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In
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tere
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P
V
sy
ste
m
s
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a
u
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m
o
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i
les
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a
s
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a
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n
e
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e
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e
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tran
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a
ti
o
n
s
u
b
sy
ste
m
s
,
is
u
se
d
m
o
re
wid
e
ly
.
Em
p
h
a
siz
in
g
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
te
g
ies
to
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n
c
re
a
se
p
o
we
r
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
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e
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c
y
,
re
li
a
b
i
li
ty
,
a
n
d
flex
i
b
il
it
y
,
t
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
id
e
n
ti
fies
a
n
d
a
ss
e
ss
e
s
so
lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
in
teg
ra
ted
v
e
h
icle
d
r
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e
s
y
ste
m
s.
In
S
imu
li
n
k
,
se
v
e
ra
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re
se
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h
e
rs
r
e
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te
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m
s,
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lar
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V
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ste
m
s,
v
e
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icle
p
ro
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m
s,
a
n
d
p
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we
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o
n
v
e
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tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
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o
imi
tate
re
a
l
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wo
rld
se
tt
in
g
s,
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
e
v
a
l
u
a
te
th
e
e
fficie
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c
y
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th
e
d
e
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e
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t
m
a
n
y
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lar
li
g
h
t
a
n
d
lo
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v
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lu
e
s.
Hig
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-
lev
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o
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tr
o
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h
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iq
u
e
s
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it
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re
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P
P
T
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
lo
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d
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o
n
t
ro
l.
Th
e
se
c
o
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tro
ls
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re
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e
fin
it
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ly
re
q
u
ired
to
e
n
su
re
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t
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th
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d
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d
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t
o
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riab
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li
k
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a
n
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te
m
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th
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t,
t
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a
n
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e
o
f
t
h
e
su
g
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e
ste
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
stra
teg
ies
is
i
n
v
e
stig
a
ted
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
m
a
in
s
u
c
c
e
ss
c
rit
e
ria
:
e
n
e
rg
y
a
n
a
l
y
sis,
s
y
ste
m
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
sta
b
il
i
ty
.
Th
is
imp
li
e
s
th
a
t
so
lar
P
V
i
n
teg
ra
ted
s
y
ste
m
s
fo
r
a
u
to
m
o
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il
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s
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l
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g
a
in
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o
m
id
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a
l
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
d
u
ra
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il
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ty
,
h
e
n
c
e
im
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ro
v
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n
g
th
e
o
ff
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o
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o
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rs.
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h
e
se
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i
n
g
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late
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t
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ro
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ise
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c
to
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e
m
e
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t
o
f
so
lar P
V t
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h
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o
l
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g
y
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K
ey
w
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r
d
s
:
Ad
v
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c
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tr
o
l stra
teg
ies
Dy
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am
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lo
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m
an
ag
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t
E
n
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g
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Ma
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So
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ltaic
Sy
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Veh
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d
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tem
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T
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is i
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rticle
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titu
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T
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b
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r
o
le
in
em
itti
n
g
g
r
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n
h
o
u
s
e
g
ases
[
1
]
.
Ho
wev
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,
th
e
f
ig
u
r
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s
h
o
w
th
at
tr
ad
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v
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icles
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at
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ated
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f
clea
n
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lu
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s
[
2
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–
[
6
]
.
T
h
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s
tu
d
y
is
in
f
o
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m
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b
y
t
h
e
im
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s
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o
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le
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y
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in
v
eh
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p
o
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s
y
s
tem
s
.
R
en
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wab
le
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
p
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we
r
s
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tio
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s
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s
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co
n
v
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tio
n
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tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
[
6
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
So
lar
p
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to
v
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,
wh
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u
s
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th
e
s
u
n
'
s
en
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g
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p
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last
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.
