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Dec
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I
SS
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o
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li
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rg
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m
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imiz
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se
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d
a
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sc
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m
e
s.
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e
re
fo
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is
a
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ti
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a
l
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(F
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C)
f
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it
s
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ted
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sy
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fre
q
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c
y
sta
b
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sy
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m
d
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n
g
t
h
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
p
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rtu
rb
a
ti
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s
.
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h
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
g
a
in
s
o
f
th
e
F
OSC
a
re
id
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n
ti
fied
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h
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n
imp
r
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v
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i
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ra
p
h
y
-
b
a
se
d
k
ri
ll
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e
rd
o
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ti
m
ize
r
with
th
e
h
e
lp
o
f
t
h
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p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
in
d
ica
to
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n
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ra
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s
q
u
a
re
e
rr
o
r.
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e
lev
a
te
th
e
imp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
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OSC,
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
s
a
re
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
with
c
las
sic
a
l
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
rs
d
u
rin
g
th
e
sim
p
le,
ra
n
d
o
m
lo
a
d
p
e
rtu
r
b
a
ti
o
n
s
wit
h
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n
d
wit
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o
u
t
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
s.
F
u
r
th
e
rm
o
re
,
se
n
siti
v
it
y
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
n
sy
ste
m
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
s
is
p
e
rfo
rm
e
d
t
o
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
ro
b
u
s
tn
e
ss
o
f
t
h
e
F
OSC
o
v
e
r
c
las
sic
a
l
c
o
n
tr
o
l
stra
teg
ies
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Au
to
m
atic
g
en
er
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n
co
n
t
r
o
l
C
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Fra
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Po
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tem
W
in
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CC B
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C
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d
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SR
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in
1.
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N
Au
to
m
atic
g
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er
atio
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co
n
tr
o
l
(
AGC)
is
ess
en
tial
to
m
e
et
th
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p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
o
f
is
o
lated
an
d
in
ter
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ted
p
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s
y
s
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s
in
teg
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ated
with
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lo
a
d
an
d
g
e
n
er
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v
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r
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n
s
h
ap
p
en
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
d
u
e
to
th
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latilit
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T
o
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f
ec
tiv
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m
in
im
ize
th
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d
ev
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s
,
ad
v
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d
co
n
tr
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l
s
y
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tem
s
ar
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ess
en
tial.
I
n
th
e
I
n
d
ian
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ce
n
ar
io
,
th
e
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
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r
ce
s
lik
e
win
d
,
PV
,
an
d
g
eo
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h
er
m
al
is
in
cr
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s
in
g
an
d
th
er
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r
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th
e
is
s
u
es
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
s
tab
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y
ar
e
also
in
cr
e
asin
g
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
AGC
is
s
u
es
h
elp
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
eliab
le
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
in
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
er
atio
n
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
AGC with
r
en
ewa
b
les ar
e
p
r
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ted
b
elo
w.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
wo
r
k
s
in
[
3
]
-
[
2
2
]
o
f
f
e
r
a
co
m
p
r
eh
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n
s
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ex
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AGC
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if
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t
p
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tem
m
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ad
d
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e
s
s
in
g
r
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en
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g
y
in
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g
r
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n
,
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
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u
tili
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tio
n
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
in
AGC
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
ese
AG
C
s
tu
d
ies
s
ep
ar
ately
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
m
er
its
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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g
I
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N:
2252
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8
7
9
2
F
r
eq
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co
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f h
yb
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w
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f
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K
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kk
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ts
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m
all,
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p
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tem
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[
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to
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eq
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I
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[
4
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,
PSO
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b
ased
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d
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e
,
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m
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a
n
d
h
ig
h
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tin
g
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h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
c
e
o
f
co
n
tr
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ller
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tio
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m
ain
tain
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s
y
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tem
f
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lass
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ll
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r
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tem
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n
s
is
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g
o
f
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v
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lik
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al.
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g
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o
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wer
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to
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e
g
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er
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c
o
n
tex
t,
th
e
w
o
r
k
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
5
]
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
o
p
tim
izin
g
b
at
ter
y
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
B
E
SS
)
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
in
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
is
o
l
ated
p
o
wer
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
B
E
SS
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
in
i
s
o
lated
m
o
d
e
b
y
s
wif
tly
co
m
p
en
s
atin
g
f
o
r
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
e
n
ef
icial
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
with
lo
w
g
r
id
in
e
r
tia
(
d
u
e
to
r
en
ewa
b
les).
