I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
8
9
3
~
9
0
2
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
14
.
i
4
.
pp
893
-
902
893
J
o
ur
na
l ho
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e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ija
p
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/
PD
cha
ra
c
teristic
s o
f
p
o
ly
mer
i
nsul
a
tion for
inv
er
ted
-
fed
driv
es
under sine
and sq
ua
re wav
eforms
S.
Na
ra
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im
ha
Ra
o
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E
la
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a
la
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a
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n
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Ra
ma
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m
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e
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R
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v
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2
0
2
3
R
ev
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ed
Au
g
2
8
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
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Oct
1
6
,
2
0
2
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In
re
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e
n
t
y
e
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rs,
a
d
j
u
sta
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s
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o
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b
y
p
o
we
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tro
n
ic
c
o
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v
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rters
h
a
v
e
c
a
u
se
d
in
s
u
latio
n
fa
il
u
re
in
th
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
m
o
t
o
rs
wi
th
sta
to
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win
d
i
n
g
s.
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e
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e
a
ti
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g
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u
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BTs
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re
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ted
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p
r
o
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lem
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in
t
h
e
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t
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win
d
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g
.
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e
rv
o
lt
a
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e
c
a
n
c
a
u
se
p
a
rti
a
l
d
isc
h
a
rg
e
(P
D),
w
h
ich
c
a
n
ra
p
i
d
ly
re
su
lt
i
n
in
s
u
latio
n
sy
ste
m
f
a
il
u
re
.
To
a
d
d
re
ss
th
is
issu
e
,
IEC
sta
n
d
a
rd
s
a
n
d
tec
h
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ica
l
sp
e
c
ifi
c
a
ti
o
n
s
(
TS
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n
e
c
e
ss
it
a
te
th
a
t
a
P
D t
e
st
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
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n
su
lat
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n
s
y
ste
m
is d
o
n
e
a
t
sin
u
so
i
d
a
l
a
n
d
s
q
u
a
re
v
o
lt
a
g
e
s.
Th
e
P
D
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
o
b
tain
e
d
a
re
u
se
d
to
e
v
a
l
u
a
te
in
su
lati
o
n
p
e
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rm
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n
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e
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
in
s
u
lati
o
n
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e
sig
n
.
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h
is
wo
rk
f
o
c
u
se
s
o
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th
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c
h
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ra
c
teriz
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ti
o
n
o
f
twisted
p
a
ir
sa
m
p
les
u
sin
g
h
ig
h
fre
q
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e
n
c
y
si
n
e
a
n
d
sq
u
a
re
wa
v
e
fo
rm
s
a
t
ro
o
m
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
.
Th
e
P
D
c
h
a
ra
c
teristics
we
r
e
in
v
e
stig
a
ted
a
t
5
0
Hz
,
1
k
Hz
,
2
.
4
k
Hz
,
a
n
d
5
k
H
z
.
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e
re
su
lt
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o
ws
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h
a
t
th
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re
a
re
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we
r
P
D
e
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ts
with
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r
P
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m
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g
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it
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n
d
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o
rter
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e
lay
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s
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t
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ies
.
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rth
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r,
a
t
d
iffere
n
t
t
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
s
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f
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°
C,
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°C,
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n
d
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°C
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t
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rg
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n
c
e
p
ti
o
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v
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l
tag
e
(P
DIV
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o
f
twisted
p
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n
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l
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ti
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s
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v
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stig
a
te
d
u
sin
g
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ig
h
-
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
sin
e
a
n
d
sq
u
a
re
wa
v
e
fo
rm
s
.
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h
e
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
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o
r
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a
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n
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e
p
ti
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v
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g
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e
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re
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se
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s
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m
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t
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ra
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re
in
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re
a
se
s.
F
u
rth
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rm
o
re
,
th
e
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o
n
d
it
i
o
n
s
fo
r
P
D
o
c
c
u
rre
n
c
e
in
t
h
e
in
su
lati
o
n
s
y
ste
m
we
re
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
a
t
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ig
h
e
r
sw
it
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h
i
n
g
fre
q
u
e
n
c
ies
.
T
h
e
e
lec
tri
c
field
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
o
f
twisted
p
a
ir
s
with
a
0
m
m
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ir
g
a
p
wa
s
m
o
d
e
led
fro
m
5
0
Hz
t
o
5
k
Hz
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
u
sin
g
COM
S
OL
so
ftwa
re
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
lectr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
Hig
h
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
Mo
d
elin
g
PR
PD
Sq
u
ar
e
wav
e
v
o
ltag
e
T
wis
ted
p
air
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
S.
Nar
asimh
a
R
ao
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Sid
d
h
ar
th
I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
&
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Pu
ttu
r
,
An
d
h
r
a
Pra
d
esh
5
1
7
5
8
3
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
s
n
r
in
s
k
it@
p
tu
n
iv
.
ed
u
.
i
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
v
er
ter
-
f
ed
m
o
t
o
r
s
ar
e
n
o
w
wid
ely
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
r
ailr
o
ad
s
,
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ical
v
eh
icles
(
HE
Vs),
an
d
m
an
y
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
d
u
e
to
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
tag
es
s
u
ch
as
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
co
n
tr
o
llab
ilit
y
[
1
]
.
Un
lik
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
m
o
to
r
s
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
AC
s
u
p
p
ly
,
m
o
d
er
n
in
v
er
ter
-
f
e
d
m
o
to
r
s
u
tili
ze
p
u
l
s
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
f
ast
-
r
is
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
p
u
ls
es
g
en
er
ated
b
y
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
witch
in
g
d
e
v
ice
s
s
u
ch
as
I
GB
T
s
[
2
]
.
As
a
r
esu
l
t,
th
e
co
il
'
s
en
am
el
in
s
u
latio
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
s
u
r
g
e
v
o
ltag
es
with
n
a
n
o
s
e
co
n
d
r
is
e
tim
es.
