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[
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[
3
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T
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tech
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[
4
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B
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14
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4
,
Dece
m
b
er
20
25
:
8
0
3
-
815
804
ca
p
ac
ity
h
as
ex
p
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d
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ican
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I
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PV p
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tech
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[
6
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[
7
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C
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[
8
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A
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[
9
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I
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r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
ese
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
elec
t
r
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
b
o
th
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
in
v
er
ter
s
is
cr
u
cial
to
m
ak
in
g
th
em
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
a
wid
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
u
s
er
s
.
Ma
n
y
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
in
ter
m
itten
t,
g
en
er
atin
g
elec
tr
icity
at
v
ar
y
in
g
tim
es,
wh
ich
p
r
esen
ts
ch
all
en
g
es
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
s
tab
le
an
d
r
eliab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
v
e
r
ter
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
d
esig
n
e
d
to
ef
f
i
cien
tly
h
an
d
le
th
ese
v
ar
y
in
g
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
n
s
tan
t
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
AC
elec
tr
icity
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
ess
en
ce
,
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
h
a
r
n
ess
in
g
r
e
n
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
an
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
i
n
ter
twin
ed
,
w
o
r
k
in
g
in
h
ar
m
o
n
y
to
estab
lis
h
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
r
eliab
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
.
As
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
ad
v
an
ce
s
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
em
er
g
e,
co
n
tin
u
ed
p
r
o
g
r
ess
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
ec
ted
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
e
n
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
an
d
in
v
er
ter
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
I
n
v
er
ter
s
g
en
er
ate
o
u
tp
u
ts
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
ty
p
es
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
eir
wav
ef
o
r
m
:
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e,
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
e
wav
e,
an
d
p
u
r
e
s
in
e
wav
e.
T
h
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
ar
e
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
q
u
ality
,
p
u
r
e
s
in
e
wav
e
in
v
er
ter
s
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
o
th
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
.
Pu
r
e
s
in
e
wav
e
in
v
er
ter
s
ex
h
ib
it
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
d
is
to
r
tio
n
lev
els,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
h
ig
h
e
r
q
u
al
ity
o
f
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
g
en
er
a
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
h
ig
h
ly
r
e
co
m
m
en
d
e
d
t
o
u
s
e
p
u
r
e
s
in
e
wav
e
in
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
s
o
lar
p
an
el
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
b
o
th
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ical
s
u
p
p
ly
[
1
3
]
.
Am
o
n
g
i
n
v
er
ter
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
em
p
lo
y
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
e
m
ain
g
o
al
o
f
th
ese
m
o
d
u
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
is
to
clo
s
ely
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
s
in
e
wav
es,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
o
u
t
p
u
t
[
1
4
]
.
PW
M,
b
y
s
h
if
tin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
to
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
at
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el,
f
ac
ilit
ates
ef
f
icien
t
f
il
ter
in
g
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es,
with
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
o
g
n
izab
le
o
n
es
in
clu
d
i
n
g
[
15]
:
i)
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
ii)
m
o
d
if
ied
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
iii)
r
an
d
o
m
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
l
atio
n
,
iv
)
s
p
ac
e
v
ec
to
r
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
,
an
d
v
)
d
elta
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
as f
o
llo
ws:
Sectio
n
1
d
is
cu
s
s
es th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
with
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
a
n
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
in
v
er
ter
s
.
Sectio
n
2
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
v
e
r
ter
s
y
s
tem
an
d
its
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
c
u
it
an
d
p
o
wer
m
o
d
u
le.