Par
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
th
e
is
o
lated
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
tem
with
lo
w
in
er
tia,
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
tab
ilit
y
is
ac
h
iev
ed
with
b
etter
co
o
r
d
in
a
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
an
d
f
lex
i
b
le
lo
a
d
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
6
]
.
Ap
a
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
is
o
lated
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
les,
th
e
m
u
tu
al
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
co
n
tr
o
l
is
an
o
t
h
er
is
s
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
af
e
an
d
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Fo
r
lar
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t,
an
d
th
eir
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
e
is
n
eg
lig
ib
le
wh
er
ea
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
m
all,
is
o
lated
m
o
d
els
th
er
e
e
x
is
t
m
u
tu
al
ef
f
ec
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
AVR
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
v
ar
ia
b
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
b
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
d
y
n
am
i
c
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
u
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
is
p
r
esen
t
ed
in
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
lo
w
in
er
tia
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
n
ee
d
s
b
e
tter
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
m
ain
t
ain
th
e
g
r
id
s
tab
ilit
y
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
with
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
[
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
n
o
v
el
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ch
em
e
u
tili
zin
g
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
co
n
t
r
o
ller
s
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
-
in
teg
r
ated
is
o
lated
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
is
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
is
o
lated
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
th
er
m
al
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
p
la
n
ts
alo
n
g
with
lar
g
e
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tu
d
ies
in
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
t
h
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
in
teg
r
ate
d
is
o
lat
ed
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
m
in
im
ized
b
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
esig
n
in
g
s
u
itab
le
AGC s
ch
em
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
AGC
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
p
o
wer
g
r
i
d
s
,
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
g
en
er
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
p
o
wer
,
to
en
h
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
[
1
1
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
v
ar
iab
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
g
en
e
r
atio
n
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
was
s
tu
d
ied
in
[
1
1
]
to
o
f
f
er
a
n
e
f
f
e
ctiv
e
tech
n
iq
u
e,
wh
ic
h
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
lo
ad
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
L
FC
)
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
ass
o
ciate
d
with
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
wh
ile
tak
in
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
in
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
ato
r
s
i
n
to
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
m
er
its
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
tr
ateg
y
in
attain
in
g
b
etter
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
eg
u
latio
n
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
i
n
[
1
2
]
,
wh
er
e
p
ar
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
P
SO)
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
two
-
a
r
ea
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
el
in
clu
d
in
g
s
ev
er
al
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
Sev
er
al
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
t
b
etter
AGC
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
ca
s
e
o
f
m
u
lti
-
ar
ea
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
6
]
.
A
n
ew
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
eg
u
latio
n
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
7
]
with
I
-
PD
co
n
tr
o
ller
v
ia
p
ea
k
s
tr
ac
k
in
g
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
p
r
e
s
en
ce
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
er
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
g
ain
s
ar
e
id
en
tifie
d
with
co
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ea
r
ch
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izer
.
T
h
e
wh
ale
o
p
tim
izatio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
'
s
is
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
tu
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
AGC
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
p
r
o
f
ile
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
i
n
[
1
8
]
.
A
n
en
h
an
ce
d
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
i
n
teg
r
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
u
s
ed
in
[
1
9
]
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
'
s
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
p
r
o
f
ile
u
s
in
g
a
lo
a
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
co
n
t
r
o
l
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
lin
k
ed
p
o
wer
s
y
s
t
em
s
with
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
An
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
eg
u
l
atio
n
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
i
n
[
2
0
]
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
o
f
an
i
m
p
er
ialis
t c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
I
C
A
)
ass
i
s
ted
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
er
ca
s
ca
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
th
e
AGC p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
te
d
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
with
r
e
h
ea
t
th
er
m
al
u
n
its
.