L
o
w
an
d
m
e
d
iu
m
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
to
r
s
ar
e
b
o
th
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
ese
s
u
r
g
es,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
is
s
u
es
[
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ex
ce
s
s
v
o
ltag
es
m
ay
b
u
ild
u
p
at
th
e
p
h
ase
-
to
-
p
h
ase
a
n
d
tu
r
n
-
to
-
t
u
r
n
in
s
u
latio
n
ter
m
in
als
o
f
th
e
m
o
t
o
r
win
d
in
g
,
u
p
to
twice
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
r
ef
lectio
n
,
r
eso
n
an
c
e
ef
f
ec
ts
,
an
d
im
p
e
d
an
ce
m
is
m
atch
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
in
v
er
ter
,
ca
b
le,
an
d
m
o
to
r
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
u
n
e
x
p
ec
ted
ea
r
ly
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
f
m
o
to
r
wi
n
d
in
g
in
s
u
latio
n
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
ese
f
o
r
ce
s
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
8
9
3
-
902
894
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
er
e
is
an
u
n
ev
en
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
p
o
ten
tial
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
win
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
g
r
ea
ter
elec
tr
ical
s
tr
es
s
o
n
p
h
ase
-
to
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
tu
r
n
-
to
-
tu
r
n
in
s
u
lati
o
n
th
an
th
at
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
a
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
[
8
]
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
tu
r
n
s
[
9
]
.
Hig
h
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
th
e
s
tar
t
o
f
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
PD)
ac
tiv
ity
wh
en
th
er
e
ar
e
f
ast
r
is
in
g
/f
allin
g
v
o
ltag
es
p
r
esen
t.
T
h
is
ca
u
s
es
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
ic
in
s
u
latin
g
m
ater
ials
u
s
ed
in
win
d
i
n
g
i
n
s
u
latio
n
to
d
e
g
r
ad
e
r
ap
id
l
y
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
E
lectr
o
tech
n
ical
C
o
m
m
ittee
(
I
E
C
)
h
as
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
I
E
C
T
S
6
0
0
3
4
-
18
-
4
1
an
d
I
E
C
T
S
6
0
0
3
4
-
18
-
4
2
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
in
s
u
latin
g
r
eliab
ilit
ies
o
f
in
v
er
ter
-
f
ed
m
o
to
r
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
I
E
C
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ad
d
r
es
s
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
f
o
r
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
PD
o
n
in
v
e
r
ter
-
f
ed
m
o
t
o
r
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
tech
n
ical
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
(
T
S).
PD
is
p
r
o
h
ib
ited
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
wh
o
le
life
s
p
an
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
-
wo
u
n
d
m
o
to
r
s
(
ty
p
e
I
,
r
ated
v
o
ltag
e
<
7
0
0
V)
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
d
u
r
in
g
q
u
alif
icatio
n
an
d
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
test
s
,
th
e
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
PDI
V)
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
it
is
ad
eq
u
ate
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
PD
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
to
r
'
s
ex
p
ec
ted
life
tim
e
[
1
2
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
o
f
lo
w
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
PDI
V
b
eh
av
io
r
o
n
ty
p
e
I
en
a
m
el
in
s
u
latio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
[
1
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
en
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
en
am
el
in
s
u
latio
n
is
s
u
b
jecte
d
t
o
h
ig
h
e
r
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
tr
ess
e
s
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
eg
r
a
d
in
g
th
e
m
o
to
r
win
d
in
g
i
n
s
u
latio
n
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
s
h
o
ws
th
e
PDI
V
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
o
f
3
0
°C
,
6
0
°C
,
an
d
9
0
°C
,
at
v
ar
io
u
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
lev
els
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
0
Hz
t
o
5
k
Hz
,
as
well
as
th
e
PD
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
s
q
u
ar
e
an
d
s
in
e
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
s
at
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
le
v
els
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
0
Hz
t
o
5
k
Hz
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
I
E
C
T
S
6
0
0
3
4
-
18
-
4
1
s
tan
d
ar
d
[
1
6
]
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
r
o
tatin
g
m
ac
h
in
e
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
en
t
io
n
ed
d
o
c
u
m
en
t,
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
PDI
V
f
o
r
t
ype
-
I
in
s
u
la
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
h
ig
h
est
d
v
/d
t,
wh
ich
m
ay
cr
ea
te
d
ielec
tr
ic
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
tr
ess
es
o
n
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
wh
en
co
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
a
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
w
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
to
r
s
an
d
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
v
ar
iab
le
-
s
p
ee
d
elec
tr
ical
m
ac
h
in
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
ar
e
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
e
x
am
in
e
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
s
tr
ess
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
r
a
p
id
ly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
v
o
ltag
e
p
u
ls
es
o
n
m
o
to
r
win
d
in
g
in
s
u
latio
n
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
I
GB
T
o
p
er
atio
n
,
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
s
witch
in
g
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
a
n
d
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
elec
tr
ical
s
tr
ess
e
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
s
in
e
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wa
v
e
v
o
ltag
es
wh
ich
r
esu
lt
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
PD
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
m
o
to
r
win
d
in
g
in
s
u
latio
n
life
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
PD)
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
in
v
er
ter
-
f
e
d
m
o
to
r
in
s
u
latio
n
u
n
d
er
s
q
u
ar
e
v
o
lta
g
es
[
1
9
]
,
s
in
ce
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
n
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
ac
h
in
e
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
PDI
V
test
s
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
an
d
,
as
a
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
,
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
t
o
r
win
d
i
n
g
in
s
u
l
atio
n
.
W
h
en
ap
p
ly
in
g
im
p
u
ls
e
v
o
lta
g
e,
th
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
ca
n
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
PD
an
d
life
s
p
an
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
v
ar
ie
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
in
t
h
e
s
am
e
i
n
s
u
latin
g
s
y
s
tem
[
2
1
]
.