Sectio
n
3
d
eta
ils
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
L
C
f
ilter
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
Sectio
n
4
co
v
er
s
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
esu
lts
,
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l
m
o
d
el
with
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
ti
o
n
5
s
u
m
m
ar
izes th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
es d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Var
io
u
s
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
an
in
v
er
ter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Desig
n
o
f a
h
a
lf
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
ve
r
t
er w
ith
d
ig
ita
l S
P
WM
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
p
u
r
e
s
in
e
w
a
ve
o
u
tp
u
t
(
Ja
l
il A
ka
a
b
o
u
n
e
)
805
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SYS
T
E
M
D
E
S
I
G
N
AND
CH
ARAC
T
E
RI
Z
AT
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
ch
em
ati
c
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
I
t
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
a
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
b
ased
o
n
a
m
icr
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
th
at
g
e
n
er
ates
SP
W
M
p
u
ls
es.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
cir
cu
it
will
th
en
s
u
p
p
ly
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
s
ig
n
al
was c
r
ea
ted
b
y
u
s
in
g
an
L
C
f
ilter
to
r
ed
u
ce
h
ar
m
o
n
ics.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
en
tire
cir
cu
it m
o
d
el
2
.
1
.
P
o
wer
circ
uit
m
o
du
le
T
h
e
h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
to
th
e
i
m
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
,
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
tw
o
s
witch
es,
S1
an
d
S2
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
s
witch
es
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
ar
m
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
a
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
m
an
n
er
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
o
n
e
s
witch
co
n
d
u
cts
elec
tr
icity
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
b
lo
ck
s
it.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
g
en
er
ates
an
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
v
er
ter
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
witch
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
allo
wed
f
o
r
th
e
in
v
er
ter
'
s
h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e
ci
r
cu
it.
I
t
also
lis
ts
th
e
s
witch
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
allo
wed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
co
u
l
d
ca
u
s
e
a
s
h
o
r
t
c
ir
cu
it
in
th
e
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
ab
le
1
h
as m
o
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
cir
cu
it
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
lo
ad
T
ab
le
1
.
T
a
b
le
o
f
s
witch
s
tatu
s
[
1
7
]
S
1
S
2
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
a
mp
l
i
t
u
d
e
w
Off
Off
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
w
=
0
Off
On
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
w
=
−
in
On
Off
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
w
=
+
in
On
On
Th
e
l
o
a
d
i
s s
h
o
r
t
e
d
2
.
2
.
L
C
f
ilte
r
T
o
m
in
im
ize
T
HD,
th
e
f
ilter
d
esig
n
in
v
o
lv
es
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
r
eso
n
an
ce
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
A
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
eth
o
d
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
L
an
d
ca
p
a
citan
ce
C
v
alu
es,
a
s
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
(
1
)
.
=
+
2
=
1
2
√
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dece
m
b
er
20
25
:
8
0
3
-
815
806
W
h
er
e
=
10
an
d
=
0
,
5
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
d
en
o
te
d
b
y
,
is
5
0
Hz
a
n
d
is
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
s
witch
in
g
[
1
8
]
.
2
.
3
.
C
o
ntr
o
l c
ircuit
m
o
du
le
F
u
lly
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
es
with
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
tu
r
n
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
,
s
u
c
h
as
B
J
T
,
MO
SF
E
T
,
o
r
I
GB
T
,
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
elec
ted
in
o
r
d
er
to
f
in
is
h
th
e
p
r
o
ject.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
tili
z
ed
is
an
AT
-
Me
g
a3
2
8
,
a
n
8
-
b
it
m
em
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
AVR
f
am
ily
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
s
tates
o
f
th
e
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
es
T
1
an
d
T
2
will
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ic
h
will
b
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
PW
M
s
ig
n
als n
am
ed
HO
an
d
L
O
[
2
0
]
.
2
.
4
.
G
a
t
e
driv
er
T
h
e
I
R
2
1
1
0
is
a
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
,
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
iv
er
t
h
at
f
ea
tu
r
es sep
ar
ate
an
d
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
o
u
tp
u
t
ch
an
n
els
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
to
b
o
th
th
e
h
ig
h
-
s
id
e
(
HO)
an
d
lo
w
-
s
id
e
(
L
O)
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
p
r
ev
en
ts
cr
o
s
s
-
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
b
et
wee
n
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices
an
d
en
ab
les
r
eliab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
,
wh
ich
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
wid
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
I
R
2
1
1
0
in
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
with
h
ig
h
-
s
id
e
v
o
ltag
es
u
p
to
5
0
0
V,
l
o
w
-
s
id
e
v
o
lta
g
es
u
p
t
o
2
0
V,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
lo
g
ic
in
p
u
ts
f
r
o
m
3
.