T
h
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
e
g
u
latio
n
was
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
b
y
th
e
wo
r
k
d
escr
ib
ed
i
n
[
2
1
]
,
wh
ich
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
lo
a
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
in
t
eg
r
ated
with
s
o
lar
-
th
er
m
al
u
n
its
an
d
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
th
at
th
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
er
(
FO)
an
d
ca
s
ca
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ef
er
a
b
le
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
tu
n
in
g
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
lo
ad
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
tab
ilizatio
n
an
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
tem
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
s
u
g
g
ests
f
r
ac
tio
n
a
l
o
r
d
er
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
n
t
r
o
ller
(
FOSC
)
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
p
o
wer
im
b
alan
ce
s
in
itiated
b
y
r
en
ewa
b
le
an
d
lo
ad
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
d
i
s
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
o
f
b
o
th
g
en
e
r
atio
n
an
d
d
em
an
d
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
el
test
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
FOS
C
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
v
er
class
ical
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
to
m
ee
t
th
e
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
v
ia
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
p
ar
am
eter
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
ar
e
also
v
er
if
ied
v
ia
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
ies
with
class
ical
an
d
FOSC
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
A
l
l
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
g
a
i
n
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
r
e
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
s
s
is
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
io
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
k
r
i
l
l
h
e
r
d
(
I
B
B
KH
)
al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
in
teg
r
al
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
(
I
SE)
as
f
itn
ess
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
I
B
B
K
H
.
A
s
ep
ar
ate
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
is
also
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
s
h
o
wca
s
e
th
e
m
er
its
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
8
1
6
-
825
818
2.
M
O
DE
L
L
I
NG
O
F
T
H
E
T
E
ST
SY
ST
E
M
AND
CO
NT
R
O
L
L
E
R
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
with
clas
s
ical
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
f
AGC,
te
s
t
s
y
s
tem
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
is
o
p
ted
to
ca
r
r
y
th
e
v
a
r
iety
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
lar
AGC
c
o
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
I
SE
is
u
s
ed
as
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
i
c
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
d
ev
iatio
n
s
in
b
o
th
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
an
d
tie
-
lin
e
p
o
wer
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
tu
n
ed
t
o
m
in
im
ize
th
is
er
r
o
r
in
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
an
d
tie
-
lin
e
p
o
wer
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t su
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
co
n
tain
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
test
s
y
s
tem
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
ller
s
.
T
o
s
tu
d
y
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
FOSC
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
a
n
d
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
in
b
etwe
en
th
e
c
o
h
er
en
t
ar
ea
s
,
a
n
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
el
is
s
im
u
lated
S
im
u
lin
k
p
latf
o
r
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
t
h
e
test
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
2
ar
ea
s
in
itially
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
r
m
al
p
lan
ts
.
L
ater
,
th
e
win
d
a
n
d
s
o
lar
g
en
er
a
tin
g
u
n
its
ar
e
p
lace
d
in
ar
ea
1
o
f
th
e
test
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
h
elp
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
test
s
y
s
tem
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lo
a
d
an
d
g
e
n
er
atio
n
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
an
d
cr
ea
te
d
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
s
tep
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
t
o
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
u
d
d
en
v
ar
iatio
n
s
w.
r
.
t
o
tim
e.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
p
r
o
f
iles
,
ei
th
er
class
ical
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
r
F
OSC
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
co
n
t
r
o
l
l
o
o
p
o
f
AG
C
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
t
h
is
wo
r
k
,
FOSC
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
s
u
g
g
ested
an
d
u
tili
ze
s
AC
E
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
p
lan
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
th
e
test
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
ea
ch
a
r
ea
b
y
FOSC
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
(
1
)
.
(
)
=
(
(
)
)
(
+
(
)
+
)
(
1
)
I
n
(
1
)
,
,
,
,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
n
ee
d
to
d
ec
id
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
to
g
et
th
e
b
est
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
On
e
FOSC
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
eq
u
ir
es
5
s
u
ch
d
ec
is
io
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
to
tal
d
ec
is
io
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
a
r
e
1
0
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
test
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
2
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
u
n
its
f
o
r
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e
2
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
with
1
0
p
ar
am
eter
g
ain
s
.
So
,
th
e
I
B
B
K
H
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
with
th
e
1
0
d
ec
is
io
n
p
a
r
am
eter
s
g
en
er
ated
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
an
d
u
p
d
ated
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
I
SE
f
u
n
ctio
n
v
alu
es
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
est s
y
s
tem
b
lo
ck
d
i
ag
r
am
3.
F
I
T
N
E
SS
F
U
NCT
I
O
N
AND
T
UNING
A
L
G
O
RI
T
H
M
I
n
AGC,
o
p
tim
al
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
i
n
e
-
tu
n
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
ain
p
ar
am
et
er
s
.
