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o
ls
,
AI
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ap
id
ly
a
d
v
an
cin
g
an
d
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
k
ey
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
3
]
,
r
e
n
o
w
n
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
la
r
g
est
an
d
m
o
s
t
d
y
n
a
m
ic
wo
r
ld
wid
e
.
As
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
n
tin
u
es
to
ev
o
lv
e
a
n
d
d
ig
it
al
to
o
ls
ar
e
ad
o
p
ted
at
an
ac
c
eler
ated
p
ac
e,
C
h
in
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
lev
er
ag
in
g
AI
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
eir
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
p
r
ep
a
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
task
s
,
an
d
r
ef
in
e
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
[
1
]
,
[
4
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
with
C
h
in
a’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
o
v
er
2
0
0
m
illi
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
n
u
an
ce
s
o
f
AI
ad
o
p
tio
n
wi
th
in
th
is
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
y
s
tem
h
o
ld
s
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e.
B
y
id
en
tif
y
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es,
th
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ad
ap
ted
an
d
ap
p
lied
i
n
o
th
e
r
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
ee
k
in
g
to
in
teg
r
ate
AI
in
to
t
h
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
.
Sin
ce
C
h
in
a
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
le
ad
er
s
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
AI
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
th
e
co
u
n
t
r
y
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
co
v
er
s
o
v
er
2
0
0
m
illi
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
r
esear
ch
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
i
n
s
u
ch
a
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
y
s
tem
is
ex
tr
em
ely
r
elev
an
t,
as
it
allo
ws
to
id
en
tif
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
p
r
ac
tices
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ad
ap
te
d
f
o
r
o
th
e
r
co
u
n
tr
ies.
E
x
is
tin
g
r
esear
c
h
lack
s
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
AI
to
o
l
ad
o
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
am
o
n
g
C
h
in
ese
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ac
ad
em
ic
task
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
o
n
task
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
AI
u
s
e
b
y
C
h
in
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
tar
g
eted
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
c
h
o
f
f
er
s
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
a
n
u
a
n
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
AI
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
C
h
in
a,
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
AI
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
2.
T
H
E
CO
M
P
RE
H
E
NS
I
VE
T
H
E
O
RE
T
I
CA
L
B
ASI
S
At
th
e
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
y
in
g
an
y
p
h
en
o
m
en
a,
a
r
esear
c
h
er
h
as
to
clea
r
u
p
its
d
ef
in
itio
n
.
Sp
ea
k
in
g
ab
o
u
t
AI
,
f
i
r
s
tly
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
o
tio
n
“in
te
llig
en
ce
”
as
it
is
th
e
m
ain
ter
m
in
th
e
m
e
n
tio
n
e
d
wo
r
d
co
m
b
in
ati
o
n
.
So
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
C
am
b
r
id
g
e
Di
ctio
n
ar
y
,
“in
tellig
en
ce
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
lear
n
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
,
an
d
m
a
k
e
ju
d
g
m
e
n
ts
o
r
h
av
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
th
at
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
”
[
5
]
.
W
e
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
r
elatin
g
th
is
ter
m
to
h
u
m
an
b
ein
g
s
o
r
at
least
aliv
e
cr
ea
tu
r
es
wh
en
it
g
o
e
s
ab
o
u
t
r
ea
lizin
g
f
ac
ts
,
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
,
an
d
b
ey
o
n
d
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
AI
,
we
d
ea
l
with
th
e
f
ield
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cien
ce
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
m
ac
h
in
es
an
d
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
task
s
ty
p
ically
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
h
u
m
a
n
in
tellig
en
ce
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
r
ea
s
o
n
i
n
g
,
lear
n
in
g
,
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
n
atu
r
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
I
ts
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
is
to
en
a
b
le
co
m
p
u
ter
s
to
s
im
u
late
h
u
m
an
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
r
ep
licate
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
AI
h
as
b
ee
n
o
n
g
o
in
g
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
h
alf
a
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
b
u
t
its
h
is
to
r
ica
l
r
o
o
ts
g
o
d
ee
p
er
in
to
th
e
p
ast,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
th
e
er
a
o
f
an
tiq
u
ity
.
