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A
p
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a
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m
u
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p
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a
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p
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ly
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ts
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ize
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4
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0
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ra
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k
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d
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o
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st
to
lo
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st,
th
e
se
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
a
re
:
i
)
s
u
p
p
o
rt
iv
e
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
–
stru
c
tu
re
s
;
ii
)
s
h
a
re
d
v
a
l
u
e
s
a
n
d
v
is
io
n
;
iii
)
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
v
e
lea
rn
in
g
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
;
iv
)
S
h
a
re
d
a
n
d
su
p
p
o
rti
v
e
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
;
v
)
s
up
p
o
r
ti
v
e
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
–
re
la
t
io
n
s
h
ip
s
;
a
n
d
vi
)
s
h
a
re
d
p
e
rso
n
a
l
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
.
All
o
f
th
e
se
a
re
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
a
P
LC
a
n
d
se
rv
e
a
s
a
n
imp
o
r
tan
t
m
e
c
h
a
n
ism
fo
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
e
r
so
n
n
e
l
t
o
wo
rk
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
to
imp
ro
v
e
th
e
q
u
a
l
it
y
o
f
sc
h
o
o
ls.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
llectiv
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
Sh
ar
ed
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
Sh
ar
ed
p
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s
o
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al
p
r
ac
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Sh
ar
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v
alu
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n
d
v
is
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Su
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
c
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n
d
itio
n
s
–
r
elatio
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s
h
ip
s
Su
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
–
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ko
r
ak
en
g
Klin
th
aiso
n
g
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Me
asu
r
em
en
t a
n
d
E
v
alu
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n
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Kh
o
n
Kae
n
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
Kh
o
n
Kae
n
,
T
h
ailan
d
E
m
ail: k
o
r
ak
o
t_
k
@
k
k
u
m
ail.
c
o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
ailan
d
h
as
u
n
d
e
r
tak
en
a
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
e
f
o
r
m
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
a
cc
o
r
d
an
c
e
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
Na
tio
n
al
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Plan
2
0
1
7
-
2
0
3
6
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies,
wh
ich
aim
to
d
ev
elo
p
T
h
ai
s
o
ciety
in
to
a
lear
n
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
i
ty
[
1
]
.
T
o
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
T
h
ai
s
o
ciety
in
to
a
lear
n
in
g
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
,
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t c
r
ea
te
an
d
u
tili
ze
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
as we
ll a
s
f
ac
ilit
at
e
th
e
ex
ch
an
g
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
am
o
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
teac
h
er
s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
taf
f
,
an
d
o
th
er
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
s
ter
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
cu
ltu
r
e,
w
h
er
e
ev
er
y
o
n
e
wo
r
k
s
to
g
eth
e
r
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
th
at
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ac
a
d
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ca
p
ab
ili
ties
,
wh
ich
ar
e
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
te
r
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
an
d
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ities
(
PLC
s
)
ca
n
lead
to
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
co
mp
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
i
n
d
ica
to
r
s
o
f p
r
o
fess
io
n
a
l le
a
r
n
in
g
co
m
mu
n
ity:
th
e
…
(
K
o
r
a
ke
n
g
K
lin
th
a
is
o
n
g
)
4499
o
u
tco
m
es
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
I
n
m
an
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
co
u
n
tr
ies,
th
e
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
h
as
s
h
if
ted
f
r
o
m
wo
r
k
in
g
alo
n
e
to
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
team
-
b
ased
wo
r
k
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
PLCs
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
m
an
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
[
6
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
PLCs
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
teac
h
er
s
’
teac
h
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
to
m
ak
e
th
e
m
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
e
k
ey
b
en
ef
its
o
f
h
av
i
n
g
a
PLC
in
clu
d
e:
i
)
e
n
h
an
cin
g
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
th
em
to
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
with
ea
ch
o
th
e
r
,
w
h
ich
le
ad
s
to
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t;
ii
)
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
as
te
ac
h
er
s
ca
n
a
p
p
ly
th
e
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
g
ai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
to
tailo
r
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
to
b
etter
s
u
it
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
n
ee
d
s
;
iii
)
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t,
as
teac
h
er
s
with
en
h
an
ce
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
will
lead
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
an
d
h
ig
h
er
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
;
an
d
iv
)
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
,
as
PLCs
h
elp
f
o
s
ter
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
c
o
n
d
u
civ
e
to
lea
r
n
in
g
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
a
t
ev
er
y
o
n
e
p
ar
ticip
ates
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
teac
h
er
s
’
t
ea
ch
in
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies,
th
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
an
d
th
e
k
ey
co
m
p
eten
cies
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
7
]
–
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
Of
f
ice
o
f
th
e
B
asic
E
d
u
c
atio
n
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
h
as
e
s
tab
li
s
h
ed
PLC
a
s
a
k
ey
s
tr
ateg
y
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
f
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
teac
h
er
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
n
atio
n
wid
e,
s
tar
tin
g
in
2
0
1
7
.
T
ea
c
h
er
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
PL
C
ac
tiv
ities
as
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
eir
a
p
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
tatu
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
h
as
b
ee
n
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
th
e
in
ter
n
al
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
ea
o
f
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
(
i
n
d
icato
r
2
.
4
:
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
taf
f
to
ac
h
iev
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
e
r
tis
e)
.
Sch
o
o
ls
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
r
o
m
o
te,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
a
n
d
d
e
v
elo
p
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
s
taf
f
to
b
ec
o
m
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
p
r
o
f
icien
t
an
d
t
o
estab
lis
h
PLCs
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
o
th
t
h
eir
wo
r
k
a
n
d
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
10
]
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
PLCs
an
d
an
al
y
z
ed
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
PLC
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
o
f
PLC,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
ain
ly
i
n
W
ester
n
co
n
tex
ts
.