Me
ta
-
h
eu
r
is
tic
an
d
/o
r
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ea
r
ch
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
PS
O,
DE
,
T
L
B
O
,
an
d
C
SA
ar
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
ly
b
ein
g
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
f
in
d
in
g
th
e
g
ain
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
A
c
r
itical
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
is
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
is
th
e
f
itn
ess
o
r
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
d
esig
n
,
wh
ic
h
q
u
an
titativ
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ettin
g
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
AGC,
th
e
in
teg
r
al
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
(
I
SE)
is
p
o
p
u
lar
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
u
r
v
ey
in
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l e
r
r
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
I
SE
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
2
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
F
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
n
tr
o
l o
f h
yb
r
id
p
o
w
er sys
tem
w
ith
f
r
a
ctio
n
a
l o
r
d
er
…
(
K
u
kk
a
ma
lla
K
ir
a
n
K
u
ma
r
)
819
=
∫
∑
{
(
)
2
0
+
(
)
2
}
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
Δf
i
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
ev
iatio
n
in
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
f
o
r
th
e
i
th
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ar
ea
an
d
Δ
Pij
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
ex
ch
an
g
e
er
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
a
r
ea
s
(
i
th
an
d
j
th
a
r
ea
s
)
v
ia
th
e
tie
-
lin
es.
B
y
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
I
SE,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
b
o
t
h
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
ev
iatio
n
s
an
d
tie
-
l
in
e
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
ar
e
k
e
p
t
to
a
m
in
im
u
m
,
to
war
d
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
iter
ativ
ely
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
al
g
ain
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
,
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
I
SE
an
d
h
en
c
e
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
f
r
eq
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en
cy
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
e
r
ad
o
p
ted
I
B
B
KH
to
tu
n
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
ain
s
.
T
h
e
B
B
KH
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
tim
izer
c
o
m
b
in
es
b
io
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
y
-
b
ased
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
(
B
B
O)
an
d
t
h
e
k
r
ill
h
er
d
(
KH)
o
p
tim
izer
,
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
k
r
ill
m
i
g
r
atio
n
(
KM
)
o
p
er
ato
r
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
lo
ca
l
s
ea
r
ch
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
K
H
o
p
tim
izer
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
B
B
KH
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
in
itializatio
n
wh
er
e
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
g
en
e
r
ated
in
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
lim
its
o
f
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
v
ar
iab
les.
Prio
r
t
o
in
i
tializatio
n
,
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
lik
e
f
o
r
ag
in
g
s
p
ee
d
(
V
f
)
,
m
ax
im
u
m
s
p
ee
d
(
N
max
)
,
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
s
p
ee
d
n
ee
d
to
b
e
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ef
i
n
ed
to
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n
t
r
o
l
th
e
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ea
r
ch
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g
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r
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ce
s
s
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with
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m
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ar
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les
lik
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
k
r
ill
an
d
iter
atio
n
s
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
v
alu
e
(
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
i
n
(
2
)
)
is
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
u
p
d
atin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
id
en
tify
in
g
a
n
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
,
K
M
o
p
er
ato
r
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
th
e
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
(
l
o
ca
l
s
ea
r
ch
)
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
KH
o
p
ti
m
izer
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
o
tio
n
ca
lcu
latio
n
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
u
p
d
ate
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
2
1
]
an
d
a
r
e
ce
n
tr
al
t
o
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
B
B
K
H
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
in
a
l m
o
tio
n
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
KH
o
p
e
r
ato
r
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
3
)
.
=
+
(
3
)
I
n
(
3
)
,
th
e
i
n
er
tia
weig
h
t
(
)
is
f
ix
ed
v
alu
e
an
d
is
it
u
p
d
ated
in
th
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
B
B
KH
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
its
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
o
l
in
av
o
i
d
in
g
lo
c
al
m
in
im
a
an
d
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
g
lo
b
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
=
+
(
4
)
I
n
(
4
)
,
th
e
i
n
er
tia
weig
h
t
(
)
is
a
v
ar
iab
le
v
al
u
e.