T
h
e
id
ea
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
au
to
m
a
tio
n
o
f
in
tellectu
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
h
av
e
alwa
y
s
b
ee
n
o
f
in
ter
est
to
h
u
m
an
ity
,
as
th
ey
r
ef
lect
th
e
d
esire
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
an
d
u
ltima
tely
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
o
u
g
h
t
an
d
m
in
d
.
T
h
ese
id
ea
s
c
o
m
b
in
e
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical,
m
ath
em
atica
l
an
d
tech
n
ical
asp
ec
ts
th
at
g
r
ad
u
ally
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
AI
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
t
h
in
k
er
s
w
h
o
s
e
wo
r
k
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
th
e
cr
e
atio
n
o
f
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
AI
was
th
e
an
cien
t
Gr
ee
k
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
er
Ar
is
to
tle.
He
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
o
f
f
o
r
m
al
lo
g
ic,
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
s
y
llo
g
is
m
s
,
wh
ich
b
ec
am
e
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
lo
g
ical
-
m
ath
em
atica
l
r
esear
c
h
[
7
]
.
Fo
r
m
al
lo
g
ic
m
a
d
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
cr
ea
te
u
n
iv
er
s
al
r
u
les
f
o
r
d
e
r
iv
in
g
tr
u
th
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
th
e
b
asis
o
f
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
co
m
p
u
te
r
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ar
is
to
tle
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
o
u
g
h
t,
wh
ich
later
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
a
n
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
8
]
.
An
o
th
e
r
an
cie
n
t
th
in
k
er
,
Her
o
n
o
f
Alex
an
d
r
ia,
cr
ea
ted
th
e
f
ir
s
t
au
to
m
atic
d
ev
ices
th
at,
wh
ile
b
ased
o
n
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
r
i
n
cip
le
s
,
r
ef
lecte
d
a
d
esire
to
au
t
o
m
a
te
task
s
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
an
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
b
ec
am
e
th
e
f
o
r
er
u
n
n
er
s
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
r
o
b
o
ts
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
Mid
d
le
Ag
es
,
th
e
id
ea
s
o
f
an
tiq
u
ity
r
ec
eiv
e
d
a
n
ew
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
t
h
an
k
s
to
t
h
e
wo
r
k
o
f
Ar
a
b
s
cien
tis
t
s
.
So
,
Al
-
Kh
war
izm
i
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
o
f
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
th
in
k
in
g
.
His
wo
r
k
g
av
e
its
n
am
e
to
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
ar
e
k
ey
t
o
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
AI
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
0
]
.
L
ater
p
er
io
d
s
,
esp
ec
ially
th
e
r
en
aiss
an
ce
,
led
to
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
m
p
u
tin
g
d
e
v
ices,
s
u
ch
as
Pas
ca
l’
s
m
ec
h
an
ic
al
ca
lcu
lato
r
[
1
1
]
o
r
C
h
ar
les
B
ab
b
ag
e’
s
“a
n
aly
tical
en
g
in
e”
[
1
2
]
.
M
o
d
er
n
AI
is
th
u
s
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
a
lo
n
g
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
i
d
ea
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
o
v
er
m
illen
n
ia.
Fro
m
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
th
o
u
g
h
t
to
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
o
f
lo
g
ic
an
d
tech
n
ical
in
n
o
v
a
tio
n
,
ea
ch
er
a
h
as
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
d
to
th
e
c
r
ea
tio
n
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
au
to
m
atin
g
in
tellectu
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es a
n
d
s
o
lv
in
g
co
m
p
lex
task
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
2
4
4
-
4
2
5
3
4246
I
n
th
e
2
0
th
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
ath
em
atica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
AI
ap
p
ea
r
ed
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
th
e
wo
r
k
s
o
f
Alan
T
u
r
in
g
,
J
o
h
n
v
o
n
Neu
m
a
n
n
,
an
d
No
r
b
e
r
t
W
ien
er
b
ec
a
m
e
k
e
y
m
iles
to
n
es
i
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
is
s
cien
ce
.