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
i
n
v
esti
g
ated
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
ep
ea
te
d
s
q
u
a
r
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
n
PD c
h
a
r
ac
t
er
is
tics
u
s
in
g
tu
r
n
-
to
-
tu
r
n
in
s
u
latio
n
m
o
d
els
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
h
ig
h
e
r
s
q
u
a
r
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
lead
t
o
f
ewe
r
PD
ev
e
n
ts
an
d
a
lo
wer
av
er
ag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e.
W
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
u
b
s
tan
t
ial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
t
h
e
PD
am
p
litu
d
e,
p
atter
n
s
,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
e
n
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
etwe
en
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
v
o
ltag
es
with
a
r
is
e
tim
e
o
f
1
0
0
to
2
0
0
n
s
a
n
d
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
v
o
ltag
es
with
th
e
s
am
e
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
Mo
n
tan
ar
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
PD
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
in
v
er
ter
-
f
e
d
m
o
to
r
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
wer
e
test
ed
with
r
ep
ea
tin
g
s
q
u
ar
e
v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
a
g
r
ea
ter
s
q
u
ar
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
u
l
d
r
ed
u
ce
PD
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
with
s
m
aller
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
s
an
d
s
h
o
r
ter
d
ec
ay
dur
atio
n
s
.
I
t
is
also
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
a
s
q
u
ar
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
5
0
%
d
u
ty
cy
cle
is
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
th
e
b
est
ch
o
ice
f
o
r
ce
r
tify
in
g
an
d
test
in
g
l
o
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
in
v
e
r
ter
-
f
ed
r
o
tatin
g
m
ac
h
i
n
es.
B
ec
au
s
e
d
v
/d
t
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
am
p
litu
d
e
o
f
PD,
in
s
u
latio
n
life
s
p
an
at
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
v
o
ltag
es
with
th
e
s
am
e
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
s
h
o
wed
n
o
tab
le
v
ar
ian
ce
s
[
2
5
]
.
Un
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
PD
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
a
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
at
5
0
Hz
with
a
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
.
5
k
V.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
n
PD
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
a
n
d
d
e
lay
d
u
r
ati
o
n
is
g
r
ea
ter
at
lo
we
r
f
r
eq
u
en
cies,
with
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
PD
ev
e
n
ts
with
g
r
ea
ter
m
ag
n
itu
d
es
an
d
lo
n
g
er
d
elay
tim
e
s
.
Stu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
t
th
at
at
1
0
–
3
0
k
Hz,
s
q
u
a
r
e
-
r
is
in
g
a
n
d
s
q
u
ar
e
-
s
p
i
k
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
s
h
o
w
life
tim
es
with
s
teep
th
en
d
ec
lin
in
g
s
lo
p
es,
wh
ile
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
d
e
g
r
ad
es
in
s
u
latio
n
m
o
r
e
r
a
p
id
ly
[
2
7
]
.
Sar
ath
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
8
]
co
n
d
u
cted
p
h
a
s
e
-
r
eso
lv
ed
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
at
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e,
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
o
cc
u
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
r
is
in
g
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
.
R
ap
id
v
o
lta
g
e
r
is
e
lead
s
to
v
is
ib
le
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
in
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
alf
c
y
cle
o
f
AC
v
o
l
tag
e
th
an
in
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
h
alf
cy
cle.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
asy
m
m
e
tr
ical
AC
v
o
ltag
es
g
en
er
ate
b
o
th
h
ig
h
an
d
lo
w
a
m
p
litu
d
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
es.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
,
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
twis
ted
p
ai
r
in
s
u
latio
n
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
p
a
r
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
b
ein
g
i
n
itiated
b
y
a
h
ig
h
r
e
p
etitio
n
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
[
2
9
]
.
I
t
h
as
also
b
ee
n
n
o
ted
th
at
wh
ile
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
OM
SOL
s
o
f
twar
e,
PD a
p
p
ea
r
s
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
t
wis
ts
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
r
ep
o
r
ted
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
n
d
er
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
v
o
ltag
e
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
[
3
0
]
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
o
n
ly
a
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esear
c
h
h
av
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
q
u
a
r
e
v
o
lta
g
es
o
n
PD
s
tati
s
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
at
u
r
e.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
an
attem
p
t
is
m
ad
e
to
ass
ess
th
e
life
tim
e
o
f
twis
ted
-
p
air
en
am
el
in
s
u
latio
n
b
y
ev
al
u
atin
g
its
PD
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
u
n
d
er
s
q
u
ar
e
v
o
ltag
es
i
n
t
h
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
5
0
Hz
to
5
k
Hz
at
r
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
al
o
n
g
with
PDI
V
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
at
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
o
f
3
0
°C
,
6
0
°C
,
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
P
D
ch
a
r
a
cteris
tics
o
f p
o
lyme
r
in
s
u
la
tio
n
fo
r
in
ve
r
ted
-
fed
d
r
ives
u
n
d
er si
n
e
…
(
S
.
N
a
r
a
s
imh
a
R
a
o
)
895
90
°C
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t,
twis
ted
-
p
air
p
o
ly
ester
en
am
el
s
am
p
les
ar
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
s
q
u
ar
e
an
d
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
at
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
0
Hz
to
5
k
Hz.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
PD
s
tatis
tical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
u
n
d
er
s
q
u
ar
e
an
d
s
in
e
v
o
l
tag
es
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
twis
ted
-
p
air
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
d
eter
io
r
ates
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
ly
u
n
d
e
r
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
tr
ess
th
an
u
n
d
er
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
tr
ess
.
