I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
S
y
s
t
em
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
2
6
5
5
~
2
6
6
4
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
ed
s
.
v
16
.
i
4
.
p
p
2
6
5
5
-
2
6
6
4
2655
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Step
siz
e
v
a
ria
bility with
high pe
rfo
rma
nce so
la
r
-
win
d grid
integra
tion usin
g
M
PP
T a
lg
o
rithm
L
a
k
s
hm
i D
ha
nd
a
pa
ni
1
,
P
us
h
pa
Sree
niv
a
s
a
n
2
,
M
a
la
t
hy
B
a
t
um
a
la
y
3
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
A
M
ET
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
Ta
mi
l
N
a
d
u
,
I
n
d
i
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
P
a
n
i
m
a
l
a
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
Ta
m
i
l
N
a
d
u
,
I
n
d
i
a
3
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
D
a
t
a
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
& I
T,
I
N
TI
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
N
i
l
a
i
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
4
C
e
n
t
r
e
f
o
r
D
a
t
a
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s,
I
N
TI
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
N
i
l
a
i
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
2
8
,
2
0
2
5
R
ev
is
ed
Au
g
2
2
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
2
,
2
0
2
5
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
ro
p
o
se
s
a
h
i
g
h
-
e
f
ficie
n
c
y
m
a
x
imu
m
p
o
we
r
p
o
i
n
t
trac
k
in
g
(M
P
P
T)
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
v
a
riab
le
ste
p
siz
e
c
o
n
tro
l
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
fo
r
sta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
h
y
b
r
id
so
lar
-
wi
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
s.
Un
l
ik
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
io
n
a
l
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
th
a
t
u
ti
li
z
e
se
p
a
ra
te
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
rs
fo
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
i
c
(P
V)
a
n
d
win
d
s
y
ste
m
s,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
m
e
th
o
d
i
n
teg
ra
tes
a
sin
g
le
a
d
a
p
t
iv
e
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
th
a
t
sim
u
l
tan
e
o
u
sly
o
p
ti
m
ize
s
p
o
we
r
e
x
trac
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
b
o
t
h
re
n
e
wa
b
le
so
u
rc
e
s.
Th
e
a
lg
o
ri
th
m
d
y
n
a
m
ica
ll
y
a
d
ju
sts
t
h
e
ste
p
siz
e
a
c
c
o
rd
in
g
to
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
v
a
ri
a
ti
o
n
s,
imp
r
o
v
in
g
c
o
n
v
e
rg
e
n
c
e
s
p
e
e
d
a
n
d
trac
k
in
g
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
.
Th
e
sy
ste
m
is
m
o
d
e
led
in
M
ATLAB
/S
imu
li
n
k
,
in
c
o
rp
o
ra
ti
n
g
a
5
0
0
W
s
o
lar
P
V
sy
ste
m
a
n
d
a
5
6
0
W
wi
n
d
tu
r
b
in
e
,
b
o
t
h
in
terfa
c
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
trad
i
ti
o
n
a
l
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rters
.
T
o
v
a
li
d
a
te
t
h
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
,
sim
u
latio
n
s
a
re
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
u
n
d
e
r
v
a
ry
in
g
s
o
lar
irrad
ia
n
c
e
lev
e
ls
(6
0
0
W/
m
²
,
8
0
0
W/
m
²
,
a
n
d
1
0
0
0
W/
m
²
)
a
n
d
win
d
sp
e
e
d
s
(
8
m
/s,
1
0
m
/s,
a
n
d
1
2
m
/s).
Re
su
lt
s
in
d
ica
te
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
P
V
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
we
r
in
c
re
a
se
s
fro
m
2
8
8
.
8
W
to
5
1
3
W
with
risi
n
g
ir
ra
d
ian
c
e
,
wh
i
le
th
e
win
d
o
u
tp
u
t
imp
r
o
v
e
s
fr
o
m
3
0
1
.
4
W
t
o
4
3
9
.
3
W
wit
h
in
c
re
a
sin
g
wi
n
d
sp
e
e
d
.
Th
e
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
h
y
b
ri
d
sy
ste
m
a
c
h
iev
e
s
to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
we
rs
o
f
5
5
7
.
3
5
W,
6
9
1
.
7
4
W,
a
n
d
8
0
7
.
1
2
W
a
c
ro
ss
th
re
e
o
p
e
ra
ti
n
g
in
ter
v
a
ls.
Th
e
se
fin
d
in
g
s
c
o
n
firm
th
a
t
t
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
v
a
r
iab
le
s
tep
siz
e
M
P
P
T
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
tl
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
e
n
e
rg
y
h
a
rv
e
stin
g
e
fficie
n
c
y
a
n
d
sy
ste
m
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
u
n
d
e
r
d
y
n
a
m
ic en
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
Per
tu
r
b
-
an
d
-
o
b
s
er
v
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
So
lar
-
win
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
T
r
ac
k
in
g
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
Var
iab
le
s
tep
s
ize
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Pu
s
h
p
a
Sre
en
iv
asan
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Pan
i
m
alar
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
C
o
lleg
e
C
h
en
n
ai,
T
am
il Na
d
u
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail: p
u
v
eh
a
v
a@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
As
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
o
n
th
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
lik
e
g
as
an
d
co
al
h
as in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
ec
en
tly
.
T
h
is
r
is
e
p
r
esen
ts
m
ajo
r
is
s
u
es
an
d
h
as a
b
ig
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Fo
s
s
il
f
u
els
ar
e
p
r
e
d
icted
to
r
u
n
o
u
t
in
th
e
n
e
x
t
d
ec
a
d
es
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
r
en
ewa
b
le.
T
h
e
m
o
d
er
n
izatio
n
o
f
s
o
ciety
d
r
iv
es a
n
ev
er
-
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
o
wer
,
ev
en
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
alter
n
ativ
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
b
est wa
y
to
m
ee
t
th
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
lo
ad
is
to
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
r
ep
len
is
h
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
th
at
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
tly
av
ailab
le.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
ep
len
is
h
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
es
ar
e
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
,
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
.
