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M
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s
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p
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c
c
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rticle
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d
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CC B
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SA
li
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se
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C
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r
r
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s
p
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ing
A
uth
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r
:
Ng
u
y
en
T
h
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Vin
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Au
to
m
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d
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b
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tics
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ab
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Facu
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I
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s
titu
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o
lo
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Han
o
i
9
6
A
T
r
an
Ph
u
Stre
et,
Ha
Do
n
g
Dis
tr
ict,
Han
o
i,
Vietn
am
E
m
ail:
v
in
h
n
t@
p
tit.ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
in
d
ev
elo
p
ed
co
u
n
tr
ies
,
s
u
ch
as
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
a
in
Asi
a
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
tly
b
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f
o
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m
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an
d
h
a
v
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n
o
t
y
et
en
t
er
ed
th
e
elec
tr
icity
law
d
e
v
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o
p
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
o
f
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
i
es.
Mic
r
o
g
r
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s
a
r
e
n
atu
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ally
f
o
r
m
ed
ac
co
r
d
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g
t
o
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e
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ee
d
s
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f
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m
e
co
m
p
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n
ts
in
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
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g
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id
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s
u
c
h
as
p
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wer
s
o
u
r
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s
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lo
ad
s
,
s
u
p
p
ly
lin
es,
an
d
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e
,
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t,
o
p
er
atio
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,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
h
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m
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ch
an
g
es,
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
in
teg
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ated
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
a
d
ap
tatio
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to
th
e
ab
o
v
e
ch
an
g
es f
o
r
m
ic
r
o
g
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s
.
T
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e
tr
ad
itio
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al
p
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s
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am
an
d
Asi
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co
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ased
o
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AC
d
is
tr
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u
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.
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ally
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g
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s
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n
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ased
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AC
g
r
id
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
3
]
,
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
4
]
,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
g
r
id
s
as
elec
tr
o
n
ic
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
el
o
p
s
f
o
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ea
c
h
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
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id
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d
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
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s
o
u
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ce
s
.
As
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
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r
g
y
s
o
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s
(
d
is
tr
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u
ted
s
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u
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ce
s
)
d
ev
elo
p
n
at
u
r
a
lly
,
th
e
m
o
n
ito
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in
g
an
d
m
a
n
ag
em
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n
t
s
y
s
tem
is
also
a
p
r
o
b
lem
;
in
ad
d
itio
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,
d
is
tr
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u
ted
p
o
we
r
s
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r
ce
s
a
r
e
in
ter
m
itten
t.
T
o
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
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ag
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d
is
tr
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u
te
d
p
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wer
s
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ce
s
,
lo
ad
s
,
an
d
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
,
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
v
iew
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
B
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in
teg
r
atin
g
all
th
ese
d
is
tr
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ted
u
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its
to
g
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er
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p
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m
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
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d
is
tr
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u
tio
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s
id
e,
th
u
s
b
ein
g
n
o
m
in
ated
as
a
m
icr
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g
r
id
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
p
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wer
g
r
id
s
u
s
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
p
ass
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d
ev
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to
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
g
r
id
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
an
d
a
r
e
t
h
er
ef
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r
e
n
o
l
o
n
g
e
r
s
u
itab
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f
o
r
th
e
em
e
r
g
en
ce
o
f
m
an
y
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
d
u
e
to
lim
itatio
n
s
in
m
o
d
u
lar
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
o
f
p
a
r
am
ete
r
s
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
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8
8
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8
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9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2549
-
2
5
6
1
2550
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
with
th
e
g
r
id
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
en
s
e,
th
e
n
ee
d
t
o
in
clu
d
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
i
n
th
ese
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
is
m
an
d
ato
r
y
d
u
e
t
o
t
h
eir
m
o
d
u
lar
ity
an
d
d
ec
e
n
tr
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
l c
ap
ab
ilit
ies [
4
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Alter
n
ativ
ely
,
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
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v
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s
f
o
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m
s
,
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u
ch
as
s
tack
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
s
in
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le
-
s
tag
e
co
n
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er
ter
s
,
c
o
m
b
in
i
n
g
co
n
v
er
t
er
s
in
p
ar
allel
o
r
in
s
er
ies
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
al
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e,
ch
a
n
g
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
v
alu
e
,
o
r
p
er
f
o
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m
in
g
in
ter
m
ed
iate
s
tag
es
f
o
r
o
n
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
o
wer
,
s
u
ch
as
DC
,
an
d
th
en
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
it
to
DC
p
o
wer
as
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
.