I
n
th
e
T
h
ai
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
,
PLCs
m
u
s
t
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
e
c
o
llectiv
is
t
cu
ltu
r
e,
wh
er
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
n
d
s
h
ar
ed
v
al
u
es p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t r
o
le.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
lear
n
in
g
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
s
[
1
1
]
,
ex
am
i
n
in
g
wh
eth
er
PLCs
in
T
h
ailan
d
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
as
a
k
ey
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
lear
n
in
g
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
h
elp
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
m
ai
n
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
PLCs
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
g
u
id
e
lin
e
f
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
th
eir
PLC
.
It
will
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
b
y
s
er
v
in
g
as a
g
u
i
d
elin
e
f
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
i
n
g
th
eir
PLC
.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
alizin
g
PLC
in
v
o
lv
e
s
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
d
iv
er
s
e
d
e
f
in
itio
n
s
an
d
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
te
x
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
co
n
tin
u
ally
s
h
ap
e
d
b
y
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
s
,
an
d
at
th
e
f
o
r
ef
r
o
n
t
o
f
th
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
jo
u
r
n
e
y
ar
e
PLCs
.
T
h
ese
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
as
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ch
o
lar
s
,
em
b
o
d
y
a
co
llectiv
e
an
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
l
ef
f
o
r
t
am
o
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
cu
ltiv
ate
a
d
y
n
am
ic
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
Hip
p
an
d
Hu
f
f
m
a
n
as
cited
in
B
elay
an
d
Me
le
s
s
e
[
12
]
elu
cid
ate
th
is
ess
en
ce
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
co
m
m
itm
e
n
t
to
f
o
s
ter
in
g
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
co
n
d
u
civ
e
to
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
ad
u
lts
.
B
u
ild
in
g
u
p
o
n
th
is
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
d
ef
in
itio
n
,
Du
Fo
u
r
an
d
E
ak
er
as
cited
in
An
tin
l
u
o
m
a
et
a
l
.
[
13
]
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
u
an
ce
d
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
b
y
p
o
r
t
r
ay
in
g
PLCs
as
m
o
r
e
th
an
m
er
e
g
ath
er
in
g
s
;
th
ey
ar
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
en
titi
es
th
at
em
er
g
e
f
r
o
m
s
taf
f
m
em
b
e
r
s
with
a
s
h
ar
ed
g
o
al
o
f
c
o
llab
o
r
at
io
n
,
ev
en
tu
all
y
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
te
g
r
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
ltu
r
e
o
v
er
tim
e.
Sto
l
l
an
d
L
o
u
is
as
cited
i
n
Alex
o
p
o
u
lo
s
a
n
d
Dim
as
[
14
]
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
te
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
v
iew,
f
r
am
in
g
PLCs
as
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
teac
h
e
r
s
en
g
ag
e
in
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
ef
le
ctio
n
o
n
p
r
ac
tices,
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
ex
am
in
e
e
v
id
en
ce
lin
k
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
to
s
tu
d
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es,
an
d
in
s
tig
ate
c
h
an
g
es
to
elev
ate
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
with
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
a
PLC
r
ef
er
s
to
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
am
o
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
el
to
d
ev
elo
p
b
etter
lear
n
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
p
r
io
r
itize
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
wh
ich
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
el
c
o
llab
o
r
ate
in
v
o
lv
es
q
u
esti
o
n
in
g
a
n
d
ac
tio
n
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
ey
b
eliev
e
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
cr
u
cial
th
in
g
in
s
tu
d
en
t
lea
r
n
i
n
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
lies
in
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
team
wo
r
k
a
m
o
n
g
all
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l,
with
a
s
h
ar
ed
v
is
io
n
,
m
is
s
io
n
,
v
alu
es,
an
d
g
o
als
[
15
]
–
[
17
]
.
Uv
h
ag
en
et
a
l
.
[
11
]
d
escr
ib
e
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
lear
n
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
th
eo
r
y
in
s
o
cial
s
er
v
ices
as
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wh
e
r
e
lead
er
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
co
llab
o
r
ate
to
d
ev
elo
p
t
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
u
s
in
g
k
ey
s
tr
ateg
ies
lik
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
ar
in
g
,
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
,
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
ch
an
g
e,
s
h
ar
ed
v
is
io
n
to
alig
n
th
e
team
to
war
d
s
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
als,
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
u
p
p
o
r
t to
d
r
iv
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies h
elp
s
cr
ea
te
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
at
f
o
s
ter
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
with
in
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
PLC
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
r
esear
ch
ed
in
W
ester
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
in
ap
p
ly
in
g
PLC
with
in
th
e
T
h
ai
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
t,
it
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
ex
ten
d
th
ese
th
e
o
r
ies
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
co
llectiv
is
t
cu
ltu
r
e,
wh
ich
e
m
p
h
asizes
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
d
r
iv
en
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
n
d
s
h
a
r
ed
v
alu
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
Uv
h
ag
e
n
et
a
l
.
[
11
]
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
lear
n
in
g
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
ad
d
s
a
n
o
t
h
er
lay
e
r
to
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
PLCs
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
f
o
s
ter
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
I
n
T
h
ailan
d
,
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
PLC
ac
tiv
ities
is
m
an
d
ated
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
teac
h
er
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
’
s
p
o
lici
es.
T
h
i
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
c
e
s
a
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e
a
c
h
e
r
s
t
o
p
a
r
t
i
ci
p
a
t
e
i
n
P
L
C
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
ie
s
a
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d
a
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
4
9
8
-
4
5
0
8
4500
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
s
k
i
ll
s
.