As
o
f
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
2
8
,
2
0
1
7
,
5
7
%
o
f
I
n
d
ia'
s
in
s
tall
ed
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
g
r
id
-
tied
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
ca
m
e
f
r
o
m
win
d
p
o
wer
an
d
1
9
% f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaics [
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
So
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
win
d
s
p
e
ed
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
d
eter
m
i
n
e
h
o
w
m
u
ch
p
o
wer
m
a
y
b
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
an
d
win
d
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Var
iab
le
an
d
e
r
r
atic
v
o
ltag
e
is
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
h
ig
h
p
en
etr
atio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2655
-
2
6
6
4
2656
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
es.
Po
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
v
er
ter
s
m
u
s
t b
e
in
teg
r
ated
with
a
v
ar
iety
r
ep
len
is
h
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
t
em
th
at
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
th
ese
v
ar
ia
tio
n
s
[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
o
o
p
tim
ize
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
Fo
r
PV
an
d
win
d
s
y
s
tem
s
,
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
M
PP
T
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
ea
ch
with
ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
,
a
r
e
u
tili
ze
d
,
s
u
ch
as
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
h
ill
clim
b
in
g
,
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
in
cr
e
m
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
,
p
er
tu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O)
,
an
d
v
ar
ia
b
le
s
tep
s
ize
[
6
]
–
[
9
]
.
Du
e
to
th
eir
s
im
p
licity
an
d
e
ase
o
f
u
s
e,
v
ar
iab
le
s
tep
s
ize
an
d
h
ill
clim
b
in
g
ar
e
p
o
p
u
lar
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
ey
s
u
f
f
er
in
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
w
ea
th
er
.
W
h
ile
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
tr
ac
k
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
s
itu
atio
n
s
with
f
ast
ch
an
g
es,
i
n
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
m
an
ag
es
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
ity
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
h
y
b
r
id
s
ettin
g
s
,
t
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
d
o
,
h
o
we
v
er
,
a
d
d
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
a
u
n
iv
er
s
al
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
was
cr
ea
ted
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
;
n
ev
er
th
eless
,
th
is
s
ti
ll
n
ec
ess
itated
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
u
n
iq
u
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
ev
er
y
s
o
u
r
ce
,
r
aisi
n
g
co
s
ts
an
d
co
m
p
licatin
g
m
atter
s
.
I
n
a
5
6
0
W
,
PV
an
d
5
0
0
W
,
win
d
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
a
tr
ad
itio
n
al
B
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
a
m
o
d
if
ied
s
in
g
le
v
ar
iab
le
s
tep
s
ize
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
s
u
g
g
ested
f
o
r
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
we
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
its
ef
f
icac
y
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
6
]
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
T
O
P
O
L
O
G
Y
F
O
R
H
YB
RID P
V
AND
WI
ND
SYS
T
E
M
W
I
T
H
S
I
NG
L
E
M
P
P
T
A
d
io
d
e
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
tifie
r
p
r
o
c
ess
es
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
wi
n
d
s
y
s
tem
b
ef
o
r
e
s
en
d
in
g
it
to
th
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
v
ia
a
DC
-
DC
B
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
b
o
th
s
o
u
r
ce
s
at
a
s
in
g
le
DC
lin
k
b
u
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
with
th
e
en
h
an
ce
d
s
in
g
le
v
a
r
ia
b
le
s
tep
s
ize
MP
PT
is
s
ch
em
atica
lly
d
iag
r
am
m
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
W
ith
th
e
h
elp
o
f
th
is
en
h
an
ce
d
v
ar
iab
le
s
tep
s
ize
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
an
d
win
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
ex
tr
ac
ted
s
im
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
ly
.
T
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
w
in
d
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
B
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
m
o
d
elin
g
ar
e
co
v
er
ed
in
d
etail
in
t
h
e
en
s
u
in
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
PV
an
d
win
d
s
y
s
tem
with
s
in
g
le
MPPT
2
.
1
.
So
la
r
ce
ll pa
nel
E
lectr
icity
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
with
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
,
w
h
ich
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
im
ilar
ly
to
p
h
o
t
o
d
io
d
es.
As s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
PV c
ells
.
T
h
e
(
1
)
r
e
p
r
es
en
ts
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll'
s
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t:
I
p
h
-
I
d
-
I
s
h
=
I
p
v
.
(
1
)
First
o
f
all
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
I
p
h
=
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
in
cid
en
t
lig
h
t,
I
s
h
=
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
ar
allel
r
esis
to
r
R
s
h
,
an
d
I
d
=
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
l
o
win
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
io
d
e.
T
o
o
p
tim
ize
p
o
wer
u
s
e
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
ar
e
ar
r
a
n
g
ed
in
s
er
ies
an
d
p
ar
allel
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
to
f
o
r
m
a
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
g
en
er
ato
r
,
o
r
GPV.
T
h
e
GPV'
s
g
o
v
er
n
in
g
e
q
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
(
2
)
.
I
pv
=N
p
I
ph
-
N
p
I
s
[
ex
p
(
(
q
(
V
pv
+(
N
s
/N
p
)R
s
I
pv
)
/(
AN
s
KT
ak
))
-
1
(
2
)
W
h
er
e:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
S
tep
s
iz
e
va
r
ia
b
ilit
y
w
ith
h
ig
h
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
s
o
la
r
-
w
in
d
g
r
id
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
u
s
in
g
…
(
La
ksh
mi
Dh
a
n
d
a
p
a
n
i
)
2657
T
h
e
PV
ar
r
ay
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
I
p
v
,
th
e
ce
ll's
r
ev
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
y
I
s
,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
Kelv
in
is
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ted
b
y
T
ak
,
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
r
e
p
r
esen
te
d
b
y
Vp
v
,
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
PV
ce
lls
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
an
d
p
a
r
allel
ar
e
in
d
icate
d
b
y
N
s
an
d
N
p
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
q
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ch
ar
g
e,
A
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
-
n
ju
n
ctio
n
id
ea
lity
f
ac
to
r
,
a
n
d
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
I
p
h
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
by
(
3
)
.