3
V
to
1
5
V.
I
ts
o
u
tp
u
t
s
tag
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
ea
k
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
s
in
k
cu
r
r
en
ts
o
f
u
p
t
o
2
A,
wh
ile
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
s
a
r
e
m
atch
ed
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
0
0
n
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
ac
cu
r
ate
a
n
d
s
tab
le
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
witch
in
g
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
t
h
e
I
R
2
1
1
0
is
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
s
u
itab
l
e
f
o
r
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
SP
W
M)
g
en
er
atio
n
,
wh
er
e
s
p
ee
d
,
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
an
d
n
u
m
er
ical
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
g
u
ar
an
tee
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
s
af
e
tr
an
s
is
to
r
o
p
er
atio
n
.
3.
T
H
E
P
W
M
M
O
D
E
F
O
R
T
H
E
AVR
P
H
ASE
AND
F
RE
Q
UE
NCY
CO
RR
E
C
T
Dig
ital
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
(
DPW
M)
is
an
in
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
g
en
e
r
ate
c
o
m
m
an
d
s
ig
n
als.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
en
ab
les
p
r
ec
is
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
s
,
th
er
eb
y
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
g
en
e
r
ated
p
o
we
r
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ed
u
cin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
s
.
I
t
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
f
in
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
in
v
er
ter
s
an
d
p
o
wer
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
im
p
lem
en
ts
a
p
h
ase
-
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
-
co
r
r
ec
t
PW
M
m
o
d
e
b
ased
o
n
a
d
u
al
-
s
lo
p
e
c
o
u
n
ter
.
I
n
t
h
is
m
o
d
e,
th
e
c
o
u
n
ter
in
cr
em
en
ts
f
r
o
m
a
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
e
(
B
OT
T
OM
)
to
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
v
alu
e
(
T
OP)
,
a
n
d
th
en
d
ec
r
e
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
T
OP
b
ac
k
to
B
OT
T
OM
.
T
h
e
PW
M
wav
ef
o
r
m
is
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
to
g
g
lin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
o
m
p
ar
e
c
h
an
n
els
OC
n
A
an
d
OC
n
B
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
v
alu
es
s
to
r
ed
i
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
co
m
p
a
r
e
r
e
g
is
ter
s
(
OC
R
n
A
an
d
OC
R
n
B
)
.
E
ac
h
tim
e
th
e
co
u
n
ter
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
v
alu
e
d
ef
in
e
d
in
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
OC
R
r
eg
is
ter
s
,
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
o
u
t
p
u
t
ch
an
n
el
ch
an
g
es
its
s
ta
te
(
HI
GH
o
r
L
OW
)
.
I
n
th
e
in
v
e
r
ted
m
o
d
e,
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
b
eh
av
es o
p
p
o
s
itely
,
with
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
co
m
p
a
r
e
c
h
an
n
els
s
witch
in
g
with
r
ev
er
s
ed
p
o
lar
ity
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
tim
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
p
r
ec
is
ely
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
v
alu
es
in
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
r
eg
is
ter
s
,
wh
ich
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
ex
ac
t
m
o
m
en
ts
at
wh
ich
th
e
ch
an
n
els
to
g
g
le.