T
h
is
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
ab
i
lity
o
f
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
if
ie
d
B
B
K
H
is
u
s
ed
to
tu
n
e
th
e
g
ain
s
o
f
FOSC
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
em
an
d
an
d
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Simu
latio
n
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
y
s
tem
(
av
ailab
le
in
Fig
u
r
e
1)
to
e
v
alu
ate
t
h
e
FOSC
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
at
v
a
r
io
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
s
im
p
le
lo
ad
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
to
cr
itical
g
en
er
atio
n
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
u
n
its
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
FOSC
o
v
er
PI
an
d
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
m
ee
t
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
o
f
AGC
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
Fo
r
u
n
iq
u
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
I
B
B
KH
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
ed
to
tu
n
e
th
e
g
ain
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
with
I
SE
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ic
to
r
ec
o
r
d
th
e
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
a
n
d
tie
-
lin
e
p
o
wer
d
ev
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
o
p
tim
al
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
I
B
B
KH
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
tab
u
late
d
in
T
ab
le
1
an
d
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
i
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
G
ain
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
s
an
d
th
eir
o
p
tim
al
v
alu
es
u
s
i
n
g
I
B
B
KH
G
a
i
n
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
PI
P
I
D
F
O
P
I
D
PI
P
I
D
F
O
P
I
D
-
0
.
8
9
7
-
0
.
8
9
7
-
0
.
9
8
3
0
.
5
9
3
0
.
4
1
6
-
0
.
2
3
2
-
0
.
8
0
5
-
0
.
7
7
9
-
0
.
9
6
7
-
0
.
7
5
3
-
0
.
7
3
7
-
0
.
9
3
5
--
-
0
.
7
9
4
-
0
.
8
9
2
--
-
0
.
7
6
1
-
0
.
9
3
3
--
--
-
0
.
9
7
5
--
--
-
0
.
9
0
7
--
--
0
.
9
9
2
--
--
0
.
9
3
7
4
.
1
.
L
o
a
d per
t
urba
t
io
ns
in a
re
a
1
a
nd
a
re
a
2
A
s
tep
ch
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
0
5
p
.
u
.
is
a
p
p
lied
in
ar
ea
2
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
g
en
e
r
atio
n
a
n
d
lo
ad
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
o
th
er
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
ar
e
as
ar
e
at
co
n
s
tan
t
o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
c
h
an
g
es
in
a
r
ea
1
’
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
th
is
lo
ad
,
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
clu
d
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
b
o
th
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
c
o
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
s
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
,
t
h
e
tie
-
lin
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
ch
an
g
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
ar
ea
s
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
c)
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
ar
ea
2
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
lo
a
d
ch
an
g
e
is
n
eg
ativ
e,
in
d
icatin
g
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
d
em
an
d
,
wh
ich
lead
s
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
ab
o
v
e
its
n
o
m
in
al
v
al
u
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
ev
iatio
n
is
n
eg
ativ
e,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
in
Fig
u
r
es
2
(
a)
an
d
2
(
c)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
8
1
6
-
825
820
A
lo
ad
o
f
0
.
0
5
p
.
u
.
is
in
cr
e
ased
in
ar
ea
1
,
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
ev
iatio
n
s
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
d
)
.
T
h
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
f
u
r
th
er
an
aly
s
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
2
(
e)
an
d
2
(
f
)
,
wh
ich
p
r
esen
t
th
e
tie
-
lin
e
p
o
wer
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
an
d
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
d
ev
iatio
n
s
in
ar
ea
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
wh
en
a
s
u
d
d
e
n
lo
ad
p
e
r
tu
r
b
atio
n
o
f
5
%
is
in
itiated
in
ar
e
a
1
at
tim
e
t =
2
0
s
ec
onds
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
in
ar
e
a
1
d
em
a
n
d
in
c
r
ea
s
es,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
is
tu
r
b
a
n
ce
s
in
b
o
th
ar
ea
s
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
2
(
d
)
an
d
2
(
f
)
.
I
n
b
o
th
lo
ad
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
th
e
FOSC
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PI
an
d
PI
D
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
h
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
o
r
d
e
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ac
h
iev
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
p
ea
k
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t,
f
aster
s
ettlin
g
tim
es,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
I
SE
v
alu
es,
as
clea
r
ly
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
f
ig
u
r
es.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
FOSC
o
v
er
PI
an
d
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
a
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
e
ctiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
m
an
a
g
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
ev
iatio
n
s
an
d
tie
-
lin
e
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
ati
o
n
s
in
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
4
.
2
.
G
ener
a
t
io
n v
a
ri
a
t
io
ns
f
ro
m
wind
a
nd
s
o
la
r
s
y
s
t
em
s
T
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
in
p
u
ts
,
g
en
er
atio
n
c
h
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
r
en
e
wab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
d
in
to
th
is
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Sp
ec
if
i
ca
lly
,
a
g
en
er
atio
n
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
o
f
0
.
