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Dig
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Old
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T
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C
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p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
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t
J
E
v
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&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
3
8
9
-
4
4
0
3
4390
o
n
lin
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in
f
o
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m
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[
4
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,
[
5
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.
Dig
ital
in
eq
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tem
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f
r
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d
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[
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atin
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[
8
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Ma
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d
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[
9
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,
an
d
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ity
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k
s
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f
in
an
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d
[
1
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]
.
Dig
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is
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e.
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t
em
p
o
wer
s
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
,
en
ab
lin
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
er
v
ices,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
o
cial
in
clu
s
io
n
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
s
k
ills
d
o
n
o
t
co
m
e
n
atu
r
ally
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
g
u
id
ed
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
1
4
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
k
n
o
wn
b
en
ef
its
,
th
er
e
r
em
ain
s
a
lack
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
ev
alu
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
tr
ain
in
g
o
n
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
u
s
ag
e
am
o
n
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
in
T
h
ailan
d
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
r
esear
ch
g
ap
b
y
d
esig
n
in
g
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
,
6
-
s
ess
io
n
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
tailo
r
ed
to
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
in
B
an
g
k
o
k
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
was
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er
s
u
ch
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
co
u
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
g
u
id
in
g
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
:
Do
es
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
am
o
n
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
in
B
an
g
k
o
k
?
Fin
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
to
in
f
o
r
m
n
atio
n
al
d
ig
ital
in
clu
s
io
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
in
clu
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies an
d
lear
n
in
g
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
f
o
r
ag
in
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
f
o
r
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
in
v
o
lv
es
m
o
r
e
th
an
b
asic
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
;
it
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ev
alu
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
en
g
ag
e
eth
ically
o
n
lin
e,
an
d
m
ain
tain
au
to
n
o
m
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Stu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
th
at
ag
e
-
r
elate
d
ch
allen
g
es
in
ad
o
p
tin
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
tech
n
ical,
b
u
t
also
s
o
cial
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
h
ailan
d
’
s
2
0
2
0
n
atio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
o
f
o
ld
er
p
er
s
o
n
s
,
m
o
s
t
in
d
iv
id
u
als ag
ed
6
0
–
6
9
r
ep
o
r
ted
u
s
in
g
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es,
wh
er
ea
s
th
o
s
e
ag
ed
7
0
an
d
o
ld
er
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
u
s
e
b
asic
p
h
o
n
es
[
1
9
]
.
B
ar
r
ier
s
to
d
ig
ital
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
clu
d
e
lim
ited
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
p
h
y
s
ical
o
r
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
ec
lin
e,
an
d
a
lack
o
f
co
n
f
id
en
ce
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
m
ak
es
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ev
en
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt f
o
r
s
en
io
r
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
th
e
eld
er
ly
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
k
ey
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
elem
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ep
etitio
n
,
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
in
ted
g
u
id
es
an
d
p
ee
r
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
[
2
2
]
.
So
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
u
r
in
g
d
ev
ice
s
etu
p
h
as
also
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
o
th
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
d
ig
ital
au
to
n
o
m
y
[2
1
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
d
ig
ital
ad
o
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
len
s
es
o
f
d
ig
ital
ad
d
ictio
n
,
d
ig
ital
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
in
clu
s
io
n
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Kar
ak
o
s
e
et
a
l
.
[2
3
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
th
at
r
ev
ea
led
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
lo
b
al
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
am
o
n
g
th
e
eld
er
ly
.
Similar
ly
,
Kar
ak
o
s
e
et
a
l
.
[2
4
]
em
p
h
asized
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
d
ig
ital le
ad
er
s
h
ip
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
eq
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
ad
v
an
cin
g
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ag
in
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
p
r
ess
in
g
g
lo
b
al
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
clu
s
iv
e
d
ig
ital
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
to
lo
ca
l c
u
ltu
r
al
an
d
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
n
tex
ts
.
I
n
T
h
ailan
d
,
f
o
r
m
al
d
ig
ital tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
tar
g
etin
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
r
em
ain
lim
ited
in
b
o
th
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
is
g
ap
b
y
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
o
n
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
am
o
n
g
o
ld
er
T
h
ai
ad
u
lts
.
Me
asu
r
in
g
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
s
er
v
es
as
a
k
ey
in
d
icato
r
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
s
u
ch
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
o
f
ten
lack
ed
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ev
alu
atin
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
o
u
tco
m
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
o
ld
er
ad
u
lt lea
r
n
er
s
[2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
r
aws
u
p
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
p
in
n
in
g
s
r
elev
an
t
to
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
ag
in
g
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
th
e
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
MD
PQ
-
1
6
)
u
s
ed
as
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
l,
alig
n
s
with
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
(
T
AM
)
an
d
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
th
eo
r
y
[2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
ese
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
r
o
les
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
r
elate
d
task
s
as
k
ey
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
b
eh
av
io
r
,
esp
ec
ially
am
o
n
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
was
also
in
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
ad
u
lt
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
y
(
an
d
r
ag
o
g
y
)
,
wh
ich
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
elev
an
ce
,
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
au
to
n
o
m
y
in
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
esig
n
f
o
r
ad
u
lt
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
e
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
,
task
-
o
r
ien
ted
,
an
d
co
n
tex
tu
ally
r
elev
an
t
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
6
-
s
ess
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
r
ef
lects
th
ese
p
r
in
cip
les
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
th
eo
r
etica
l
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
was
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
ac
tical
b
u
t
also
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ically
an
d
s
o
cially
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ass
u
m
es
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
lead
s
to
g
r
ea
ter
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
q
u
ality
o
f
life
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
s
o
cial
in
clu
s
io
n
am
o
n
g
o
ld
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
ffect
o
f a
d
ig
ita
l litera
cy
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
tr
a
in
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms o
n
o
ld
er
…
(
R
u
t
h
a
ir
a
t S
ir
iw
a
tta
n
a
r
a
t
)
4391
ad
u
lts
.
T
h
ese
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ar
e
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
an
d
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
en
ab
lin
g
co
n
s
is
ten
t a
lig
n
m
en
t b
etwe
en
th
eo
r
y
,
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
o
u
tco
m
es [
25
]
,
[
29
].
3
.
2
.
Study
d
esig
n
T
h
is
q
u
asi
-
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
an
u
r
b
an
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
ettin
g
o
f
B
an
g
k
o
k
,
T
h
ailan
d
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
v
o
lv
in
g
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
a
s
en
io
r
citizen
clu
b
in
th
e
Din
d
ae
n
g
D
is
tr
ict.
A
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
le
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
was r
ec
r
u
ited
f
o
r
s
ix
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
.