C
OM
S
OL
i
s
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
el
th
e
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
at
a
0
m
m
air
-
g
a
p
len
g
th
b
etwe
en
twis
ts
,
with
an
en
am
el
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
4
0
µm
,
at
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
0
Hz
to
5
k
H
z.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
s
q
u
ar
e
a
n
d
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
v
o
ltag
es
s
h
ar
e
t
h
e
s
am
e
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
g
e
n
er
ates
h
i
g
h
er
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
v
alu
es,
th
er
eb
y
r
aisi
n
g
th
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
ap
s
.
T
h
e
p
ap
e
r
is
o
r
g
an
ized
in
to
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
an
d
PD
test
in
g
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
,
r
esu
lts
with
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
m
o
d
elin
g
(
s
ec
tio
n
3
)
,
an
d
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
PD a
m
p
l
itu
d
e
an
d
in
s
u
latio
n
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
(
s
ec
tio
n
4
)
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Sa
m
ple pre
pa
ra
t
io
n
T
h
e
twis
ted
-
p
air
s
am
p
les
ar
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
u
s
in
g
two
en
am
eled
m
ag
n
et
wir
es
twis
ted
t
o
g
eth
er
i
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
ASTM
D1
6
7
6
-
0
3
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
A
4
0
μ
m
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
s
in
g
le
-
co
ated
p
o
ly
este
r
en
am
el
in
s
u
latio
n
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
test
in
g
.
T
h
e
t
wis
ted
-
p
air
len
g
th
is
m
ain
tain
ed
at
(
1
2
±
6
)
cm
as
p
e
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
twis
t
s
is
6
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
i
am
eter
th
e
wir
e.
2
.
2
.
P
D
m
ea
s
urem
ent
s
et
up
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
test
s
etu
p
.
T
h
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
AC
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
with
(
5
0
%
d
u
ty
cy
cle)
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
ar
e
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
g
e
n
er
ato
r
(
T
ek
tr
o
n
ix
,
Mo
d
el
No
AFG3
0
5
1
C
)
an
d
s
ig
n
aled
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
T
r
ek
am
p
li
f
ier
(
Mo
d
el
No
2
0
/2
0
C
with
4
k
V
am
p
lific
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
)
.
T
h
e
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
ac
tiv
ity
is
th
en
d
etec
ted
u
s
in
g
a
UHF
s
en
s
o
r
o
p
er
atin
g
in
t
h
e
3
0
0
–
3
0
0
0
MH
z
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
a
n
g
e
a
f
ter
it h
as b
e
en
s
u
p
p
lied
i
n
to
th
e
twis
ted
p
a
ir
[
2
8
]
p
lace
d
2
0
c
m
d
is
tan
t f
r
o
m
th
e
twis
ted
p
ai
r
s
am
p
le.
A
d
i
g
i
t
al
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
o
s
ci
l
lo
s
c
o
p
e
is
a
tt
a
c
h
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
U
HF
s
e
n
s
o
r
.
T
h
e
s
p
e
ct
r
u
m
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
r
w
as
s
e
t
t
o
z
e
r
o
-
s
p
a
n
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
eso
l
v
e
d
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
d
is
c
h
a
r
g
e
e
x
p
e
r
im
e
n
t
s
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
t
h
e
p
h
ase
o
f
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
o
f
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
i
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
n
u
s
o
i
d
al
a
n
d
s
q
u
a
r
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
a
s
p
e
r
t
h
e
I
E
C
6
0
2
7
0
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
[
3
1
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
em
atic
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
f
o
r
p
ar
tial d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
tu
d
ies
T
h
e
PDI
V
an
d
PD c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
test
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
twi
s
ted
-
p
air
s
p
ec
im
en
s
b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
e
test
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
ed
g
e
o
f
o
n
e
wir
e
wh
ile
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
ed
g
e
o
f
th
e
o
th
e
r
,
t
h
er
eb
y
s
u
b
jectin
g
t
h
e
en
am
el
lay
er
s
o
n
b
o
th
wir
es
to
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
I
E
C
6
0
2
7
0
s
tan
d
ar
d
was
u
s
ed
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
th
e
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
[
3
1
]
.
T
o
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
PDI
V
test
,
th
e
test
v
o
lt
ag
e
is
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
a
l
o
w
lev
el
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
lo
west
v
o
ltag
e
at
wh
ich
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
tak
e
p
lace
.
T
h
e
test
s
p
ec
i
m
en
is
p
lace
d
in
s
id
e
a
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ch
a
m
b
er
.
PD
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
d
o
n
e
at
h
ig
h
e
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
(
e.
g
.
,
3
0
°C
,
60
°C
,
9
0
°C
)
,
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
in
e
an
d
s
q
u
a
r
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
0
Hz
to
5
k
Hz
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
PDI
V
an
d
PR
PD
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
n
in
s
u
latio
n
with
en
am
el
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
0
Hz
t
o
5
k
Hz.
T
h
e
PD
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
PDI
V
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
f
iv
e
s
am
p
les.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
PD
test
s
etu
p
p
ar
am
eter
s
alo
n
g
with
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
in
e
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Deta
ils
o
f
th
e
test
s
et
up
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
D
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
W
a
v
e
f
o
r
ms
a
n
d
r
i
se
t
i
me
Te
st
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
5
0
H
z
,
1
,
2
.
4
,
a
n
d
5
k
H
z
0
-
5
0
%
S
i
n
e
,
S
q
u
a
r
e
(
<
1
µ
s)
0
-
2
0
k
V
(
R
M
S
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
8
9
3
-
902
896
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
P
DIV m
e
a
s
urem
ent
s
a
t
ro
o
m
t
em
pera
t
ure
T
h
e
PDI
V
o
f
twis
ted
p
air
i
n
s
u
latio
n
was
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
u
s
in
g
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
e
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
a
h
i
s
to
g
r
am
o
f
a
v
er
ag
e
PD
am
p
lit
u
d
e
v
alu
es
f
o
r
s
in
e
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
at
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
5
0
Hz
to
5
k
Hz
.
