
h
o
r
ter
atten
tio
n
s
p
an
s
wh
o
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
g
u
id
an
ce
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
r
elate
d
co
n
tex
ts
ca
n
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
r
ad
u
ally
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
eir
o
wn
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
o
v
er
tim
e.
H
o
wev
er
,
s
elf
-
r
ef
lectio
n
u
s
u
ally
o
cc
u
r
s
m
o
r
e
s
lo
wly
an
d
is
less
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
an
t
h
e
im
m
ed
iate
a
war
en
ess
th
at
d
ir
ec
t te
ac
h
er
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
i
d
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
p
ee
r
in
ter
ac
tio
n
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
a
p
o
o
r
er
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
as
ch
ild
r
en
lear
n
b
est
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
[
3
8
]
.
Peer
en
g
ag
em
en
t
f
o
s
ter
s
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
an
d
s
h
ar
e
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
s
o
cial
s
k
ills
,
an
d
cr
itical
t
h
in
k
in
g
[
3
9
]
.
W
ith
o
u
t
p
ee
r
s
in
r
e
m
o
te
lear
n
in
g
s
ettin
g
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
led
to
m
ain
tain
in
ter
est,
d
e
v
elo
p
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
an
d
g
ai
n
d
iv
er
s
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
u
ltima
tely
h
in
d
er
i
n
g
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
s
h
if
t
to
r
em
o
te
lear
n
in
g
h
as
af
f
ec
ted
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
d
u
e
to
th
e
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
is
is
s
im
ilar
to
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
r
ev
ea
led
s
ch
o
o
l
clo
s
u
r
es
led
to
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
d
ec
lin
e
in
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
e
r
s
’
r
ea
d
i
n
g
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
s
co
n
ce
r
n
s
th
at
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
f
ailed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
s
am
e
lev
e
l
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
d
elay
s
in
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
p
o
o
r
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
s
k
ills
wer
e
a
f
ac
to
r
ca
u
s
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
eg
r
ess
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
p
er
io
d
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ial
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
a
teac
h
er
t
o
g
u
id
e
th
em
.
Giv
en
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
lear
n
in
g
in
th
is
m
o
d
e
is
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
Vy
g
o
ts
k
y
’
s
id
e
a
o
f
s
ca
f
f
o
ld
in
g
,
s
tatin
g
th
at
le
ar
n
er
s
n
ee
d
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
lear
n
n
ew
s
k
ills
o
r
co
m
p
lete
task
s
[
4
1
]
.
Sin
c
e
m
o
s
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
d
id
n
o
t
h
av
e
co
m
p
ete
n
t
an
d
ac
tiv
e
ad
u
lts
at
h
o
m
e,
th
ey
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
a
s
lo
wer
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
a
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
class
r
o
o
m
with
co
n
s
tan
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
.
T
h
is
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
h
o
w
q
u
ick
ly
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
h
iev
e
a
n
d
h
o
w
t
h
eir
liter
ac
y
d
ev
elo
p
s
.
Data
also
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
elied
o
n
Go
o
g
le
a
n
d
h
ad
th
eir
p
a
r
en
ts
,
g
u
a
r
d
ian
s
,
o
r
s
ib
lin
g
s
an
s
wer
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
lwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
r
em
o
te
lear
n
i
n
g
was
n
o
t
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
d
elay
s
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ess
en
tial
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
is
ev
id
en
t in
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
a
n
ts
’
s
tatem
en
t:
“
Du
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
u
la
r
le
a
r
n
in
g
,
w
e
kn
ew
a
s
te
a
ch
ers
th
a
t
t
h
ey
d
id
n
o
t
a
n
s
w
er
th
e
mo
d
u
l
es.
S
o
,
th
ey
d
id
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
h
o
w
to
r
ea
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
d
id
n
’
t
p
r
a
ctice
r
ea
d
in
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
eir
p
a
r
en
ts
a
n
s
w
ered
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
lw
o
r
k.