A
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
t
h
at
a
r
i
s
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is
t
h
a
t
p
o
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c
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r
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a
y
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a
d
t
o
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h
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f
o
r
m
a
l
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
ti
o
n
o
f
P
L
C
s
,
p
o
t
en
t
i
a
l
l
y
u
n
d
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
g
e
n
u
i
n
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
s
u
ch
as
allo
ca
tin
g
tim
e,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
ca
n
h
elp
m
itig
ate
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
PLC
en
ac
tm
e
n
t
[
18
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
o
n
PLCs
in
T
h
ailan
d
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
W
ester
n
an
d
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies t
o
ass
ess
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t PL
C
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
cu
ltu
r
es.
T
h
e
co
r
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
PLC
ar
e
ess
en
tial
elem
en
ts
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
tea
ch
er
s
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
q
u
ality
.
PLCs
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
d
y
n
am
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[1
9
]
,
with
s
ch
o
lar
s
o
f
f
er
in
g
d
iv
er
s
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
th
ei
r
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
is
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
d
elv
es
in
to
th
e
r
ich
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
PLCs
as
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
k
e
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
1
8
]
d
elin
ea
te
s
f
iv
e
i
n
teg
r
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
PLCs
:
−
Su
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
an
d
s
h
ar
ed
lead
er
s
h
ip
:
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
e
p
e
n
d
o
n
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
a
n
d
PLC
aim
s
t
o
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
all
m
e
m
b
er
s
to
b
e
lead
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
is
u
al
ex
c
h
an
g
e.
Ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ter
s
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
lea
d
er
s
,
s
o
t
h
ey
m
u
s
t
b
e
o
p
en
-
m
in
d
ed
an
d
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
teac
h
er
s
’
ac
ad
em
ic
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
r
o
les
to
h
elp
teac
h
er
s
f
ee
l r
esp
ec
te
d
an
d
p
r
o
u
d
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
to
th
eir
f
u
l
l p
o
ten
tial.
−
C
o
llectiv
e
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
:
l
ea
r
n
in
g
co
llectiv
ely
ca
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
wo
r
k
i
n
g
c
u
ltu
r
e
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
id
ea
s
in
to
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
ap
p
l
y
in
g
t
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ain
e
d
f
r
o
m
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
lear
n
er
s
with
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
−
Sh
ar
ed
v
alu
es
an
d
v
is
io
n
:
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
m
u
s
t
jo
in
tly
d
ef
in
e
v
is
io
n
s
an
d
g
o
als
s
o
th
at
th
ey
h
av
e
th
e
s
am
e
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
an
d
g
o
als in
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ain
g
o
al
i
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
f
le
ar
n
er
s
.
−
Su
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
em
p
h
asize
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
an
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
to
m
e
et
an
d
ex
ch
an
g
e
lear
n
in
g
r
eg
u
lar
ly
,
an
d
estab
lis
h
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es o
r
r
u
les th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
−
Sh
ar
ed
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
in
v
o
lv
es
s
h
ar
in
g
teac
h
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
with
f
ello
w
teac
h
er
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
f
o
r
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
c
h
a
n
g
e,
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
f
am
iliar
ity
a
m
o
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l te
ac
h
er
s
.
An
o
th
er
r
esear
c
h
[1
3
]
ex
p
an
d
s
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
PLCs
with
s
ix
d
is
tin
ct
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
:
−
Vis
io
n
an
d
goa
ls
:
e
v
er
y
o
n
e
n
e
ed
to
g
ath
e
r
u
p
an
d
s
h
a
r
e
th
eir
v
is
io
n
an
d
g
o
als f
o
r
m
u
tu
al
s
u
cc
ess
.
−
Sh
ar
ed
lear
n
in
g
cu
ltu
r
es:
t
ea
c
h
er
s
’
lear
n
in
g
is
b
ased
o
n
wo
r
k
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
o
n
e
to
g
eth
er
i
n
ev
er
y
ac
tiv
ity
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
i
n
k
in
g
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
d
ec
id
in
g
,
s
ettin
g
g
u
id
elin
es,
ev
alu
atin
g
r
esu
l
ts
,
an
d
tak
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
to
g
eth
er
.
−
E
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
b
est
p
r
ac
tice
s
:
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
a
p
p
ly
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
ac
ticed
in
s
id
e
an
d
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
−
L
ea
r
n
in
g
b
y
p
r
ac
ticin
g
e
m
p
h
a
s
izes
lear
n
in
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
ei
r
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
teac
h
in
g
s
k
ills
,
an
d
attitu
d
es b
y
p
r
ac
ticin
g
.
−
Per
s
is
ten
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
:
s
tr
ess
es
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
tan
tly
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
e
m
u
s
t b
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
ar
in
g
b
etwe
en
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
.
−
L
e
a
r
n
e
r
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
:
s
e
t
ti
n
g
g
o
a
l
s
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
o
ll
e
ct
i
v
e
l
y
i
s
m
ai
n
l
y
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
t
e
ac
h
e
r
s
h
a
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
e
l
i
e
f
t
h
a
t
al
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
c
a
n
l
e
a
r
n
,
a
n
d
b
e
i
n
g
a
w
a
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
r
o
b
l
ig
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
wa
r
d
s
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
2
]
,
[
20
]
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
f
u
r
th
er
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
b
y
d
etailin
g
s
ix
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
PLC
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
d
u
r
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l v
is
its
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
r
esear
ch
:
−
Sh
ar
ed
v
alu
es
a
n
d
v
is
io
n
:
in
v
o
lv
es
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
h
ar
ed
v
alu
es
an
d
n
o
r
m
s
am
o
n
g
p
er
s
o
n
n
el,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
,
h
av
in
g
h
ig
h
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
h
ar
in
g
a
v
is
io
n
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t le
ar
n
in
g
.
−
C
o
llectiv
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
:
en
co
u
r
ag
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
h
ar
in
g
,
s
ee
k
i
n
g
n
ew
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies,
ev
er
y
o
n
e
wo
r
k
i
n
g
to
g
eth
er
f
o
r
p
lan
n
i
n
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
to
cr
ea
te
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
−
Sh
ar
ed
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
:
e
x
ec
u
tiv
es
p
r
o
m
o
te
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
lead
er
s
h
i
p
am
o
n
g
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
el.