I
t
is
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
ap
h
s
th
at
t
h
e
co
r
o
n
a
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
C
I
V
(
k
V)
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
b
o
t
h
s
in
e
wav
e
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
as th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
o
m
i
n
ates o
v
e
r
th
e
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et
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n
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f
ec
t,
lea
d
in
g
to
a
h
ig
h
er
PD m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
at
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
tr
en
d
r
e
p
o
r
ted
i
n
[
3
2
]
.
Ad
d
i
tio
n
ally
,
th
e
g
r
a
p
h
s
in
d
icate
th
at
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
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e
f
o
r
m
o
cc
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r
s
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t
a
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wer
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o
ltag
e
th
a
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
ac
r
o
s
s
all
f
r
eq
u
en
cies.
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a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
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ef
o
r
m
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
as
a
lo
wer
PDI
V
th
an
th
e
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
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h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
o
f
twis
ted
p
air
s
d
eg
r
ad
es
m
o
r
e
r
a
p
id
ly
u
n
d
e
r
s
q
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ar
e
wav
ef
o
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m
s
tr
ess
,
s
u
b
jectin
g
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
to
m
o
r
e
s
ev
er
e
elec
tr
ical
s
tr
ess
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m
p
ar
ed
to
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in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
,
wh
ich
a
lig
n
s
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
2
3
]
.
3
.
2
.
P
DIV m
e
a
s
urem
ent
s
a
t
hig
her
t
em
pera
t
ures
T
wis
ted
-
p
air
in
s
u
latio
n
'
s
PDI
V
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
3
0
°C
,
6
0
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an
d
9
0
°
C
wh
ile
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
in
u
s
o
i
d
al
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
.
Fig
u
r
es
3
(
a)
an
d
3(
b
)
s
h
o
w
a
h
is
to
g
r
am
o
f
av
er
a
g
e
PD
am
p
litu
d
e
v
alu
es
f
o
r
s
in
e
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
at
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
o
v
er
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
f
r
o
m
5
0
Hz
to
5
k
Hz.
At
h
ig
h
e
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es,
PDI
V
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
at
all
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
is
u
n
d
esira
b
le
f
o
r
m
o
t
o
r
win
d
i
n
g
in
s
u
latio
n
s
tr
ess
ed
at
h
ig
h
t
em
p
er
atu
r
es
u
n
d
e
r
lo
a
d
ed
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
l
o
w
PDI
V
at
h
ig
h
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
is
th
at
it
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
PD
ac
tiv
ity
,
u
n
ev
e
n
s
p
ac
e
ch
ar
g
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
elec
tr
ical
ag
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
,
th
u
s
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
m
ater
ial
life
tim
e
an
d
in
s
u
latio
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
3
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
g
r
ap
h
s
in
d
ic
ate
th
at
at
h
ig
h
er
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies,
PDI
V
in
cr
ea
s
es
ac
r
o
s
s
all
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
o
m
i
n
ates
o
v
er
th
e
r
ete
n
tio
n
ef
f
ec
t
[
3
2
]
.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
co
r
o
n
a
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
C
I
V
(
k
V)
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
in
e
wav
e
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
o
cc
u
r
s
at
a
lo
wer
v
o
ltag
e
th
an
th
at
o
f
th
e
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
at
all
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
at
th
e
s
am
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
f
r
eq
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en
c
y
,
th
e
PDI
V
o
f
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
is
m
u
ch
lo
wer
th
an
th
at
o
f
th
e
s
in
e
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v
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r
m
.
As
a
r
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lt,
a
s
th
e
te
m
p
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r
e
r
is
es,
th
e
twis
ted
-
p
air
in
s
u
latin
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y
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tem
d
eg
r
ad
es
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o
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q
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ick
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n
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er
a
s
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u
ar
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v
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o
r
m
th
a
n
u
n
d
e
r
a
s
in
e
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ef
o
r
m
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Hen
ce
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it
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n
clu
d
ed
at
h
ig
h
er
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er
atu
r
es
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d
h
ig
h
er
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r
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en
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e
PDI
V
o
f
th
e
s
q
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ar
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o
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n
d
to
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d
etr
im
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in
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esig
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tr
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f
p
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f
r
eq
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en
cy
s
in
e
wav
e
[
3
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
PDI
V
at
5
0
Hz,
1
k
Hz,
2
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4
k
Hz,
an
d
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k
Hz
u
n
d
e
r
s
in
e
an
d
s
q
u
ar
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wa
v
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r
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s
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
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r
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3
.
PDI
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(
a)
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v
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d
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s
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at
d
if
f
e
r
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t te
m
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
7
9
2
P
D
ch
a
r
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cteris
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f p
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lyme
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in
s
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la
tio
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r
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o
)
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Sin
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f
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cles
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f
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ata
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r
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m
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r
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test
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Fig
u
r
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s
4
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PR
PD
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atter
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f
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e
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d
s
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ar
e
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v
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o
r
m
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
PD
test
s
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
eq
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en
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lev
els
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r
esp
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tiv
ely
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Fig
u
r
es
4
(
a)
-
4
(
d
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s
h
o
w
t
h
at
at
all
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies,
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
o
cc
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r
m
o
s
tly
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th
e
r
is
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g
p
ar
t.
Fo
r
5
0
Hz
f
r
e
q
u
en
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y
,
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with
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e
m
ag
n
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d
e
o
cc
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r
s
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o
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n
d
4
m
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
is
in
g
p
ar
t
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
.
T
h
e
a
m
p
litu
d
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
2
0
a.
u
.
to
5
0
a.
u
.
at
1
k
Hz
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
itia
l
in
ter
v
al
f
r
o
m
0
to
0
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2
4
m
s
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
At
2
.
4
k
Hz,
it
r
em
ai
n
s
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ea
r
ly
co
n
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tan
t,
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illu
s
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ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
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4
(
c
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,
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es
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o
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u
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at
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as
s
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n
Fig
u
r
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4
(
d
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.
