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[
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2
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I
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16
,
No
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4
,
Dec
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20
25
:
2721
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3
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at
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
an
g
les
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
en
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
u
t
also
r
is
k
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
an
d
s
h
ad
in
g
ef
f
ec
ts
b
etwe
en
m
o
d
u
les
[
1
2
]
.
Hig
h
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
h
av
e
b
ee
n
k
n
o
wn
to
d
eg
r
ad
e
ce
ll
e
f
f
icien
cy
d
u
e
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
em
p
ir
ically
[
1
3
]
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
c
o
r
n
e
r
s
th
at
ar
e
to
o
s
lo
p
in
g
o
r
to
o
s
teep
c
an
lead
to
a
lo
s
s
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
r
ay
s
,
as
well
as
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
d
u
s
t
an
d
d
ir
t,
wh
ich
also
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
'
s
co
m
in
g
an
g
le
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
a
m
atter
o
f
g
eo
m
etr
ic
o
r
ien
tatio
n
b
u
t
a
v
ar
ia
b
le
th
at
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
r
el
iab
ilit
y
an
d
u
s
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
in
th
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
.
T
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
t
h
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
ca
n
ev
e
n
b
e
s
ee
n
d
ir
ec
tly
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
atio
(
PR
)
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
y
ield
(
k
W
h
/k
W
p
)
,
a
n
d
to
tal
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es [
1
5
]
.
So
f
twar
e
-
b
ased
to
o
ls
lik
e
PV
s
y
s
t
ar
e
k
ey
in
an
aly
zin
g
s
o
l
ar
p
an
el
a
n
g
le
s
en
s
itiv
ity
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
ad
iatio
n
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
d
ata
to
esti
m
ate
en
er
g
y
y
ield
a
n
d
o
p
tim
ize
o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
B
ey
o
n
d
an
n
u
al
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
ec
asts
,
th
ey
also
ass
ess
s
ea
s
o
n
al
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es,
m
ak
in
g
an
g
le
o
p
tim
izatio
n
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
L
iter
at
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
alig
n
in
g
tilt
an
g
les
with
s
ite
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
r
elate
d
s
tu
d
ies,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
an
g
le
s
ettin
g
s
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
en
er
g
y
y
ield
an
d
s
y
s
tem
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
.
Desp
ite
th
e
lar
g
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
lit
er
atu
r
e
o
n
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
th
e
r
e
r
em
ain
s
a
n
o
tab
le
r
esear
ch
g
ap
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tilt
an
g
le
v
a
r
iatio
n
an
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
u
n
d
er
tr
o
p
ical
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
f
ix
e
d
-
tilt
r
o
o
f
to
p
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
r
o
n
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
in
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
,
b
u
t c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ev
alu
ati
o
n
s
o
f
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
PV c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
with
wid
e
tilt
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ar
e
s
till
lim
ited
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
m
o
s
t
s
im
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
w
o
r
k
s
e
m
p
h
asize
e
n
er
g
y
y
ield
with
o
u
t
cr
itically
an
aly
zin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
r
atio
an
d
s
o
lar
f
r
ac
tio
n
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
ass
ess
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
b
y
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
PVs
y
s
t
-
b
ased
s
im
u
latio
n
th
at
ev
alu
ates
f
o
u
r
tilt
an
g
le
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
an
d
a
d
u
al
-
ax
is
tr
ac
k
er
an
d
r
el
ates
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics an
d
tech
n
ical
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
tr
o
p
ical
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Pre
v
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
M
e
t
h
o
d
N
o
v
e
l
t
y
F
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
a
2
0
9
k
W
p
r
o
o
f
t
o
p
P
V
s
y
st
e
m w
i
t
h
P
V
sy
st
v
6
f
o
r
a
n
i
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
i
n
G
a
z
i
p
u
r
,
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
sh
.
P
V
sy
st
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
S
k
e
t
c
h
U
p
a
n
d
S
k
e
l
i
o
n
f
o
r
p
a
n
e
l
3
D
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
u
n
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
v
i
s
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
.
Th
e
sy
s
t
e
m
c
a
n
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
2
4
8
.
9
M
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
w
i
t
h
a
P
R
o
f
6
1
.
2
1
%.
Th
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
d
e
m
o
n
st
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
sav
i
n
g
s
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
s
t
s.
[
1
6
]
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
2
0
.
8
k
W
st
a
n
d
a
l
o
n
e
sy
st
e
m
u
si
n
g
P
V
sy
st
v
7
.
1
.