Or
ig
in
ally
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
8
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4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2615
-
2
6
2
2
2616
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
wer
e
in
s
talled
in
n
o
n
-
m
o
b
ile
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
n
am
ely
h
o
m
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d
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u
s
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b
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t
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r
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en
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p
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ly
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th
e
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ain
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al
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p
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o
v
em
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ts
in
PV
tech
n
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g
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a
n
d
in
cr
ea
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ed
u
s
e
o
f
g
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ee
n
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g
y
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m
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e
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o
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h
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s
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d
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,
esp
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in
a
u
to
m
o
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iles
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
E
lectr
icity
-
o
p
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ated
s
o
lar
PV
ca
r
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ef
er
a
b
le
to
ca
ter
th
e
en
er
g
y
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d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
cr
is
es
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
v
e
h
icles.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
is
th
e
b
l
o
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PV
-
b
a
s
ed
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
y
s
tem
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
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o
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v
er
t
s
o
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en
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s
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els
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1
3
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Switch
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to
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eh
i
cles
th
at
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n
s
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o
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air
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ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
r
elian
ce
o
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y
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
co
n
n
e
cts
th
e
k
ey
c
o
m
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o
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n
ts
th
at
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ef
in
e
PV
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p
o
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s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el,
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
v
eh
icle
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
m
o
d
u
les in
to
a
s
in
g
le
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
e
v
alu
atio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t [
1
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
wo
r
k
,
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
is
u
s
ed
to
m
o
d
el
an
d
s
im
u
late
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e
en
tire
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o
lar
PV
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er
ated
au
to
m
o
b
ile
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
.
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h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
th
e
PV
ar
r
ay
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
el
ec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
p
o
wer
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n
v
er
s
io
n
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
wh
ile
ap
p
ly
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
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,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
lo
ad
,
wo
r
k
is
ev
alu
ated
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
to
id
en
tify
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
o
ten
tials
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Scien
tis
ts
al
s
o
m
o
d
el
s
u
ch
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
o
r
d
er
to
ex
p
lain
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
1
7
]
-
[
1
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fu
n
d
am
en
tal
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PV
-
b
ased
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
y
s
tem
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
CO
NV
E
RT
E
R
F
O
R
E
F
F
I
CI
E
NT
A
ND
S
T
AB
L
E
P
O
WE
R
T
RA
NSFE
R
I
t
is
alwa
y
s
lik
ely
to
attain
th
e
d
esire
d
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
eith
e
r
th
e
m
o
to
r
o
r
th
e
in
v
er
ter
,
an
d
th
is
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
in
s
tab
ilit
y
o
r
ev
en
lo
w
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
an
attem
p
t
to
c
o
u
n
ter
th
is
,
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
to
eith
er
am
p
lify
o
r
s
im
p
lify
th
e
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
m
ak
es
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
o
n
ly
th
e
d
esire
d
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
to
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
tag
e
s
.
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
n
ee
d
s
an
AC
s
u
p
p
ly
;
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
,
th
e
DC
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
u
s
in
g
a
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
in
v
er
ter
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
q
u
asi
-
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
y
ch
o
p
p
in
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
at
a
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
u
itab
l
e
f
o
r
d
r
iv
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
.
2
.
1
.
T
he
DC
-
DC
co
nv
er
t
er
c
ircuit
o
f
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
wo
rk
I
n
t
h
e
l
a
t
e
s
t
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
t
h
e
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
p
o
w
e
r
o
f
2000
W
a
n
d
a
n
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
2
-
50
V
,
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
in
g
a
s
t
a
b
l
e
4
8
V
o
u
t
p
u
t
.
T
h
is
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
r
u
n
s
a
t
200
k
H
z
o
f
s
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
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cy
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
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le
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
I
n
s
u
l
at
e
d
g
a
te
b
i
p
o
l
a
r
t
r
a
n
s
i
s
t
o
r
s
(
I
GB
T
s
)
.
F
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
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s
witch
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h
ig
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cu
r
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t
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ca
r
r
y
in
g
ca
p
ac
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an
d
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f
icien
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in
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
,
I
G
B
T
s
ar
e
s
elec
ted
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
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ter
d
esig
n
is
esp
e
cially
v
alu
ab
le
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
ele
ctr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs),
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
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g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
w
o
r
k
s
as
a
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
te
r
,
wh
ich
g
iv
es
it
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
wo
r
k
with
b
o
th
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
h
ig
h
e
r
an
d
lo
wer
th
a
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
o
f
4
8
V.
I
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
s
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
asic b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
th
e
wo
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Hig
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eq
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e
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:
T
h
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with
f
ast
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r
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o
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d
tu
r
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f
f
tim
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PW
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n
tr
o
l:
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
u
s
es
PW
M
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
a
n
d
to
r
e
g
u
late
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e
am
o
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n
t
o
f
p
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wer
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th
e
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u
tp
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t
v
o
ltag
e.
Fee
d
b
ac
k
is
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
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p
litu
d
e
s
tab
ilit
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n
d
e
r
v
ar
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l
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ad
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n
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n
s
o
r
ch
an
g
es
in
th
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in
p
u
t sig
n
al
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
2
.
2
.