I
p
h
=
[
I
s
c
+
Ki(
T
ak
-
T
r
k
)
]
(
G/1
0
0
0
)
(
3
)
I
n
th
e
g
iv
en
co
n
tex
t,
I
SC
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ts
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
e
n
t
at
r
ef
er
en
ce
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
a
n
d
i
r
r
ad
iatio
n
,
T
r
k
is
th
e
ce
ll
r
ef
er
en
ce
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
G
is
th
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
in
W
/m
2
.
Ki
i
s
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
4
]
.
T
em
p
e
r
atu
r
e
a
n
d
ir
r
ad
i
an
ce
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
i
n
d
eter
m
in
in
g
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
in
th
e
ce
ll,
with
th
is
g
en
er
atio
n
b
ein
g
in
v
e
r
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
PV c
ell
2
.
2
. W
ind
f
a
rm
T
h
e
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
p
o
wer
(
Pm
)
ex
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
win
d
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
4
)
.
P
m
=
0
.
5
C
p
ρ
π
r
2
V
w
3
(
λ
,
β)
(
4
)
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
ρ
is
th
e
air
d
en
s
it
y
,
λ
is
th
e
tip
s
p
ee
d
r
atio
,
β
is
th
e
b
lad
e
p
itch
a
n
g
le,
r
is
th
e
b
lad
e
r
ad
iu
s
,
Vw
is
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
a
n
d
C
p
is
ca
lc
u
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
la.
C
p
=
0
.
5
(
λ
i
-
0
.
0
2
2
β
2
-
5
.
6
)
−
0
.
17
T
h
e
tip
s
p
ee
d
λ
an
d
in
ter
m
e
d
iate
v
ar
iab
le
λ
i
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
b
y
(
5
)
.
λ
=(
ω
B
R
/Vω
)
λ
i=(
3
6
0
0
R
)
/(
1
6
0
9
λ
)
(
5
)
I
n
th
e
win
d
in
d
u
ctio
n
g
en
er
a
to
r
m
o
d
el,
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
f
er
f
u
n
cti
o
n
h
as
a
u
n
ity
g
ain
with
a
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t
o
f
0
.
3
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
Un
d
er
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT
)
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
is
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
th
e
p
itch
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
o
p
tim
iz
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
3.
ST
E
P
SI
Z
E
VAR
I
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
WI
T
H
H
I
G
H
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANC
E
SO
L
AR
-
WI
ND
G
R
I
D
I
NT
E
G
RA
T
I
O
N
US
I
NG
M
P
P
T
AL
G
O
RI
T
H
M
T
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
a
n
d
wi
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
g
r
id
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
b
y
e
m
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
a
h
i
g
h
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
p
e
r
t
u
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
(
P
&
O
)
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
w
i
t
h
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
t
e
p
s
iz
e
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
s
e
c
ti
o
n
e
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
er
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
r
i
t
i
c
al
r
o
l
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
n
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
P
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
es
h
av
e
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
t
e
p
s
i
ze
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
f
o
r
P
V
a
n
d
w
i
n
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
l
y
,
a
n
d
i
n
s
o
m
e
c
as
e
s
,
a
u
n
i
f
i
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
e
t
u
p
s
.
T
h
es
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
r
e
l
y
o
n
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
g
r
a
d
i
e
n
t
(
d
P
/
d
V
)
t
o
m
o
d
i
f
y
s
t
e
p
s
i
z
e
,
b
a
l
an
c
i
n
g
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
s
p
e
e
d
a
n
d
o
s
c
i
ll
a
ti
o
n
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
.
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
a
c
k
in
g
(
M
P
P
T
)
:
T
h
i
s
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
es
s
e
n
t
i
al
t
o
r
e
n
ew
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
i
t
m
a
k
es
s
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
s
a
n
d
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
ls
a
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
w
e
r
f
e
asi
b
l
e
.
T
h
e
s
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
'
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
i
s
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
o
n
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
l
i
k
e
wi
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
a
n
d
s
u
n
s
h
i
n
e
i
n
t
e
n
s
it
y
,
s
o
i
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
l
y
a
d
j
u
s
t
e
d
t
o
m
a
i
n
t
ai
n
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
.
A
p
o
p
u
l
a
r
M
P
P
T
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
is
c
al
l
e
d
"
p
e
r
t
u
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
"
(
P
&
O
)
,
i
n
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
m
o
d
i
f
i
e
s
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
g
r
a
d
u
a
l
l
y
a
n
d
t
r
a
c
k
s
t
h
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
.
T
h
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
e
r
t
u
r
b
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
m
a
i
n
s
u
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
i
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
g
r
o
w
s
,
a
n
d
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
s
i
f
i
t
f
al
l
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Var
iab
le
s
tep
s
ize
(
VS)
:
F
ix
ed
s
tep
s
izes
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
er
t
u
r
b
atio
n
s
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Var
iab
le
s
tep
s
izes,
h
o
wev
er
,
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
MPPT
p
r
o
c
ess
'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
r
ea
ctio
n
tim
e.
Mo
r
e
r
a
p
id
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
to
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
f
o
llo
win
g
n
o
t
ab
le
ch
an
g
es
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2655
-
2
6
6
4
2658
p
o
s
s
ib
le
with
b
ig
g
er
s
tep
s
izes,
wh
er
ea
s
s
m
aller
s
tep
s
izes
p
e
r
m
it
f
in
er
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
a
n
d
les
s
p
o
wer
o
s
cillatio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
VS_
PO M
PP
T
Alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Hig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
V
S_
PO M
PP
T
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
o
p
er
atio
n
3
.
1
.
D
is
t
inct
iv
e
f
ea
t
ures o
f
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
VS_
P
O
a
lg
o
rit
hm
W
h
ile
ex
is
tin
g
MPPT
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
d
y
n
am
ically
a
d
ju
s
t
s
tep
s
ize
b
ased
o
n
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
d
P/d
V,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
en
h
an
ce
s
th
i
s
b
y
f
ac
to
r
in
g
i
n
th
e
r
elativ
e
r
ate
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
in
p
u
ts
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
e
r
g
in
g
th
eir
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
to
a
h
y
b
r
id
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
lo
g
ic.