Sh
ar
in
g
p
o
wer
,
d
u
ty
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
ef
lects
co
m
m
itm
e
n
t a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
−
Sh
ar
ed
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
:
e
m
p
h
asizes
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
am
o
n
g
co
lleag
u
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
x
ch
an
g
e
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
en
co
u
r
ag
em
e
n
t,
ac
ce
p
tin
g
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
,
s
h
ar
in
g
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
o
f
p
r
ac
tice,
m
en
to
r
in
g
,
an
d
c
o
u
n
s
elin
g
b
etwe
en
p
er
s
o
n
n
el.
−
Su
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
–
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
:
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
h
a
v
in
g
a
g
o
o
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
o
th
e
r
s
with
tr
u
s
t
an
d
r
esp
ec
t.
Acc
ep
tan
ce
,
p
r
aise,
tak
in
g
r
is
k
s
,
an
d
m
u
tu
al
attem
p
ts
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
c
h
an
g
es.
−
Su
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
–
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
es
:
e
x
ec
u
tiv
es
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
(
tim
e,
m
o
n
ey
,
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
s
)
,
f
ac
ilit
ies,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
s
ev
er
al
t
h
eo
r
ies
[1
3
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
o
n
PLCs
p
r
esen
t
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
v
iews
b
u
t
also
s
o
m
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
[
1
8
]
em
p
h
asizes
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
s
h
ar
ed
v
alu
es,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
t
ea
ch
er
s
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
[1
3
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
co
llectiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
lear
n
in
g
b
y
d
o
in
g
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
s
tu
d
en
t
o
u
tc
o
m
es
an
d
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
.
Oliv
ier
an
d
Hi
p
p
as
cited
in
C
h
r
is
ten
s
en
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
in
te
g
r
ate
b
o
th
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
es,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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al
&
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N:
2252
-
8
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Th
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co
mp
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ile
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im
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ip
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I
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ter
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s
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ltu
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ap
p
licatio
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W
ester
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co
u
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ies
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d
to
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r
io
r
itize
in
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iv
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al
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
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d
ev
elo
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m
en
t
a
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ac
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tab
ilit
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,
wh
ich
alig
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s
w
ith
Du
Fo
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s
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o
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I
n
c
o
n
tr
a
s
t,
Asi
an
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n
tr
ies
em
p
h
asize
team
-
b
ased
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
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h
ar
e
d
v
alu
es,
a
n
d
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atio
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,
alig
n
in
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m
o
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e
with
Ho
r
d
’
s
m
o
d
el.
T
h
ese
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
r
ef
lect
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
alis
m
in
th
e
W
est an
d
c
o
llectiv
is
m
in
Asi
a.
T
h
ese
th
eo
r
etica
l p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
ar
e
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
ily
in
co
n
f
lict
b
u
t r
ath
er
co
m
p
lem
e
n
t e
ac
h
o
th
er
.
I
n
co
llectiv
is
t
cu
ltu
r
es
s
u
ch
a
s
T
h
ailan
d
,
Ho
r
d
’
s
em
p
h
asis
o
n
s
h
ar
ed
v
alu
es
a
n
d
v
is
io
n
m
ay
h
o
ld
g
r
ea
ter
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
as
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
is
p
r
io
r
itized
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
Du
Fo
u
r
’
s
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
b
y
d
o
in
g
ca
n
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
PLCs
also
r
em
ain
g
o
al
-
o
r
ien
ted
,
d
r
iv
in
g
m
ea
s
u
r
a
b
l
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices.
I
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
a
PLC
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
y
n
th
esized
th
e
id
ea
s
o
f
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
th
at
a
PLC
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
s
ix
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
i
)
s
h
ar
ed
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
;
ii
)
s
h
ar
e
d
v
alu
es
a
n
d
v
is
io
n
;
iii
)
c
o
llectiv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
;
iv
)
s
h
ar
e
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
;
v
)
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
–
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
;
an
d
vi
)
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
–
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
PLC
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
PLC
is
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
f
r
o
m
s
ch
o
o
ls
u
n
d
er
th
e
Seco
n
d
ar
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ar
ea
Of
f
ice,
Of
f
ice
o
f
th
e
B
asic
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
,
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
to
talin
g
2
,
369
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
with
106
,
9
6
7
p
eo
p
le.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
les
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
1
,
080
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
h
ea
d
s
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject
g
r
o
u
p
f
r
o
m
120
s
ch
o
o
ls
u
n
d
er
th
e
Seco
n
d
ar
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
Ser
v
ice
Ar
ea
Of
f
ice,
r
a
n
d
o
m
ized
b
y
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
.
T
h
e
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
b
eg
a
n
with
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
6
0
Se
co
n
d
ar
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
Ser
v
ice
Ar
ea
s
(
SESAs)
o
u
t
o
f
a
to
tal
o
f
6
2
n
atio
n
wid
e.
Af
ter
th
at,
th
r
ee
s
ch
o
o
ls
wer
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
SESA,
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ize:
lar
g
e,
m
ed
iu
m
,
a
n
d
s
m
all.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
,
th
e
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
h
ea
d
s
o
f
s
u
b
ject
g
r
o
u
p
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
ch
o
o
ls
we
r
e
ch
o
s
en
to
b
e
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
to
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
was
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
well
-
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
b
ein
g
s
tu
d
ied
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
a
4
-
lev
el
r
atin
g
s
ca
le
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
with
5
4
item
s
.
2
.
1
.
