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8
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2
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C
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ca
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… (
Mu
kh
ta
r
To
leg
en
)
4615
I
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ter
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ex
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ies
o
n
th
e
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
in
teg
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
v
o
lv
in
g
c
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
,
as
well
as
a
n
u
n
d
er
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
an
d
a
lack
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
o
ls
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es o
f
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
o
r
ec
asts
[
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
aim
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
u
tili
ze
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
ci
n
g
to
i
d
en
tify
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
f
ield
s
th
at
wi
ll
b
e
in
d
em
an
d
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et.
B
as
ed
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
aim
,
th
r
ee
o
b
jectiv
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
:
to
m
o
d
if
y
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
f
o
r
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
with
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
eg
m
en
t;
to
ass
ess
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
alig
n
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
b
ein
g
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
wi
th
th
e
lab
o
r
m
a
r
k
et
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
with
in
ex
is
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
(
E
Ps
)
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
i
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
tr
ain
in
g
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
;
an
d
to
id
en
tify
u
n
iv
er
s
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
ac
r
o
s
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
f
ield
s
th
at
will
b
e
in
d
em
an
d
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
is
:
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
will e
n
ab
le
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
co
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
am
o
n
g
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
n
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
ti
o
n
ed
g
a
p
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
f
ield
b
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w,
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
c
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
an
d
th
e
co
llectiv
e
in
tellig
en
ce
o
f
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
ca
n
b
e
h
ar
n
ess
ed
to
d
ef
in
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
al
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als.
I
t
also
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
an
d
s
u
s
tain
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
ix
e
d
-
m
eth
o
d
(
q
u
an
titativ
e
-
q
u
alitativ
e)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
c
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
in
teg
r
ates
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
two
an
aly
tical
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
:
th
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
lab
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
v
o
lu
m
e
with
in
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
an
d
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
et
en
cy
s
et
with
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
o
m
ain
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
to
o
lk
it h
as e
n
ab
led
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
a
cr
o
w
d
s
o
u
r
ce
d
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
f
o
r
ec
ast
am
o
n
g
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
es f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
tier
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
tr
atif
icatio
n
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
I
n
ter
est
in
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
a
s
a
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
aliz
atio
n
an
d
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
,
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
p
h
er
es
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
ac
tiv
ity
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
a
n
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
C
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
f
in
d
s
its
b
r
o
a
d
est
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
m
a
r
k
etin
g
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ct
b
eta
test
in
g
[
7
]
,
m
ar
k
et
r
esear
ch
[
8
]
,
an
d
g
ath
er
in
g
f
r
esh
an
d
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
id
ea
s
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
[
9
]
.
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
h
av
e
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
e
x
p
r
ess
th
eir
n
e
ed
s
an
d
s
u
g
g
est
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
to
e
x
is
tin
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts [
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
ev
id
e
n
ce
th
at
u
s
er
-
g
en
er
ate
d
co
n
te
n
t
o
n
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
o
f
f
i
n
an
cial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
aid
s
in
v
esto
r
s
in
m
itig
atin
g
b
ias
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
to
ck
r
esear
ch
,
t
h
er
eb
y
b
etter
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
n
ews
in
ea
r
n
in
g
s
an
n
o
u
n
ce
m
en
ts
[
1
1
]
.
T
o
in
ce
n
tiv
ize
an
d
r
ewa
r
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
a
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
co
m
b
in
ed
with
b
lo
c
k
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
i
n
ce
n
t
iv
es with
o
u
t th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
o
f
in
ter
m
ed
iar
y
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
b
r
o
k
er
s
[
1
2
]
.
C
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
f
o
s
ter
s
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
e
twee
n
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
ts
an
d
citizen
s
[
1
3
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
t r
atin
g
s
r
em
ai
n
a
d
o
m
in
an
t a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
m
a
n
ag
er
ial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
m
ass
v
o
tin
g
en
h
an
ce
s
citizen
s
’
tr
u
s
t in
m
u
n
icip
al
s
o
ciety
an
d
en
co
u
r
a
g
es th
eir
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
co
m
p
ellin
g
ex
am
p
les o
f
s
cien
tis
ts
u
tili
zin
g
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
to
r
e
f
in
e
o
r
s
atis
f
y
th
eir
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
an
d
s
o
cio
lo
g
is
ts
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
tr
ad
iti
o
n
ally
co
n
d
u
cted
in
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
to
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
clu
s
ter
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
with
h
u
m
an
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
in
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
h
er
itag
e
m
etad
ata
h
as
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
au
t
o
m
atic
an
aly
s
is
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
e
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
an
n
o
tatio
n
s
,
alo
n
g
wit
h
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
s
er
v
ices,
th
e
r
e
is
an
ex
ce
llen
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
s
ca
lin
g
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
m
etad
ata
o
f
d
ig
ital
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
te
n
t,
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
cu
ltu
r
al
h
er
itag
e
o
b
jects
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
d
r
iv
in
g
f
o
r
ce
o
f
o
p
en
s
cien
ce
b
ased
o
n
citizen
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
l
ea
r
n
in
g
[
1
7
]
.