T
h
is
d
u
al
-
in
p
u
t
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
t
en
s
u
r
es
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
tr
ac
k
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
en
d
u
r
in
g
c
o
n
f
lictin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
ch
an
g
es
(
e.
g
.
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
win
d
s
p
ee
d
with
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
ir
r
ad
ia
n
c
e)
.
A
p
r
ac
tical
u
n
if
icatio
n
l
o
g
ic
wh
er
e
th
e
s
tep
s
ize
is
ad
ap
ted
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
weig
h
ted
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
d
P/d
V
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
A
s
im
p
lifie
d
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
lik
e:
Δ
V=
k
(
α
.
d
P
pv
/d
V
pv
+(
1
-
α
)
d
P
wind
/d
V
wind
)
W
h
er
e
:
ΔV
-
Step
s
ize
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
;
k
-
Ad
a
p
tiv
e
g
ain
co
n
s
tan
t
;
α
-
W
eig
h
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
(
0
≤
α
≤
1
)
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
p
r
io
r
ity
b
etwe
en
PV
an
d
win
d
(
d
ef
au
lt
-
0
.
5
)
;
an
d
dP
pv
/
d
V
pv
,
d
P
wind
/d
V
wind
:
I
n
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
p
o
wer
g
r
ad
ien
ts
o
f
PV a
n
d
win
d
s
y
s
t
em
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
f
o
r
m
u
l
atio
n
en
ab
les th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
t
o
:
a)
R
esp
o
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
to
th
e
m
o
s
t d
y
n
am
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
at
a
g
i
v
e
n
m
o
m
e
n
t
b)
Pre
v
en
t
co
n
f
lictin
g
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
p
o
s
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ch
an
g
es
c)
Ma
in
tain
MPPT
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
m
in
im
al
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
Un
lik
e
m
u
lti
-
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
tr
ate
g
ies,
th
is
u
n
if
ied
VS_
PO
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
im
p
lifie
s
im
p
lem
en
tati
o
n
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
em
b
ed
d
ed
o
r
co
s
t
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
a
v
o
id
s
s
ep
ar
a
te
MPPT
m
o
d
u
les
f
o
r
PV
an
d
win
d
,
t
h
u
s
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
d
em
an
d
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
u
n
d
er
m
ix
e
d
-
s
o
u
r
ce
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
S
tep
s
iz
e
va
r
ia
b
ilit
y
w
ith
h
ig
h
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
s
o
la
r
-
w
in
d
g
r
id
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
u
s
in
g
…
(
La
ksh
mi
Dh
a
n
d
a
p
a
n
i
)
2659
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
a
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
to
test
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
v
ar
iab
le
s
tep
s
ize
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
a
f
r
ee
s
tan
d
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
PV
-
win
d
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
d
ev
ice
co
m
b
in
es
s
ep
a
r
ate
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
f
r
o
m
win
d
a
n
d
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
all
m
an
ag
ed
b
y
a
s
in
g
le
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
o
esti
m
a
te
th
e
id
ea
l
d
u
ty
cy
cle
an
d
g
u
ar
an
tee
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
u
n
d
er
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
m
ak
es
u
s
e
o
f
f
o
u
r
ess
en
tial
in
p
u
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
:
PV
v
o
ltag
e
(V
PV
)
,
win
d
v
o
ltag
e
(
VW
)
,
P
V
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
PV
)
,
a
n
d
win
d
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
W
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
h
y
b
r
id
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
an
d
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
(
W
T
)
s
y
s
tem
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
m
e
et
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
s
id
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
PV/W
T
s
y
s
tem
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
ar
tial
s
h
ad
in
g
an
d
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
m
ax
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
ese
i
s
s
u
es,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
,
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
f
l
o
w.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV a
r
r
a
y
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
o
ex
tr
ac
t
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
is
s
et
to
1
0
0
0
W
/m
²,
y
ield
in
g
a
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
2
5
A
an
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
3
2
0
V.
T
h
e
g
en
e
r
ated
p
o
wer
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
en
s
u
r
es
a
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
As
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
es
7
an
d
8
,
th
e
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
lo
ad
is
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
9
0
0
0
W
at
a
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
1
5
m
/s
.
T
h
e
PV
ar
r
ay
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
an
ad
d
i
tio
n
al
1
0
,
0
0
0
W
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
o
m
ain
tain
s
tab
le
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
th
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
is
r
eg
u
lated
at
2
1
0
V,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
s
u
s
tain
s
th
is
co
n
s
tan
t
D
C
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e,
en
s
u
r
in
g
r
eliab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
A
h
y
b
r
i
d
PV a
n
d
wi
n
d
s
y
s
tem
with
a
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
v
ar
iab
le
s
tep
s
ize
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
t
h
e
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
r
r
ad
ia
n
ce
o
f
PV
s
y
s
t
e
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2655
-
2
6
6
4
2660
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
PV
-
g
en
e
r
ated
p
o
wer
Fig
u
r
e
7.
W
in
d
s
p
ee
d
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
W
in
d
p
o
wer
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
DC
lin
k
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
s
u
r
es
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
an
d
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
(
W
T
)
s
y
s
tem
s
wh
ile
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
s
.
As
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
10
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ain
tain
s
a
s
tead
y
g
r
id
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
2
5
A
an
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
2
0
0
0
V,
co
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
PV
-
W
T
s
y
s
tem
r
ea
ch
es
2
0
k
W
,
alig
n
in
g
p
r
ec
is
ely
with
th
e
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
g
r
i
d
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
T
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
v
alid
ates
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
r
el
iab
ly
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
an
d
co
m
p
e
n
s
atin
g
th
e
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
v
ar
y
in
g
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
r
ee
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
:
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
v
ar
iab
le
s
tep
s
ize
(
VSS)
MPPT
,
s
lap
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
SS
O)
,
a
n
d
a
r
tific
ial
r
ain
d
r
o
p
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
AR
DA)
,
u
n
d
e
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
v
a
r
iab
le
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
VSS
MPPT
m
eth
o
d
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
,
p
o
wer
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
1
0
-
s
ec
o
n
d
s
im
u
latio
n
p
er
io
d
,
th
e
VSS
M
PP
T
m
ain
tain
s
an
av
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ately
1
1
0
5
W
,
with
m
in
im
al
d
ev
iatio
n
d
u
r
in
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
SS
O
m
eth
o
d
s
h
o
ws
n
o
ticea
b
le
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
ts
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
h
o
o
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
etwe
en
4
a
n
d
6
s
ec
o
n
d
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
lo
wer
a
v
er
ag
e
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
ab
o
u
t 1
0
8
2
W
an
d
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
r
ip
p
le.