D
ef
ini
ng
t
he
o
pera
t
io
na
l def
ini
t
io
n o
f
re
s
ea
rc
h v
a
ria
bles
A
PLC
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
co
m
in
g
to
g
et
h
er
,
p
o
o
lin
g
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
o
f
m
em
b
er
s
in
a
m
u
tu
ally
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
I
t
in
v
o
lv
es
a
s
h
ar
ed
v
is
io
n
,
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
p
r
in
cip
les,
at
titu
d
es,
v
alu
es,
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
als.
I
t
en
tails
team
wo
r
k
,
e
x
ch
an
g
e
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
,
teac
h
er
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
o
r
g
a
n
i
za
tio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
a
co
n
d
u
civ
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e,
a
n
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
aim
ed
at
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
to
Co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts o
f
PLC
1
.
S
h
a
r
e
d
a
n
d
su
p
p
o
r
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
2
.
S
h
a
r
e
d
v
a
l
u
e
s
a
n
d
v
i
s
i
o
n
3
.
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
6
.
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
–
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
5
.
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
–
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
4
.
S
h
a
r
e
d
p
e
r
so
n
a
l
p
r
ac
t
i
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
4
9
8
-
4
5
0
8
4502
en
h
an
ce
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
cu
s
is
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
,
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
wo
r
k
with
in
a
P
L
C
[
12
]
,
[
13
]
,
[
18
]
,
[
20
].
T
h
is
co
m
m
u
n
ity
co
m
p
r
is
es
s
ix
ess
e
n
tial c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
s
h
ar
ed
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
r
ef
er
s
t
o
b
ei
n
g
c
o
-
lead
er
s
with
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
b
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tin
g
p
o
wer
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
I
t
in
v
o
lv
es
em
p
o
wer
in
g
m
em
b
er
s
to
b
ec
o
m
e
lead
er
s
th
em
s
elv
es,
d
r
iv
in
g
th
e
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
to
war
d
s
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
PLC
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
wo
r
k
in
g
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
tes
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
,
e
n
co
u
r
ag
in
g
all
m
em
b
er
s
t
o
b
ec
o
m
e
lead
er
s
an
d
f
u
lly
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
m
u
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
ex
ch
an
g
es.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
s
h
ar
ed
v
al
u
es
an
d
v
i
s
io
n
,
en
tails
h
av
in
g
a
s
h
ar
ed
v
is
io
n
,
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
p
r
in
cip
les,
attitu
d
es,
v
alu
es,
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
o
n
g
o
als
am
o
n
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
m
em
b
er
s
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
e
n
v
is
io
n
in
g
s
u
c
ce
s
s
,
h
av
in
g
p
lan
s
as
g
u
i
d
elin
es,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
attitu
d
es,
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
w
o
r
k
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
’
s
s
et
g
o
als.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
is
co
llectiv
e
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
ap
p
lic
at
io
n
,
m
ea
n
s
h
ar
n
ess
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
all
m
em
b
er
s
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
to
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
.
I
t
in
v
o
lv
es
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
en
ab
le
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
to
d
ev
el
o
p
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
ab
ilit
ies
in
its
wo
r
k
,
o
p
en
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
m
em
b
er
s
’
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
th
o
u
g
h
ts
,
ac
tio
n
s
,
b
en
ef
its
,
tr
a
ck
in
g
,
a
n
d
s
h
ar
e
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
iza
tio
n
’
s
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
All
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
d
ed
icate
d
to
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
iv
er
s
e
teac
h
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
lin
k
to
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
f
o
r
th
eir
h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
th
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
is
s
h
ar
e
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
ac
tice,
m
ea
n
s
th
a
t
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
ca
n
teac
h
o
p
en
ly
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
c
o
lleag
u
es
t
o
ex
p
r
ess
o
p
in
io
n
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
r
elate
d
to
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices,
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
e
q
u
i
ty
,
an
d
ju
s
tice
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l.
I
t
p
r
o
m
o
tes
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
lear
n
in
g
ex
ch
an
g
es in
ter
m
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
p
r
ac
tic
es,
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
wo
r
k
a
n
d
th
e
s
p
ir
it o
f
b
ein
g
a
teac
h
er
,
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
tr
a
n
s
latin
g
th
ese
r
esu
lts
in
to
r
eg
u
lar
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
f
if
th
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
–
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
i
p
s
,
r
ef
er
s
to
all
m
em
b
er
s
b
ein
g
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
te
d
b
o
th
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
ally
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
f
r
ien
d
s
wh
o
co
m
p
lem
en
t
ea
c
h
o
th
e
r
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
aim
s
f
o
r
ev
er
y
o
n
e
t
o
b
e
h
ap
p
y
at
wo
r
k
an
d
liv
in
g
to
g
eth
e
r
,
e
m
p
h
asizin
g
an
o
p
en
cu
ltu
r
e.
E
v
er
y
o
n
e
ca
n
f
r
ee
ly
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
tr
u
s
t,
a
n
d
m
u
tu
al
r
esp
ec
t.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
u
tu
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
co
o
p
er
atio
n
am
o
n
g
m
e
m
b
er
s
to
wo
r
k
s
elf
less
ly
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
an
d
m
ain
tain
a
p
o
s
iti
v
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ix
th
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
–
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es,
m
e
an
s
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
a
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
e
m
er
g
en
ce
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
PLC
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
es
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e
f
r
o
m
a
b
u
r
ea
u
cr
atic
to
a
f
r
ien
d
ly
ac
ad
e
m
ic
m
o
d
el.
Or
g
an
izatio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
wo
r
k
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
g
ap
s
b
etwe
en
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
b
etwe
en
teac
h
er
s
th
em
s
elv
es.
2
.
2
.
D
ev
elo
pm
ent
o
f
t
he
qu
estio
n
na
ire
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ab
o
u
t
PLC
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
d
is
tr
ic
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
f
ice
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
a
4
-
lev
el
r
atin
g
s
ca
le.