C
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
its
im
m
en
s
e
p
o
ten
tial
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
[
1
8
]
.
C
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
n
o
t
m
er
ely
s
ee
n
as
ta
s
k
d
el
eg
atio
n
to
th
e
cr
o
wd
b
u
t
as
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
th
at,
th
r
o
u
g
h
id
ea
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
d
iv
er
s
e
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
es
alter
n
ativ
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
b
en
ef
icial
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
eg
m
en
t
[
1
9
]
.
M
ass
o
p
en
o
n
lin
e
co
u
r
s
es
(
MO
OC
s
)
an
d
o
p
en
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
s
er
v
e
as
r
em
ar
k
a
b
le
ex
am
p
les
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
f
o
r
m
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
ese
d
i
g
ital
p
latf
o
r
m
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als,
ca
r
eg
iv
er
s
,
in
d
i
v
id
u
als with
d
i
s
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
o
ld
er
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
h
if
t sig
n
if
ican
tl
y
d
em
o
c
r
atize
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
in
clu
s
iv
ity
a
n
d
a
cc
ess
ib
ilit
y
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
’
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
en
h
an
c
es
s
tu
d
en
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
es
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
2
]
,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
d
u
e
to
its
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
v
al
u
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
6
1
4
-
4
6
2
7
4616
b
u
t
also
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
cial
an
d
en
ter
tain
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
f
ac
ili
tated
b
y
th
e
g
am
i
f
icatio
n
o
f
c
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
[
2
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
clu
d
e
th
at
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
is
u
tili
ze
d
an
d
b
en
ef
icial
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
u
r
m
eth
o
d
s
:
cr
ea
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
ten
t
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
ad
d
itio
n
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
e
n
h
an
cin
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
[
2
4
]
.
De
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
g
o
als
with
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
ix
m
ain
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
m
o
d
els
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le:
cr
o
wd
teac
h
in
g
,
cr
o
wd
lear
n
in
g
,
cr
o
wd
-
f
u
n
d
in
g
,
cr
o
wd
tu
itio
n
,
cr
o
wd
v
o
tin
g
,
a
n
d
cr
o
wd
s
en
s
in
g
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
es
e
b
r
o
a
d
,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
m
o
d
els
ar
e
ev
id
en
t in
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
lied
r
ese
ar
ch
p
r
o
jects in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
c
o
llab
o
r
ati
v
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
task
s
[
2
6
]
,
as
well
as
in
ev
alu
atin
g
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
q
u
esti
o
n
s
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
ex
am
p
les,
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
jo
in
t
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
b
y
t
ea
ch
er
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
ality
,
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
ex
am
in
atio
n
q
u
esti
o
n
s
[
2
8
]
a
n
d
in
c
r
ea
tin
g
jo
in
t
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
-
in
d
u
s
tr
y
p
r
o
jects
[
2
9
]
.
A
cr
o
w
d
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
r
o
ject
aim
ed
at
co
m
p
ilin
g
a
ca
talo
g
o
f
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
,
in
itiated
i
n
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
I
r
elan
d
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
cr
o
w
d
s
o
u
r
cin
g
led
to
an
ex
p
o
n
en
tial
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
s
cien
tific
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
ca
talo
g
an
d
th
a
t
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
e
o
p
le
h
av
e
alr
ea
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
it,
c
r
ea
ted
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
3
0
]
.
C
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
[
3
1
]
,
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
k
ills
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
q
u
alif
ied
tr
an
s
lato
r
s
[
3
2
]
,
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
b
u
s
in
ess
ch
allen
g
es
in
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
3
]
,
a
n
d
in
s
tu
d
y
in
g
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
[
3
4
]
,
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
.
R
em
ar
k
ab
ly
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
o
f
lear
n
in
g
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
m
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
n
o
t
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
ea
d
y
-
m
a
d
e
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
u
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ti
cip
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
g
en
er
atin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
th
u
s
en
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
ac
q
u
i
r
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
[
3
5
]
.
New
tr
en
d
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
d
ic
ate
th
at
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
ab
o
u
t
a
s
eismic
s
h
if
t
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
asp
ir
es
to
b
ec
o
m
e
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
a
r
ad
ig
m
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
esp
it
e
th
e
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
in
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
,
th
er
e
is
a
n
o
ted
in
ad
eq
u
ac
y
in
h
ar
n
ess
in
g
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
o
f
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
i
ch
ar
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
u
tili
ze
d
in
o
th
er
f
ield
s
an
d
h
o
l
d
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
r
e
is
v
er
y
litt
le
lit
er
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
[
3
7
]
.