T
h
e
AR
DA
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
m
o
d
er
ately
well,
with
an
av
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
o
f
1
0
9
3
W
,
th
o
u
g
h
it
ex
h
ib
its
s
lig
h
t
lag
s
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
d
d
en
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
c
h
an
g
es.
O
v
er
all,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
VSS
MPPT
ex
h
ib
its
f
aster
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
,
b
etter
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
r
ip
p
le
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
th
er
two
m
eth
o
d
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
h
i
g
h
ly
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
PV
-
win
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
v
ar
y
d
y
n
am
ically
.
B
ased
o
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
cr
iter
ia
lik
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
tim
e,
p
o
wer
r
ip
p
l
e,
co
n
tr
o
l
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
a
n
d
a
p
p
licab
ilit
y
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
PV
-
win
d
s
y
s
tem
s
,
T
ab
le
1
co
m
p
a
r
es
p
o
p
u
lar
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Hig
h
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
q
u
ic
k
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
with
litt
le
p
o
wer
r
ip
p
le
ar
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
v
ar
iab
le
s
tep
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
S
tep
s
iz
e
va
r
ia
b
ilit
y
w
ith
h
ig
h
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
s
o
la
r
-
w
in
d
g
r
id
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
u
s
in
g
…
(
La
ksh
mi
Dh
a
n
d
a
p
a
n
i
)
2661
s
ize
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
VS_
PO)
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ich
a
ls
o
m
ain
tain
s
lo
w
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
ly
,
it
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
win
d
an
d
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
,
wh
ich
m
ak
e
s
it
id
ea
l
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
with
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
o
wer
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Gr
i
d
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
T
o
tal
g
e
n
er
ated
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
iab
le
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2655
-
2
6
6
4
2662
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
MPPT
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
M
P
P
T
m
e
t
h
o
d
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%)
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
t
i
m
e
(
s)
P
o
w
e
r
r
i
p
p
l
e
(
W
)
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
S
u
i
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
R
e
mar
k
s/
c
o
mp
a
r
i
s
o
n
w
i
t
h
V
S
S
-
P
&O
F
i
x
e
d
S
t
e
p
P
&O
91
–
94
0
.
3
–
1
.
0
H
i
g
h
(
5
–
2
0
W)
Lo
w
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
S
l
o
w
e
r
r
e
sp
o
n
se
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
e
r
r
i
p
p
l
e
;
V
S
S
-
P
&O
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
s
o
sc
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
c
r
e
men
t
a
l
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
94
–
96
0
.
2
–
0
.
6
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
(3
–
1
0
W
)
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
G
o
o
d
G
o
o
d
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
b
u
t
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
n
h
y
b
r
i
d
c
a
s
e
;
V
S
S
-
P
&O
i
s si
m
p
l
e
r
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
l
e
F
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
95
–
97
0
.
2
–
0
.
5
Lo
w
(
1
–
5
W)
H
i
g
h
V
e
r
y
g
ood
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
e
x
p
e
r
t
t
u
n
i
n
g
;
V
S
S
-
P
&O
e
a
si
e
r
t
o
i
mp
l
e
m
e
n
t
N
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
-
b
a
s
e
d
96
–
98
0
.
1
–
0
.
4
V
e
r
y
l
o
w
(
<
2
W
)
V
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
Ex
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
N
e
e
d
s
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
;
V
S
S
-
P
&O
mo
r
e
l
i
g
h
t
w
e
i
g
h
t
S
A
LP
95
–
97
0
.
4
–
0
.
7
Lo
w
(
<
4
W
)
H
i
g
h
G
o
o
d
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
g
l
o
b
a
l
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
r
b
u
t
s
l
o
w
e
r
t
h
a
n
V
S
S
-
P
&O
i
n
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
A
R
D
A
94
–
96
0
.
3
–
0
.
6
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
(3
–
6
W
)
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
-
h
i
g
h
G
o
o
d
O
f
f
e
r
s g
o
o
d
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
i
n
u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
;
V
S
S
-
P
&O
i
s fas
t
e
r
a
n
d
mo
r
e
st
a
b
l
e
V
S
S
-
P
&O
(
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
met
h
o
d
)
97
–
9
8
.
5
0
.
1
–
0
.
3
Lo
w
(
<
3
W
)
M
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
H
i
g
h
l
y
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
S
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
l
o
w
e
r
r
i
p
p
l
e
,
f
a
st
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
/
w
i
n
d
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
5
.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
v
ar
iab
le
s
tep
-
s
ize
p
er
tu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
VS_
P
O)
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
an
d
win
d
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Dis
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
u
al
-
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ch
em
es,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
u
tili
ze
s
a
u
n
if
ie
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
m
an
a
g
in
g
b
o
th
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
B
y
in
tellig
en
t
ly
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
s
tep
s
ize
b
ase
d
o
n
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
p
o
wer
v
ar
i
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
an
d
win
d
in
p
u
ts
,
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
en
s
u
r
es
f
aster
tr
ac
k
in
g
,
s
tab
le
o
u
tp
u
t,
an
d
p
r
ec
is
e
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Simu
latio
n
s
tu
d
ies
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
i
n
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
v
alid
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
alp
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
ar
tific
ial
r
ain
d
r
o
p
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
th
e
VS_
PO
m
eth
o
d
d
eliv
er
s
s
u
p
er
io
r
r
esu
lts
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
er
tr
ac
k
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
u
p
t
o
9
8
.