On
e
p
a
r
en
t
p
a
s
s
ed
th
eir
ch
ild
’
s
mo
d
u
les
a
n
d
s
a
id
,
‘
Ma
’
a
m,
I
’
m
ve
r
y
s
o
r
r
y,
ma
’
a
m,
fo
r
th
e
l
a
s
t
s
u
b
mis
s
io
n
;
I
ju
s
t
fin
is
h
ed
a
n
s
w
erin
g
.
’
.
.
.
Th
e
h
a
n
d
w
r
itin
g
w
a
s
p
erfect
.
”
(
T
ea
ch
er
1
)
3
.
2
.
4
.
Cha
lleng
es f
ro
m
s
cr
ee
n depen
dency
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
th
th
em
e
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
u
s
e
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
th
at
ad
v
er
s
ely
d
is
tr
ac
ts
th
em
f
r
o
m
t
h
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
h
is
s
h
if
t
r
ef
lec
ts
th
e
em
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
a
n
ew
r
e
ad
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
P
o
s
t
-
p
a
n
d
emic
b
a
r
r
iers
to
in
feren
tia
l a
n
d
crit
ica
l rea
d
in
g
:
a
mixe
d
-
meth
o
d
s
…
(
J
o
s
h
E
r
ick
G.
A
lb
a
r
ico
)
5169
wh
ich
is
d
etr
im
en
tal
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
h
ig
h
er
-
lev
el
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
m
ed
ia
clim
ate,
d
o
m
in
ated
b
y
f
ast
-
p
ac
ed
,
s
h
o
r
t,
an
d
o
f
ten
s
h
allo
w
d
ig
ital
co
n
ten
t,
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
o
s
ter
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
d
ee
p
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
[
1
8
]
.
Data
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
t
o
d
ay
s
p
en
d
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
tim
e
o
n
m
o
b
ile
p
h
o
n
es,
o
f
ten
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
in
s
tan
t
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
o
v
er
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
h
e
av
y
r
elian
ce
o
n
n
o
n
-
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
d
ig
ital
co
n
ten
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
ea
d
in
g
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice,
u
ltima
tely
h
in
d
e
r
in
g
th
eir
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t.
E
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
cr
ee
n
tim
e,
r
ap
id
a
n
d
in
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
te
n
t
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
an
d
u
n
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
d
ig
ital
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ca
n
n
e
g
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
t
a
ch
ild
’
s
lear
n
in
g
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
[
4
2
]
.
W
h
en
s
cr
ee
n
u
s
e
d
o
m
in
ates
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
tiv
ities
,
it
cr
ea
tes
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
wea
k
en
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
e
n
g
ag
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
ll
y
with
tex
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
d
ig
ital
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
s
d
im
in
is
h
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
en
th
u
s
iasm
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
wh
il
e
r
ea
d
in
g
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
t
h
eir
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
ten
s
h
if
ts
wh
en
th
ey
ea
s
ily
ac
ce
s
s
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices,
m
ak
in
g
it
ch
allen
g
in
g
t
o
en
g
a
g
e
d
ee
p
ly
with
tex
ts
.
T
h
is
is
ev
id
en
t in
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
s
am
p
le
q
u
o
ted
s
tatem
en
t:
“
I
g
et
ea
s
ily
d
is
tr
a
cted
b
y
g
a
d
g
ets.
Wh
en
I
’
m
r
ea
d
in
g
,
I
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
co
n
ce
n
tr
a
te
b
ec
a
u
s
e
my
min
d
ke
ep
s
w
a
n
d
erin
g
to
my
p
h
o
n
e.