7
i
n
a
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
i
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
met
e
o
r
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m t
h
e
P
V
sy
st
d
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
A
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
a
1
8
0
W
p
si
-
p
o
l
y
P
V
w
i
t
h
a
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
1
3
st
r
i
n
g
s
,
1
0
seri
e
s m
o
d
u
l
e
s
e
a
c
h
,
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
r
o
p
i
c
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s.
H
i
g
h
P
R
i
s
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
,
a
n
d
o
r
i
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s (3
5
°
t
i
l
t
,
5
°
a
z
i
m
u
t
h
)
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
r
e
s
u
l
t
s;
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
d
e
m
o
n
st
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
f
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
a
r
s
y
st
e
m.
[
1
7
]
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s (w
i
n
d
,
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
h
u
mi
d
i
t
y
,
d
u
st
,
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
)
o
n
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
u
si
n
g
PV
sy
st
e
m.
P
V
sy
st
w
i
l
l
b
e
u
se
d
t
o
q
u
a
n
t
i
f
y
t
h
e
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
/
h
u
m
i
d
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
P
V
p
a
n
e
l
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
w
i
n
d
-
b
a
se
d
t
h
e
r
mal
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
mu
l
a
s.
Th
e
p
a
n
e
l
's
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
d
r
o
p
s
b
y
0
.
5
%
/
°
C
a
b
o
v
e
2
5
°
C
;
6
7
–
9
5
%
h
u
mi
d
i
t
y
l
o
w
e
r
s
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
y
4
4
.
4
%;
W
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
i
mp
r
o
v
e
s
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
.
[
1
8
]
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
o
n
-
g
r
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
ms
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
P
V
sy
st
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
s w
i
t
h
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
r
e
a
l
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
.
V
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
P
V
sy
s
t
's a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
t
h
e
a
c
t
u
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
1
8
6
k
W
p
s
y
st
e
m
w
i
t
h
a
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
<
2
%
c
o
mp
a
r
e
d
t
o
a
c
t
u
a
l
d
a
t
a
A
c
t
u
a
l
P
R
i
s
8
1
.
0
2
%
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
si
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
t
8
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4
2
%
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d
e
m
o
n
st
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a
t
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n
g
P
V
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h
i
g
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a
c
c
u
r
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i
n
r
e
a
l
P
V
sy
s
t
e
m
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
.
[
1
9
]
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
6
3
9
9
k
W
p
P
V
st
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l
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e
m
u
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o
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A
f
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o
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m
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l
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o
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r
e
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E
R
,
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V
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S
)
i
n
d
e
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5
M
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l
u
a
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r
g
e
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
i
n
r
e
m
o
t
e
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r
e
a
s
P
V
sy
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p
r
o
d
u
c
e
s t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
st
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
1
1
,
9
3
8
M
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
,
H
O
M
ER
1
1
,
6
9
8
M
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
,
a
n
d
P
V
G
I
S
1
0
,
6
7
3
M
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
;
P
V
sy
st
's P
R
o
f
8
4
.
9
%;
t
o
t
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
l
o
ss
1
2
.
9
3
%
[
2
0
]
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
s
t
a
n
d
a
l
o
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V
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t
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I
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V
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b
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n
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o
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u
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r
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2
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k
W
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y
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r
D
e
si
g
n
o
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m w
i
t
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a
d
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t
a
i
l
e
d
a
p
p
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o
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ma
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
mo
n
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h
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y
P
R
a
n
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l
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si
s f
o
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h
o
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r
Th
e
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t
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p
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o
d
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c
e
s
1
1
4
3
.
6
k
W
h
/
y
e
a
r
;
Th
e
h
i
g
h
e
st
P
R
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s
8
6
%
(
D
e
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e
m
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r
)
,
t
h
e
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s
t
i
s
6
4
%
(
A
p
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l
)
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
n
n
u
a
l
a
v
e
r
a
g
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i
s
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2
.
8
%.
Th
i
s
d
e
m
o
n
st
r
a
t
e
s
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
P
V
s
y
st
i
n
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
d
e
s
i
g
n
.
[
2
1
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f so
la
r
p
a
n
el
o
r
ien
ta
tio
n
a
n
d
tr
a
ck
in
g
s
ystems
fo
r
…
(
S
in
g
g
ih
Dw
i P
r
a
s
etyo
)
2723
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tag
es
in
PV
s
y
s
t,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
A
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
was
m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ica
l
co
o
r
d
in
ates
o
f
th
e
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Ma
lan
g
(
latitu
d
e:
-
7
.
9
5
9
7
°,
lo
n
g
itu
d
e
:
1
1
2
.