I
n
1
9
3
6
,
T
u
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
a
“u
n
iv
er
s
al
m
ac
h
in
e”
t
h
at
b
e
ca
m
e
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
an
d
in
1
9
5
0
a
test
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
“T
u
r
i
n
g
T
est”
was
o
f
f
er
ed
th
at
is
s
till
u
s
ed
to
d
ay
to
ass
es
s
th
e
in
tellig
en
ce
o
f
m
ac
h
in
es
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
,
it
is
u
s
ef
u
l
to
m
a
k
e
a
b
r
ief
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
s
ev
er
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
a
r
e
clo
s
e
to
o
u
r
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
AI
u
tili
za
tio
n
in
th
e
s
p
h
e
r
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
en
ef
its
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
AI
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
a
n
d
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
AI
to
o
ls
b
y
C
h
in
ese
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Yo
u
n
g
g
en
er
ati
o
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
at
es
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
a
d
ap
tab
ili
ty
to
n
ew
d
ev
ices,
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
AI
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ar
e
q
u
ick
to
a
d
o
p
t
an
d
in
teg
r
ate
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
AI
-
p
o
wer
e
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
to
th
eir
d
aily
li
v
es
an
d
s
tu
d
y
.
A
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
ad
d
r
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
AI
u
tili
za
tio
n
as
a
lear
n
in
g
to
o
l.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ev
alu
ated
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
v
ir
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
ass
is
tan
ts
,
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
to
o
ls
.
Ajlo
u
n
i
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
a
d
v
is
ed
to
in
teg
r
ate
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
AI
in
to
c
u
r
r
icu
la
as
well
as
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
ac
tices.
Fo
š
n
er
[
1
5
]
em
p
h
asized
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
f
u
r
th
e
r
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
t
h
is
s
p
h
er
e
as
au
th
o
r
s
co
u
l
d
f
in
d
wo
r
r
ies ab
o
u
t A
I
to
o
ls
’
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
an
d
ad
h
er
e
n
ce
to
ac
ad
em
ic
eth
ic
s
.
Yü
zb
aşıo
ğ
lu
[
1
6
]
u
n
d
er
lin
e
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
u
s
in
g
AI
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Asi
o
an
d
Gad
ia
[
1
7
]
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
AI
liter
ac
y
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
its
u
s
e
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
Su
m
ak
u
l
et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
f
a
m
iliar
ity
with
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
en
ab
led
th
em
t
o
lev
er
ag
e
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
s
k
ills
.
An
aly
zin
g
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
AI
to
o
ls
b
y
C
h
in
ese
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
it
was
n
o
ticed
t
h
at
m
o
s
tly
s
ch
o
lar
s
s
tu
d
y
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
p
ap
er
s
d
ev
o
te
d
to
th
e
te
r
tiar
y
l
ev
el,
th
ey
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
tatu
s
o
f
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
A
I
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
4
]
,
t
h
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
AI
to
d
ev
el
o
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
c
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
1
9
]
,
th
e
k
e
y
elem
en
ts
s
h
ap
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
le
v
els,
an
d
in
ten
d
e
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
to
war
d
AI
c
h
atb
o
ts
[
2
0
]
.
As
well
as
th
e
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
b
etwe
en
s
elf
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
,
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
lear
n
in
g
,
lear
n
in
g
p
r
ac
tices,
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
am
o
n
g
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
A
I
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
th
eir
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
[
2
1
]
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
AI
o
n
en
h
an
cin
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
p
ea
k
in
g
s
k
ills
[
2
2
]
ar
e
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
ted
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
o
u
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
f
o
cu
s
es
m
o
r
e
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
e
to
AI
u
s
ag
e
in
ev
er
y
d
a
y
lear
n
in
g
a
ctiv
ities
in
C
h
in
a
an
d
m
ak
es
a
n
o
v
el
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
f
i
eld
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
n
em
p
ir
ical
ex
am
in
atio
n
in
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
atter
n
s
o
f
AI
t
o
o
l a
d
o
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
C
h
in
ese
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
task
s
.
So
,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
is
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
C
h
in
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
e
to
u
s
in
g
AI
th
at
a
f
f
ec
ts
lear
n
in
g
ac
ti
v
ities
s
u
ch
as
m
a
k
in
g
p
r
ese
n
tatio
n
s
,
wr
itin
g
ess
ay
s
,
an
s
wer
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
’
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
d
o
in
g
h
o
m
ewo
r
k
,
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
jects,
ex
am
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
,
an
d
m
ak
in
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
ch
d
es
i
g
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
l
o
y
ed
a
q
u
an
tit
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
g
at
h
er
in
g
n
u
m
er
ical
d
ata
to
a
n
aly
ze
p
atter
n
s
in
AI
to
o
l
u
s
ag
e
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
A
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
u
s
ed
to
c
o
llect
d
ata
o
n
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
A
I
u
s
ag
e
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
task
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
in
clu
d
ed
s
ev
en
s
p
ec
if
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
s
aim
ed
at
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
n
atu
r
e
o
f
AI
u
s
e.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
v
o
l
v
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
d
esig
n
ed
to
elicit
p
r
ec
is
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
AI
.