5
%),
m
in
im
al
p
o
wer
r
ip
p
le
(
<
3
W
)
,
a
n
d
r
ap
id
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
(
<0
.
3
s
)
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
ep
ar
ate
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
e
ac
h
s
o
u
r
ce
,
u
n
if
ied
at
a
co
m
m
o
n
DC
lin
k
,
en
s
u
r
es
co
n
s
is
ten
t v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
ev
en
u
n
d
er
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
l
o
ad
o
r
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
b
ased
s
o
lely
o
n
s
im
u
latio
n
,
with
o
u
t
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ities
an
d
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
d
y
n
am
ics.
Fu
tu
r
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
ts
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
ar
d
wa
r
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
d
y
n
am
ic
win
d
m
o
d
elin
g
,
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
PV
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
u
s
in
g
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ls
.
W
ith
its
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
lo
w
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
s
t,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
tr
ateg
y
is
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t g
r
id
an
d
m
icr
o
g
r
id
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
L
ak
s
h
m
i D
h
an
d
a
p
an
i
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Pu
s
h
p
a
Sre
en
iv
asan
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ma
lath
y
B
atu
m
alay
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
e
y
h
av
e
n
o
k
n
o
wn
c
o
m
p
etin
g
f
in
an
cial
in
ter
ests
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
th
at
co
u
ld
h
av
e
ap
p
ea
r
ed
t
o
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
wo
r
k
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
est.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
S
tep
s
iz
e
va
r
ia
b
ilit
y
w
ith
h
ig
h
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
s
o
la
r
-
w
in
d
g
r
id
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
u
s
in
g
…
(
La
ksh
mi
Dh
a
n
d
a
p
a
n
i
)
2663
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
a
v
ailab
le
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle
an
d
its
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tar
y
m
ater
ials
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
N
.
H
a
sa
n
,
I
.
I
b
r
a
h
e
e
m,
a
n
d
S
.
F
a
r
o
o
q
,
“
R
e
a
l
t
i
me
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
u
t
o
ma
t
i
c
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
i
n
t
e
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
sy
s
t
e
m
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
n
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
0
–
5
1
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
6
7
6
/
i
j
e
e
i
.
2
0
1
2
.
4
.
1
.
4
[
2
]
K
.
H
.
R
e
d
d
y
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
st
e
m
w
i
t
h
b
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
u
si
n
g
f
u
z
z
y
i
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
a
se
d
mo
d
i
f
i
e
d
i
n
e
r
t
i
a
p
s
o
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
n
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
5
5
–
1
7
2
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
5
6
7
6
/
i
j
e
e
i
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
2
.
1
.
1
3
.
[
3
]
B
.
A
s
h
o
k
,
S
.
R
a
v
i
sh
a
n
k
a
r
,
N
.
M
.
K
u
mar,
N
.
K
.
A
n
u
sh
k
a
n
n
a
n
,
S
.
K
a
l
i
a
p
p
a
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
K
a
r
t
h
i
k
e
y
a
n
,
“
A
n
e
w
d
e
si
g
n
o
f
U
P
Q
C
-
B
a
s
e
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
m
u
l
t
i
-
c
a
r
r
i
e
r
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
t
r
a
n
sf
o
r
mer
l
e
ss
g
r
i
d
C
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
P
V
-
b
a
sed
a
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
i
l
t
e
r
,”
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
P
o
w
e
r
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
3
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
5
3
2
5
0
0
8
.
2
0
2
4
.
2
3
0
3
7
1
6
.
[
4
]
S
.
S
a
r
a
v
a
n
a
n
a
n
d
N
.
R
.
B
a
b
u
,
“
R
B
F
N
b
a
se
d
m
p
p
t
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
p
v
sy
s
t
e
m
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
s
t
e
p
-
up
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
2
,
p
p
.
2
3
9
–
2
5
1
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
c
o
n
m
a
n
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
5
.
0
7
1
.
[
5
]
T.
J
.
L
i
a
n
g
,
J.
H
.
Le
e
,
S
.
M
.
C
h
e
n
,
J.
F
.
C
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
L
.
S
.
Y
a
n
g
,
“
N
o
v
e
l
i
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
h
i
g
h
-
s
t
e
p
-
u
p
d
c
–
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
l
i
f
t
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
2
0
0
–
1
2
1
1
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
1
2
.
2
1
9
3
8
5
2
.
[
6
]
L.
D
h
a
n
d
a
p
a
n
i
,
P
.
S
r
e
e
n
i
v
a
sa
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
B
a
t
u
m
a
l
a
y
,
“
A
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
r
a
i
n
d
r
o
p
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
i
n
a
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
sy
st
e
m,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
r
i
v
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
J
PED
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
1
6
–
1
1
2
3
,
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
e
d
s
.
v
1
6
.
i
2
.
p
p
1
1
1
6
-
1
1
2
3
.
[
7
]
M
.
S
i
t
b
o
n
,
S
.
S
c
h
a
c
h
a
m,
T.
S
u
n
t
i
o
,
a
n
d
A
.
K
u
p
e
r
m
a
n
,
“
I
mp
r
o
v
e
d
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
a
s
o
l
a
r
a
r
r
a
y
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
b
o
o
st
p
o
w
e
r
st
a
g
e
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
9
8
,
p
p
.
3
6
9
–
3
7
5
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
c
o
n
ma
n
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
3
.
0
2
7
.
[
8
]
H
.
D
u
z
,
“
S
t
o
r
i
n
g
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
si
d
e
c
o
mp
r
e
sse
d
a
i
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
h
e
a
t
ma
c
h
i
n
e
mec
h
a
n
i
s
m,”
G
a
z
i
U
n
i
v
e
rsi
t
y
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
4
5
–
2
5
1
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
5
3
7
8
/
e
n
g
sci
.
2
0
5
5
.
[
9
]
D
.
S
o
mas
u
n
d
a
r
a
m,
R
.
M
u
t
h
u
k
u
m
a
r
,
N
.