T
h
e
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
in
th
e
ar
ea
was 2
6
,
6
3
2
[
30
]
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
co
m
p
r
is
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ag
ed
6
0
y
ea
r
s
o
r
o
ld
er
,
af
f
iliated
with
th
e
s
en
io
r
citizen
clu
b
in
Din
d
ae
n
g
D
is
tr
ict,
B
an
g
k
o
k
,
an
d
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
a
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
with
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
o
f
p
r
o
ject
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
th
e
ar
ea
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
wer
e
1
3
0
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
m
et
th
e
cr
iter
ia.
R
ec
r
u
itm
en
t
p
r
o
ce
ed
ed
in
th
r
ee
s
tep
s
.
T
h
ey
ar
e:
i)
o
u
tr
ea
ch
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
ltip
le
ch
an
n
els
clu
b
b
u
lletin
b
o
ar
d
s
,
h
o
m
e
-
v
is
it
f
ly
er
s
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
co
m
m
u
n
ity
h
ea
lth
v
o
lu
n
teer
s
,
an
d
a
telep
h
o
n
e
-
tr
ee
m
ess
ag
e
cir
cu
lated
b
y
clu
b
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
s
;
ii)
telep
h
o
n
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
ag
ain
s
t
f
o
u
r
elig
ib
ilit
y
item
s
(
ag
e
≥
6
0
y
ea
r
s
,
clu
b
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
,
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
o
f
an
in
ter
n
et
-
en
ab
led
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice,
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
to
g
iv
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t)
;
an
d
iii)
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
.
Of
th
e
1
3
0
p
r
elim
in
ar
ily
elig
ib
le
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
9
3
atten
d
ed
th
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
ess
io
n
an
d
8
4
u
ltima
tely
p
r
o
v
id
ed
wr
itten
co
n
s
en
t
.
R
ec
r
u
itm
en
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
illb
o
ar
d
an
d
b
r
o
ch
u
r
e
p
u
b
licity
,
tar
g
eted
th
e
B
an
g
k
o
k
s
en
io
r
citizen
clu
b
.
W
ith
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
8
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
b
ased
o
n
a
o
n
e
-
tailed
test
,
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
(
d
)
o
f
.
6
2
,
α
o
f
.
0
5
,
an
d
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
(
1
-
β)
o
f
.
9
5
[
31
]
,
r
ec
r
u
itm
en
t
y
ield
ed
9
4
p
o
ten
tial
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
C
o
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
en
r
o
llm
en
t
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
,
wh
er
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
also
af
f
ir
m
ed
th
eir
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
an
d
s
ig
n
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
.
Desp
ite
in
itial
in
ter
est,
f
iv
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
cited
h
ea
lth
co
n
ce
r
n
s
o
r
lack
o
f
in
ter
est,
wh
ile
f
o
u
r
f
ac
ed
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
d
if
f
icu
lties
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
f
in
al
s
am
p
le
o
f
8
4
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
tim
elin
e
in
clu
d
ed
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
:
b
aselin
e
(
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
3
)
,
im
m
ed
iate
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
(
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
3
)
,
an
d
1
-
m
o
n
th
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
(
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
3
)
.
Data
o
n
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics,
ty
p
e
o
f
d
ev
ice,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
d
ev
ice
u
s
e,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
an
t
au
to
n
o
m
y
wer
e
g
ath
er
ed
at
b
aselin
e
(
p
r
etest).
Au
to
n
o
m
y
d
ata
wer
e
also
co
llected
at
p
r
etest
an
d
im
m
ed
iately
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
o
b
tain
ed
at
p
r
etest,
p
o
s
ttes
t
,
an
d
o
n
e
m
o
n
th
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
e
1
6
-
q
u
esti
o
n
MD
PQ
-
1
6
[
2
5
]
,
[
3
2
]
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
g
au
g
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
.
No
v
alid
ated
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
th
e
T
h
ailan
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
wer
e
av
ailab
le;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
MD
PQ
-
1
6
s
er
v
es a
s
a
s
u
itab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
u
e
to
its
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
d
ad
ap
tab
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
MD
PQ
-
1
6
was
ad
ap
ted
b
y
a
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
n
ativ
e
T
h
ai
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
tr
an
s
lato
r
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
y
ield
s
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
8
to
4
0
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
eig
h
t
d
o
m
ain
s
:
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
b
asics
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
d
ata
an
d
f
ile
s
to
r
ag
e,
in
ter
n
et
u
s
ag
e,
ca
len
d
ar
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
p
r
iv
ac
y
s
ettin
g
s
,
an
d
tr
o
u
b
lesh
o
o
tin
g
/s
o
f
twar
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
E
ac
h
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
s
am
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
p
tio
n
s
,
with
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
to
5
p
o
in
ts
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
co
m
p
leted
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
f
o
llo
win
g
clea
r
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
,
an
d
ass
is
tan
ce
was o
f
f
er
ed
to
th
o
s
e
en
co
u
n
ter
in
g
an
y
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
3
.
3
.
I
nte
rv
ent
io
n
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
p
r
o
g
r
am
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
ch
o
s
en
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
o
r
tab
lets
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
s
ix
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
h
eld
at
a
v
en
u
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
clu
b
in
th
e
Din
d
ae
n
g
Dis
tr
ict
o
f
B
an
g
k
o
k
.
E
ac
h
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
h
ad
a
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
,
with
ac
tiv
ities
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
4
5
m
in
u
tes
o
f
en
g
ag
in
g
in
d
ig
ital
task
s
an
d
1
5
m
in
u
tes
d
ed
icate
d
to
ex
ch
an
g
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
with
in
a
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
cir
cle.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
ac
tiv
ities
in
clu
d
ed
a
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ch
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
tim
u
late
lear
n
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
ese
co
m
p
r
is
ed
:
i
)
A
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ap
p
an
d
an
em
ail
ap
p
,
aim
ed
at
tr
ain
in
g
u
s
er
s
in
to
u
ch
an
d
m
an
u
al
d
ex
ter
ity
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
u
s
e.
T
h
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ap
p
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
to
u
ch
an
d
d
ev
ice
h
an
d
lin
g
,
s
tim
u
latin
g
m
o
to
r
s
k
ills
,
wh
ile
th
e
em
ail
ap
p
aim
ed
to
en
h
an
ce
to
u
ch
an
d
m
an
u
al
d
ex
ter
ity
;
ii
)
Ap
p
s
s
u
ch
as
L
in
e,
T
ik
T
o
k
,
Face
b
o
o
k
,
an
d
Yo
u
T
u
b
e
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
task
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
ac
tiv
ities
lik
e
s
h
ar
in
g
p
ictu
r
es,
v
id
eo
s
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
;
iii
)
A
m
o
b
ile
b
an
k
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
was
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
to
tr
ain
u
s
er
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
ak
in
g
p
u
r
ch
ases
an
d
p
ay
in
g
b
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
-
wallets
o
r
d
ig
ital
wallets,
u
tili
zin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
tex
t,
im
ag
e,
b
ar
co
d
e,
an
d
q
u
ick
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
QR
)
co
d
e;
an
d
iv
)
Go
v
er
n
m
en
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
Pao
tu
n
g
,
T
h
aich
an
a,
an
d
Mo
h
p
r
o
m
t
wer
e
also
in
clu
d
ed
to
f
am
iliar
ize
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
with
th
eir
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
an
d
u
s
ag
e
[
2
6
].