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h
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ates
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ile
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lu
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r
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i
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u
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
at
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
[
3
5
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
f
o
r
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
s
tr
ess
,
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
cc
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r
s
th
r
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g
h
o
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t
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e
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cle
f
o
r
5
0
Hz
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d
1
k
Hz
,
b
u
t
s
h
if
ts
to
w
ar
d
s
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
cy
cle
as
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
in
cr
ea
s
e
to
2
.
4
k
Hz,
a
n
d
5
k
Hz
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
5
(
a)
-
5
(
d
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.
T
h
e
d
e
cr
ea
s
e
in
PD
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
tim
e
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d
m
a
g
n
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d
e
with
r
is
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
3
5
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
at
at
5
0
Hz
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
PD
with
a
s
m
all
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
c
cu
r
s
f
r
o
m
0
to
2
0
m
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
cy
cle.
T
h
e
less
er
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
PD
is
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
f
r
o
m
0
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m
s
f
o
r
1
k
Hz,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
.
At
a
f
r
eq
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e
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cy
o
f
2
.
4
k
Hz
,
th
e
PD
ac
tiv
ity
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
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e
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er
y
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te
n
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e,
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er
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e
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le
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ile
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e
o
f
PD
p
u
ls
es
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s
ed
to
ab
o
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t
3
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a.
u
.
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
c
)
,
s
im
ilar
to
t
h
e
tr
e
n
d
r
ep
o
r
ted
i
n
[
3
6
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
is
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
to
5
k
Hz,
alm
o
s
t
a
s
im
ilar
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f
ec
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
e
x
ce
p
t
th
at
m
ag
n
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d
e
o
f
PD
p
u
ls
es
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
1
0
a.
u
.
to
2
5
a.
u
.
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
d
)
.
Su
m
m
ar
izin
g
ea
r
ly
PDI
V
at
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
at
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
,
an
d
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
2
a
n
d
PD
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
3
,
t
h
e
h
ig
h
-
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
PD
p
u
ls
e
at
h
ig
h
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
s
tr
ess
ed
u
n
d
er
a
s
q
u
ar
e
wa
v
e
f
o
r
m
at
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
h
ig
h
ly
d
etr
im
en
tal
to
in
s
u
latin
g
life
,
lead
in
g
t
o
p
r
em
atu
r
e
f
ailu
r
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
m
a
y
h
elp
i
n
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
life
s
p
an
o
f
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
an
d
in
d
esig
n
in
g
n
ew
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
at
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
an
d
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
f
o
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
b
y
t
wis
ted
p
air
r
o
tatin
g
m
ac
h
in
e
in
s
u
latio
n
.
Hen
ce
,
a
n
ew
ty
p
e
o
f
in
s
u
latio
n
(
p
o
ly
m
er
n
a
n
o
c
o
m
p
o
s
ites
)
th
at
ca
n
with
s
tan
d
s
u
c
h
PW
M
s
tr
ess
es
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
h
ig
h
er
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
to
s
u
r
f
ac
e
er
o
s
io
n
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
I
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
PD
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs
an
d
in
s
u
latio
n
a
g
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
u
n
d
er
s
in
e
an
d
s
q
u
a
r
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
i
n
v
e
r
ter
-
f
e
d
d
r
iv
es
in
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
air
cr
af
t,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs),
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Pro
ac
tiv
e
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
ca
r
ef
u
l
m
ater
ial
s
elec
tio
n
,
ca
n
h
elp
p
r
ev
en
t
p
r
em
atu
r
e
in
s
u
latio
n
f
ailu
r
es.
A
s
a
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
f
ast
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
e
tim
es
o
n
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
in
p
o
ly
m
e
r
in
s
u
latio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
PR
PD p
atter
n
s
o
f
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
at
(
a
)
5
0
Hz,
(
b
)
1
k
Hz,
(
c)
2
.
4
k
Hz,
an
d
(
d
)
5
k
Hz
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
8
9
3
-
902
898
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
PR
PD p
atter
n
s
o
f
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
at
(
a)
5
0
Hz,
(
b
)
1
k
Hz,
(
c)
2
.
4
k
Hz,
an
d
(
d
)
5
k
Hz
3
.
4
.
H
i
g
h
-
f
re
qu
ency
s
im
ula
t
io
n o
f
elec
t
ric
f
ield dis
t
ributi
o
n
3
.
4
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n pa
ra
m
et
er
s
A
g
eo
m
etr
ically
s
im
p
lifie
d
m
o
d
el
o
f
win
d
in
g
wir
es
with
o
u
t
twis
ts
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
two
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
in
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
tact
(
g
=
0
m
m
)
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
in
th
is
wo
r
k
is
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
tr
ess
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
twis
ted
p
air
s
,
t
h
e
co
n
tact
p
o
in
ts
in
p
a
r
ticu
lar
.
T
h
e
C
OM
SOL
ap
p
licatio
n
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
el
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
s
o
f
two
ad
jace
n
t
wir
es.
T
h
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
co
n
s
tan
t
was
tak
en
as
3
.
3
an
d
th
e
p
o
l
y
ester
en
am
el
th
ick
n
ess
was
4
0
µm
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
w
as
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
an
e
n
am
e
l
in
s
u
latio
n
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
4
0
µm
(
0
.
0
4
m
m
)
,
a
co
p
p
er
co
n
d
u
cto
r
d
iam
eter
o
f
0
.
7
2
m
m
(
r
ad
iu
s
:
0
.
3
6
m
m
)
,
an
d
a
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
ar
ea
o
f
1
.
9
m
m
².