I
t
in
clu
d
ed
6
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
2
4
in
d
icat
o
r
s
,
an
d
5
4
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
r
a
f
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
r
ev
iewe
d
b
y
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ad
v
is
o
r
s
to
ch
ec
k
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
co
n
ten
t
an
d
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e.
Su
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
a
d
v
is
o
r
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ev
is
e
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
T
h
e
n
,
t
h
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
was
ch
ec
k
ed
b
y
f
iv
e
e
x
p
er
ts
in
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
e
v
alu
atio
n
,
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
PLCs
.
th
e
in
d
e
x
o
f
item
–
o
b
jectiv
e
co
n
g
r
u
en
c
e
(
I
OC
)
was
ca
lcu
lated
,
an
d
o
n
l
y
q
u
esti
o
n
s
with
an
I
OC
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
5
0
o
r
h
ig
h
e
r
wer
e
k
ep
t,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
to
tal
o
f
5
4
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
.
2
.
3
.
V
a
lid
a
t
io
n o
f
ins
t
ru
m
ent
T
h
e
r
e
v
is
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
wa
s
test
ed
o
n
a
s
am
p
le
g
r
o
u
p
f
r
o
m
4
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
with
9
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
s
ch
o
o
l,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
1
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
an
d
8
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
le
ad
er
s
,
to
talin
g
3
6
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
p
o
wer
in
d
e
x
(
r
)
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
.
4
1
6
to
0
.
8
3
3
,
an
d
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a)
f
o
r
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
item
s
r
an
g
es f
r
o
m
0
.
9
7
0
to
0
.
9
8
0
.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t is 0
.
9
8
0
.
2
.
4
.
D
a
t
a
co
llect
io
n
a
nd
da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
is
co
m
p
leted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
was
u
s
ed
to
co
llect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
2
0
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
9
p
eo
p
le
p
e
r
s
ch
o
o
l,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
1
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
an
d
8
s
u
b
ject
lead
e
r
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
to
tal
o
f
1
,
0
8
0
in
f
o
r
m
a
n
ts
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
th
e
PLC
u
s
in
g
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
th
e
Mp
lu
s
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
C
FA
o
n
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
PLC
o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
er
v
ice
ar
ea
o
f
f
ice
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
A
s
s
h
o
wn
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ta
b
le
,
w
h
en
co
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
ea
ch
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
PLC
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
co
n
d
a
r
y
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
al
s
e
r
v
ic
e
a
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R
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o
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th
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o
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FA o
f
th
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o
f
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
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tio
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er
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B
ased
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p
o
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en
ts
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n
d
i
n
d
icato
r
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PLCs
,
th
e
C
FA
r
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v
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al
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at
t
h
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C
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o
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o
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h
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r
ical
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ata,
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icate
d
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
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it
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alu
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0
9
5
,
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f
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5
,
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-
v
alu
e=
0
.
3
8
7
6
,
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A)
=0
.
0
0
6
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR)=
0
.
0
1
0
,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
e
x
(
C
FI)
=1
.
0
0
0
,
T
u
c
k
er
–
L
ewis
in
d
ex
(
T
L
I
)
=1
.
0
0
0
.
Sin
ce
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
an
d
r
el
ated
r
esear
ch
co
v
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
PLCs
in
all
r
e
s
p
ec
ts
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
a
PLC
o
f
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
e
x
ch
an
g
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
lear
n
in
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
th
at
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
h
as
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
ac
tiv
ities
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
o
f
all
s
ix
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
a
n
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
PLCs
th
at
ar
e
wid
ely
a
cc
ep
ted
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
;
a
PLC
is
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
wh
o
co
m
e
to
g
eth
er
to
wo
r
k
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
with
th
e
m
ain
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
b
o
th
teac
h
er
s
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tices
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
An
tin
lu
o
m
a
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
,
n
am
ely
:
i)
wo
r
k
in
g
to
g
et
h
er
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
;
ii)
h
av
in
g
a
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
al
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
o
f
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
iii)
all
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
PLC
jo
in
tly
an
aly
ze
d
ata
an
d
e
v
id
e
n
ce
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
teac
h
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e;
iv
)
all
m
em
b
er
s
h
av
e
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t;
an
d
v
)
th
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
u
s
es
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
m
a
k
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
ac
tices.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
“c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
th
e
PLC
:
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
”
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ix
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
:
i)
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
–
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es;
ii)
s
h
ar
ed
v
alu
es
an
d
v
is
io
n
;
iii)
co
llectiv
e
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
iv
)
s
h
ar
ed
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
,
v
)
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
–
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
v
i)
s
h
ar
ed
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
ac
tice.
Sin
ce
th
e
PLC
i
s
f
o
r
m
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ex
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
ed
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
c
ess
es
wh
er
e
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
in
v
o
lv
e
q
u
esti
o
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
r
esear
ch
.
Peo
p
le
b
eliev
e
th
at
th
e
h
ea
r
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
is
th
e
team
wo
r
k
o
f
e
v
er
y
o
n
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l,
with
s
h
ar
e
d
v
is
io
n
s
,
v
alu
es,
g
o
als,
an
d
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
An
tin
lu
o
m
a
et
a
l
.
[
1
3]
,
w
h
o
s
tated
th
at
a
PLC
is
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
wh
o
co
m
e
to
g
et
h
er
to
w
o
r
k
c
o
o
p
er
ativ
ely
as
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
er
s
,
aim
in
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
“s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
v
e
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
–
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
es”
h
as
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
wei
g
h
t
o
f
0
.
9
4
5
an
d
h
as
a
c
o
v
a
r
i
an
ce
wit
h
a
PLC
o
f
8
9
.
3
0
%
.