Prim
ar
ily
,
e
x
am
p
les
o
f
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
b
ased
o
n
f
o
r
esi
g
h
t
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
,
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
wh
ich
lar
g
e
ly
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
n
o
t
o
n
ly
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
b
u
t
also
o
f
th
e
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
esig
h
t
s
ess
io
n
s
[
3
8
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
c
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
ci
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
less
co
s
tly
a
n
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
e
q
u
ir
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
p
r
esen
ce
,
th
er
eb
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
a
lar
g
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
tic
ip
an
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
e
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
is
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
cr
o
w
d
s
o
u
r
cin
g
,
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
lack
o
f
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
in
teg
r
ity
in
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
h
in
d
er
i
n
g
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
,
d
iv
er
s
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
as
well
as
th
e
in
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
i
n
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t [
3
9
]
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
e
d
,
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
g
ap
s
,
an
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
cr
o
w
d
s
o
u
r
cin
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
as
a
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
a
l
co
m
p
eten
cies
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
n
d
u
ct
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
task
s
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
Sin
ce
th
ey
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
also
s
tu
d
y
d
em
an
d
,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
th
at
g
r
ad
u
ates
s
h
o
u
ld
p
o
s
s
ess
to
tailo
r
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
ly
is
cr
u
cial
at
p
r
esen
t.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
at
t
h
e
E
ast
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
,
n
am
e
d
af
ter
Sar
s
en
Am
an
z
h
o
lo
v
,
f
r
o
m
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
2
to
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
cr
o
w
d
s
o
u
r
cin
g
as
a
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
t
h
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
th
r
ee
s
tag
es
(
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al,
r
esear
c
h
,
an
d
an
aly
tical)
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
–
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al,
in
clu
d
e
d
all
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
n
am
ely
cr
ea
tin
g
a
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
c
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
c
in
g
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic,
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
co
n
ten
t
f
o
r
th
e
cr
o
w
d
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
,
a
n
d
attr
ac
t
in
g
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
to
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
.
T
o
d
ev
el
o
p
t
h
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
p
latf
o
r
m
,
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
es
J
av
aScr
ip
t,
W
o
r
d
Pre
s
s
,
XAM
PP
,
PHP,
Per
l,
an
d
My
S
QL
wer
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
h
as a
m
u
lti
-
m
o
d
u
le
ar
ch
itectu
r
e:
a
s
ite
an
aly
tics
b
lo
ck
th
at
au
to
m
atica
lly
c
o
llects
an
d
ag
g
r
eg
ates
d
ata,
an
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
b
lo
ck
,
an
d
a
clien
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
is
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
u
s
er
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
in
cl
u
d
es
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies:
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
n
th
e
p
o
r
tal;
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
n
av
i
g
atio
n
o
n
th
e
p
o
r
tal;
n
ews
p
o
r
tal
an
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
r
tal;
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
with
u
s
er
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
v
o
tin
g
.
T
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
u
s
er
s
’
wo
r
k
wi
th
th
e
s
o
f
twar
e,
a
v
i
d
eo
g
u
i
d
e
was
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
,
wh
ich
s
tr
i
ctly
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
v
o
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
C
r
o
w
d
s
o
u
r
cin
g
in
K
a
z
a
kh
s
ta
n
’
s
h
ig
h
er e
d
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
th
e
s
ystem
o
f d
u
a
l e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
s
… (
Mu
kh
ta
r
To
leg
en
)
4617
T
h
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
al
co
n
ten
t
f
o
r
th
e
cr
o
w
d
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
k
e
y
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
(
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
at
h
er
in
g
,
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
,
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
)
th
at
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
c
r
o
w
d
s
o
u
r
cin
g
in
itiativ
es
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
.
T
o
co
llect
a
n
d
estab
lis
h
a
m
in
im
u
m
b
aselin
e
lev
el
o
f
g
e
n
er
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
r
e
f
er
en
ce
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
p
r
o
v
id
ed
(
lis
ts
o
f
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
in
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
EP
r
an
k
in
g
s
in
t
h
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
v
id
eo
i
n
ter
v
iews
with
d
ev
elo
p
er
s
o
f
E
Ps
,
ex
p
er
ts
,
s
cien
tis
ts
o
n
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
th
r
e
ats
)
.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
cr
o
w
d
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
(
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
d
u
r
in
g
its
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t)
allo
w
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
to
v
iew
ag
g
r
eg
ated
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
f
o
r
ec
asts
o
f
o
th
er
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
tr
a
n
s
it
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
e
k
n
o
wled
g
ea
b
le
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
t
o
less
in
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
es
en
ab
le
th
em
to
ac
q
u
i
r
e
n
ew
an
d
r
ef
in
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
in
c
r
ea
s
es th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
eir
f
o
r
ec
asts
.
G
u
i
d
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
t
h
at
th
e
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
ce
i
n
i
n
te
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
p
a
r
ti
c
i
p
a
n
ts
u
s
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
ir
f
o
r
ec
asts
,
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
eir
ac
cu
r
ac
y
will
b
e,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
b
elo
n
g
in
g
to
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
eg
io
n
s
,
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
il
i
ti
e
s
,
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
l
ev
e
l
s
o
f
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
,
t
e
n
u
r
e
,
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
es
,
s
k
i
l
ls
,
o
r
a
b
i
l
it
ie
s
w
e
r
e
a
tt
r
a
c
t
e
d
.