”
(
Stu
d
en
t 2
1
)
T
ea
ch
er
s
also
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
le
with
s
elf
-
d
i
s
cip
lin
e
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
s
cr
ee
n
tim
e,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
s
h
o
r
ten
e
d
atten
tio
n
s
p
an
s
an
d
d
if
f
icu
lty
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
wr
itten
m
ater
ial.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
e
x
ten
d
ed
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
s
h
o
r
t
-
f
o
r
m
d
ig
ital
co
n
ten
t
im
p
air
s
s
u
s
t
ain
ed
atten
tio
n
an
d
d
im
in
is
h
es
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
a
b
ilit
ies
[
4
3
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
ay
r
eso
r
t
to
s
k
i
m
m
in
g
r
ath
e
r
th
an
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
,
m
is
s
in
g
ess
en
tial d
etails an
d
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
er
t
h
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
tar
g
etin
g
b
o
th
ch
ild
r
en
an
d
p
ar
en
ts
[
4
4
]
.
Su
c
h
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
m
o
te
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
le
s
cr
ee
n
u
s
e
wh
ile
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
b
alan
ce
d
ig
ital
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l,
s
u
s
tain
ed
r
ea
d
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
W
ith
o
u
t
ti
m
ely
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
cr
ee
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
m
ay
co
n
tin
u
e
t
o
h
in
d
e
r
r
ea
d
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
wid
en
ex
is
tin
g
liter
ac
y
g
ap
s
.
On
e
r
esear
ch
cites
R
eg
io
n
al
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
C
o
u
n
cil
m
em
b
er
,
wh
o
war
n
s
th
at
ea
r
l
y
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
f
ast
-
p
ac
ed
d
ig
ital
co
n
ten
t
ca
n
co
n
d
itio
n
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
b
r
ain
s
in
way
s
th
at
m
ak
e
lear
n
in
g
to
r
ea
d
later
in
life
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt [
4
5
]
.
3
.
2
.
5
.
E
nv
iro
nm
ent
a
l
influences
T
h
e
f
in
al
th
em
e
is
t
h
e
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
is
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
’
s
n
u
r
tu
r
e
d
eter
m
in
es
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Ma
n
y
ch
ild
r
en
d
o
n
o
t
ac
h
iev
e
th
eir
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
o
p
tim
al
lear
n
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
at
h
o
m
e
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l [
4
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies u
n
d
er
th
is
th
em
e.
Firstl
y
,
f
am
ilial
an
d
r
o
le
m
o
d
el
im
p
ac
ts
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
n
r
ea
d
in
g
.
I
n
ter
v
iew
r
ep
o
r
ts
in
d
icate
th
at
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
t
h
o
s
e
with
s
ev
er
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
lack
r
o
le
m
o
d
els
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
p
ar
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
la
ck
o
f
v
alu
e
p
lace
d
o
n
r
ea
d
i
n
g
,
as
d
is
p
lay
e
d
b
y
th
e
p
ar
e
n
ts
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lo
w
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t in
r
ea
d
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
o
te
d
s
tatem
en
t d
ep
icts
th
e
s
e
ch
allen
g
es:
“
Du
r
in
g
o
u
r
h
o
me
visi
ta
tio
n
s
,
w
h
a
t
h
a
p
p
en
s
is
th
a
t
mo
s
tly,
th
e
ch
ild
w
h
o
mis
b
eh
a
ve
s
is
a
ch
ild
w
h
o
is
a
n
o
n
-
r
ea
d
er;
t
h
e
mo
th
er
w
o
u
ld
p
la
y
to
n
g
-
its
.
.
.
We
d
o
a
h
o
me
visi
t,
a
n
d
d
u
r
in
g
o
u
r
h
o
me
visi
ta
tio
n
p
erio
d
,
w
e
in
te
n
tio
n
a
lly
s
ch
ed
u
le
it
a
r
o
u
n
d
lu
n
ch
t
ime
w
h
en
th
e
f
a
mily
is
p
r
esen
t.
B
u
t
w
h
en
w
e
a
r
r
ived
,
th
ey
w
e
r
e
n
o
t
a
r
o
u
n
d
;
w
e
o
n
ly
fo
u
n
d
th
e
ch
ild
th
ere
co
o
kin
g
r
ice,
w
h
i
le
th
e
mo
th
er
w
a
s
o
ff
p
la
yin
g
to
n
g
-
i
ts
,
a
n
d
th
a
t
’
s
w
h
y
th
e
c
h
ild
b
ec
a
me
a
victim
o
f
th
e
en
viro
n
men
t.