T
h
is
is
b
e
ca
u
s
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
w
it
h
g
o
o
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
za
ti
o
n
al
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
es
wil
l
cr
ea
t
e
th
e:
i
)
an
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
c
iv
e
t
o
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
,
a
n
o
p
en
,
w
a
r
m
,
a
n
d
s
a
f
e
at
m
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
al
l
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
t
o
ex
p
r
ess
t
h
ei
r
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
k
n
o
wl
e
d
g
e,
an
d
j
o
i
n
tl
y
s
o
l
v
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
;
i
i)
ef
f
i
cie
n
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
all
o
c
ati
o
n
,
wh
i
ch
c
a
n
a
ll
o
c
ate
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
r
es
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
ti
m
e
,
b
u
d
g
et
,
a
n
d
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
at
el
y
;
iii
)
cle
ar
r
o
le
a
n
d
d
u
ty
d
e
f
i
n
it
io
n
will
h
el
p
all
m
em
b
e
r
s
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
t
h
ei
r
r
o
l
es
a
n
d
d
u
ti
es,
m
ak
in
g
wo
r
k
s
m
o
o
t
h
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
t;
iv
)
c
r
ea
ti
n
g
co
n
t
in
u
i
t
y
in
w
o
r
k
e
v
e
n
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
r
e
ar
e
c
h
a
n
g
es
in
s
c
h
o
o
l
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
e
l;
v
)
b
u
i
ld
i
n
g
c
o
n
f
i
d
en
ce
i
n
m
e
m
b
er
s
.
W
h
en
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
s
e
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
za
t
io
n
t
r
u
l
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
t
h
e
PLC
,
th
e
y
will
f
ee
l
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
d
a
n
d
co
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
ei
r
w
o
r
k
;
a
n
d
v
i
)
c
r
ea
te
c
lea
r
w
o
r
k
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
s
,
w
h
i
ch
all
o
w
f
o
r
t
an
g
i
b
l
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
ev
al
u
at
io
n
o
f
w
o
r
k
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e.
C
o
n
s
is
te
n
t
wi
th
t
h
e
r
es
e
ar
ch
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
s
c
h
o
la
r
s
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
o
n
en
ab
li
n
g
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
,
c
o
l
le
g
ia
l
t
r
u
s
t,
a
n
d
ac
a
d
e
m
i
c
e
m
p
h
asis
in
PLCs
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
e
n
a
b
l
in
g
s
ch
o
o
l
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
es
,
w
h
ic
h
w
as
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
es
o
f
te
ac
h
e
r
s
a
n
d
ad
m
i
n
is
t
r
a
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
l
ts
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
h
i
g
h
-
en
a
b
li
n
g
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
,
c
o
ll
e
g
ia
l
tr
u
s
t
,
a
n
d
a
ca
d
e
m
ic
em
p
h
asis
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
4
9
8
-
4
5
0
8
4504
o
f
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l a
f
f
e
cte
d
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
P
L
C
s
i
n
s
c
h
o
o
ls
[
2
6
]
–
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ch
allen
g
e
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
PLC
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
al
an
d
p
o
licy
f
ac
to
r
s
in
T
h
ailan
d
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
.
W
h
ile
PL
C
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
s
h
ar
ed
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
v
alu
es,
an
d
v
is
io
n
alig
n
with
ex
is
tin
g
th
eo
r
ies,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
Uv
h
ag
en
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asizes co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t w
ith
in
a
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
s
ch
o
o
l c
u
ltu
r
e
.
I
n
T
h
ailan
d
,
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
i
n
P
L
C
ac
tiv
ities
is
m
an
d
ated
as
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
teac
h
er
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
b
y
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
T
h
is
p
o
licy
p
u
ts
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
n
a
ll
teac
h
er
s
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
PL
C
ac
tiv
ities
,
wh
ich
m
ay
in
f
lu
en
ce
h
o
w
PLCs
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
s
u
ch
as
allo
ca
tin
g
tim
e
f
o
r
PLC
m
ee
tin
g
s
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
i
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
u
ld
in
cl
u
d
e
tim
e
allo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
c
o
llab
o
r
ate
i
n
PLCs
,
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
,
tr
ai
n
in
g
,
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
all
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
PL
C
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
tate
p
o
licies
m
ay
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
PLC d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
wh
ich
co
u
l
d
d
if
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
th
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
tak
en
i
n
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies th
at
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
s
u
ch
a
p
o
licy
m
an
d
ate.
I
n
W
ester
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
u
ch
as
t
h
e
Un
ited
States
o
r
th
e
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
ten
d
s
to
em
p
h
asize
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
PLC
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
em
p
h
asized
m
ay
in
clu
d
e
lear
n
in
g
b
y
d
o
in
g
o
r
c
o
llectiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
[
5
]
.
I
n
E
ast
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
u
ch
a
s
J
ap
an
o
r
So
u
th
Ko
r
ea
,
w
h
ich
h
av
e
co
llectiv
is
t
cu
ltu
r
es,
th
e
r
e
is
o
f
ten
a
g
r
ea
ter
em
p
h
asis
o
n
s
h
ar
e
d
v
alu
es
with
in
PLCs
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
in
th
ese
cu
ltu
r
es
ten
d
to
f
o
cu
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
co
llectiv
e
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
team
wo
r
k
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l.
Su
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
s
ch
o
o
l
lea
d
er
s
an
d
p
r
o
p
er
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
ar
e
cr
u
cial
in
t
h
ese
s
ettin
g
s
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
in
co
llectiv
is
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
ten
d
to
r
ef
lect
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
es
teac
h
er
s
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
with
in
PLCs
,
an
d
th
er
e
is
an
e
m
p
h
asis
o
n
s
h
a
r
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ay
h
elp
PLCs
s
u
cc
ee
d
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
4
0
]
, [
4
1
]
.
χ
2
=
2
4
7
.