3
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
ed
1
8
7
th
i
r
d
-
y
ea
r
C
h
in
ese
b
ac
h
el
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
Sh
an
g
q
iu
No
r
m
al
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
wh
er
e
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
r
k
ed
a
s
v
is
itin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
in
2
0
2
4
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
a
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
was
ch
o
s
en
to
r
ef
lect
a
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
th
ir
d
-
y
ea
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
)
with
s
im
i
lar
ac
ad
em
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
th
e
d
ata.
As
it
is
well
k
n
o
wn
b
y
C
r
eswell
[
2
3
]
,
f
o
r
q
u
an
titativ
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
tu
d
ies,
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
1
0
0
–
2
0
0
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
is
g
en
er
ally
ad
eq
u
ate
wh
en
th
e
g
o
al
is
to
es
tim
ate
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
r
d
etec
t
g
en
e
r
al
p
atter
n
s
,
s
o
1
8
7
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
f
alls
with
in
th
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
r
an
g
e,
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
.
A
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
was
u
s
ed
,
s
elec
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
av
ail
ab
ilit
y
an
d
willin
g
n
ess
to
p
a
r
ticip
ate,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
i
n
v
it
ed
to
c
o
m
p
lete
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
u
r
in
g
th
ei
r
r
eg
u
la
r
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ch
ed
u
le.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
in
clu
d
ed
b
ein
g
a
th
ir
d
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
t
at
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
ac
tiv
ely
u
s
in
g
AI
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
wh
ile
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
as th
e
y
h
av
e
less
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
u
s
in
g
AI
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
i
n
2
0
2
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
f a
r
tifi
cia
l in
tellig
en
ce
b
y
u
n
ivers
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
C
h
in
ese
ca
s
e
(
Liu
d
myla
Ho
lu
b
n
yc
h
a
)
4247
3
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
a
r
esea
r
ch
er
-
m
a
d
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
s
ev
en
q
u
esti
o
n
s
tar
g
etin
g
AI
u
s
ag
e
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
task
s
,
as
s
ig
n
m
en
ts
,
ac
tiv
itie
s
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
AI
f
o
r
m
ak
i
n
g
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
wr
itin
g
ess
ay
s
,
an
s
wer
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
’
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
d
o
in
g
h
o
m
ewo
r
k
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
jects,
ex
am
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
,
a
n
d
m
ak
in
g
r
e
p
o
r
ts
.
T
h
e
e
v
id
en
ce
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
q
u
an
titativ
e
in
n
atu
r
e,
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
v
alid
ity
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
p
er
t
r
ev
iew
an
d
p
ilo
t
test
in
g
with
a
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
cla
r
ity
an
d
r
ele
v
an
ce
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
was
estab
li
s
h
ed
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
in
te
r
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
o
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
v
ar
iab
les,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
lim
ited
its
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
th
ir
d
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ac
tiv
el
y
u
s
ed
AI
to
o
ls
f
o
r
lear
n
i
n
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
th
er
eb
y
ex
clu
d
in
g
th
o
s
e
with
less
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
r
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
(
s
u
ch
as f
ir
s
t
-
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
)
,
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
m
o
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
r
esp
o
n
s
es a
n
d
m
in
im
i
zin
g
ex
ter
n
al
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
r
elate
d
to
ac
ad
em
ic
le
v
el
o
r
u
n
f
am
il
iar
ity
with
AI
.
3
.
4
.
St
a
t
is
t
ica
l
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
ca
lcu
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
a
n
d
cr
ea
tin
g
ch
ar
ts
to
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
clea
r
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
l
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
AI
to
o
l
ad
o
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
as
well
as
to
id
en
tify
tr
en
d
s
an
d
p
atter
n
s
in
AI
to
o
l
u
s
ag
e.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
teg
r
ate
AI
in
to
th
ei
r
ac
ad
em
ic
wo
r
k
.