”
(
T
ea
ch
er
5
)
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
a
s
tu
d
y
t
h
at
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
cr
u
c
ial
r
o
le
o
f
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
[
4
7
]
.
A
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
to
th
e
lack
o
f
s
u
ch
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
is
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
b
elief
th
at
ed
u
ca
tin
g
ch
ild
r
en
is
s
o
lely
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
’
s
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
m
in
im
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
at
h
o
m
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
in
cr
e
asin
g
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
s
cr
ee
n
ti
m
e
—
wh
er
e
ch
ild
r
e
n
o
f
ten
im
itate
th
eir
p
ar
e
n
ts
’
p
ass
iv
e
o
r
u
n
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
d
ig
ital
h
ab
its
—
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
ei
r
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
wit
h
r
ea
d
in
g
[
4
2
]
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
e
ar
ly
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
Data
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
p
o
o
r
-
q
u
ality
ea
r
ly
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
r
ea
d
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
io
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
d
id
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
e
a
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
t
h
eir
ea
r
ly
y
ea
r
s
s
h
o
wed
ch
al
len
g
es
in
th
eir
later
ac
ad
e
m
ic
lev
els
in
r
ea
d
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ea
r
ly
liter
ac
y
p
r
ac
tices
ar
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
p
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
s
k
il
led
r
ea
d
er
s
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
am
p
le
s
tatem
en
t d
ep
icts
th
e
s
e
ch
allen
g
es:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
5
1
6
1
-
5
1
7
3
5170
“
Ho
n
estl
y,
o
u
r
n
o
n
-
r
ea
d
ers
p
r
ima
r
ily
ca
me
fr
o
m
[
s
ch
o
o
l
n
a
me].
Ou
r
h
a
ltin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
w
er
e
a
ls
o
fr
o
m
[
s
ch
o
o
l
n
a
me],
a
n
d
o
u
r
s
ylla
b
ics
w
ere
fr
o
m
[
s
ch
o
o
l
n
a
me].
B
u
t
tr
u
ly,
it
’
s
[
s
ch
o
o
l
n
a
me]
w
h
ere
ma
n
y
o
f o
u
r
mo
s
t str
u
g
g
lin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
me
fr
o
m.
”
(
T
ea
ch
er
5
)
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
ch
allen
g
es
with
i
n
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
is
is
s
u
e.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
h
as
n
o
t
ad
eq
u
ately
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
lear
n
er
s
an
d
s
o
c
iety
,
leav
in
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
g
r
ap
p
li
n
g
with
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
is
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
’
s
in
ab
ilit
y
to
k
ee
p
p
ac
e
wit
h
s
o
cieta
l
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
d
em
an
d
s
,
o
f
ten
r
esu
ltin
g
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ein
g
u
n
d
er
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
f
o
r
co
m
p
lex
lear
n
in
g
task
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
r
em
ain
p
r
ev
alen
t,
with
a
co
n
tin
u
e
d
em
p
h
asis
o
n
r
o
te
m
em
o
r
izatio
n
an
d
teac
h
er
-
ce
n
ter
ed
in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
.
T
h
ese
o
u
t
d
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
in
d
er
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
t
h
in
k
in
g
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
.
T
ea
ch
er
r
ep
o
r
ts
f
r
o
m
in
ter
v
i
ews
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
ese
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
n
o
tin
g
th
at
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
n
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
s
y
s
tem
ic
ch
allen
g
es,
h
av
e
m
ad
e
it
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ev
er
y
ch
ild
with
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
n
ee
d
e
d
to
r
ea
ch
th
eir
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial.
Giv
en
t
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
m
u
s
t
p
r
io
r
itize
co
n
s
is
ten
t scaf
f
o
ld
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
el
em
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
n
ew
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e
with
s
tr
o
n
g
er
r
ea
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
io
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
a
ls
o
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
n
ee
d
to
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ea
r
l
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
teac
h
e
r
s
r
ec
eiv
e
ad
eq
u
ate
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
a
n
d
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
teac
h
er
s
h
o
r
tag
es
[
5
0
]
.