T
h
e
t
a
r
g
et
a
u
d
i
e
n
c
e
w
a
s
e
n
g
a
g
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
d
i
n
v
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
e
m
p
lo
y
e
r
s
,
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
ta
t
i
v
e
s
,
a
n
d
c
i
v
i
l
a
c
ti
v
i
s
t
s
,
as
w
e
l
l
as
b
y
p
o
s
t
i
n
g
an
n
o
u
n
ce
m
en
ts
o
n
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
’
s
web
s
ite
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Utilizin
g
ex
is
tin
g
ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
o
n
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
co
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
in
v
itatio
n
s
wer
e
s
en
t
v
ia
em
ail
to
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
with
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
As
a
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
in
ce
n
tiv
e,
th
e
m
o
s
t
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
o
f
f
er
e
d
m
o
n
etar
y
r
ewa
r
d
s
an
d
c
o
-
au
t
h
o
r
s
h
ip
i
n
f
u
tu
r
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
E
Ps
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
g
en
e
r
al
v
o
tin
g
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
h
ase,
was
aim
ed
at
th
e
d
i
r
ec
t
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
.
C
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
ci
n
g
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
s
ep
ar
ately
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
,
with
a
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
3
-
4
wee
k
s
p
er
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
An
n
o
u
n
ce
m
en
ts
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
c
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
to
u
r
wer
e
p
o
s
ted
o
n
th
e
n
ews
p
o
r
tal
an
d
au
to
m
atica
lly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
r
eg
is
ter
ed
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
tag
e,
an
aly
tical
in
n
at
u
r
e,
en
tailed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
an
d
th
eir
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
T
h
e
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
in
cl
u
d
ed
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
llectio
n
,
i
n
v
o
lv
i
n
g
f
a
m
iliar
izin
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
with
th
e
r
u
les
o
f
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
,
as
well
as
wi
t
h
th
e
lis
ts
o
f
co
m
p
eten
cies
b
ein
g
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
E
Ps
.
T
h
e
E
Ps
th
em
s
elv
es
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
v
i
d
eo
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
At
th
is
s
tag
e,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
we
r
e
in
v
ited
to
ass
ess
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
E
Ps
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
s
p
ec
ially
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
s
ep
ar
ately
f
o
r
ea
c
h
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ai
m
ed
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
b
ein
g
f
o
r
m
ed
a
m
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
an
d
v
eter
in
ar
y
s
cien
ce
s
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
I
T
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
n
atu
r
al
s
cien
ce
s
an
d
m
ath
em
atics,
an
d
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
an
d
h
u
m
an
ities
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
p
ar
t
was
th
e
id
ea
g
e
n
er
atio
n
–
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
is
s
tag
e,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
eir
id
ea
s
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
task
:
“I
n
y
o
u
r
o
p
in
io
n
,
w
h
at
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
s
h
o
u
ld
a
s
p
ec
ialis
t
in
th
is
f
ield
ac
q
u
ir
e
to
b
e
in
d
em
an
d
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
in
th
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et
i
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e?
W
h
y
?”
a
n
d
“
t
h
e
av
ailab
le
co
m
m
en
t f
u
n
cti
o
n
allo
wed
all
r
eg
is
ter
ed
p
ar
ti
cip
an
ts
to
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
id
ea
s
,
m
ak
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
,
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
n
ew
id
ea
s
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
o
r
n
ee
d
s
,
am
o
n
g
o
t
h
er
f
ac
to
r
s
.
”
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
p
ar
t
(
id
ea
f
ilter
in
g
),
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
an
k
in
g
o
f
ag
g
r
eg
ated
d
ata,
id
ea
s
,
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
wer
e
f
ilter
ed
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
eir
m
ea
n
in
g
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
.
T
h
e
last
p
ar
t
(
v
o
tin
g
),
af
ter
s
tr
u
ctu
r
in
g
an
d
r
e
f
in
in
g
,
th
e
k
ey
tr
en
d
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
ed
icte
d
u
n
iv
er
s
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
o
n
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
v
o
tin
g
.
Par
ticip
a
n
ts
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
an
k
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
u
n
iv
er
s
al
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
lev
el
o
f
d
em
an
d
.
3
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple
I
n
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
,
a
to
tal
o
f
1
,
6
4
5
in
d
iv
id
u
als
p
ar
ticip
ated
.
Am
o
n
g
th
em
wer
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
564
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
)
,
p
o
ten
tial e
m
p
lo
y
er
s
(
619
in
d
iv
id
u
als
)
,
an
d
p
r
ac
ticin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
with
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
4
6
2
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
)
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
b
y
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
ar
ea
s
an
d
f
ield
s
o
f
ac
tiv
ity
was
as
:
in
th
e
n
atu
r
al
-
m
ath
em
atica
l
d
ir
ec
tio
n
(
3
8
7
in
d
iv
id
u
als
)
;
in
th
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
I
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ir
ec
tio
n
(
4
5
4
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
)
;
in
th
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
a
n
d
v
eter
in
ar
y
d
ir
ec
tio
n
(
3
6
9
in
d
iv
id
u
als
)
; in
th
e
s
o
cial
-
h
u
m
an
ita
r
ian
d
ir
ec
tio
n
(
4
3
5
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
)
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
io
n
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
was
th
e
p
o
s
s
es
s
io
n
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ar
e
al
r
ea
d
y
s
tu
d
y
in
g
o
r
p
lan
n
i
n
g
to
s
tu
d
y
i
n
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
r
ea
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
allo
ws
u
s
to
s
p
ea
k
ab
o
u
t
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
f
o
r
s
o
lv
in
g
th
e
s
et
task
s
.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
d
iv
er
s
if
icatio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
’
ac
tiv
ities
,
th
e
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
id
n
o
t
in
clu
d
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
aim
e
d
at
d
eter
m
in
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ata,
g
en
d
er
,
a
n
d
p
lace
o
f
wo
r
k
)
.