So
,
in
th
e
f
ig
u
r
es
th
e
an
s
wer
s
wer
e
s
o
r
ted
o
f
s
ep
ar
ate
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
an
d
th
e
ch
a
r
ts
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
It
was
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
an
d
n
atu
r
e
o
f
AI
to
o
l
u
s
a
g
e
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ac
ad
em
ic
task
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
ed
h
o
w
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
at
Sh
an
g
q
i
u
No
r
m
al
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
u
s
e
AI
f
o
r
m
a
k
in
g
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
wr
itin
g
ess
ay
s
,
an
s
wer
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
’
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
co
m
p
letin
g
h
o
m
ewo
r
k
,
w
o
r
k
in
g
o
n
p
r
o
jects,
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
f
o
r
ex
am
s
,
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
r
e
p
o
r
ts
.
All
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
an
s
wer
s
(
y
es,
n
o
)
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
f
ig
u
r
es.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
:
i)
Do
y
o
u
u
s
e
AI
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
p
r
e
s
en
tatio
n
s
?
ii)
Do
y
o
u
u
s
e
AI
f
o
r
wr
itin
g
ess
ay
s
?
iii)
Do
y
o
u
u
s
e
AI
f
o
r
an
s
wer
in
g
y
o
u
r
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
’
q
u
esti
o
n
s
?
iv
)
Do
y
o
u
u
s
e
AI
f
o
r
d
o
i
n
g
h
o
m
e
wo
r
k
?
v)
Do
y
o
u
u
s
e
AI
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
jects?
v
i)
Do
y
o
u
u
s
e
AI
f
o
r
ex
am
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
?
v
ii)
Do
y
o
u
u
s
e
AI
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
r
e
p
o
r
ts
?
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
a
n
s
wer
s
ab
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
AI
f
o
r
m
a
k
in
g
p
r
esen
tati
o
n
s
an
d
f
o
r
wr
itin
g
ess
ay
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
es
1
an
d
2.
S
tu
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
to
tally
u
s
e
AI
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
an
d
f
o
r
wr
itin
g
ess
ay
s
,
5
7
.
2
2
%
o
f
th
em
u
s
e
A
I
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
4
2
.
7
8
%
d
o
n
o
t
u
s
e
A
I
f
o
r
m
a
k
in
g
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
an
s
wer
s
ar
e
ab
o
u
t
wr
itin
g
ess
ay
s
,
5
7
.
2
2
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
e
AI
f
o
r
wr
itin
g
ess
ay
s
,
4
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.
7
8
%
d
o
n
o
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
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s
wer
s
ab
o
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in
g
AI
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o
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r
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Fig
u
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es 3
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.
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r
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.
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h
e
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d
en
ts
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s
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ak
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g
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u
r
e
2
.
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h
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d
en
ts
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s
we
r
s
ab
o
u
t u
s
in
g
AI
f
o
r
wr
itin
g
ess
ay
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
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8
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n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
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c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
2
4
4
-
4
2
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4248
Fig
u
r
e
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.
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h
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en
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s
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o
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g
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o
r
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in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
’
q
u
esti
o
n
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
an
s
we
r
s
ab
o
u
t u
s
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g
AI
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o
r
d
o
in
g
h
o
m
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k
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n
th
is
ca
s
e
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
e
AI
m
o
r
e
f
o
r
an
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wer
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g
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r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
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esti
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d
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o
in
g
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o
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e
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.
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to
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of
6
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e
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o
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n
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o
n
o
t.
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h
e
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tu
d
en
ts
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s
e
m
o
s
tly
AI
f
o
r
d
o
i
n
g
h
o
m
e
task
as
7
0
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9
%
o
f
t
h
em
u
s
e
AI
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o
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o
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o
m
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k
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d
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o
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t.
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e
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tu
d
e
n
ts
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s
wer
s
ab
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
AI
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o
r
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
jects a
n
d
f
o
r
ex
am
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
en
ted
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Fig
u
r
es
5
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n
d
6.
Fig
u
r
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5
.
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h
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d
en
ts
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we
r
s
ab
o
u
t u
s
in
g
AI
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o
r
m
ak
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g
p
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o
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u
r
e
6
.