2
9
8
d
f
=
1
2
4
P
-
v
a
l
u
e
=
0
.
0
0
0
R
M
S
EA
=
0
.
0
3
0
S
R
M
R
=
0
.
0
1
7
C
F
I
=
0
.
9
9
6
TLI
=
0
.
9
9
1
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
FA
m
o
d
el:
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
PLC o
f
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
er
v
ice
a
r
ea
o
f
f
ice
(
b
e
f
o
r
e
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
co
mp
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
i
n
d
ica
to
r
s
o
f p
r
o
fess
io
n
a
l le
a
r
n
in
g
co
m
mu
n
ity:
th
e
…
(
K
o
r
a
ke
n
g
K
lin
th
a
is
o
n
g
)
4505
χ
2
=
8
8
.
0
9
5
d
f
=
8
5
P
-
v
a
l
u
e
=
.
3
8
7
6
R
M
S
EA
=
.
0
0
6
S
R
M
R
=
.
0
1
0
C
F
I
=
1
.
0
0
0
TLI
=
1
.
0
0
0
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
FA
m
o
d
el:
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
PLC
o
f
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
er
v
ice
a
r
ea
o
f
f
ice
(
a
f
ter
)
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
all
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
PLC
wer
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
with
o
n
e
an
o
t
h
er
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
o
n
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
p
r
o
m
o
tes
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
o
t
h
er
s
,
lead
in
g
to
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
PLC.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
–
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
was
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
n
f
lu
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
is
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
f
ac
ilit
ies,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
cr
ea
te
f
av
o
r
ab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
a
PLC
—
s
u
ch
as
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
g
a
p
s
am
o
n
g
p
er
s
o
n
n
el,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
b
u
d
g
eta
r
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
u
tili
zin
g
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
at
ex
ter
n
al
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
t
h
e
cr
e
atio
n
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
PLCs
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e,
in
clu
d
e
d
s
h
ar
ed
v
alu
es
an
d
v
is
io
n
;
c
o
llectiv
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
;
s
h
ar
ed
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
;
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
–
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
;
an
d
s
h
ar
ed
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
All
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
PL
C
s
,
wi
th
co
v
ar
ian
ce
v
alu
es
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
8
3
.
9
0
%
to
8
9
.
3
0
%
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
co
llectiv
ely
ex
p
lain
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
PLC
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
No
tab
ly
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
–
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
ex
h
ib
ite
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
co
v
a
r
ian
ce
v
al
u
e,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
av
ailab
ilit
y
ar
e
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
PLCs
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
R
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
b
u
ild
i
n
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
PLC
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
u
lt
ip
le
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
wo
r
k
in
g
in
h
ar
m
o
n
y
.
I
t
in
v
o
lv
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
h
ar
in
g
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
b
u
t
also
cu
ltiv
atin
g
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
cu
ltu
r
e
th
at
f
o
s
ter
s
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
t
h
at
en
a
b
le
teac
h
er
s
to
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
,
d
ev
elo
p
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
,
an
d
co
lla
b
o
r
ativ
ely
s
o
l
v
e
s
ch
o
o
l
-
r
elate
d
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
to
m
ax
im
ize
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
p
o
ten
tial.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
a
p
p
lie
d
in
v
ar
io
u
s
way
s
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
ca
n
u
s
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
r
ef
in
e
th
eir
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
PLCs
.
Sch
o
o
l
a
d
m
in
is
tr
at
o
r
s
ca
n
a
p
p
ly
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
p
o
licies
an
d
d
esig
n
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
s
tr
en
g
th
en
PLCs
.
Par
en
t
o
r
g
an
izati
o
n
s
ca
n
also
u
tili
ze
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
4
9
8
-
4
5
0
8
4506
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
o
v
e
r
s
ee
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
PLCs
with
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Fo
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
,
m
o
r
e
i
n
-
d
ep
t
h
s
tu
d
i
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
—
s
u
ch
as
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
,
teac
h
er
s
’
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
tim
e,
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
co
n
d
u
civ
e
to
l
ea
r
n
in
g
—
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
PLC
p
r
ac
tices.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
es
o
f
PLCs
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
—
u
r
b
an
an
d
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
,
p
u
b
lic
a
n
d
p
r
iv
ate
s
ch
o
o
ls
—
wo
u
ld
b
e
v
alu
ab
le
f
o
r
id
en
tif
y
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
s
.
I
n
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
a
n
d
s
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
PLCs
in
th
e
T
h
ai
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
b
y
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
c
u
ltu
r
al
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
o
f
lear
n
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
.
B
y
ad
ap
tin
g
th
e
PLC
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
alig
n
with
T
h
ailan
d
’
s
co
llecti
v
is
t
cu
ltu
r
al
v
alu
es,
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
PLCs
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
o
n
g
o
in
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
,
an
d
,
u
lti
m
ately
,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t in
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
a
n
k
all
ad
v
is
o
r
s
f
o
r
th
eir
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
p
u
b
lis
h
in
g
th
is
r
esear
ch
an
d
all
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
in
th
e
Dep
a
r
tm
en
t
o
f
Me
asu
r
e
m
en
t a
n
d
E
v
a
lu
atio
n
,
Kh
o
n
Kae
n
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
T
h
ailan
d
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
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Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
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in
g
in
v
o
lv
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AUTHO
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UT
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h
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u
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u
s
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th
e
C
o
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tr
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u
to
r
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o
les
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ax
o
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y
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o
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ize
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iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
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n
tr
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u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
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r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
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co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
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Aut
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est.
RE
F
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R
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
P
.
Th
u
mm
a
p
h
a
n
a
n
d
K
.
S
r
i
p
a
,
“
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t
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.
[
2
]
T.
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a
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n
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n
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.
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b
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[
13
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M
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[
14
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15
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16
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19
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20
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21
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[
22
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23
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24
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