R
a
j
a
v
i
n
u
,
K
.
R
a
mai
y
a
n
,
a
n
d
P
.
K
a
v
i
t
h
a
,
“
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g
sy
st
e
m
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
ri
v
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
J
PED
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
2
5
–
1
9
3
3
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
e
d
s
.
v
1
5
.
i
3
.
p
p
1
9
2
5
-
1
9
3
3
.
[
1
0
]
N
.
T.
P
a
t
h
a
n
,
S
.
P
.
A
d
h
a
u
,
P
.
G
.
A
d
h
a
u
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
S
a
b
l
e
,
“
M
P
P
T
f
o
r
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
w
i
n
d
d
r
i
v
e
n
p
ms
g
-
so
l
a
r
p
v
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
y
st
e
m
w
i
t
h
si
n
g
l
e
s
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Po
w
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
1
–
4
9
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
1
7
8
/
j
e
p
se
.
3
.
1
.
4
1
-
4
9
.
[
1
1
]
E.
S
a
l
a
r
y
,
M
.
R
.
B
a
n
a
e
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
j
a
mi
,
“
S
t
e
p
-
u
p
d
c
/
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
,
”
G
a
z
i
U
n
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
9
9
–
6
0
7
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
5
3
7
8
/
e
n
g
sci
.
1
6
9
9
.
[
1
2
]
J.
P
.
R
a
m
,
N
.
R
a
j
a
s
e
k
a
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
i
y
a
t
a
k
e
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
o
f
ma
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s i
n
w
i
n
d
a
n
d
s
o
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
st
e
ms:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
3
8
–
1
1
5
9
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser.
2
0
1
7
.
0
2
.
0
3
1
.
[
1
3
]
R
.
T
i
w
a
r
i
a
n
d
N
.
R
.
B
a
b
u
,
“
R
e
c
e
n
t
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
s
y
st
e
m,
”
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
rg
y
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
,
p
p
.
2
6
8
–
2
8
5
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
se
r
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
7
.
0
1
1
.
[
1
4
]
S
.
S
a
r
a
v
a
n
a
n
a
n
d
N
.
R
.
B
a
b
u
,
“
M
a
x
i
mu
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
f
o
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
st
e
m
–
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
rg
y
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
7
,
p
p
.
1
9
2
–
2
0
4
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
se
r
.
2
0
1
5
.
1
2
.
0
8
3
.
[
1
5
]
H
.
F
a
t
h
a
b
a
d
i
,
“
N
o
v
e
l
h
i
g
h
l
y
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
sa
l
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
a
c
k
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
h
y
b
r
i
d
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
/
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
/
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
sy
s
t
e
m
s,”
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
6
,
p
p
.
4
0
2
–
4
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
9
.
1
0
1
.
[
1
6
]
R
.
Jo
h
n
,
S
.
M
.
S
u
l
t
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
R
.
Za
c
h
a
r
i
a
h
,
“
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
st
e
p
s
i
z
e
p
e
r
t
u
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
ser
v
e
M
P
P
T
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
st
a
n
d
a
l
o
n
e
so
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
sy
s
t
e
m
,
”
i
n
Pr
o
c
.
I
E
EE
I
n
t
.
C
o
n
f
.
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
i
n
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
O
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pr
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
(
I
N
C
O
S
)
,
2
0
1
7
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
TC
O
S
P
.
2
0
1
7
.
8
3
0
3
1
6
3
.
[
1
7
]
R
.
R
.
S
u
b
r
a
ma
n
i
a
n
,
R
.
R
.
S
u
d
h
a
r
s
a
n
,
B
.
V
a
i
r
a
m
u
t
h
u
,
a
n
d
D
.
A
.
D
e
w
i
,
“
N
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
e
l
s
f
o
r
d
i
a
g
n
o
si
n
g
r
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
p
h
t
h
o
u
s
u
l
c
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
o
r
a
l
i
ma
g
e
s,
”
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
R
e
p
o
r
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
2
9
5
1
9
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/
s4
1
5
9
8
-
0
2
5
-
0
6
9
5
1
-
5.
[1
8
]
C
.
M
.
H
o
n
g
a
n
d
C
.
H
.
C
h
e
n
,
“
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
a
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
w
i
n
d
-
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
o
w
e
r
sy
s
t
e
ms,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r &
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
5
,
p
p
.
5
5
4
–
5
6
1
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
e
p
e
s
.
2
0
1
3
.
0
9
.
0
3
1
.
[1
9
]
F
.
B
a
g
h
d
a
d
i
,
K
.
M
o
h
a
m
me
d
i
,
S
.
D
i
a
f
,
a
n
d
O
.
B
e
h
a
r
,
“
F
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
s
t
a
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
sy
s
t
e
m
,
”
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
5
,
p
p
.
4
7
1
–
4
7
9
,
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
c
o
n
ma
n
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
8
.
0
1
4
.
[
20
]
B
.
B
h
a
n
d
a
r
i
,
S
.
R
.
P
o
u
d
e
l
,
K
.
T
.
Le
e
,
a
n
d
S
.
H
.
A
h
n
,
“
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
mo
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
st
e
m:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
smal
l
h
y
d
r
o
-
s
o
l
a
r
-
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
Pre
c
i
s
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
Ma
n
u
f
a
c
t
u
r
i
n
g
-
G
re
e
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
–
1
7
3
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s4
0
6
8
4
-
014
-
0
0
2
0
-
0.
[2
1
]
T.
H
.
K
w
a
n
a
n
d
X
.
W
u
,
“
M
a
x
i
mu
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
u
si
n
g
a
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
a
n
t
e
c
e
d
e
n
t
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
”
S
o
l
a
r
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
7
,
p
p
.
1
8
9
–
2
0
0
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
o
l
e
n
e
r
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
8
.
0
2
2
.
[2
2
]
E.
K
a
b
a
l
c
i
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
l
a
n
t
w
i
t
h
s
o
l
a
r
a
n
d
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
rsi
o
n
a
n
d
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
7
2
,
p
p
.
5
1
–
5
9
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
c
o
n
m
a
n
.