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h
e
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tu
d
en
ts
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s
we
r
s
ab
o
u
t u
s
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g
AI
f
o
r
ex
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p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
So
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
e
AI
le
s
s
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
jects
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d
f
o
r
ex
a
m
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ep
ar
atio
n
.
Alm
o
s
t
a
h
alf
(
5
7
.
7
5
%
)
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f
th
em
u
s
e
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o
r
m
a
k
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cts
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d
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o
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tu
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ts
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s
e
e
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en
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e
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h
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e
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7
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th
em
o
n
ly
u
s
e
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o
r
ex
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r
ep
a
r
atio
n
,
5
2
.
4
1
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d
o
n
o
t
u
s
e
AI
.
Fu
r
th
er
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o
r
e
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
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an
s
wer
s
ab
o
u
t u
s
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g
AI
f
o
r
m
ak
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g
r
ep
o
r
ts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
e
AI
f
o
r
m
a
k
in
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
.
Mo
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
6
4
.
1
7
%
)
u
s
e
AI
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
wh
ile
3
5
.
8
3
%
d
o
n
o
t.
T
h
u
s
,
ju
s
t
o
v
er
h
alf
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
e
AI
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
a
k
in
g
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
an
d
wr
itin
g
ess
ay
s
,
wh
ile
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
in
o
r
ity
s
till
p
r
ef
er
n
o
t
to
.
A
lar
g
er
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
ely
o
n
AI
f
o
r
a
n
s
wer
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
’
q
u
esti
o
n
s
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
an
d
ess
ay
s
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
i
n
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
is
f
o
r
d
o
in
g
h
o
m
ewo
r
k
,
in
d
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
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&
R
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2252
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1
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[
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tan
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f
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ter
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th
in
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in
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k
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in
co
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ju
n
ctio
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with
AI
u
s
ag
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a
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ec
u
r
r
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g
th
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in
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liter
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r
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[
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.
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d
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s
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d
f
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r
esp
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s
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teg
r
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[
2
0
]
.
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h
is
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
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elev
a
n
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tu
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e
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m
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ir
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ate
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ate
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o
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atis
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e
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s
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o
f
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to
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ls
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s
u
ch
as
ch
atb
o
ts
,
ar
e
also
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
p
er
ce
iv
ed
“so
m
ewh
at
s
elf
-
ef
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icien
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”
an
d
“self
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co
m
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”
[
2
1
]
,
u
s
ef
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ln
ess
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d
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o
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n
o
v
ativ
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ess
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
r
esear
ch
o
n
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
esig
n
in
g
AI
to
o
ls
th
at
ar
e
b
o
th
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
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d
ly
,
ca
ter
in
g
to
th
e
d
iv
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s
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
,
lear
n
in
g
attitu
d
es,
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
p
lay
a
cr
u
c
ial
r
o
le
in
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
with
AI
in
teg
r
atio
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
to
p
r
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a
d
eq
u
ate
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
g
u
id
a
n
ce
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
as th
ey
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
in
th
eir
s
tu
d
ies.
W
h
ile
AI
’
s
p
o
ten
tial
to
en
h
an
ce
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
,
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
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y
its
u
s
e
in
i
m
p
r
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v
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n
g
s
p
o
k
e
n
E
n
g
lis
h
,
is
ev
id
en
t
[2
6
]
,
th
er
e
is
a
c
lear
n
ee
d
f
o
r
o
n
g
o
in
g
r
ef
in
em
en
t
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
AI
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
o
u
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
th
at
AI
u
s
ag
e
v
ar
ied
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
a
d
em
i
c
task
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
s
elec
tiv
e
i
n
th
eir
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
AI
b
ase
d
o
n
its
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
tili
ty
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
wh
en
c
o
n
tex
tu
alize
d
with
in
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
C
h
in
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
o
tiv
ated
b
y
AI
’
s
p
o
ten
tial
to
en
h
an
ce
s
k
ills
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
c
r
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
h
at
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
p
a
tter
n
s
o
f
AI
ad
o
p
tio
n
ar
e
task
-
s
p
ec
if
ic,
in
d
icatin
g
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
well
-
d
esig
n
e
d
AI
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
p
r
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m
o
te
a
b
alan
ce
d
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
o
f
AI
in
t
o
d
iv
er
s
e
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
r
em
em
b
er
t
h
at
o
u
r
r
esu
lts
ar
e
f
r
o
m
a
s
u
r
v
ey
,
an
d
o
n
ly
g
iv
es
a
s
n
ap
s
h
o
t o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t o
p
in
i
o
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
2
4
4
-
4
2
5
3
4250
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
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T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
v
esti
g
ated
C
h
in
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
e
to
u
s
in
g
AI
in
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
m
ak
in
g
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
wr
itin
g
ess
ay
s
,
an
s
wer
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
’
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
d
o
in
g
h
o
m
ewo
r
k
,
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
jects,
ex
am
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
,
a
n
d
m
ak
i
n
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
in
C
h
in
a
ten
d
to
r
ely
m
o
r
e
o
n
AI
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
e
o
r
r
ep
etitiv
e
task
s
lik
e
h
o
m
ewo
r
k
,
an
s
wer
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
an
d
m
a
k
in
g
r
ep
o
r
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
c
o
n
d
u
cted
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
C
h
in
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
o
p
en
n
ess
to
ex
p
er
im
en
ti
n
g
with
AI
f
o
s
ter
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
r
ap
i
d
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
in
lear
n
in
g
.