P
WM
inv
er
t
er
f
o
r
s
m
o
o
t
h o
pera
t
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n
o
f
B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
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tr
ic
v
eh
icles
s
u
ch
as
ca
r
s
s
in
c
e
th
ey
ar
e
ef
f
icien
t,
p
o
s
s
ess
h
ig
h
to
r
q
u
e
,
an
d
h
a
v
e
a
lo
n
g
life
s
p
an
.
H
o
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th
ey
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d
th
e
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s
e
o
f
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r
ce
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p
r
e
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er
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ly
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th
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p
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ase
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p
p
ly
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in
o
r
d
er
to
ac
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r
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A
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v
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th
at
is
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s
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ta
b
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ec
t
cu
r
r
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t
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tr
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p
p
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alter
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atin
g
cu
r
r
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ctr
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p
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p
p
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th
e
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o
r
m
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f
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wa
v
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r
m
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f
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r
d
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d
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f
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tr
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in
g
f
r
eq
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cy
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n
d
is
co
n
tr
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o
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e
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ate
a
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r
m
as
cl
o
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a
s
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T
h
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m
o
d
al
an
d
d
r
aws
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
4
8
V
DC
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
v
eh
icle.
T
h
e
m
ain
b
lo
ck
s
o
f
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
s
witch
at
a
ca
r
r
ier
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
1
0
k
Hz.
T
h
e
s
in
e
wav
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
d
r
iv
in
g
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
is
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ated
u
s
in
g
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
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as
s
h
o
w
n
b
elo
w.
T
o
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ce
s
witc
h
in
g
lo
s
s
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tr
o
m
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g
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etic
i
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ter
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er
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ce
s
,
th
e
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
v
o
lv
es
v
ar
y
in
g
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
-
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Ad
v
ice
o
n
AI
NS
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
is
r
esea
r
ch
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
b
u
ck
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b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ab
le
to
m
an
ag
e
v
o
lt
ag
es
ab
o
v
e
4
8
V
.
I
n
s
u
lated
g
a
te
b
ip
o
lar
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
(
I
GB
T
s
)
in
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
at
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0
0
k
Hz
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
h
i
g
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
q
u
ick
s
witch
in
g
.
F
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
v
ia
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
.
Fo
r
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
,
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
a
r
e
p
er
f
ec
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
ir
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
to
r
q
u
e,
an
d
life
s
p
an
.
T
o
lo
wer
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
th
ey
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
lato
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
alo
n
g
with
a
4
8
V
DC
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
will
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
s
tu
d
y
o
f
a
DC
-
to
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
c
ir
cu
it
.
As
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
witch
es
,
th
ese
d
eliv
er
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
v
a
lu
e
an
d
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
id
e
o
f
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
an
d
r
eg
u
late
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t a
t th
e
o
u
tp
u
t sid
e.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
th
at
co
n
s
titu
tes th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
p
r
in
ci
p
le
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it is
to
to
g
g
le
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
at
v
er
y
h
ig
h
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies.
B
u
t
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
s
h
o
u
ld
f
ir
s
t
b
e
f
ilter
ed
an
d
th
en
s
et
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
g
et
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
lev
el
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
DC
v
o
ltag
e
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
Ou
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vo
)
ca
lcu
latio
n
:
V
o
=
V
in
×
(
1
−
D
)
D
(
1
)
Vo
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
,
wh
ich
is
ex
p
ec
ted
af
ter
h
a
v
in
g
s
et
u
p
a
v
o
ltag
e
d
iv
id
e
r
.
B
Vin
is
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
r
an
g
e.
D
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
t
u
r
n
in
g
s
ig
n
al
,
w
h
ich
tu
r
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
f
ee
d
.
Du
ty
c
y
cle
(
D)
ca
lcu
latio
n
:
D
=
1
(
1
+
(
V
in
V
o
⁄
)
)
(
2
)
Her
e
D
m
ea
n
s
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
ig
n
al
‘
a
v
a
r
iab
le
clo
s
e
to
ze
r
o
’
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
a
n
g
e
is
ab
b
r
ev
iated
b
y
Vin
,
wh
ile
Vo
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
2
.
3
.
Rev
is
io
ns
o
f
t
he
p
ro
po
s
ed
B
L
DC
M
o
t
o
r
T
h
e
2
0
0
0
W
,
3
0
0
0
R
PM
f
o
r
elec
t
r
ic
au
to
m
o
b
iles
,
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
ar
e
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
l
y
p
r
iced
,
r
o
b
u
s
t,
an
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
.