T
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
was
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ag
e
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
s
im
p
lifie
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
,
lar
g
e
-
p
r
in
t
m
an
u
als,
an
d
s
lo
wer
p
ac
in
g
o
f
co
n
ten
t
d
eliv
er
y
.
E
ac
h
s
ess
io
n
p
r
io
r
itized
r
ep
etitio
n
an
d
p
ee
r
ass
is
tan
ce
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
v
ar
ied
lev
els o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
en
co
m
p
ass
es
s
ix
k
ey
m
o
d
u
les
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
d
ev
elo
p
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
m
o
d
u
le
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
b
asic
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
o
p
er
atio
n
,
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14
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Mo
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ip
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ticip
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ts
with
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k
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ct
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s
d
ig
ital
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an
s
ac
tio
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s
th
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wallets,
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tex
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ts
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le
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en
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et
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em
in
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f
o
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v
is
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s
o
cial
g
ath
er
in
g
s
,
an
d
o
th
er
ev
en
ts
.
Mo
d
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f
iv
e
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
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o
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ata
p
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ac
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u
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ity
b
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h
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g
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ticip
an
ts
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te
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o
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r
d
s
an
d
u
tili
ze
an
ti
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f
r
au
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
m
o
d
u
le
s
ix
eq
u
ip
s
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
with
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
eg
is
ter
f
o
r
an
d
n
av
ig
ate
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
-
is
s
u
ed
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
ess
en
tial ser
v
ices
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
n
d
er
th
e
g
u
id
an
ce
o
f
a
s
ea
s
o
n
ed
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
p
ec
ialized
in
teac
h
in
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
h
o
w
to
u
tili
ze
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
ass
is
tan
ce
was
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
o
n
e
o
r
two
m
o
n
ito
r
s
wh
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
f
o
llo
wed
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tep
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
is
th
e
tr
ain
er
elu
cid
ated
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
ap
p
f
ea
tu
r
ed
in
th
e
s
ess
io
n
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
e
tr
ain
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
ap
p
’
s
u
s
ag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
etailed
,
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
.
L
astl
y
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
en
g
ag
ed
in
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
p
r
ac
tice
with
th
e
ap
p
.
Sh
o
u
ld
an
y
d
if
f
icu
lties
ar
is
e,
th
e
tr
ain
er
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
s
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
em
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
o
r
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
e
tr
ain
er
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
s
r
ef
r
ain
ed
f
r
o
m
p
h
y
s
ically
h
an
d
lin
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices,
in
s
tead
g
u
id
in
g
th
em
v
er
b
ally
,
th
u
s
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
ac
tiv
e
an
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t u
s
e
o
f
th
eir
d
ev
ices.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
s
ter
ed
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
au
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
em
p
o
wer
in
g
th
em
to
n
av
ig
ate
th
eir
d
ev
ices
with
o
u
t
r
elian
ce
o
n
ex
ter
n
al
ass
is
tan
ce
.
All
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
th
e
s
am
e
team
o
f
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
E
ac
h
s
ess
io
n
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ated
n
o
m
o
r
e
th
an
2
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
r
atio
o
f
f
iv
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
to
f
o
u
r
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
atten
tio
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
ec
eiv
ed
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
p
r
o
ject
m
an
u
al
co
n
tain
in
g
d
etailed
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
ap
p
s
co
v
er
ed
in
th
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
p
an
n
ed
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
ar
y
to
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
3
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dig
ital liter
ac
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
f
o
r
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
W
e
e
k
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
p
i
c
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
D
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
m
i
n
u
t
e
)
1
B
a
si
c
smar
t
p
h
o
n
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
B
a
se
l
i
n
e
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
s,
a
p
p
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
W
i
-
F
i
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
t
y
p
i
n
g
.
60
2
En
t
e
r
t
a
i
n
men
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
P
r
o
mo
t
e
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
sh
a
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
Li
n
e
,
T
i
k
To
k
,
F
a
c
e
b
o
o
k
,
a
n
d
Y
o
u
T
u
b
e
.
60
3
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
b
a
n
k
i
n
g
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
i
l
l
s
t
o
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
-
w
a
l
l
e
t
s
,
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
l
i
k
e
t
e
x
t
,
i
ma
g
e
,
b
a
r
c
o
d
e
,
a
n
d
Q
R
c
o
d
e
60
4
C
a
l
e
n
d
a
r
man
a
g
e
men
t
E
n
a
b
l
i
n
g
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
t
o
sc
h
e
d
u
l
e
a
p
p
o
i
n
t
me
n
t
s
,
s
e
t
r
e
mi
n
d
e
r
s
f
o
r
d
o
c
t
o
r
v
i
s
i
t
s
,
s
o
c
i
a
l
g
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
g
s,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
e
v
e
n
t
s
.
60
5
D
a
t
a
p
r
i
v
a
c
y
a
n
d
sec
u
r
i
t
y
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
s
t
r
o
n
g
p
a
ssw
o
r
d
s
a
n
d
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
a
n
t
i
-
f
r
a
u
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
60
6
G
o
v
e
r
n
men
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
T
h
e
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
r
e
g
i
s
t
e
r
f
o
r
a
n
d
n
a
v
i
g
a
t
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
me
n
t
-
i
ss
u
e
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
n
g
a
c
c
e
ss
t
o
e
ss
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
.
60
3
.
4
.
M
ea
s
ure
s
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
co
m
p
leted
a
s
u
r
v
ey
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
b
asic
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
th
e
MD
PQ.
T
h
e
MD
PQ
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
r
elate
s
to
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
wea
r
ab
le
an
d
m
o
b
ile
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
h
ea
lth
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
u
tili
ze
d
a
1
6
-
item
ab
b
r
ev
iated
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
MD
PQ,
wh
er
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
ated
th
eir
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
with
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
s
u
ch
as
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
an
d
tab
let
co
m
p
u
ter
s
.