T
h
e
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e
ar
e
d
ir
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t
co
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v
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ter
s
f
r
o
m
an
AC
p
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s
o
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to
a
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p
o
wer
s
o
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th
at
h
av
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in
p
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t p
o
wer
f
ac
to
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co
r
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tio
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s
o
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ac
co
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d
in
g
to
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
s
u
ch
as
I
E
C
1
0
0
0
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3
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2
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
DC
to
DC
co
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v
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p
e
h
as
th
e
ab
ilit
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to
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o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
u
p
o
r
d
o
wn
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
ac
tu
al
lo
ad
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
wo
r
k
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
u
n
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al,
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al,
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
,
two
-
s
tag
e
AC
/D
C
p
o
wer
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
.
AC
/DC
two
-
s
tag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
n
v
er
tin
g
AC
p
o
wer
to
DC
p
o
wer
,
s
u
ch
as
ch
a
r
g
er
s
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
,
d
r
iv
in
g
DC
m
o
to
r
s
,
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
p
o
wer
to
DC
lo
ad
s
in
AC
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
r
id
s
,
o
r
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
[
1
2
]
.
AC
/DC
two
-
s
tag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
a
v
e
a
b
asic
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
th
at
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
to
co
n
v
er
t
AC
p
o
wer
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
in
to
DC
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
,
DC
/D
C
h
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
o
u
tp
u
t
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
two
-
s
tag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
th
e
s
am
e
lim
itatio
n
s
as
th
e
s
tack
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
,
s
o
th
e
d
o
u
b
le
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
tw
o
s
tag
es
r
esu
lts
in
ef
f
icien
cy
t
h
at
is
also
lim
ited
b
y
m
u
ltip
ly
in
g
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
en
tire
co
n
v
er
ter
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
t
wo
-
s
tag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
also
h
as
a
lim
itatio
n
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
c
ap
ac
ito
r
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
s
tag
es
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
p
o
wer
,
wh
ich
m
ak
e
s
it
b
u
lk
y
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
th
e
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
wo
-
s
tag
e
AC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ca
n
h
av
e
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
s
,
lo
w
in
p
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics,
an
d
r
eg
u
lated
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
es,
b
u
t
th
ey
h
av
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
m
an
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
,
an
d
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
t
is
co
m
p
licated
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
two
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
So
m
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
wh
en
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
AC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
with
s
o
m
e
d
esig
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
cir
c
u
it
,
s
u
ch
as
lo
w
c
o
s
t,
s
m
all
s
ize
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Pra
ctica
l
co
n
v
er
ter
s
all
u
s
e
b
asic
co
n
v
er
te
r
ty
p
es
s
u
ch
as
f
ly
b
ac
k
,
h
alf
-
b
r
id
g
e
,
o
r
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
o
r
co
m
b
i
n
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
g
eth
er
to
cr
ea
te
a
co
n
v
er
ter
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
to
m
ee
t
th
e
in
p
u
t
p
o
we
r
an
d
DC
o
r
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
t
y
p
es.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
will
cr
ea
te
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
p
o
wer
ty
p
e
as
well
as
th
e
ac
tu
al
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
AC
/DC
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
also
h
av
e
b
asic
ty
p
es
aim
in
g
at
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
in
p
u
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
ch
ea
p
er
,
s
m
aller
in
s
ize,
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
in
cr
ea
s
es
,
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
is
s
im
p
ler
wh
ile
s
till
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
an
AC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
er
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
d
ir
ec
t
a
n
d
is
o
lated
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
b
etwe
en
two
AC
an
d
DC
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
id
e
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
,
b
u
t
with
o
u
t
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
d
io
d
e,
wh
ich
f
u
r
th
er
elim
in
ates
th
e
lin
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
r
ec
tific
atio
n
lo
s
s
es.
Sin
g
le
-
s
tag
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
b
asic
Fly
b
ac
k
an
d
Fu
ll
-
B
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
with
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
th
e
b
asic
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
h
av
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
s
o
m
e
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
in
th
eir
i
n
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
cr
ea
te
is
o
lated
AC
-
DC
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
b
etwe
en
two
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
an
d
th
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
in
ter
n
al
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
W
h
en
th
e
g
r
id
is
u
n
av
ailab
le
,
th
e
b
atter
y
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
wer
to
t
h
e
AC
an
d
DC
lo
ad
s
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
g
r
id
is
av
ailab
le,
th
e
AC
an
d
DC
lo
ad
s
ar
e
m
et
alo
n
g
with
th
e
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
also
in
clu
d
es
i)
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
d
u
e
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
b
o
th
p
o
wer
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
,
ii)
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
latio
n
,
iii)
m
i
n
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ac
tiv
e
s
witch
es
,
iv
)
lo
w
r
ip
p
le
,
v
)
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
in
th
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
v
i)
m
ee
t
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
m
ee
t
th
e
c
o
n
ti
n
u
ity
o
f
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
f
o
r
two
p
o
wer
g
r
id
s
.