On
ly
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
a
f
f
iliatio
n
with
a
s
o
cial
s
tatu
s
we
r
e
in
d
icate
d
,
wh
ic
h
was
co
n
v
en
tio
n
ally
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
th
r
ee
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
g
r
o
u
p
–
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
lan
n
in
g
to
en
r
o
ll
in
t
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
r
ea
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
a
in
in
g
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
–
p
o
ten
tial
em
p
lo
y
e
r
s
(
b
u
s
in
ess
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
es,
h
ea
d
s
o
f
s
tate
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
)
.
T
h
e
th
i
r
d
g
r
o
u
p
–
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als with
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
g
r
ad
u
ates a
n
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
e
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
6
1
4
-
4
6
2
7
4618
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
g
en
er
alize
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
em
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
a
p
p
lied
.
Q
u
an
titativ
e
-
q
u
alitativ
e
an
aly
s
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
o
n
li
n
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
E
Ps
in
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
an
d
v
eter
i
n
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
I
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
o
cial
-
h
u
m
an
i
tar
ian
,
an
d
n
atu
r
al
-
m
ath
em
atica
l
cy
cles.
C
o
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
id
ea
s
,
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
an
d
o
th
er
c
o
n
ten
t
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
m
ea
n
in
g
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
R
an
k
in
g
u
tili
z
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
lev
el
o
f
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
icted
u
n
iv
er
s
al
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
jo
b
m
ar
k
et,
in
clu
d
e
d
f
iv
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
s
:
i
)
h
ig
h
ly
d
e
m
an
d
ed
(
5
p
o
in
ts
)
;
ii
)
d
em
an
d
e
d
(
4
p
o
in
ts
)
;
iii
)
d
esira
b
le
(
3
p
o
in
ts
)
;
iv
)
les
s
d
em
an
d
ed
(
2
p
o
i
n
ts
)
;
an
d
v
)
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
em
an
d
e
d
(
1
p
o
in
t)
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOV
A)
ap
p
lied
to
d
eter
m
in
e
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
am
o
n
g
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
b
y
test
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
o
f
t
h
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
u
n
iv
er
s
al
co
m
p
eten
cies in
th
e
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et.
C
r
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
r
aises
s
ev
er
al
eth
ical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
:
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
r
e
ce
iv
e
f
air
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
f
o
r
th
eir
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
u
lly
in
f
o
r
m
ed
a
b
o
u
t
h
o
w
t
h
eir
id
ea
s
will
b
e
u
s
ed
,
an
d
th
e
y
s
h
o
u
l
d
h
av
e
r
ig
h
ts
to
in
tellectu
al
p
r
o
p
e
r
ty
(
in
o
u
r
ca
s
e,
co
-
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
ip
in
E
Ps
)
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
p
r
o
g
r
am
SP
SS
s
tati
s
tics
was u
til
ized
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
s
is
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
o
es n
o
t
en
co
m
p
ass
all
s
p
h
er
es o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ac
tiv
ity
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
i
n
th
is
ar
ea
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
d
ata
f
r
o
m
o
n
l
in
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
o
f
1
,
6
4
5
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
E
Ps
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
an
d
v
eter
in
ar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
T
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
,
s
o
cial
-
h
u
m
an
itar
ian
,
a
n
d
n
atu
r
al
-
m
ath
em
atica
l
f
ield
s
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
ic
ate
th
at
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
atu
r
al
s
cien
ce
s
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
tr
ac
k
,
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
h
al
f
(
5
5
%
o
f
1
4
1
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
o
c
ial
g
r
o
u
p
)
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ated
th
e
lev
el
o
f
th
e
EP
as
h
ig
h
,
3
0
%
as
m
ed
iu
m
,
an
d
1
5
%
as
lo
w.
Am
o
n
g
p
o
ten
tial
em
p
l
o
y
er
s
(
a
to
tal
o
f
1
5
3
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
)
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
r
ated
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
E
Ps
as
m
ed
iu
m
(
4
5
%).
A
s
im
ilar
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
E
P
q
u
ality
was m
ad
e
b
y
m
o
s
t p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
(
5
2
% o
f
9
3
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
)
,
wh
o
also
ev
alu
ated
it a
s
a
m
e
d
iu
m
.