6
2
0
5
°,
ele
v
atio
n
:
4
7
1
m
)
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
lo
ca
l
s
o
lar
d
ata.
T
w
o
o
r
ien
tatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
:
d
u
al
-
a
x
is
tr
ac
k
in
g
an
d
f
ix
ed
-
tilt
p
lan
es
with
tilt
an
g
les
o
f
2
0
°,
4
0
°,
6
0
°,
an
d
8
0
°
at
0
°
az
im
u
th
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile,
in
clu
d
in
g
lig
h
ts
,
lap
to
p
s
,
p
r
in
ter
s
,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
PV
ar
r
a
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
r
ef
lect
r
ea
lis
tic
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Af
ter
in
p
u
tti
n
g
all
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wer
e
ex
ec
u
ted
t
o
o
b
tain
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
u
tp
u
t
s
,
wh
ich
wer
e
th
e
n
a
n
aly
ze
d
to
ass
ess
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
u
s
in
g
PVs
y
s
t so
f
twar
e
2
.
1
.
Desig
nin
g
PVs
y
s
t
wa
s
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
s
im
u
latio
n
t
o
o
l
d
u
e
to
its
wid
e
u
s
e
in
ac
ad
em
ia
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
,
with
ac
cu
r
ac
y
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
b
elo
w
2
%
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
T
ilt
an
g
les
o
f
2
0
°
–
8
0
°
wer
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
co
m
m
o
n
tr
o
p
ical
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
,
wh
ile
az
im
u
th
was
f
ix
ed
at
0
°
to
is
o
late
til
t
ef
f
ec
ts
.
A
d
u
al
-
ax
is
tr
ac
k
er
was
ad
d
ed
as
a
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
t
o
ass
ess
m
ax
im
u
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
id
ea
l
s
o
lar
in
cid
e
n
ce
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
d
ir
ec
t
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
f
ix
ed
-
tilt
an
d
t
r
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
e
v
alu
at
in
g
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
PV
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
2
.
1
.
1
.
Select
t
he
lo
ca
t
i
o
n
T
h
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
r
ely
o
n
ac
cu
r
a
te
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
d
ata
th
at
r
e
f
lects
r
ea
l
in
s
tallatio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Ma
lan
g
w
as
ch
o
s
en
as
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
its
tr
o
p
ical
s
o
lar
p
o
ten
tial.
I
ts
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
o
r
d
in
ates
:
latitu
d
e
7
.
9
5
9
7
°
,
lo
n
g
itu
d
e
1
1
2
.
6
2
0
5
°,
altitu
d
e
4
7
1
m
,
an
d
tim
e
zo
n
e
GM
T
+0
7
:0
0
—
d
i
r
ec
tly
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
a
n
g
les,
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
d
e
n
s
ity
,
an
d
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
iz
atio
n
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
r
o
f
ile.
Fig
u
r
e
2
f
u
r
t
h
er
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
a
n
n
u
al
s
o
lar
h
o
r
iz
o
n
,
wh
ich
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
tilt
an
d
o
r
ien
tatio
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
wh
ile
id
en
tify
in
g
s
h
ad
in
g
r
is
k
s
.
C
o
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
is
,
T
ab
le
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
n
t
h
ly
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata,
s
h
o
win
g
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
g
lo
b
al
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
(
1
5
1
.
3
–
1
6
5
.
7
k
W
h
/m
²/m
o
n
t
h
)
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
if
f
u
s
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
in
wet
m
o
n
th
s
,
an
d
s
tab
le
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
(
2
5
–
26
°C
)
with
lo
w
win
d
s
p
ee
d
s
,
wh
ich
ch
alle
n
g
e
n
atu
r
al
c
o
o
lin
g
.
Hig
h
tu
r
b
id
ity
an
d
h
u
m
i
d
ity
in
d
ices
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
af
f
ec
tin
g
r
a
d
ia
tio
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Alto
g
eth
er
,
t
h
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
n
e
ed
f
o
r
p
r
ec
is
e
s
p
atial
an
d
clim
atic
in
p
u
ts
in
d
ef
in
in
g
o
p
tim
al
PV c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
f
o
r
tr
o
p
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
c
o
nfig
ura
t
i
o
n
Desig
n
in
g
an
o
p
tim
al
PV
s
y
s
tem
b
eg
in
s
with
esti
m
atin
g
t
h
e
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
es
ab
o
u
t
1
,
8
4
2
W
h
/d
ay
o
r
5
5
.