I
n
DC
o
r
AC
p
o
wer
g
r
id
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
lex
ib
le
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
ter
n
al
en
e
r
g
y
ex
ch
an
g
e
with
in
th
e
g
r
id
[
1
8
]
-
[2
5
].
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
AC/D
C
C
O
NV
E
RT
E
R
S
T
RUC
T
UR
E
T
h
e
D
C
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
a
l
s
o
i
n
c
l
u
d
es
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
c
h
a
s
DC
l
o
a
d
s
,
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
t
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
d
o
n
a
D
C
l
i
n
e
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
D
C
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
o
r
t
h
r
e
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
AC
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
f
o
r
m
s
a
n
d
c
a
n
a
l
s
o
b
e
d
i
r
e
c
tl
y
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
g
r
i
d
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
is
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
.
T
h
e
D
C
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
h
a
s
n
o
w
e
m
e
r
g
e
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
f
o
r
l
o
a
d
s
as
w
e
ll
as
d
is
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
w
i
t
h
a
d
v
a
n
ta
g
e
s
i
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
l
o
n
g
-
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
ag
e
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
D
C
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
A
C
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
w
i
l
l
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
i
n
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
I
t
a
l
s
o
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
a
n
i
n
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
s
a
r
e
n
o
t
i
n
d
e
m
a
n
d
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
w
i
t
h
e
a
c
h
o
t
h
e
r
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Dr
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N:
2088
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r
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6
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o
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atin
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r
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atin
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itted
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th
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g
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id
to
AC
.
3.
CO
NT
RO
L
T
E
CH
NIQU
E
S
AND
SI
M
U
L
AT
I
O
N
RE
SU
L
T
S
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h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
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iq
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e
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o
r
th
e
co
n
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ter
is
im
p
lem
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te
d
b
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SP
W
M
m
o
d
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latio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
witch
es
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d
PW
M
S3
-
S6
.
T
h
e
SP
W
M
co
n
tr
o
l
is
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
i
n
r
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tifie
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in
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ter
m
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T
h
e
r
ec
tific
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m
o
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m
ain
o
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is
m
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1
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m
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2
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th
e
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r
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o
s
ed
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ter
o
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al
y
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)
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f
th
e
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n
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ter
is
im
p
lem
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ted
with
th
e
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es
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d
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,
th
e
s
witch
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n
th
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d
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;
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n
d
er
th
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d
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2
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e
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k
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l
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eg
u
late
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e
v
o
ltag
e
s
t
ab
ly
s
h
o
ws in
F
ig
u
r
e
7
.
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h
e
in
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ter
m
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
p
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s
ed
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n
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ter
with
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e
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ain
s
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y
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d
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s
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i
lar
ly
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
n
d
er
th
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
(
4
)
,
th
e
o
p
en
in
g
tim
e
o
f
th
e
tw
o
r
ec
tific
atio
n
an
d
in
v
er
ter
m
o
d
es
is
g
u
ar
an
teed
to
b
e
less
th
an
5
0
%
s
o
th
e
lo
s
s
o
n
th
e
s
witch
es
is
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
.
Feed
b
ac
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l A
C
/DC
co
n
ve
r
t
er c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
A
C
a
n
d
DC
micro
g
r
id
s
fo
r
s
ma
r
t g
r
id
s
(
N
g
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ye
n
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n
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n
g
)
2555
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
cu
r
r
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n
t,
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e,
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d
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en
th
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co
n
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er
s
io
n
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ir
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n
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e
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n
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ted
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r
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al
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ig
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r
e
7
.
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u
r
e
7
.
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b
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co
n
tr
o
l sig
n
als o
f
th
e
p
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n
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ter
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a)
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r
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m
AC
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id
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f
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m
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n
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g
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r
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s
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d
8
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b
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,
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e
t
h
e
b
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d
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r
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cti
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n
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ig
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r
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b
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,
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r
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ct
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r
o
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7
,
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h
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o
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e
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ef
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h
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e
f
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r
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d
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o
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e
r
te
r
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a)
,
we
s
ee
th
at
th
e
av
er
ag
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
A
C
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ten
d
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
g
r
ad
u
ally
as
th
e
p
o
wer
v
alu
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
s
id
e
,
in
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
e
th
an
9
6
%
to
n
ea
r
ly
9
3
.