Fo
r
th
e
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
a
n
d
I
T
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
tr
ac
k
,
a
s
im
ilar
p
atter
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
:
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
4
5
%
o
f
1
5
9
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
)
r
ated
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
E
P
as
h
ig
h
,
wh
i
le
am
o
n
g
p
o
ten
tial
em
p
lo
y
er
s
(
5
6
%
o
f
1
6
3
r
esp
o
n
d
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ate
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s
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io
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ain
i
n
g
ar
ea
s
ar
e
p
r
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in
T
ab
l
e
1
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t
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n
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ai
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t
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d
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o
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Fo
r
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ath
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cy
cle,
s
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ile
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g
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T
tech
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lo
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p
ar
ticip
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ts
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m
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u
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g
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th
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r
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o
r
th
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n
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s
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d
m
ath
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4
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tan
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f
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T
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ar
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.
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4619
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
es to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
q
u
ality
o
f
E
Ps
at
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
F
i
e
l
d
s
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
(
t
o
t
a
l
1
,
6
4
5
i
n
d
i
v
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d
u
a
l
s)
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
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n
t
s
b
y
f
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d
s
H
i
g
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M
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d
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d
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mb
e
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a
t
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e
m
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t
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c
s
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y
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e
(
t
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t
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l
o
f
3
8
7
p
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p
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t
s)
P
r
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e
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t
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t
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s
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1
78
55
42
30
21
15
P
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35
P
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23
25
En
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T
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e
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g
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e
s
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f
4
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p
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r
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sp
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1
5
9
72
45
59
37
28
18
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
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m
p
l
o
y
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r
s
1
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3
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12
91
56
53
32
P
r
a
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t
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c
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c
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30
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26
A
g
r
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t
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f
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p
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c
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p
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n
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r
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2
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61
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7
P
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48
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29
P
r
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43
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32
32
24
24
S
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30
60
43
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27
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Key
tr
en
d
s
o
f
f
u
t
u
r
e
u
n
iv
er
s
al
co
m
p
eten
cies b
y
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
ar
ea
s
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
an
k
in
g
r
esu
lts
am
o
n
g
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
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th
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th
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
p
r
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s
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e
s
tu
d
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ts
,
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th
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f
o
r
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asts
f
o
r
th
e
n
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al
s
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ce
s
an
d
m
ath
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atics
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o
m
ain
,
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
al
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m
p
e
ten
cies
s
u
ch
as
“
r
esil
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ce
”
(
x
=
2
.
8
)
an
d
“
p
r
o
ject
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
k
ills
”
(
x
=
2
.
7
)
.
T
h
ey
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g
u
e
th
at
attr
ib
u
tes
s
u
ch
as
th
e
ab
il
ity
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r
em
ain
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lm
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n
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tr
ess
f
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l
s
itu
atio
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s
an
d
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n
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tr
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ctiv
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n
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e
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ar
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lar
ly
s
o
u
g
h
t
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ter
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th
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
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f
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io
n
al
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
.
Am
o
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g
p
o
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em
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er
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t
o
p
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io
n
s
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ail.
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h
e
y
em
p
h
asize
th
at
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
th
e
n
atu
r
al
s
cien
ce
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
ec
to
r
s
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
p
r
o
ject
ac
tiv
it
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th
e
q
u
ality
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f
wh
ic
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will d
ir
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tly
in
f
lu
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ce
t
h
e
d
ev
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t o
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d
u
s
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a
wh
o
le
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d
th
e
ef
f
icien
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o
f
s
cien
tific
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T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
o
u
g
h
t
-
af
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co
m
p
eten
cies
will
b
e
“
p
r
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ject
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
k
ills
”
(
x
=2
.
9
)
an
d
“
r
esu
lts
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r
ien
tatio
n
”
(
x
=
2
.
8
)
.
Pra
ctitio
n
er
s
b
eliev
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th
a
t
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m
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eten
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in
3
D
m
o
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elin
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d
co
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p
u
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g
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ap
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ics
(
x
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8
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will
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n
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ess
ar
y
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o
r
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y
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g
b
io
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p
h
ical,
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
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ce
s
s
es,
as we
ll a
s
f
o
r
v
is
u
alizin
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p
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o
b
lem
s
in
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o
lv
in
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p
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io
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f
ield
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f
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g
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ee
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an
d
I
T
tech
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o
l
o
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ies,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
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tio
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f
p
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p
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s
tu
d
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p
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co
m
p
eten
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in
ar
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s
u
ch
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“
en
tr
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r
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r
s
h
ip
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x
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.
7
)
an
d
“
leg
al
liter
ac
y
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(
x
=2
.
6
)
.
Po
ten
tial
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p
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ty
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ata
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to
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ield
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lar
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r
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m
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g
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n
th
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f
ield
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f
ag
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icu
ltu
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eter
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ig
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y
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k
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x
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Am
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g
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o
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tial
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d
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r
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p
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,
th
er
e
ar
e
p
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ed
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m
i
n
atin
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alu
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it
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r
ec
ti
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n
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t
h
e
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it
u
a
ti
o
n
is
as:
a
m
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n
g
p
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s
p
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ti
v
e
s
tu
d
en
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a
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l
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n
d
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7
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e
d
o
m
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9
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n
d
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x
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ar
e
p
r
o
m
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e
n
t;
a
m
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g
p
r
ac
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e
r
s
p
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alis
ts
,
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(
x
=
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.