I
ts
in
v
er
te
r
ch
o
ice
r
e
g
u
lates
m
o
to
r
R
PM
to
3
0
0
0
R
PM
,
an
d
its
2
0
0
0
W
p
o
wer
r
atin
g
en
ab
les
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
to
m
ec
h
an
ic
al
p
o
wer
.
T
o
r
q
u
e
an
d
s
p
ee
d
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
to
r
p
o
wer
.
Dir
ec
t
b
r
u
s
h
less
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
t
o
r
s
,
b
y
n
atu
r
e
,
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
to
r
q
u
e
at
l
o
w
s
p
ee
d
.
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
ar
e
8
5
–
9
0
%
ef
f
icien
t
as
th
ey
in
clu
d
e
n
o
b
r
u
s
h
es
an
d
a
p
e
r
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
r
o
to
r
.
T
h
ese
m
o
to
r
s
m
i
g
h
t
r
ea
ch
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
y
r
em
o
v
in
g
m
ec
h
an
ical
b
r
u
s
h
es
an
d
u
s
in
g
e
lectr
ical
co
m
m
u
ta
tio
n
.
Up
to
r
ated
s
p
ee
d
,
th
e
PW
M
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
m
ain
tain
s
to
r
q
u
e
at
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
le
v
el.
L
o
w
t
h
er
m
al
p
r
o
p
k
in
d
s
o
f
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
m
ea
n
m
o
s
t
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
o
v
er
lo
o
k
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
lo
w
er
s
m
o
to
r
life
a
n
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
les
s
m
ain
ten
an
ce
t
h
an
b
r
u
s
h
ed
m
o
to
r
s
,
wh
ich
n
ee
d
.
Sin
ce
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
d
o
n
o
t
ar
c,
th
ey
a
r
e
f
it
f
o
r
ar
ea
s
p
r
o
n
e
to
s
p
ar
k
s
.
W
ith
th
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
of
b
ea
r
i
n
g
s
an
d
air
co
o
lin
g
,
a
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
is
q
u
iet
an
d
ef
f
icien
t.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
e
x
ce
llen
t
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
,
r
esid
en
tial u
s
e,
a
n
d
lo
w
n
o
is
e
-
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
h
ea
lth
-
e
n
h
an
cin
g
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
[
2
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2615
-
2
6
2
2
2618
3.
F
O
R
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
SYST
E
M
,
A
M
AT
L
AB
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
I
S
CO
NDUC
T
E
D
T
O
E
VA
L
UA
T
E
I
T
S P
E
RF
O
R
M
ANC
E
UND
E
R
VAR
I
O
U
S O
P
E
RAT
I
NG
CO
ND
I
T
I
O
NS
T
o
s
im
u
late
a
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
,
cr
e
ate
a
n
ew
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
th
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
clu
d
e
:
s
tato
r
r
esis
tan
ce
,
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
an
d
b
ac
k
elec
tr
o
m
o
tiv
e
f
o
r
ce
(
EMF
)
.
I
n
itialize
a
m
o
to
r
b
y
its
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
u
ch
as
r
ated
p
o
wer
,
s
p
ee
d
,
s
tato
r
r
esis
tan
ce
,
s
elf
an
d
m
u
tu
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
,
b
ac
k
E
MF
co
n
s
tan
t
,
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
les.
I
t
also
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
DC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
PW
M
in
v
er
ter
m
ac
h
in
e,
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
lo
a
d
b
lo
c
k
,
as
well
as
s
im
u
latio
n
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
a
n
d
d
esig
n
.
O
n
ce
th
is
m
o
d
el
is
d
o
n
e,
s
im
u
late
th
e
m
o
to
r
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
h
o
w
it
b
eh
av
es
an
d
th
en
co
m
p
a
r
e
it
to
wh
at
h
as
b
ee
n
lear
n
t
in
th
eo
r
y
.
A
s
co
p
e
o
r
tim
e
s
er
ies
is
one
o
f
th
e
to
o
ls
th
at
c
an
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
d
is
p
lay
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
g
en
er
ated
.
A
B
L
D
C
m
o
to
r
cr
ea
tes
a
s
tato
r
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
elec
tr
o
n
ically
,
with
o
u
t
an
y
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
;
th
u
s
,
n
o
b
r
u
s
h
es
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
is
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
,
h
o
wev
er
,
en
ab
les
th
e
p
er
m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
n
e
t
r
o
to
r
to
alig
n
an
d
th
u
s
b
e
r
o
tatab
le.