1
p
.
u
.
(
5
%
in
ea
ch
)
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
ar
ea
1
at
tim
e
t
=
1
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
s
i
m
u
latin
g
a
s
u
d
d
e
n
ch
an
g
e
in
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
all
in
p
u
t
ch
an
g
es
in
a
r
e
a
2
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
o
t
h
r
en
ewa
b
le
g
en
er
atio
n
an
d
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
ar
e
m
ain
tain
e
d
at
ze
r
o
to
is
o
late
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
in
ar
ea
1
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ass
ess
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
ese
c
h
an
g
es,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
clea
r
ly
in
d
icate
th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
FOSC
en
h
an
ce
d
th
e
AGC
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
v
er
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
PI
an
d
PID
,
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
an
d
tie
-
lin
e
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
ati
o
n
s
tr
ig
g
er
ed
b
y
b
o
th
lo
a
d
an
d
g
en
er
atio
n
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
wi
th
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
t
d
u
r
in
g
p
ea
k
ch
an
g
es,
less
s
ettlin
g
tim
es,
an
d
lo
wer
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ic
v
alu
es.
Deta
iled
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
in
v
e
s
tig
atio
n
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
in
ar
ea
1
,
s
h
o
win
g
h
o
w
th
e
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
m
itig
ates
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
g
e
n
er
atio
n
ch
an
g
es.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
p
o
wer
d
ev
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
AC
lin
k
b
etwe
en
th
e
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
ar
ea
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ain
tai
n
p
o
wer
b
alan
ce
.
Fin
ally
,
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
ar
ea
2
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
’
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
in
p
r
eser
v
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
d
esp
ite
th
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
i
n
ar
ea
1
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
FOS
C
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
al
lo
win
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ili
ty
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
g
r
ee
n
en
er
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y
g
en
er
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n
v
ar
iab
ilit
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m
a
k
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g
it
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
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o
lu
tio
n
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o
r
r
ec
en
t
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
with
h
ig
h
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
(f)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
lo
ad
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
(
L
P)
:
(
a)
a
r
ea
1
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
er
r
o
r
s
with
r
esp
ec
t L
P o
f
1
% in
ar
ea
1
,
(
b
)
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
er
r
o
r
s
w.
r
.
to
L
P o
f
1
% in
ar
ea
1
,
(
c
)
ar
ea
2
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
er
r
o
r
s
w.
r
.
to
L
P o
f
1
% in
ar
ea
1
,
(
d
)
a
r
ea
1
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
er
r
o
r
s
w.
r
.
to
L
P o
f
0
.
0
5
p
.
u
.
in
ar
ea
1
,
(
e
)
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
er
r
o
r
s
w.
r
.
to
L
P o
f
5
% in
ar
ea
1
,
an
d
(
f
)
a
r
ea
2
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
er
r
o
r
s
w.
r
.
to
SLP o
f
5
% in
ar
ea
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
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2
F
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
n
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o
l o
f h
yb
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id
p
o
w
er sys
tem
w
ith
f
r
a
ctio
n
a
l o
r
d
er
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(
K
u
kk
a
ma
lla
K
ir
a
n
K
u
ma
r
)
821
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
esu
lts
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
g
en
er
atio
n
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
:
(a
)
a
r
ea
1
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
e
r
r
o
r
s
w.
r
.
to
G
S
C
o
f
1
% in
ar
ea
1
,
(
b
)
t
ie
-
lin
e
p
o
wer
er
r
o
r
s
w.
r
.
to
1
%
o
f
g
en
er
atio
n
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
i
n
ar
ea
1
,
an
d
(
c)
a
r
ea
2
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
er
r
o
r
s
w.
r
.
to
G
S
C
o
f
1
% in
ar
ea
1
4
.
3
.
L
o
a
d
-
ge
nera
t
io
n si
m
ult
a
neo
us
cha
ng
es (
L
G
SC)
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
a
d
em
an
d
s
id
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
1
0
%
at
t
=
0
s
e
c
an
d
a
g
en
er
atio
n
s
id
e
ch
an
g
e
(
GSC
)
o
f
0
.
0
5
p
.
u
.