3
%.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
DC
/A
C
co
n
v
er
ter
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ten
d
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
with
th
e
p
o
wer
v
alu
e
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
2
-
7
k
W
an
d
t
h
en
g
r
ad
u
ally
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
;
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
f
lu
ctu
ates
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
9
3
.
3
-
9
4
.
8
%.
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
av
er
ag
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
en
tire
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
f
o
r
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s
es
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d
m
o
d
es
o
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cillatin
g
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a
s
m
all
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an
g
e
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e
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th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
9
5
%.
C
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
ly
,
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e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
in
th
e
m
ain
elem
en
ts
in
th
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
MO
STFE
T
s
w
it
ch
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g
s
witch
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d
d
io
d
e
,
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
(
b
)
,
it
is
s
h
o
wn
th
a
t
th
e
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
v
alu
e
wh
e
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
in
v
e
r
ter
m
o
d
e
will
b
e
h
ig
h
e
r
b
ec
au
s
e
m
o
r
e
m
ain
s
witch
es a
r
e
u
s
ed
t
h
an
in
r
ec
tifie
r
m
o
d
e
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
f
f
icien
cy
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
id
ir
ec
ti
o
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
: (
a
)
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
AC
g
r
id
to
DC
g
r
id
an
d
(
b
)
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
DC
g
r
id
to
AC
g
r
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
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s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2549
-
2
5
6
1
2556
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
lo
s
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
v
er
ter
:
(
a)
av
er
a
g
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
(
b
)
av
e
r
ag
e
lo
s
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
an
d
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
f
r
o
m
AC
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
f
r
o
m
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
to
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
.
T
h
e
DC
p
o
wer
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
is
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
at
0
Hz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
an
d
th
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
s
tep
s
ar
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
at
5
0
Hz
an
d
1
0
0
Hz
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e
is
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
at
5
0
Hz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
E
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
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o
AC
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th
e
AC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
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e
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as
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
s
tep
s
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n
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n
tr
ated
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0
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d
1
5
0
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f
r
eq
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en
cy
.
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a
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b
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u
r
e
1
0
.
Har
m
o
n
ic
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
AC
an
d
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
:
(
a)
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
v
o
ltag
e
d
u
r
in
g
AC
/D
C
co
n
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s
io
n
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d
(
b
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ar
m
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ic
v
o
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e
d
u
r
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g
DC
/AC
co
n
v
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s
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
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lec
&
Dr
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s
t
I
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N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
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2557
4.
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XP
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R
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i
n
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ab
l
e
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.
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h
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x
p
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l
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r
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r
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r
a
t
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g
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r
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0
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n
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h
e
c
o
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r
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r
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h
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o
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n
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n
t
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b
le
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
t
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te
d
a
s
d
e
s
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r
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b
e
d
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n
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c
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r
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i
n
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g
u
r
e
1
1
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n
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h
e
e
x
p
e
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im
e
n
t
,
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h
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c
o
n
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e
r
t
e
r
i
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e
r
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o
r
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e
d
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c
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n
g
t
o
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c
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s
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s
u
c
h
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i
m
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ti
o
n
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a
n
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o
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m
e
p
o
w
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r
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al
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e
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o
f
t
h
e
l
o
a
d
a
t
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e
AC
a
n
d
DC
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
ac
r
o
s
s
s
witch
S1
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
AC
g
r
id
p
o
wer
b
ei
n
g
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
DC
g
r
id
;
th
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
is
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
2
0
0
v
o
lts
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
r
ec
tifie
d
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
th
e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
in
b
lu
e
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
0
0
VDC
,
an
d
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
in
y
ello
w
is
2
2
0
VAC,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
5
0
Hz.
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
u
r
r
en
t,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
p
o
wer
v
alu
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
to
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e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
s
ch
e
m
atica
lly
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
co
n
v
er
ter
test
in
p
u
t;
th
e
v
alu
e
ch
ar
t
c
h
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
2
k
W
to
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
k
W
.
I
n
th
is
r
ec
tific
atio
n
m
o
d
e,
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
l
tag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
t
o
th
e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
m
ee
ts
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
with
in
400
VDC
,
a
n
d
s
im
ilar
ly
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
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d
s
u
p
p
ly
i
n
g
p
o
wer
to
th
e
AC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
(
in
v
er
ter
m
o
d
e
)
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
wo
r
k
s
n
o
r
m
ally
,
an
d
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
p
a
r
am
et
er
s
ar
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
al
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
s
ig
n
al
r
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lts
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
(
b
)
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
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e
ass
u
r
an
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o
f
th
e
in
p
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t
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t
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ig
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ter
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r
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n
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.
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t p
ar
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ete
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er
ter
Eq
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n
t
P
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