3
k
W
h
/m
o
n
th
,
b
ased
o
n
f
iv
e
1
5
W
lam
p
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
ix
h
o
u
r
s
(
9
0
0
W
h
/d
ay
)
,
o
n
e
lap
to
p
o
r
d
esk
to
p
at
6
9
W
f
o
r
s
ix
h
o
u
r
s
(
8
2
8
W
h
/d
a
y
)
,
a
n
d
o
n
e
3
0
W
p
r
in
ter
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
r
ee
h
o
u
r
s
(
9
0
W
h
/d
ay
)
.
T
o
m
ee
t
th
is
d
em
an
d
,
s
to
r
a
g
e
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
a
Dek
a
8
G4
D
S
o
lar
PV
b
atter
y
,
ar
r
a
n
g
ed
in
o
n
e
s
er
ies
an
d
th
r
ee
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2721
-
2
7
3
0
2724
p
ar
allel
u
n
its
,
g
iv
in
g
th
r
ee
b
at
ter
ies.
T
h
is
p
ac
k
h
as
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
2
V,
a
g
lo
b
al
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
5
0
7
Ah
,
a
n
d
ca
n
s
to
r
e
5
5
k
W
h
o
f
u
s
ab
le
en
er
g
y
at
8
0
%
DOD,
with
2
2
4
cy
c
les
—
th
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
es
ab
o
u
t
1
,
1
6
9
k
W
h
o
v
er
its
life
tim
e,
weig
h
in
g
1
7
7
k
g
.
Fo
r
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
h
as
u
s
ed
Si
-
p
o
ly
PV
m
o
d
u
les
r
ate
d
at
1
1
0
W
p
/2
9
V
ea
ch
,
with
a
Vm
p
p
o
f
2
9
.
6
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an
d
a
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c
o
f
4
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3
V.
C
o
n
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ig
u
r
ed
as
o
n
e
m
o
d
u
le
in
s
er
ies
with
th
r
ee
p
ar
allel
s
tr
in
g
s
,
th
e
ar
r
ay
co
v
e
r
s
3
m
²
.
I
n
teg
r
ate
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
ch
e
m
atic
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
en
e
r
g
y
f
l
o
ws
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
v
ar
iety
to
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r
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lato
r
,
w
h
ich
d
is
tr
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tes
p
o
wer
t
o
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e
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o
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d
,
ch
ar
g
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th
e
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atter
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,
a
n
d
a
ctiv
ates
a
b
ac
k
u
p
g
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er
ato
r
wh
en
r
a
d
iatio
n
is
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t,
en
s
u
r
in
g
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n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
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n
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
y
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Dep
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
la
r
h
o
r
iz
o
n
T
ab
le
2
.
Me
teo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata
a
t th
e
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Ma
la
n
g
,
E
ast J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
M
o
n
t
h
G
l
o
b
a
l
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
k
W
h
/
m2
/
m
o
n
t
h
)
H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
d
i
f
f
u
se
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
k
W
h
/
m
2
/
m
o
n
t
h
)
Te
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
°
C
)
W
i
n
d
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
(
m/
s)
Li
n
k
e
tu
r
b
i
d
i
t
y
[
-
]
R
e
l
a
t
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v
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h
u
m
i
d
i
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y
(
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Jan
u
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1
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2
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2
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
PV a
r
r
a
y
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
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2.
2
.
M
a
t
hema
t
ica
l f
o
rm
ula
I
n
PV
s
y
s
tem
m
o
d
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r
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o
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s
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itab
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ca
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itio
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s
.
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ab
le
3
o
u
tlin
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k
ey
m
et
r
ics
,
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o
r
m
alize
d
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ativ
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t
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im
u
latio
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ap
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o
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-
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u
tp
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ts
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d
er
d
if
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er
en
t
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
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s
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r
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els
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d
s
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u
tco
m
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ile
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cin
g
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
an
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics an
d
f
o
r
m
u
las in
PV sy
s
tem
m
o
d
elin
g
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
/
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
M
a
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
N
o
r
mal
i
z
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
N
E)
=
D
a
i
l
y
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
p
e
r
u
n
i
t
o
f
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
e
d
P
V
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
k
W
h
/
k
W
p
/
d
a
y
)
;
u
se
d
t
o
c
o
mp
a
r
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
a
c
r
o
ss
d
i
f
f
e
r
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n
t
t
i
l
t
a
n
d
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
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se
t
u
p
s.
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e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
r
a
t
i
o
(
P
R
)
=
×
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e
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i
c
i
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n
c
y
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h
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s
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i
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b
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,
w
h
e
r
e
:
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e
l
i
v
e
r
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
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k
W
h
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,
:
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l
o
b
a
l
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
k
W
h
/
m²
)
,
:
r
a
t
e
d
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
(
k
W
p
)
.