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
t
t
=
2
0
s
ec
onds
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
b
eh
av
io
u
r
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
th
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
ag
ain
s
t
tr
ad
itio
n
al
PI
an
d
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
n
d
er
th
ese
ch
allen
g
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
PI,
PID
,
an
d
FOSC
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
Fig
u
r
es
4
,
5
,
an
d
6
,
wh
ich
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
in
ar
ea
1
,
AC
lin
k
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
ar
ea
s
,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
ev
iatio
n
s
in
a
r
ea
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
E
ac
h
o
f
t
h
ese
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
i
n
th
e
allo
wab
le
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
FOSC
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
d
am
p
e
n
s
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
s
cillatio
n
s
b
u
t
also
r
esto
r
es
s
tab
ili
ty
m
o
r
e
r
ap
id
l
y
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
a
r
ap
id
r
et
u
r
n
to
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
in
ar
ea
1
,
in
d
icati
n
g
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
’
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
m
a
n
ag
e
lo
ca
l
l
o
ad
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
s
im
ilar
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
in
o
th
e
r
c
ases
r
ev
ea
l
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
FOSC
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ar
ea
1
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
p
e
r
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
u
n
d
er
L
GSC
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
P
o
wer
d
ev
iatio
n
s
in
AC
lin
k
u
n
d
er
L
GSC
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ar
ea
2
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
u
n
d
e
r
L
GSC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
8
1
6
-
825
822
4
.
4
.
P
a
ra
m
et
er
s
ens
it
iv
it
ies
All
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
ai
n
s
wer
e
i
n
itially
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
B
B
K
H
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
n
d
e
r
co
n
s
tan
t
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
i
n
p
r
ac
tical
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
ca
n
v
ar
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
d
u
e
to
d
y
n
a
m
ic
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ic
h
m
ay
af
f
ec
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
s
.
T
o
v
alid
at
e
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
FOSC
u
n
d
er
s
u
ch
v
ar
iab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
is
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
test
s
y
s
tem
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
o
n
e
k
e
y
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
(
s
y
s
tem
g
ai
n
K
p
).
I
n
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
g
ain
is
s
et
at
1
2
0
,
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
h
as
b
ee
n
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
t
h
is
v
alu
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
B
B
KH
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
g
ain
is
alter
ed
to
1
0
0
,
w
h
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
s
et
o
f
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
g
ain
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
o
r
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
n
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
FOSC
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
a
n
d
les
p
a
r
am
eter
v
ar
iatio
n
s
with
o
u
t
r
e
-
tu
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Ar
ea
1
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
p
e
r
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
with
K
p
ch
an
g
es
5.
CO
M
P
ARI
SO
NS
T
h
e
I
B
B
KH
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
f
in
e
-
tu
n
e
th
e
g
ain
s
f
o
r
PI,
PID
,
an
d
FOPID
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
y
n
th
etic
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
.
Du
r
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
ies,
th
ese
o
p
tim
ized
v
alu
es
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
m
in
im
ize
p
o
wer
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
with
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
M
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tu
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
a
g
ain
s
t
estab
lis
h
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
PS
O
[
4
]
an
d
B
B
KH
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
d
e
v
i
atio
n
s
o
f
a
r
ea
-
1
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
,
tie
-
lin
e
p
o
wer
d
ev
iatio
n
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
,
an
d
ar
ea
-
2
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
ev
iatio
n
s
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
(
c
)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
o
p
tim
al
tu
n
in
g
v
alu
es o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
est r
u
n
s
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
t
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
f
PS
O,
B
B
KH
,
an
d
I
B
B
KH
tu
n
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
v
ia:
(
a)
a
r
ea
-
1
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
(
b
)
tie
-
lin
e
p
o
wer
,
(
c
)
ar
ea
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
d
ev
iatio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
lo
a
d
ch
a
n
g
e
s
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
in
an
in
ter
co
n
n
e
cted
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
th
at
i
n
teg
r
ates
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
p
o
wer
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
FOSC
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
W
h
en
it
co
m
es
to
s
im
p
le
lo
ad
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
,
g
en
er
atio
n
ch
a
n
g
es,
a
n
d
lo
ad
an
d
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
PI
an
d
PID
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
ated
b
y
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
o
n
th
e
test
s
y
s
tem
.
B
y
id
en
tify
in
g
b
ette
r
tu
n
in
g
g
ain
s
o
f
th
e
FOSC
co
n
tr
o
ller
i
n
s
tead
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
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1
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