R
ef
in
in
g
teac
h
er
s
’
q
u
esti
o
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
is
v
ital
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
ig
h
e
r
-
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
4
9
]
.
Ultim
ately
,
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
t
h
is
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
s
tag
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
cr
u
cial,
as
it
p
l
ay
s
a
k
ey
r
o
le
in
m
in
im
izin
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ac
a
d
em
ic
d
if
f
icu
lties
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tco
m
es f
o
r
b
o
th
lea
r
n
er
s
an
d
t
h
e
n
atio
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Stu
d
en
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
well
at
th
e
liter
al
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
-
lev
el
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
y
et
th
ey
s
tr
u
g
g
led
with
in
f
er
en
tial
an
d
cr
itical
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
a
g
ap
i
n
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
e
r
th
in
k
i
n
g
ab
ilit
ies
am
o
n
g
lear
n
er
s
to
d
ay
.
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
ed
a
lack
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
a
lack
o
f
lin
g
u
is
tic
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
r
em
o
te
lear
n
in
g
r
ep
er
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
ch
allen
g
es
f
r
o
m
s
cr
ee
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
y
,
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tar
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
to
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
cr
itical
r
ea
d
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
f
o
s
ter
d
ee
p
er
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
th
at
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
co
n
d
u
ct
ac
tio
n
r
esear
c
h
t
o
ev
alu
ate
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
teac
h
i
n
g
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
ea
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
in
to
d
ay
’
s
d
ig
itally
d
r
i
v
en
,
p
o
s
t
-
p
an
d
e
m
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
h
i
g
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
w
ill
b
etter
eq
u
ip
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
cr
itical
r
ea
d
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
,
l
if
elo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
n
av
ig
atin
g
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
a
g
e.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
m
o
r
e
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
ac
tice
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
em
ed
ial
s
ess
io
n
s
,
p
ee
r
tu
to
r
in
g
,
o
r
h
o
m
e
tu
to
r
in
g
ca
n
h
elp
r
e
b
u
ild
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
h
ab
its
an
d
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
Ad
d
i
tio
n
ally
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
d
e
v
elo
p
en
g
a
g
in
g
a
n
d
th
o
u
g
h
t
-
p
r
o
v
o
k
in
g
r
ea
d
in
g
m
ater
ials
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
in
ter
est
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
in
s
tead
o
f
v
iewin
g
s
cr
ee
n
d
ep
en
d
e
n
cy
as
a
h
in
d
r
an
ce
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
ca
n
lev
er
ag
e
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
b
y
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
m
u
ltimo
d
al
r
ea
d
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
e
n
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
L
astl
y
,
g
iv
en
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
a
n
d
teac
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
f
am
ilies
,
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
is
cr
u
cial
in
cr
ea
tin
g
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
u
p
p
o
r
t sy
s
tem
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
wo
u
ld
n
o
t h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
o
s
s
ib
le
with
o
u
t th
e
in
v
al
u
a
b
le
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
d
e
d
icate
d
co
llea
g
u
es wh
o
ass
is
ted
d
u
r
in
g
d
ata
co
llectio
n
:
J
es
s
aly
n
C
ar
b
o
n
er
o
,
Ally
s
s
a
Ash
ley
E
.
B
alb
u
en
a,
R
ica
C
h
am
ie
Q.
C
asq
u
ejo
,
an
d
Mik
e
R
y
an
R
.
Dav
is
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
also
g
r
atef
u
l
to
all
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
wh
o
im
p
ar
ted
th
eir
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
r
ev
iewin
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
v
a
lid
atin
g
th
e
r
esear
c
h
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
eir
co
llectiv
e
e
f
f
o
r
ts
wer
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
ar
ticle
p
u
b
licatio
n
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
f
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
C
eb
u
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
.
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