8
)
a
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d
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(
x
=
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7
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r
e
n
o
ta
b
l
e.
T
h
e
r
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u
lts
o
f
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k
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n
g
b
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h
e
d
eg
r
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e
o
f
d
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m
a
n
d
f
o
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f
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tu
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n
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v
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m
p
et
en
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t
h
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o
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t
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p
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ac
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s
s
d
if
f
er
en
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s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
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lts
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e
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in
T
ab
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.
T
h
e
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s
e
o
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s
tatis
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m
eth
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s
tifie
d
b
y
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
:
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o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
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o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
v
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iab
le
ac
r
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s
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th
e
co
m
p
ar
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i.e
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p
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am
o
n
g
f
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s
p
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)
,
h
o
m
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g
en
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f
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ar
ian
ce
s
,
an
d
th
e
r
an
d
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d
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les.
Sp
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ically
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:
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0
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,
in
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icatin
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at
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ata
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ican
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e
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o
m
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eity
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r
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s
.
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h
e
d
ata
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p
r
esen
ted
i
n
T
ab
le
4
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
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lts
o
f
r
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k
in
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b
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th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
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d
f
o
r
f
u
tu
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n
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e
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y
p
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ain
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U
n
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t
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s
O
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v
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r
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g
e
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с
р
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P
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t
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v
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t
s
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с
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r
s
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с
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P
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c
t
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c
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n
g
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c
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l
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s
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s (Х
с
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N
a
t
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r
a
l
s
c
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e
n
c
e
a
n
d
ma
t
h
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ma
t
i
c
s c
y
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1
3
D
m
o
d
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l
i
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a
n
d
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r
g
r
a
p
h
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c
s
8
.
1
2
.
6
2
.
7
2
.
8
2
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
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a
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y
4
.
6
1
.
3
1
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5
1
.
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3
M
u
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t
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l
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u
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l
i
sm
5
.
9
1
.
6
2
.
1
2
.
2
4
Emo
t
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l
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l
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n
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e
7
.
2
2
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5
2
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4
2
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3
5
R
e
s
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l
t
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e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
6
.
7
1
.
2
2
.
8
2
.
7
6
S
t
r
e
ss res
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
5
.
7
2
.
8
1
.
4
1
.
5
7
P
r
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j
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c
t
c
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mp
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
8
.
4
2
.
7
2
.
9
2
.
8
En
g
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n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
I
T
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
1
P
h
y
s
i
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
p
a
t
h
o
l
o
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y
o
f
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e
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v
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m
6
.
9
2
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4
1
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2
.
7
2
En
t
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r
s
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i
p
6
.
4
2
.
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1
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4
2
.
3
3
Le
g
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l
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c
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7
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8
2
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6
2
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4
P
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t
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p
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g
7
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6
2
.
1
2
.
9
2
.
6
5
N
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s a
n
d
b
i
g
d
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d
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r
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d
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ly
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t
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r
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b
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tes
t
o
th
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p
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ess
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d
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im
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izatio
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cr
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r
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tco
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tak
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is
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em
in
atio
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d
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ter
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etatio
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d
if
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er
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ce
s
)
th
a
t
en
h
an
ce
f
o
r
ec
ast
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
4
0
]
.
T
o
ac
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iev
e
th
i
s
,
p
ar
ticip
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ts
f
r
o
m
d
if
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,
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d
r
ef
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ce
in
f
o
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m
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p
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v
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n
th
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p
latf
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m
f
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d
ata
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o
llectio
n
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
cr
o
wd
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r
cin
g
p
latf
o
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m
allo
wed
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ar
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ts
to
v
iew
f
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ec
asts
f
r
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m
o
th
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ts
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-
tim
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Acc
o
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g
t
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C
am
p
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-
B
lázq
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ez
et
a
l.
[
4
0
]
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
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m
en
t
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f
c
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cin
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A
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ANOV
A.
T
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eth
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f
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R
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T
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A
NOVA
cr
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8
8
2
2
C
r
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cin
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in
K
a
z
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kh
s
ta
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ystem
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f d
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ca
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… (
Mu
kh
ta
r
To
leg
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)
4623
B
ased
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n
a
q
u
alitativ
e
an
aly
s
is
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f
cr
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wd
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a
p
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f
f
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ey
tr
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in
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s
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m
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alig
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with
wid
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k
n
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ec
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f
f
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tu
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e
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s
o
f
t,
an
d
d
ig
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k
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.
Ho
wev
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lik
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elate
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Ou
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f
2
7
p
r
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d
icted
u
n
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s
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co
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p
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1
7
co
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co
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s
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f
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k
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(
in
ar
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p
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ter
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r
ap
h
ics,
3
D
m
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AI
,
p
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ty
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lo
g
is
tical
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)
.
T
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Kaz
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s
tan
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m
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k
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I
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k
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wn
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at
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eq
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Fu
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th
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m
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tag
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f
s
k
illed
tech
n
ical
an
d
q
u
alif
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p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
r
elev
an
t
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
am
o
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k
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s
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s
cr
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eq
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ter
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s
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ta
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f
f
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tu
r
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m
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cies.