T
h
e
MD
PQ c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
eig
h
t
s
u
b
s
ca
les:
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
b
asics
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
d
ata
an
d
f
ile
s
to
r
ag
e,
in
ter
n
et,
ca
len
d
ar
,
en
ter
tain
m
en
t,
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
an
d
tr
o
u
b
lesh
o
o
tin
g
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
.
E
ac
h
s
u
b
s
ca
le
is
s
co
r
ed
o
n
a
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
to
5
,
with
lo
wer
s
co
r
es
in
d
icatin
g
lo
wer
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
lev
els:
“1
=n
ev
er
tr
ied
”,
“2
=n
o
t
at
all”,
“3
=n
o
t
v
er
y
ea
s
ily
”,
“4
=so
m
ewh
at
ea
s
ily
”,
an
d
“5
=v
er
y
ea
s
ily
”.
E
ac
h
s
u
b
s
ca
le
in
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
f
o
r
m
co
m
p
r
is
es
two
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
an
d
s
co
r
es
ar
e
av
er
ag
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
u
b
s
ca
le
s
co
r
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
s
co
r
in
g
cr
iter
ia.
T
o
tal
MD
PQ
s
co
r
es
ar
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
s
u
m
m
in
g
all
s
u
b
s
ca
le
s
co
r
es,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
8
(
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
lo
west
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
u
b
s
ca
les)
to
4
0
(
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
)
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
’
d
ig
ital
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
au
to
n
o
m
y
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
wer
e
in
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
th
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
n
th
e
MD
PQ
s
u
b
s
ca
les
an
d
ad
d
itio
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al
au
to
n
o
m
y
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
q
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esti
o
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ad
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ed
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e
b
aselin
e
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
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ass
ess
m
en
ts
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
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aly
ze
d
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
MD
PQ
-
1
6
.
T
h
e
ad
ju
s
ted
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
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er
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f
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ag
e
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d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
b
ir
th
y
ea
r
an
d
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
g
r
o
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p
s
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6
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6
4
,
6
5
-
6
9
,
an
d
≥
7
0
y
ea
r
s
)
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
(
ac
co
r
d
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g
to
th
e
T
h
ailan
d
s
y
s
tem
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
)
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T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
el
was
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
to
ca
teg
o
r
ies
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y
ea
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s
o
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f
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m
al
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ch
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g
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p
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im
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y
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ca
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1
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r
s
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b
asic
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u
ca
tio
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(5
-
7
y
ea
r
s
)
;
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l e
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
8
-
1
0
y
ea
r
s
)
; sen
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l e
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
1
1
-
1
2
y
ea
r
s
)
; a
n
d
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
m
o
r
e
th
an
1
2
y
ea
r
s
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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&
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d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
ffect
o
f a
d
ig
ita
l litera
cy
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
tr
a
in
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms o
n
o
ld
er
…
(
R
u
t
h
a
ir
a
t S
ir
iw
a
tta
n
a
r
a
t
)
4393
Par
ticip
an
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
eir
m
ar
ital
s
tatu
s
(
s
in
g
le,
m
ar
r
ied
,
d
iv
o
r
ce
d
,
o
r
wid
o
wed
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h
o
u
s
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o
ld
co
m
p
o
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itio
n
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an
d
jo
b
s
tatu
s
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r
etir
ed
,
em
p
lo
y
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o
r
u
n
em
p
lo
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R
eg
ar
d
in
g
h
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s
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o
ld
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m
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o
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itio
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,
p
ar
ticip
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ts
wer
e
r
eq
u
ested
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in
d
icate
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
d
iv
id
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als
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r
r
en
tly
r
esid
in
g
in
th
eir
h
o
m
es,
s
p
ec
if
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in
g
wh
eth
er
it
was
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in
g
le
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
,
m
ar
r
ied
o
r
co
h
ab
itin
g
with
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u
t
d
ep
en
d
en
t
ch
ild
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en
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m
ar
r
ied
o
r
co
h
ab
itin
g
with
d
ep
en
d
en
t
ch
ild
r
en
,
s
in
g
le
-
p
ar
en
t
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
,
o
r
an
o
th
er
m
u
lti
-
p
er
s
o
n
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
p
r
o
g
r
am
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
co
m
p
r
is
ed
th
r
ee
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
in
d
icato
r
s
:
r
ec
r
u
itm
en
t,
ad
h
er
en
ce
,
an
d
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ec
r
u
itm
en
t
r
ate
was
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ec
r
u
ited
in
d
iv
id
u
als
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
av
ailab
le
v
ac
an
cies
p
er
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
(
s
et
at
1
0
)
.
Ad
h
er
en
ce
to
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
was
ass
ess
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wh
o
atten
d
ed
all
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
3
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
MD
PQ
-
1
6
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
ax
is
f
ac
to
r
in
g
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
clu
d
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
an
d
Mc
Do
n
ald
’
s
ω
.
Sam
p
lin
g
ad
eq
u
ac
y
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
th
e
Kaiser
-
Me
y
er
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O)
test
,
y
ield
in
g
a
v
alu
e
o
f
.
7
5
8
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
B
ar
tlett
test
o
f
s
p
h
er
icity
f
o
r
th
e
E
FA
m
o
d
el
(
χ2
6
6
=8
0
7
;
P<.
0
0
1
)
in
d
icate
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
.
Hig
h
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
was
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
α
(
α
=.
8
2
8
)
an
d
Mc
Do
n
ald
’
s
ω
(
ω
=.
7
7
3
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
ex
ce
llen
t r
eliab
ilit
y
.
An
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
2
-
tailed
t
-
test
an
d
1
-
way
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOVA
)
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
B
aselin
e
d
ata
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
n
o
n
p
ar
am
etr
ic
alter
n
ativ
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
ey
test
an
d
Kr
u
s
k
al
-
W
allis
’
s
test
.
I
n
f
er
en
ce
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
v
ar
iab
les at
p
r
etest
,
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
an
d
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
wer
e
m
ad
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
air
ed
-
s
am
p
le
two
-
tailed
t
-
test
s
,
wh
ile
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
th
r
ee
tim
e
p
o
in
ts
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
r
ep
ea
ted
-
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ANOV
A.
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
ef
f
ec
t
s
izes
f
o
r
th
e
t
-
test
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
was e
x
p
lo
r
ed
u
s
in
g
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
,
b
o
th
in
r
aw
an
aly
s
is
an
d
af
ter
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
f
o
r
g
en
d
er
,
ag
e,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
o
esti
m
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
tim
e
o
n
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
a
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
an
aly
s
is
m
o
d
el
em
p
lo
y
in
g
g
en
er
alize
d
esti
m
atin
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
(
GE
E
s
)
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
g
en
er
alize
d
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
el
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
with
in
-
s
u
b
ject
co
r
r
elatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
r
ep
ea
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
tr
ea
tin
g
tim
e
as a
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
e
d
atab
ase
u
n
d
er
wen
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
"wid
e"
to
"lo
n
g
"
f
o
r
m
at
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
an
aly
s
is
o
f
with
in
-
s
u
b
ject
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata.