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
ep
icts
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
b
lo
ck
d
i
ag
r
am
f
o
r
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
m
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
in
cl
u
d
e
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
as
well
as
f
in
e
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
to
r
q
u
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
im
u
latio
n
s
ar
e
m
o
to
r
m
o
d
els,
DC
s
u
p
p
ly
,
PW
M
in
v
er
ter
,
a
n
d
m
o
to
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fu
n
ctio
n
al
b
lo
c
k
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
MA
T
L
AB
/
Simu
lin
k
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
3
.
1
.
K
ey
m
o
delin
g
pa
ra
m
e
t
e
rs
inclu
de
A
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
co
n
s
is
ts
es
s
en
tially
o
f
th
e
s
t
ato
r
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
win
d
in
g
s
,
r
o
to
r
m
o
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
co
u
n
ter
-
elec
tr
o
m
o
tiv
e
f
o
r
ce
(
b
ac
k
E
MF)
.
C
r
itical
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
im
p
ac
tin
g
m
o
t
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
clu
d
e
p
o
we
r
r
atin
g
,
an
g
u
lar
v
el
o
city
,
b
ac
k
E
MF,
to
r
q
u
e,
an
d
th
e
ap
p
lied
s
witch
in
g
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
Hig
h
-
f
i
d
e
lity
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
g
en
er
atio
n
is
ty
p
ically
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
p
u
ls
e
-
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
SP
W
M)
,
u
tili
zin
g
r
ef
er
en
ce
tr
ia
n
g
u
lar
wav
e
f
o
r
m
s
in
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
with
s
u
b
tr
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Usi
n
g
a
f
o
ld
ed
t
r
ian
g
le
cu
r
r
en
t w
av
e
f
o
r
m
im
p
r
o
v
es o
u
tp
u
t a
cc
u
r
ac
y
ev
en
f
u
r
th
e
r
.
A
k
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ic,
th
e
lo
ad
-
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
ity
,
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
p
o
wer
r
atin
g
a
n
d
r
o
tatio
n
al
s
p
e
ed
o
f
th
e
m
o
t
o
r
.
B
ac
k
E
MF,
i
n
tr
in
s
ically
lin
k
ed
to
r
o
to
r
v
elo
city
,
is
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
win
d
i
n
g
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
s
er
v
es
as
a
p
iv
o
tal
f
ac
to
r
in
r
e
g
u
latin
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
w
with
in
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
h
as
ex
ten
s
iv
e
m
o
d
elin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
f
o
r
b
ac
k
E
MF
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
m
ay
th
er
ef
o
r
e
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
f
l
u
x
lin
k
ag
e
as a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
p
ee
d
an
d
elec
tr
ical
p
o
we
r
.
T
o
r
q
u
e
h
ill
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
tak
es
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
s
p
ee
d
,
lo
ad
,
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t,
with
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
to
b
o
th
win
d
in
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
b
ac
k
E
M
F.
T
h
e
PW
M
in
v
er
te
r
wo
r
k
in
g
i
n
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tak
es
D
C
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
a
n
d
co
n
v
er
ts
it
to
an
AC
s
o
u
r
ce
co
m
p
atib
le
with
th
e
m
o
to
r
–
a
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
AC
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
latin
g
s
ig
n
al
is
a
1
0
k
Hz
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
,
wh
ic
h
co
n
tr
o
ls
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
ig
n
als
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
in
t
h
e
in
v
er
te
r
.
T
h
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
s
witch
in
g
lo
g
ic
wh
ile
th
e
s
in
e
wav
e
in
p
u
t
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
to
r
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
SP
W
M.
T
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
ar
e
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
s
u
p
er
im
p
o
s
ed
ca
r
r
ier
s
ig
n
al
a
n
d
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
h
as
a
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
1
0
k
Hz.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
n
ee
d
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
an
d
m
ak
es
it
ea
s
y
to
k
ee
p
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
le
as
th
e
lo
ad
ch
a
n
g
es.
T
h
e
p
r
es
en
t
s
tr
ea
m
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
to
r
q
u
e
p
lo
t,
an
d
s
p
ee
d
p
lo
t
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
ar
e
ty
p
i
ca
l
o
f
a
2
0
0
0
W
,
3
0
0
0
R
PM
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
s
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
clu
d
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
d
r
iv
e
n
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
’
s
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
em
b
r
ac
es
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
cy
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
al
r
eliab
i
lity
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
e
u
s
ef
u
l
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
g
r
e
en
au
to
m
o
b
iles
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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4.