As
AI
b
ec
o
m
es
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
p
r
ev
alen
t,
t
h
e
y
o
u
n
g
er
g
e
n
er
at
io
n
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
n
av
ig
ate
a
n
d
u
t
ilize
AI
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
o
s
itio
n
s
it
as
a
k
ey
d
r
iv
er
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
o
r
m
s
AI
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
y
s
tem
s
lik
e
C
h
in
a
’
s
.
I
t
aid
s
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
in
in
teg
r
at
in
g
AI
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
AI
liter
ac
y
,
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
AI
-
d
r
i
v
en
f
u
tu
r
es.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
wh
ile
C
h
in
ese
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
g
e
n
er
ally
r
ec
ep
tiv
e
to
in
teg
r
atin
g
AI
i
n
to
th
eir
ac
ad
e
m
ic
wo
r
k
f
lo
ws,
th
eir
ad
o
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
v
ar
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
task
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
d
ata
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
AI
is
m
o
s
t
r
ea
d
ily
e
m
b
r
ac
ed
f
o
r
task
s
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
as
less
co
g
n
itiv
ely
d
em
an
d
in
g
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
p
o
te
n
tial
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
in
to
h
o
w
AI
ca
n
b
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
el
y
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
lea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ta
r
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
A
I
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Sig
n
if
ica
n
tly
,
th
is
r
esear
c
h
r
ev
ea
ls
task
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
AI
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
en
a
b
lin
g
tar
g
eted
s
tr
ateg
i
es
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
in
g
with
AI
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
f
o
r
AI
’
s
r
o
le
in
C
h
in
ese
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
er
v
in
g
as a
g
lo
b
al
m
o
d
el.
I
t
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
to
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
AI
liter
ac
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
g
u
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
eth
ical
u
s
e
o
f
AI
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ac
ad
em
ic
task
s
.
I
t
i
s
o
f
f
er
ed
lo
n
g
itu
d
i
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
t
o
f
AI
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
th
at
will
b
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
p
o
licy
an
d
p
r
ac
tice.
T
a
r
g
eted
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
AI
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
,
p
er
h
a
p
s
with
a
m
ix
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wo
u
ld
b
e
b
en
e
f
icial.
E
d
u
ca
t
o
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
AI
liter
a
cy
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
g
u
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
eth
ical
u
s
e
o
f
AI
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
task
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
AI
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
to
n
av
ig
ate
an
d
lev
e
r
ag
e
AI
in
th
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
liv
es.
I
n
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
t
o
f
AI
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
will
b
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
lim
ited
b
y
its
u
s
e
o
f
a
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
,
wh
ich
m
ay
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
to
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
in
clu
d
ed
o
n
ly
th
ir
d
-
y
ea
r
C
h
in
ese
b
ac
h
elo
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
a
s
in
g
le
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
wh
ich
m
ay
n
o
t
r
ef
lect
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
er
en
t a
ca
d
e
m
ic
lev
els o
r
cu
ltu
r
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
F
UNDING
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4251
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DATA AV
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Der
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ata
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RE
F
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R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
Z.
H
.
İ
p
e
k
,
A
.
İ
.
C
.
G
ö
z
ü
m,
S
.
P
a
p
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M
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