Sig
n
if
ican
t
P
v
alu
es
wer
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
o
s
e
h
av
in
g
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
als
less
th
an
.
0
5
.
All
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
v
er
s
io
n
2
9
.
0
.
2
.
0
(
I
B
M
C
o
r
p
.
,
Ar
m
o
n
k
,
NY,
USA)
.
3
.
6
.
E
t
hica
l
c
o
ns
idera
t
io
ns
T
h
is
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
s
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
p
r
o
tect
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
was
a
m
in
im
al
-
r
is
k
,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
d
ig
ital
-
liter
ac
y
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
f
o
r
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
.
Ses
s
io
n
s
wer
e
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
tr
ain
ed
f
ac
ilit
ato
r
s
;
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
;
an
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
co
u
ld
p
au
s
e
o
r
with
d
r
aw
at
an
y
tim
e
with
o
u
t
p
en
alty
o
r
lo
s
s
o
f
b
en
ef
its
.
T
o
p
r
o
tect
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
n
o
d
ir
ec
t
id
en
tifie
r
s
(
e.
g
.
,
n
am
es,
n
atio
n
al
I
D
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
p
h
o
n
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
an
d
ex
ac
t
ad
d
r
ess
es)
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
o
n
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
E
ac
h
p
ar
ticip
an
t
was
ass
ig
n
ed
a
u
n
iq
u
e
s
tu
d
y
co
d
e;
th
e
r
e
-
id
en
tific
atio
n
k
ey
was
s
to
r
ed
s
ep
ar
ately
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
aly
tic
d
ataset
an
d
was
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
o
n
ly
to
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
in
v
esti
g
ato
r
.
Pap
er
f
o
r
m
s
wer
e
k
ep
t
in
lo
ck
ed
ca
b
in
ets
with
in
r
estricte
d
-
ac
ce
s
s
o
f
f
ices;
elec
tr
o
n
ic
f
iles
wer
e
s
to
r
ed
o
n
p
ass
wo
r
d
-
p
r
o
tecte
d
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
ally
m
an
ag
ed
s
er
v
er
s
with
r
o
le
-
b
ased
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
r
o
u
tin
e
b
ac
k
u
p
s
.
Ag
g
r
eg
ate
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
was
u
s
ed
to
av
o
id
r
e
-
id
en
tific
atio
n
.
An
y
ad
v
er
s
e
ev
en
t
o
r
co
m
p
lain
t
was
to
b
e
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
an
d
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
th
e
eth
ics
co
m
m
ittee
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
SOPs
with
in
7
d
ay
s
o
f
awa
r
en
ess
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
n
-
co
er
civ
e
to
k
en
s
(
e.
g
.
,
r
ef
r
esh
m
en
ts
an
d
lo
ca
l
tr
av
el
r
eim
b
u
r
s
em
en
t)
;
n
o
d
ec
ep
tio
n
was
u
s
ed
.
Giv
en
th
e
o
ld
er
-
ad
u
lt
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
ac
co
m
m
o
d
atio
n
s
wer
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
(
e.
g
.
,
lar
g
e
-
p
r
in
t
m
ater
ials
,
ex
ten
d
ed
tim
e,
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d
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en
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ed
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in
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ep
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en
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ess
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en
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Data
will
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e
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etain
ed
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o
r
5
y
ea
r
s
an
d
th
en
s
ec
u
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ely
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estro
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p
ap
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ed
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lectr
o
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s
ec
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d
eletio
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.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
4
.
1
.
Dem
o
g
ra
ph
ic
f
a
ct
o
rs a
nd
m
o
bil
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dev
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us
a
g
e
Ou
t o
f
th
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9
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p
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ticip
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ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
8
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f
in
is
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ed
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e
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ter
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en
tio
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ea
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an
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y
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ed
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r
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s
t
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in
g
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lely
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th
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ticip
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ts
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ad
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s
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ar
ticip
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ts
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7
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s
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ar
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ile
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to
tal
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f
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ar
ticip
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ts
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ad
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o
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ile
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ts
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h
ad
s
elf
-
m
o
b
ile
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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ile
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g
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p
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r
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7
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9
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6
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2
7
5
–
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7
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6
6
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≥
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9
(
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5
3
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3
.
6
4
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3
.
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Ed
u
c
a
t
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a
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l
(
y
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r
s)
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r
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r
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J
u
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M
a
r
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r
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t
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b
st
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t
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s
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e
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l
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–
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M
o
b
i
l
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d
e
v
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c
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p
u
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h
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ser
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8
)
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9
7
)
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6
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1
6
7
–
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7
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4
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t
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2
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0
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5
7
)
2
0
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8
7
9
–
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2
1
F
r
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y
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d
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se
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r
e
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e
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t
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5
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9
0
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n
f
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4
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6
(
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.
8
6
)
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0
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0
0
9
–
2
9
.
1
1
1
Ty
p
e
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f
m
o
b
i
l
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d
e
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s
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d
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(
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8
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6
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9
(
2
.
8
7
)
2
6
.
0
5
9
–
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7
.
3
2
1
Ta
b
l
e
t
2
(
2
)
3
1
.
5
5
(
1
.
2
0
)
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0
.
7
6
8
–
4
2
.
3
3
2
M
o
b
i
l
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
sy
s
t
e
m
u
se
d
.
7
1
6
A
n
d
r
o
i
d
7
7
(
9
2
)
2
6
.
8
0
(
2
.
9
5
)
2
6
.
1
3
0
–
2
7
.
4
7
0
i
O
S
7
(
8
)
2
6
.
8
9
(
3
.
0
0
)
2
4
.
1
1
5
–
2
9
.
6
6
5
Le
n
g
t
h
o
f
m
o
b
i
l
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
o
w
n
e
r
s
h
i
p
.
5
3
1
M
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
1
y
e
a
r
8
1
(
9
6
)
2
6
.
8
5
(
2
.
9
6
)
2
6
.
1
9
5
–
2
7
.
5
0
5
Le
ss
t
h
a
n
1
y
e
a
r
3
(
4
)
2
5
.
6
3
(
2
.
4
4
)
1
9
.
5
6
9
–
3
1
.