I
n
th
e
m
o
d
el,
th
e
lef
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
in
n
er
lay
er
o
f
th
e
two
co
p
p
er
w
ir
es
was
a
s
s
ig
n
ed
a
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
p
o
ten
tial,
wh
ile
t
h
e
r
ig
h
t
s
id
e
was
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
AC
/D
C
p
h
y
s
ics
in
ter
f
ac
e
to
g
eth
er
with
th
e
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
ts
m
o
d
el
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
elec
tr
ical
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
,
wh
ile
h
ea
t
t
r
an
s
f
e
r
in
s
o
lid
s
is
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
’
s
th
er
m
al
ef
f
ec
ts
.
An
d
m
esh
s
ize
is
0
.
1
2
1
m
m
.
T
ab
le
2
lis
ts
th
e
m
ater
ials
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
2
D
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Pro
p
er
ties
o
f
m
ater
ial
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
im
u
latio
n
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
∈
,
r
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
p
e
r
m
i
t
t
i
v
i
t
y
σ
,
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
[
S
/
m]
C
o
p
p
e
r
1
5
.
9
9
8
×
1
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7
A
i
r
1
10
-
14
P
o
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e
s
t
e
r
1
.
3
10
-
6
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
in
e
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
es
b
etwe
en
5
0
Hz
a
n
d
5
k
Hz.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
tab
le,
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
h
as
a
lo
wer
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
lta
g
e
th
an
th
e
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
at
all
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
at
5
k
Hz,
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
r
e
d
u
ce
d
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
lta
g
e
b
y
1
6
.
6
p
e
r
ce
n
t
less
th
an
th
e
s
in
e
wav
e.
T
h
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e
at
h
ig
h
er
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
2
7
]
.
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
im
u
la
tio
n
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
v
alu
es
o
f
s
in
e
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
tab
le
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
v
alu
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
is
es
at
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
5
k
Hz.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
h
ea
t
p
h
y
s
ics
in
s
im
u
latio
n
,
wh
ich
c
au
s
es
d
ielec
tr
ic
lo
s
s
e
s
to
im
p
ac
t
t
h
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
h
ea
t
p
h
y
s
ics
in
th
e
s
im
u
lati
o
n
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
lo
s
s
es
as
a
h
ea
t
in
p
u
t.
T
h
is
f
u
r
th
er
af
f
ec
ts
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
th
u
s
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
will
in
cr
ea
s
e.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
a
less
er
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
in
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e
r
esu
lts
in
h
ig
h
er
elec
tr
ic
s
tr
ess
at
5
k
Hz
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
in
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
in
s
im
u
latio
n
f
o
r
all
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
two
p
ar
allel
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
in
d
i
r
ec
t c
o
n
tact
b
etwe
en
t
h
em
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
P
D
ch
a
r
a
cteris
tics
o
f p
o
lyme
r
in
s
u
la
tio
n
fo
r
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ted
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fed
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r
ives
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n
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er si
n
e
…
(
S
.
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a
r
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imh
a
R
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o
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899
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ab
le
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.
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h
e
b
r
ea
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d
s
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u
ar
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ef
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s
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r
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q
u
e
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r
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a
k
d
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w
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v
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t
a
g
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o
f
si
n
e
w
a
v
e
(
k
V
r
m
s
)
B
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
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f
s
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a
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k
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5
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z
8
5
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z
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6
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z
9
7
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4
5
k
H
z
9
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6
8
T
ab
le
4
.
Simu
latio
n
elec
tr
ic
f
i
eld
v
alu
es (
k
V/m
m
)
f
o
r
s
in
e
a
n
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
s
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
S
i
n
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
S
q
u
a
r
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
5
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H
z
2
6
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2
6
5
1
k
H
z
2
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2
8
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2
.
4
k
H
z
2
8
6
2
9
6
5
k
H
z
2
9
0
3
1
6
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
2
D
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
at
5
k
Hz
with
an
air
g
ap
o
f
0
m
m
: (
a)
s
in
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
a
n
d
(
b
)
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
b
e
th
e
h
ig
h
est
o
n
th
e
wir
e
in
s
u
latio
n
s
u
r
f
ac
e
at
th
e
wir
e
co
n
tact
p
o
in
t.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
d
if
f
e
r
s
f
o
r
s
in
e
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
in
d
icate
s
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
at
5
k
Hz,
with
s
m
aller
f
ield
s
at
5
0
Hz,
1
k
Hz,
an
d
2
.
4
k
Hz
f
o
r
s
in
e
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
.
At
all
th
ese
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
th
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
ex
h
ib
its
a
h
ig
h
er
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
s
tr
en
g
th
t
h
an
t
h
e
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
ai
r
g
a
p
io
n
izatio
n
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
p
o
te
n
tial
d
ec
ay
[
2
7
]
,
th
e
e
lectr
ic
f
ield
o
n
th
e
wir
e
in
s
u
latio
n
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
em
ai
n
s
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
h
ig
h
t
o
in
itiate
PD
u
n
d
er
b
o
th
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
.
A
h
i
g
h
er
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
v
alu
e
lead
s
to
a
h
ig
h
er
PDI
V
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
a
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
co
n
s
i
s
ten
t
with
th
e
tr
en
d
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
th
e
air
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
wir
es
an
d
o
n
th
eir
s
u
r
f
ac
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
PD
g
en
er
ated
b
y
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
s
tr
ess
,
wh
ich
in
cr
e
ases
th
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el,
lead
s
to
in
s
u
latio
n
f
ail
u
r
e.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
n
ew
in
s
u
latio
n
m
ater
ials
an
d
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
l
o
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
to
r
in
s
u
latio
n
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
g
r
ea
ter
PD
r
esis
tan
ce
at
h
ig
h
er
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
8
9
3
-
902
900
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
lectr
ic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
in
e
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
f
r
o
m
5
0
Hz
to
5
k
Hz,
with
0
m
m
air
g
ap
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Hig
h
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
is
a
m
ajo
r
f
ac
to
r
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
t
o
in
s
u
latio
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
is
s
u
es
.