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b
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o
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M
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p
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t
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p
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x
h
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p
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m
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f
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r
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o
r
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u
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
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r
is
t
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cs
al
s
o
f
o
llo
w
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
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r
w
h
e
r
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t
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x
p
e
r
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n
c
es
h
i
g
h
v
a
lu
e
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
s
t
a
g
es
o
f
m
o
t
o
r
s
t
a
r
t
i
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g
a
n
d
t
h
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l
o
we
s
t
t
o
w
a
r
d
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e
s
t
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a
d
y
-
s
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a
te
c
o
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d
i
t
i
o
n
.
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e
r
e
,
t
h
e
PW
M
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
h
a
s
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
s
w
it
c
h
i
n
g
,
w
h
i
c
h
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
t
h
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
i
c
d
i
s
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
u
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
l
i
k
e
l
i
h
o
o
d
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
s
p
e
e
d
,
a
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
o
f
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
a
l
l
o
a
d
f
l
u
c
t
u
a
t
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o
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s
an
d
t
r
a
n
s
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n
t
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
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o
n
s
,
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
i
t
c
a
n
e
as
il
y
h
a
n
d
l
e
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
l
o
a
d
s
.
T
h
i
s
p
r
o
v
e
s
t
h
e
v
e
r
s
a
ti
l
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
a
n
d
i
t
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
u
n
d
e
r
f
l
u
c
t
u
a
t
i
n
g
u
s
a
g
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
of
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
th
e
m
o
to
r
is
ex
tr
em
ely
ef
f
icien
t
,
co
n
v
e
r
tin
g
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
to
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
o
wer
,
with
co
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
s
m
all
lo
s
s
es
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
b
ac
k
E
MF
an
d
r
esis
tiv
e
win
d
in
g
l
o
s
s
es.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
h
ig
h
er
a
n
d
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
lev
els
o
f
m
o
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
PW
M
in
v
er
ter
,
an
d
o
p
tim
u
m
p
o
wer
u
tili
za
tio
n
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
to
tal
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
u
tp
u
t.
Su
ch
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
m
ak
e
th
e
m
o
t
o
r
i
d
ea
l
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
u
s
e,
b
ec
au
s
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
ar
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ess
en
tial
to
em
b
r
ac
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
a
s
well
as
to
b
ein
g
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
th
e
way
it
o
p
er
ates.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
th
u
s
af
f
ir
m
th
e
r
atio
n
ale
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
s
ig
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
illu
m
in
atin
g
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
th
at
m
ay
p
r
o
v
e
u
s
ef
u
l
in
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
v
eh
icles.
4
.
1
.
T
he
c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics o
f
t
he
B
L
DC
m
o
t
o
r
a
nd
co
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
s
ca
led
p
lo
t
ag
ain
illu
s
tr
ates
th
at
at
th
e
s
tar
tu
p
,
th
e
m
o
t
o
r
ac
h
iev
es
a
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
3
0
0
0
R
PM,
wh
ich
in
f
ac
t
s
h
o
ws
th
e
h
ig
h
i
n
itial
to
r
q
u
e
v
alu
e
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
at
th
e
in
itial
s
tag
e
,
an
o
v
e
r
s
h
o
o
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
e
r
is
e
an
d
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
ch
a
n
g
es
f
o
r
th
is
ef
f
ec
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
R
PM
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
in
cr
ea
s
e,
an
d
th
en
lev
el
o
f
f
ar
o
u
n
d
1
0
0
0
R
PM
as
a
clea
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
in
v
o
l
v
ed
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
d
am
p
in
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
cc
u
r
s
to
m
ain
tain
s
tead
y
an
d
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
at
clo
s
e
to
1
0
0
0
R
PM
o
r
m
o
r
e.
Als
o
,
th
e
p
lo
t
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
-
s
p
ee
d
cu
r
v
e,
wh
er
e
an
i
n
itial
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
6
N
m
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
w
h
ich
is
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
of
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
,
b
u
t
in
d
icate
s
th
e
h
ig
h
to
r
q
u
e
d
em
an
d
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
in
itial
s
tag
es.
T
h
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
to
c
o
r
r
elate
with
t
h
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
a
m
o
to
r
wh
e
r
e
a
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
to
r
q
u
e
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
s
tar
t th
e
m
o
v
em
en
t
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
r
ea
ch
es n
o
r
m
al
r
u
n
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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4
I
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t J Po
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Dr
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Vo
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16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
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b
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20
25
:
2615
-
2
6
2
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2622
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.