S
o
l
a
r
fr
a
c
t
i
o
n
(
S
F
)
=
×
100%
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e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
l
o
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d
d
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c
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P
V
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st
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m
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s
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i
g
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e
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n
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F
,
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i
c
h
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
s
y
st
e
m
a
u
t
o
n
o
my
a
n
d
r
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l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
En
e
r
g
y
m
i
s
s
=
−
Th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
u
n
m
e
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
ma
n
d
i
s c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
f
o
r
a
ss
e
ssi
n
g
t
h
e
a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
y
st
e
m c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s.
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
l
o
ss (L
c
)
=
−
En
e
r
g
y
l
o
ss
i
n
t
h
e
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
d
u
e
t
o
n
o
n
-
i
d
e
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
a
n
g
l
e
mi
sma
t
c
h
,
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
d
i
r
t
)
.
S
y
st
e
m
l
o
ss
(
Ls)
=
−
Lo
sse
s fr
o
m
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
o
u
t
p
u
t
t
o
t
h
e
u
s
e
r
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
l
o
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e
s
a
n
d
w
i
r
i
n
g
.
To
t
a
l
l
o
sses
(
%)
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−
R
e
p
r
e
se
n
t
s
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
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ma
n
c
e
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
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o
n
o
f
t
h
e
sy
st
e
m i
n
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
t
e
r
ms.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
f
iv
e
PV
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
—
f
o
u
r
f
ix
ed
tilt
s
(
2
0
°,
4
0
°,
6
0
°,
8
0
°)
an
d
o
n
e
d
u
al
-
ax
is
tr
ac
k
er
,
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
d
u
al
-
ax
is
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
d
aily
n
o
r
m
alize
d
en
er
g
y
at
6
.
8
k
W
h
/
k
W
p
/d
ay
,
f
ar
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
2
0
°
(
4
.
8
)
an
d
esp
ec
ially
8
0
°
(
3
.
2
)
,
wh
er
e
h
ig
h
c
o
llectio
n
(
L
c)
an
d
s
y
s
tem
lo
s
s
es
(
L
s
)
r
ed
u
ce
d
ef
f
icien
cy
(
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
.
Un
lik
e
ea
r
lier
wo
r
k
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
4
]
f
o
cu
s
ed
m
ain
ly
o
n
ir
r
ad
iat
io
n
an
d
y
ield
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
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r
ated
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e
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ar
i
atio
n
s
with
lo
ad
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d
s
to
r
ag
e
p
r
o
f
iles
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f
f
e
r
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
h
o
lis
tic
as
s
ess
m
en
t;
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e
d
u
al
-
ax
is
tr
ac
k
er
r
ea
ch
ed
a
PR
o
f
7
7
.
2
%,
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n
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g
with
o
r
ex
ce
e
d
in
g
b
e
n
ch
m
a
r
k
s
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tr
o
p
ical
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y
s
tem
s
.
Su
p
p
o
r
tin
g
r
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lts
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
th
e
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ig
h
est
PR
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2
0
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(
7
7
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0
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4
0
°
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7
7
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2
%),
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d
d
u
al
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t
r
a
c
k
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4
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,
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t
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s
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ac
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F
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f
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ly
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t
8
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,
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s
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s
t
e
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t
w
i
t
h
T
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I
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2088
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2727
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2721
-
2
7
3
0
2728
CO
NF
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c
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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4
I
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t J Po
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16
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4
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Dec
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20
25
:
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iv
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h
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c
a
n
b
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c
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tac
ted
a
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a
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a
a
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fv
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c
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d
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p
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c
h
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n
ica
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g
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t
Un
iv
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e
b
e
las
M
a
re
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(UN
S
).
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e
a
rn
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d
h
is
d
e
g
re
e
s
fro
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wijay
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n
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a
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ies
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rm
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g
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g
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e
r
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y
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o
rts,
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e
li
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n
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n
d
th
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g
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rn
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l
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d
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it
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o
n
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e
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d
s
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e
ra
l
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a
ten
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c
h
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y
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n
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n
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tro
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e
s
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r
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n
o
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e
r
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ro
d
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ti
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n
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g
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re
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e
n
to
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m
e
c
h
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n
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l
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g
in
e
e
rin
g
.
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m
o
st
re
c
e
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic (
P
V) p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
z
a
i
n
a
l_
a
rifi
n
@s
taff.
u
n
s.a
c
.
i
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.