T
h
e
q
u
a
n
titativ
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r
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o
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th
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em
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f
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ir
m
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th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
2
]
–
[
4
4
]
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
th
at
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
am
o
n
g
r
ep
r
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tativ
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f
d
if
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t
h
ie
r
ar
ch
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s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
f
ac
es
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b
s
tacle
s
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
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f
b
eh
av
io
r
al
p
r
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er
e
n
ce
s
.
T
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p
r
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er
e
n
ce
s
en
tail
th
at
an
i
n
d
iv
id
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al
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ch
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an
d
d
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n
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m
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(
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o
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r
ca
s
e,
r
an
k
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g
b
y
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
u
n
iv
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s
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
)
will
d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
ei
r
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
eir
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ie
s
,
f
av
o
r
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
in
wh
ich
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
en
g
a
g
ed
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ten
d
ed
to
p
r
ef
er
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
wh
ich
t
h
ey
wer
e
m
o
r
e
in
ter
ested
,
wh
ich
ad
eq
u
ately
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
r
an
k
in
g
r
esu
lts
am
o
n
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Fo
r
ec
ast
ac
cu
r
ac
y
is
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
a
n
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
an
d
s
o
cial
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
lev
els
[
4
5
]
.
Ad
d
it
io
n
ally
,
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
en
g
a
g
in
g
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
f
o
r
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
ex
ch
an
g
e
(
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
co
m
b
in
in
g
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
eten
t
a
n
d
less
ex
p
er
ien
c
ed
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
in
o
n
e
team
)
[
4
6
]
.
I
n
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
ci
n
g
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
h
ier
ar
ch
ies
is
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
;
o
th
er
wis
e,
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
will
p
lan
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
iews
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
lead
in
g
to
c
o
n
f
lictin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
with
in
th
eir
s
ec
to
r
s
.
W
e
co
n
s
id
er
th
is
ass
er
tio
n
to
b
e
ev
id
en
ce
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
as
a
v
alu
ab
le
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
eg
m
en
t b
ased
o
n
co
llectiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
aim
ed
at
v
er
if
y
in
g
w
h
eth
er
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
,
wh
en
v
alid
ate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
ac
r
o
s
s
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
wo
u
ld
en
ab
le
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
-
b
ased
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
was
c
o
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
L
ev
en
e
’
s
test
an
d
o
n
e
-
way
A
NOVA
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eity
o
f
v
a
r
ian
ce
s
an
d
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
s
ta
tis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
c
es
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
th
r
ee
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
c
an
b
e
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
a
c
o
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
was
ac
h
iev
ed
in
th
e
f
o
r
ec
asts
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
3
D
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
co
m
p
u
ter
g
r
ap
h
ics,
m
u
ltil
in
g
u
alis
m
,
em
o
tio
n
a
l
in
tellig
en
ce
,
p
r
o
ject
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
co
m
p
eten
cies,
leg
al
lite
r
ac
y
,
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
a
n
d
b
ig
d
ata,
i
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies,
ex
p
o
r
t
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
t
h
e
ag
r
o
-
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
co
m
p
lex
,
lo
g
is
tics
o
u
ts
o
u
r
cin
g
,
s
y
s
tem
s
th
in
k
in
g
,
VR
co
m
p
eten
cies,
AI
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
an
aly
ti
cs,
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
.
T
h
is
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ANOV
A
an
aly
s
is
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
w
n
o
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
m
ea
n
v
al
u
es.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
h
as
ex
p
an
d
e
d
th
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
’
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
-
g
ath
e
r
in
g
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
cr
o
w
d
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
ev
ea
le
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
h
eld
b
y
f
u
tu
r
e
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
an
d
th
o
s
e
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
em
p
lo
y
er
s
an
d
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
.
I
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
t
h
e
co
r
e
cr
o
w
d
s
o
u
r
cin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
in
to
th
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
en
ab
led
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
n
ew
an
d
r
ef
i
n
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
ac
h
iev
e
a
d
ee
p
e
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
eir
f
o
r
ec
asts
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
-
q
u
alitativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
g
ap
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
an
d
s
elec
tin
g
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
ls
f
o
r
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
o
r
ec
asts
h
as
b
ee
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
estab
lis
h
ed
th
at
in
th
e
f
o
r
ec
asts
o
f
cr
o
wd
s
o
u
r
cin
g
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
,
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
eten
cies
p
r
ev
ail
o
v
er
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
r
elate
d
to
s
u
b
jectiv
e
an
d
s
o
cial
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
t
h
e
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
wh
i
ch
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
v
o
latilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
i
lab
o
r
m
a
r
k
et.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
in
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
u
n
iv
er
s
al
co
m
p
eten
cies,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
tr
ata
ten
d
to
p
r
ef
er
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
wh
ich
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
s
t
i
n
ter
ested
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
esis
was
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
L
ev
en
e
’
s
test
an
d
o
n
e
-
way
ANOV
A.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
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