6
9
1
B
ased
o
n
p
ar
ticip
an
t
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
an
d
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
u
s
ag
e
in
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
we
ass
ess
ed
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
co
r
es
f
r
o
m
liter
ac
y
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
in
d
icate
d
th
at
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
itially
h
ad
lo
w
b
aselin
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
s
co
r
es.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
h
ig
h
er
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
lev
els,
we
ca
lcu
lated
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wh
o
s
e
b
aselin
e
s
co
r
es
ex
ce
ed
ed
h
alf
o
f
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
co
r
e,
g
iv
en
th
at
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
lack
ed
a
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
cu
to
f
f
p
o
in
t.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
5
0
%
(
4
2
o
u
t
o
f
8
4
)
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ac
h
iev
ed
a
s
co
r
e
eq
u
al
to
o
r
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
2
7
p
o
in
ts
(
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e)
,
with
a
r
an
g
e
s
p
an
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
8
to
4
0
p
o
in
ts
.
No
tab
ly
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wh
o
o
wn
ed
th
eir
o
wn
d
ev
ices,
u
s
ed
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
,
o
r
h
ad
o
wn
ed
th
eir
d
ev
ices
f
o
r
o
v
er
a
y
ea
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
etter
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
s
co
r
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
els
ex
h
ib
ited
s
tr
o
n
g
er
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
with
less
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
4
.
2
.
L
o
ng
it
ud
ina
l
dig
it
a
l
lite
ra
cy
a
na
ly
s
is
R
ep
ea
ted
-
m
ea
s
u
r
es
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
u
n
d
er
tak
en
to
tr
ac
k
d
ig
ital
-
liter
ac
y
tr
ajec
to
r
ies
f
r
o
m
b
aselin
e
(
p
r
etest
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
two
p
o
s
t
-
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
ass
ess
m
en
ts
wh
ile
s
tatis
tically
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
g
en
d
er
,
ag
e,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
attain
m
en
t
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
ar
k
ed
ly
f
r
o
m
p
r
etest
(
M=
2
6
.
0
)
to
th
e
im
m
ed
iate
p
o
s
ttes
t
(
M=
3
1
.
7
)
,
t(
8
3
)
=1
7
.
0
4
,
p
<.
0
0
1
,
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
z=
1
.
8
6
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
1
.
4
9
7
,
2
.
2
2
3
]
.
No
ad
d
itio
n
al
ch
an
g
e
was d
etec
ted
b
etwe
en
th
e
im
m
ed
iate
an
d
o
n
e
-
m
o
n
th
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
s
(
p
>.
0
5
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
in
itial
g
ain
s
wer
e
m
ain
tain
ed
,
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Self
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
au
to
n
o
m
y
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
n
a
0
–
4
0
v
is
u
al
g
r
ad
ien
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
o
r
an
g
e
(
lo
w)
to
g
r
ee
n
(
h
ig
h
)
also
r
o
s
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
,
f
r
o
m
M=
1
7
.
8
8
at
b
aselin
e
to
M=
3
0
.
5
0
at
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
,
t(
8
3
)
=3
2
.
5
0
,
p
<.
0
0
1
,
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
z=
3
.
5
5
,
9
5
% C
I
[
2
.
9
7
4
,
4
.
1
2
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
ffect
o
f a
d
ig
ita
l litera
cy
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
o
r
ksh
o
p
tr
a
in
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms o
n
o
ld
er
…
(
R
u
t
h
a
ir
a
t S
ir
iw
a
tta
n
a
r
a
t
)
4395
Acr
o
s
s
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
b
o
th
m
ales
an
d
f
em
ales,
y
o
u
n
g
er
(
<6
0
y
ea
r
)
an
d
o
ld
er
(
≥
6
0
y
ea
r)
ad
u
lts
,
an
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
with
≤
1
2
y
ea
r
s
v
er
s
u
s
>1
2
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
all
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
p
o
s
itiv
e
tr
ajec
to
r
ies
,
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
all
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
6
0
–
6
4
,
6
5
–
6
9
,
≥
7
0
)
im
p
r
o
v
ed
,
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
b
o
th
g
en
d
er
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
im
ilar
ly
,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
c)
s
h
o
ws
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
lo
wer
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
eir
less
-
ed
u
ca
ted
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
at
ev
er
y
tim
e
-
p
o
in
t.
Scale
-
lev
el
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
MD
PQ
-
1
6
r
ev
ea
led
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
e
to
p
o
s
t
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
g
ain
s
o
n
all
s
u
b
-
s
ca
les
,
as
in
T
ab
le
3
,
with
th
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
b
asic
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
b
u
t
d
id
n
o
t
ex
ce
ed
th
e
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
-
co
r
r
ec
ted
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
s
u
b
-
s
ca
le
im
p
r
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
M=
2
.
7
0
±
.
9
7
to
4
.
3
5
±
.
7
6
,
t(
8
3
)
=1
6
.
9
2
,
p
<.
0
0
1
,
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
z=
1
.
8
4
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
1
.
4
8
6
,
2
.
1
9
2
]
;
b
asic
s
k
il
ls
y
ield
ed
t(
8
3
)
=1
7
.
0
4
,
p
<.
0
0
1
,
C
o
h
en
’
s
d
z
=1
.
8
6
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
1
.
4
9
7
,
2
.
2
2
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
v
is
u
alize
s
th
e
p
atter
n
o
f
ch
an
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
all
6
s
u
b
-
s
ca
les.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Me
an
MD
PQ
-
1
6
to
t
al
s
co
r
es a
t p
r
etest,
im
m
ed
iate
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
an
d
1
-
m
o
n
t
h
f
o
llo
w
-
up
(
a
)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
tr
ajec
t
o
r
ies
of
:
(
a)
all
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
(
b
)
b
o
th
g
en
d
er
s
,
a
n
d
(
c
)
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
10
20
30
P
re
tes
t
P
o
stin
t
e
rv
e
n
ti
o
n
F
o
ll
o
w
-u
p
A
g
e
6
0
-6
4
y
e
a
rs
6
5
-6
9
y
e
a
rs
7
0
y
e
a
rs an
d
o
v
e
r
To
tal
10
20
30
40
P
re
tes
t
P
o
stin
t
e
rv
e
n
ti
o
n
F
o
ll
o
w
-u
p
G
e
n
d
e
r
F
em
a
l
e
M
a
le
To
tal
10
60
P
retest
P
o
stin
t
e
rv
e
n
ti
o
n
F
o
ll
o
w
-u
p
E
d
u
catio
n
p
r
im
a
ry
b
a
sic
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
sc
h
o
o
l
se
n
io
r
h
i
g
h
sc
h
o
o
l
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
To
tal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
4
3
8
9
-
4
4
0
3
4396
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Dig
ital liter
ac
y
at
p
r
etest
,
p
o
s
t
-
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
an
d
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
b
y
MD
PQ
-
1
6
s
ca
le
T
h
r
ee
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
attain
m
en
t
wer
e
s
elec
ted
as
co
v
ar
iates
,
b
ec
au
s
e
to
g
eth
er
,
th
ey
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
co
r
e
p
er
s
o
n
al,
s
o
cial,
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
s
h
ap
e
d
ig
ital
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
.