At
h
ig
h
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
PDI
V
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
at
all
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
t
h
at
th
e
co
r
o
n
a
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
C
I
V
(
k
V)
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
in
e
wa
v
e
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
w
av
ef
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
o
cc
u
r
s
at
a
lo
wer
v
o
ltag
e
th
an
th
at
o
f
th
e
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
at
all
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
es.
Hen
ce
,
as
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
es,
th
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
r
ate
o
f
th
e
twis
te
d
p
air
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
a
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
is
f
aster
t
h
an
th
at
o
f
th
e
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
At
lo
wer
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
u
p
to
1
k
Hz,
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
PD
am
p
litu
d
e
is
h
ig
h
f
o
r
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
tr
ess
,
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
r
e
d
u
ce
s
at
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
u
p
to
5
k
Hz
an
d
th
e
PD
ac
tiv
ity
is
less
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
wh
en
s
tr
ess
ed
u
n
d
er
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
,
in
te
n
s
e
PD
ac
t
iv
ity
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
m
ain
ly
o
v
er
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
h
alf
c
y
cle
p
o
in
tin
g
to
th
e
d
elete
r
io
u
s
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
q
u
ar
e
w
av
ef
o
r
m
s
tr
ess
at
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
twis
ted
p
air
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
d
eg
r
ad
es
m
o
r
e
r
ap
id
ly
u
n
d
er
a
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
th
an
a
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
c
o
n
v
er
ter
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
u
b
jects
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
to
h
i
g
h
er
elec
tr
ical
s
tr
ess
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
h
ig
h
est
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
in
th
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
th
e
wir
es
an
d
o
n
t
h
eir
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
with
lo
wer
v
a
lu
es
in
o
th
e
r
r
e
g
io
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
s
in
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
s
tr
ess
in
all
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
as
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
s
in
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
,
w
h
ich
ca
u
s
es
th
e
ea
r
l
y
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
f
th
e
en
a
m
el
in
s
u
latio
n
.
At
h
ig
h
er
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
p
a
r
t
ial
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
f
r
o
m
s
q
u
ar
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
n
en
a
m
el
in
s
u
latio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
s
o
s
ev
er
e
th
at
th
e
twis
ted
-
p
air
s
am
p
les
f
ail
p
r
em
atu
r
ely
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
m
ag
n
etic
wir
es
with
h
ig
h
PD
r
e
s
is
tan
ce
f
o
r
l
o
w
-
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
t
o
r
s
o
p
er
atin
g
at
h
ig
h
e
r
o
p
e
r
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
was r
ec
eiv
e
d
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
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ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
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tio
n
s
,
r
ed
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ce
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th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
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atio
n
.
Na
m
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o
f
Aut
ho
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So
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Vi
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Nar
asimh
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lan
s
er
alath
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Kasin
ath
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R
am
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jam
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ath
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C
:
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
P
D
ch
a
r
a
cteris
tics
o
f p
o
lyme
r
in
s
u
la
tio
n
fo
r
in
ve
r
ted
-
fed
d
r
ives
u
n
d
er si
n
e
…
(
S
.
N
a
r
a
s
imh
a
R
a
o
)
901
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Data
av
ailab
ilit
y
is
n
o
t a
p
p
lica
b
le
to
th
is
p
ap
er
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
P
.
W
a
n
g
,
C
.
Zh
e
n
g
,
Y
.
Li
,
Y
.
L
e
i
,
A
.
C
a
v
a
l
l
i
n
i
,
“
Th
e
P
D
a
n
d
e
n
d
u
r
a
n
c
e
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
o
f
e
n
a
me
l
e
d
w
i
r
e
s
a
t
sh
o
r
t
r
e
p
e
t
i
t
i
v
e
i
m
p
u
l
si
v
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
s
,
”
I
EE
E
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
I
n
su
l
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
EI
C
,
p
p
.
5
7
2
-
5
7
6
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
EI
C
.
2
0
1
8
.
8
4
8
1
0
4
3
.
[
2
]
V
.
N
.
H
ö
p
n
e
r
,
V
.
E.
W
i
h
e
l
m,
“
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n
su
l
a
t
i
o
n
l
i
f
e
s
p
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n
o
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l
o
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v
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t
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[
4
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5
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4
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[
1
5
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S
.
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S.
N
.
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a
n
d
K
.
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l
a
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t
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n
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[
2
8
]
R
.
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s,
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8
.
[
2
9
]
M
.
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l
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r
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k
i
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B
.
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.
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g
,
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4
.
[
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1
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3
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e
r
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0
0
0
[
3
2
]
J.
Ji
a
n
g
,
B
.
Z
h
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n
g
,
Z.
Li
,
P
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R
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h
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0
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[
3
3
]
Y
.
Ji
,
P
.
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e
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d
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o
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[
3
4
]
B
.
Z
h
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n
g
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.
Ji
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Z.
Li
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.
[
3
5
]
Ju
n
J
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n
g
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t
a
l
.,
“
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[
3
6
]
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.
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.
,
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s,
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Pr
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t
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(
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,
p
p
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5
3
.
[
3
7
]
W.
W
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.,
“
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
s
t
r
e
ss a
n
d
d
i
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c
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mer
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l
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.
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6
8
6
1
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
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E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Dr
.
S
N
a
r
a
sim
h
a
Ra
o
re
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d
h
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B.
Tec
h
.
d
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g
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m
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En
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,
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.
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2
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0
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,
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n
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.
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.
d
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b
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a
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
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h
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n
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h
.
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d
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tral
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sity
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n
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r
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.
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rre
n
tl
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iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
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t
o
f
EE
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S
id
d
h
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rth
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sti
tu
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&
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,
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,
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ra
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r
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d
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.
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s o
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re
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e
,
m
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d
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u
latio
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o
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in
su
latio
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.
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c
a
n
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tac
ted
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m
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:
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it
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.
in
.
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.
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,
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tt
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m
in
1
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.
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d
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