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
h
o
w
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
ch
a
n
n
els
OC
n
A
a
n
d
OC
n
B
ch
an
g
e
s
tates
wh
en
th
e
co
u
n
ter
v
al
u
e
m
atch
es
th
e
v
alu
es
in
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
e
r
eg
is
ter
s
,
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
n
o
n
-
in
v
er
te
d
an
d
in
v
er
ted
m
o
d
es.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
PF
C
PW
M
mode
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Desig
n
o
f a
h
a
lf
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
ve
r
t
er w
ith
d
ig
ita
l S
P
WM
co
n
tr
o
l fo
r
p
u
r
e
s
in
e
w
a
ve
o
u
tp
u
t
(
Ja
l
il A
ka
a
b
o
u
n
e
)
807
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
en
s
u
r
es
a
h
ig
h
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
th
e
g
en
e
r
ated
PW
M
s
ig
n
al,
m
ak
in
g
it
id
ea
l
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
m
o
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l,
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
an
d
o
th
er
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
p
r
e
cise
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
d
u
ty
cy
cle
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
l
cu
late
th
e
I
C
R
1
(
T
OP)
r
eg
is
ter
'
s
v
alu
e
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
1
0
k
Hz
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
u
s
in
g
a
tim
er
with
a
1
6
MH
z
clo
ck
an
d
a
p
r
e
-
s
ca
ler
(
N)
o
f
1
:
(
1
)
=
2
×
×
=
16
MHZ
2
×
1
×
1
0
K
hz
=
800
(
2
)
wh
er
e
:
t
im
er
clo
ck
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
(
1
6
MH
z)
,
N:
p
r
escaler
v
alu
e
,
an
d
:
d
esire
d
PW
M
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
(
1
0
k
Hz)
.
Sin
ce
ea
ch
p
u
ls
e
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
at
a
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
1
0
k
Hz
ev
er
y
1
0
0
m
icr
o
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
at
100
-
m
ic
r
o
s
ec
o
n
d
i
n
ter
v
als.
T
h
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
v
alu
es
f
o
r
,
wh
ich
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
to
9
9
,
wer
e
co
m
p
u
ted
u
s
in
g
a
s
p
r
ea
d
s
h
ee
t
.
=
800
×
(
2
×
180
×
/
200
)
(
3
)
No
r
m
alizin
g
th
e
SP
W
M
v
alu
e
to
th
at
is
th
e
n
ex
t step
,
s
o
:
SP
W
M
[
0
]
=
0
×
8
0
0
⇒
Nu
m
[
0
]
=
0
,
SP
W
M
[
1
]
=
0
.
0
3
1
2
5
×
8
0
0
⇒
Nu
m
[
1
]
=
2
5
,
SP
W
M
[
2
]
=
0
.
0
6
2
5
×
8
0
0
⇒
Nu
m
[
2
]
=
5
0
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
v
alu
es
b
et
wee
n
OC
R
1
A
an
d
OC
R
1
B
c
r
ea
tes
two
PW
M
s
ig
n
als
wit
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
s
.
B
y
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
in
v
er
s
e
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
OC
R
1
B
,
th
e
two
s
ig
n
als b
ec
o
m
e
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
,
with
a
d
ea
d
tim
e
in
s
er
ted
b
etwe
en
th
eir
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
d
ea
d
tim
e
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
at
n
eith
er
s
ig
n
al
is
ac
ti
v
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
s
h
o
r
t c
ir
c
u
its
an
d
p
r
o
tectin
g
th
e
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Af
ter
b
ein
g
m
o
d
i
f
ied
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
in
d
e
x
v
alu
e
an
d
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
ea
d
tim
e,
th
e
v
alu
e
in
tab
le
[
Nu
m
]
is
r
ea
d
an
d
i
n
p
u
t
in
to
t
h
e
OC
R
1
X
r
eg
is
ter
in
th
e
I
SR
.
T
h
e
d
ea
d
tim
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
o
f
5
0
0
n
an
o
s
ec
o
n
d
s
(
t_
d
=
8
x
6
2
.
5
n
S
=
5
0
0
n
S)
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
∆x
=
8
.
At
th
e
m
o
m
en
t,
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
i
n
d
ex
is
f
ix
ed
at
a
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Dea
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I
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2252
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8
7
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2
Desig
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ates th
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u
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10
.
C
o
m
p
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s
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o
u
tp
u
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dece
m
b
er
20
25
:
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1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
Desig
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