Ag
e
in
d
ex
es
life
-
co
u
r
s
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
cu
m
u
lativ
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
;
g
en
d
er
s
ig
n
als
s
o
cially
ascr
ib
ed
r
o
les
th
at
m
ed
iate
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
;
an
d
y
ea
r
s
o
f
s
ch
o
o
lin
g
p
r
o
x
y
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
ca
p
ital
an
d
liter
ac
y
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
co
m
p
lex
o
n
lin
e
task
s
.
An
aly
s
es
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iatio
n
th
eo
r
y
an
d
d
ig
ital
-
in
eq
u
ality
r
esear
ch
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
id
en
tify
th
ese
th
r
ee
v
ar
iab
les
as
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
e
-
s
k
ill
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
am
o
n
g
ad
u
lts
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
ar
s
im
o
n
io
u
s
an
d
th
eo
r
etica
lly
ju
s
tifie
d
s
et
f
o
r
m
o
d
ellin
g
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
o
u
tco
m
es
[
33
]
,
[
34
]
.
C
o
n
s
tr
ain
in
g
th
e
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
MA
NOVA
)
to
th
is
tr
iad
th
er
ef
o
r
e
m
ax
im
izes
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
wh
ile
av
o
id
in
g
m
o
d
el
o
v
er
-
p
ar
am
eter
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
-
liter
ac
y
s
ca
le
s
co
r
es
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
with
MA
NOVA
.
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
B
o
x
’
s
test
o
f
eq
u
ality
o
f
co
v
ar
ian
ce
m
atr
ices
was
n
o
n
-
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
ev
er
y
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
f
ac
to
r
g
en
d
er
(
B
o
x
’
s
M=
1
4
.
8
7
3
,
F(8
,
2
5
6
0
)
=1
.
5
2
0
,
p
=.
1
5
6
)
,
ag
e
(
M=
2
1
.
4
4
9
,
F(1
6
,
2
6
3
9
)
=.
9
7
0
,
p
=.
4
8
1
)
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
M=
1
9
.
7
3
2
,
F(3
2
,
7
1
8
1
)
=.
8
8
0
,
p
=.
6
5
0
)
v
er
if
y
in
g
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
of
co
v
ar
ian
ce
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
(
p
>.
0
5
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t)
.
On
th
at
b
asis
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
ef
f
ec
ts
d
etec
ted
b
y
MA
NOVA
wer
e
f
o
llo
wed
u
p
with
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
-
ad
ju
s
ted
p
air
wis
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
.
T
ab
le
3
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
MA
NOVA
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
s
co
r
es
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ca
les
in
r
elatio
n
to
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
g
en
d
er
.
Fo
r
th
e
two
d
o
m
ain
s
th
at
y
ield
ed
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
en
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
f
em
ale
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
u
t
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
eir
m
ale
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
o
n
b
asic
s
k
ills
(
M=
3
.
2
9
9
v
s
2
.
5
6
3
;
F(1
,
8
2
)
=8
.
5
5
6
,
p
=.
0
0
4
,
p
ar
tial
eta
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
η
p
2
)
=.
0
9
4
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
0
1
0
,
.
2
4
0
]
)
an
d
o
n
ap
p
licatio
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
M=
3
.
0
6
3
v
s
2
.
4
3
0
;
F(1
,
8
2
)
=6
.
9
3
9
,
p
=.
0
1
0
,
p
ar
tial
eta
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
η
p
2
)
=.
0
7
8
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
0
0
5
,
.
2
1
7
]
)
.
B
o
th
ef
f
ec
ts
f
all
with
in
th
e
s
m
all
-
to
-
m
ed
iu
m
r
an
g
e,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
wo
m
en
eith
er
en
ter
ed
with
,
o
r
ac
q
u
ir
ed
,
s
tr
o
n
g
er
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
th
ese
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
an
d
ap
p
-
h
an
d
lin
g
f
ac
ets
o
f
m
o
b
ile
u
s
e.
Sig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
th
e
MA
NOVA
wer
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
ex
am
in
ed
with
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
-
ad
ju
s
ted
p
air
wis
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
.
B
y
co
n
tr
ast,
g
en
d
er
ex
er
ted
n
o
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
s
ix
s
u
b
-
s
ca
les
—
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
(
F=.
0
1
0
,
p
=.
9
2
1
,
p
ar
tial
eta
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
η
p
2
)
<.
0
0
1
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
0
0
0
,
.
0
5
1
]
)
;
m
an
ag
em
en
t
(
F=.
4
9
6
,
p
=.
4
8
3
,
p
ar
tial
eta
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
η
p
2
)
=.
0
0
6
,
9
5
% C
I
[
.
0
0
0
,
.
0
8
1
]
)
; in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
F=.
6
4
0
,
p
=.
4
2
6
,
p
ar
tial e
ta
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
η
p
2
)
=.
0
0
8
,
9
5
% C
I
[
.
0
0
0
,
.
0
8
8
]
)
;
ca
len
d
ar
(
F=2
.
2
5
7
,
p
=.
1
3
7
,
p
ar
tial
eta
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
η
p
2
)
=.
0
2
7
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
0
0
3
,
.
1
3
3
]
)
;
tak
e
a
p
h
o
to
(
F=1
.
1
2
0
,
p
=.
2
9
3
,
p
ar
tial e
ta
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
η
p
2
)
=.
0
1
3
,
9
5
% C
I
[
.
0
0
1
,
.
1
0
4
]
)
; a
n
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
(
F=1
.
3
8
7
,
p
=.
2
4
2
,
p
ar
tial
eta
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
η
p
2
)
=.
0
1
7
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
0
0
1
,
.
1
1
2
]
)
.
T
h
ese
n
eg
lig
ib
le
ef
f
ec
t
s
izes
s
u
g
g
est
b
r
o
ad
ly
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
etwe
en
g
en
d
er
s
in
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
etr
iev
al,
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
,
im
ag
in
g
,
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
-
r
elate
d
task
s
.
T
ab
le
4
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
MA
NOVA
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ev
alu
ate
ag
e
r
elate
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
m
o
b
ile
d
ig
ital
-
liter
ac
y
s
u
b
-
s
ca
les.
Ag
e
ex
er
ted
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
o
n
ly
o
n
e
d
o
m
ain
“
p
r
iv
ac
y
”
wh
er
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ag
ed
6
0
–
6
4
s
co
r
ed
m
ar
k
ed
ly
lo
wer
(
M=
2
.
8
1
6
)
th
an
th
o
s
e
ag
ed
6
5
–
6
9
(
M=
3
.
2
3
4
)
,
with
th
e
≥
7
0
co
h
o
r
t
o
cc
u
p
y
in
g
an
in
ter
m
ed
iate
p
o
s
itio
n
(
M=
3
.
0
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
o
m
n
ib
u
s
test
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
is
p
atter
n
,
F(2
,
8
1
)
=3
.
5
1
2
,
p
=.
0
3
4
,
p
ar
tial
eta
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
η
p
2
)
=.
0
8
0
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
0
0
5
,
.
2
1
9
]
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
s
m
all
to
m
ed
iu
m
p
r
ac
tical
ef
f
ec
t
th
at
s
u
g
g
ests
y
o
u
n
g
er
o
ld
ad
u
lts
m
ay
f
ee
l
less
co
n
f
id
en
t
m
an
ag
in
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
s
ettin
g
s
th
an
th
eir
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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2252
-
8
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E
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R
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asic
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en
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2
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ta
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2
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4
4
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,
m
an
ag
em
en
t (
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.
9
7
8
,
p
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1
4
5
,
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ar
tial
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s
q
u
ar
ed
(
ηp
2
)
=.
0
4
7
)
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
F=.
2
3
6
,
p
=.
7
9
1
,
p
ar
tial
eta
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
ηp
2
)
=.
0
0
6
)
,
ca
len
d
ar
(
F=.
0
3
8
,
p
=.
9
6
3
,
p
ar
tial
eta
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
ηp
2
)
<.
0
0
1
)
,
tak
e
a
p
h
o
to
(
F=.
4
9
2
,
p
=.
6
1
3
,
p
ar
tial
eta
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
ηp
2
)
=.
0
1
2
)
,
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
(
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4
4
3
,
p
=.
6
4
4
,
p
ar
tial
eta
s
q
u
ar
ed
(
ηp
2
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=.
0
1
1
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e
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ts
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ican
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.
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T
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ese
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eg
lig
ib
le
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izes
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icate
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r
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ly
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ar
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er
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o
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m
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ce
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r
o
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ata
in
f
o
u
n
d
atio
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al
n
av
ig
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,
en
ter
tain
m
en
t u
s
e,
d
ev
ice
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
etr
iev
al,
s
ch
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lin
g
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ag
in
g
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d
g
en
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al
ap
p
h
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d
lin
g
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u
g
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n
g
th
at
th
e
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r
k
s
h
o
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’
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tr
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ally
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f
ec
tiv
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f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
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ts
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ed
6
0
–
6
4
,
6
5
–
6
9
,
an
d
≥
7
0
in
th
ese
s
k
ill ar
ea
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
ag
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
m
o
s
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
,
ex
ce
p
t
in
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
p
r
iv
ac
y
.
T
h
e
aim
o
f
th
is
an
aly
s
is
was
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
wh
eth
er
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
s
co
r
es
d
if
f
er
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
k
ill
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
m
o
s
t
f
ac
to
r
s
im
p
lies
th
at,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
ag
e,
o
ld
er
ad
u
lts
ca
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
co
m
p
ar
ab
ly
in
u
s
in
g
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
wh
en
g
iv
en
ad
eq
u
ate
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
e
“p
r
iv
ac
y
”
f
ac
to
r
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
a
p
o
ten
tial
ar
ea
o
f
co
n
ce
r
n
; it
m
ay
r
ef
lect
th
at
y
o
u
n
g
er
s
en
io
r
(
60
–
6
4
)
f
ee
l le
s
s
co
n
f
id
en
t
m
an
ag
in
g
p
r
iv
ac
y
s
ettin
g
s
,
wh
ich
m
ay
r
eq
u
ir
e
tar
g
eted
s
u
p
p
o
r
t in
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
MA
NOVA
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
co
r
es o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
g
en
d
e
r
v
ar
iab
l
e
S
u
b
-
s
c
a
l
e
(
M
D
P
Q
-
16)
G
e
n
d
e
r
N
M
e
a
n
Ss
F
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
e
t
a
s
q
u
a
r
e
d
(
η
p
2
)
9
5
%
C
I
o
f
me
a
n
B
a
si
c
F
e
mal
e
76
3
.
2
9
9
3
.
9
2
1
8
.
5
5
6
.
0
0
4
*
.
0
9
4
.
0
1
0
–
.
2
4
0
M
a
l
e
8
2
.
5
6
3
En
t
e
r
t
a
i
n
me
n
t
F
e
mal
e
76
3
.
6
9
3
.
0
0
5
.
0
1
0
.
9
2
1
<
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
0
–
.
0
5
1
M
a
l
e
8
3
.
6
6
6
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
F
e
mal
e
76
3
.
0
8
8
.
4
7
1
.
4
9
6
.
4
8
3
.
0
0
6
.
0
0
0
–
.
0
8
1
M
a
l
e
8
2
.
8
3
3
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
F
e
mal
e
76
3
.
5
7
3
.
2
7
5
.
6
4
0
.
4
2
6
.
0
0
8
.
0
0
0
–
.
0
8
8
M
a
l
e
8
3
.
3
7
8
C
a
l
e
n
d
a
r
F
e
mal
e
76
2
.
8
7
7
1
.
0
3
8
2
.
2
5
7
.
1
3
7
.
0
2
7
.
0
0
3
–
.
1
3
3
M
a
l
e
8
2
.
4
9
9
Ta
k
e
a
p
h
o
t
o
F
e
mal
e
76
4
.
2
8
8
.
3
3
1
1
.
1
2
0
.
2
9
3
.
0
1
3
.
0
0
1
–
.
1
0
4
M
a
l
e
8
4
.
5
0
1
P
r
i
v
a
c
y
F
e
mal
e
76
3
.
1
4
5
.
5
2
7
1
.
3
8
7
.
2
4
2
.
0
1
7
.
0
0
1
–
.
1
1
2
M
a
l
e
8
2
.
8
7
5
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
F
e
mal
e
76
3
.
0
6
3
2
.
8
9
7
6
.
9
3
9
.
0
1
0
*
.
0
7
8
.
0
0
5
–
.
2
1
7
M
a
l
e
8
2
.
4
3
0
N
o
t
e
:
*
p
<
.
0
5
(
t
w
o
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
;
B
o
n
f
e
r
r
o
n
i
-
a
d
j
u
s
t
e
d
)
T
ab
le
4
.
MA
NOVA
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
co
r
es o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
a
g
e
v
ar
ia
b
le
F
a
c
t
o
r
A
g
e
N
M
e
a
n
Ss
F
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
P
a
r
t
i
a
l
e
t
a
s
q
u
a
r
e
d
(
η
p
2
)
9
5
%
C
I
o
f
me
a
n
B
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