2
0
1
3
.
0
3
.
0
1
2
.
[2
3
]
Y
.
Th
a
n
g
a
r
a
j
,
T
.
D
.
S
u
r
e
sh
,
S
.
S
e
l
v
i
,
a
n
d
B
.
P
o
t
t
u
k
k
a
n
n
a
n
,
“
M
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
u
si
n
g
s
o
l
a
r
-
b
a
se
d
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
d
g
o
n
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
”
Re
c
e
n
t
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
7
4
/
0
1
2
3
5
2
0
9
6
5
2
6
7
4
7
7
2
3
1
0
1
8
1
1
4
2
5
0
.
[2
4
]
S
.
S
e
l
v
i
,
J
.
A
.
K
u
m
a
r
,
M
.
Jo
l
y
,
a
n
d
B
.
R
a
m
p
r
i
y
a
,
“
Le
v
y
b
a
se
d
smo
o
t
h
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
”
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
6
,
p
p
.
8
0
0
3
–
8
0
1
6
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s0
0
2
0
2
-
0
2
4
-
0
1
9
7
4
-
6.
[2
5
]
S
.
A
n
b
u
c
h
a
n
d
r
a
n
,
M
.
A
.
B
a
b
u
,
D
.
S
.
S
t
e
p
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
Th
i
n
a
k
a
r
a
n
,
“
D
C
mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
f
o
r
EV
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
EV
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
b
y
u
si
n
g
S
TS
M
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s,
”
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
R
e
se
a
rc
h
Ex
p
ress
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
0
4
5
3
4
5
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
2
6
3
1
-
8
6
9
5
/
a
d
9
2
d
9
.
[2
6
]
P
.
K
a
t
a
r
e
,
S
.
B
o
p
c
h
e
,
P
.
Ta
m
k
h
a
d
e
,
R
.
G
u
r
a
v
,
S
.
N
a
l
a
v
a
d
e
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
A
w
a
d
,
“
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
f
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
s:
w
a
v
e
,
h
y
d
r
o
,
o
f
f
sh
o
r
e
-
w
i
n
d
a
n
d
f
l
o
a
t
i
n
g
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
h
a
r
n
e
ss
i
n
g
,
”
M
u
l
t
i
d
i
sci
p
l
i
n
a
r
y
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
2
0
2
4
0
5
4
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
1
8
9
3
/
mu
l
t
i
r
e
v
.
2
0
2
4
0
5
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2655
-
2
6
6
4
2664
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
La
k
shm
i
Dha
n
d
a
p
a
n
i
is
a
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
o
f
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
M
a
rit
ime
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Train
in
g
,
d
e
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
C
h
e
n
n
a
i
,
Tam
il
N
a
d
u
,
In
d
ia.
S
h
e
h
a
s
m
o
re
th
a
n
2
3
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
e
x
p
e
rti
se
in
th
e
field
o
f
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
g
u
i
d
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
3
0
UG
stu
d
e
n
ts,
1
5
P
G
stu
d
e
n
ts
,
a
n
d
4
re
se
a
rc
h
sc
h
o
lars
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
1
1
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ters
a
n
d
6
b
o
o
k
s,
4
6
a
rti
c
les
in
S
CI
a
n
d
S
c
o
p
u
s
-
in
d
e
x
e
d
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls
,
a
n
d
n
e
a
rly
3
5
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
le
v
e
l
,
a
n
d
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
p
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
.
S
h
e
is
a
li
fe
m
e
m
b
e
r
i
n
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
b
o
d
ies
su
c
h
a
s
IEE
E
,
IEI
,
IA
ENG
,
a
n
d
In
s.
S
h
e
is
a
sta
r
o
rg
a
n
ize
r
i
n
t
h
e
IG
EN
En
e
rg
a
t
h
o
n
,
2
0
2
3
M
a
ra
th
o
n
,
a
n
e
w
w
o
rld
re
c
o
rd
f
o
r
th
e
l
o
n
g
e
st
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
.
He
r
a
re
a
s
o
f
i
n
tere
st
a
re
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l,
so
f
t
c
o
m
p
u
t
in
g
,
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
sy
ste
m
s,
m
icro
g
rid
,
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
m
a
c
h
in
e
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
lak
sh
m
i.
d
@a
m
e
tu
n
iv
.
a
c
.
i
n
.
Pu
shp
a
S
r
e
e
n
iv
a
s
a
n
is
a
re
se
a
rc
h
sc
h
o
lar
in
t
h
e
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
a
t
th
e
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
M
a
rit
ime
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(AME
T)
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Tam
i
l
Nā
d
u
,
In
d
ia.
S
h
e
h
a
s
1
8
y
e
a
rs
o
f
tea
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
.
S
h
e
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
B.
E.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
M
a
d
ra
s
Un
i
v
e
rsity
in
th
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
0
3
,
M
.
E.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
An
n
a
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Tam
il
Nā
d
u
,
In
d
ia,
i
n
th
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
0
9
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
P
a
n
ima
lar
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
Tam
il
Nā
d
u
,
In
d
ia.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
t
h
e
field
o
f
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
ms
,
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
m
a
c
h
in
e
s,
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sy
st
e
m
s
,
a
n
d
m
icro
g
rid
s
.
S
h
e
is
a
l
ife
m
e
m
b
e
r
in
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
b
o
d
ies
li
k
e
IAENG
.
S
h
e
g
o
t
a
n
Org
a
n
ize
r
a
wa
rd
i
n
G
re
e
n
En
e
rg
y
S
DG
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
u
v
e
h
a
v
a
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m.
Ma
la
t
h
y
Ba
t
u
m
a
la
y
e
a
rn
e
d
h
e
r
m
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
M
a
lay
a
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
a
n
d
su
b
se
q
u
e
n
tl
y
p
u
rs
u
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D
.
in
P
h
o
to
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
th
e
sa
m
e
in
stit
u
ti
o
n
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
las
e
rs,
fib
e
r
o
p
t
ics
,
a
n
d
fi
b
e
r
se
n
so
rs.
S
h
e
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
tes
wit
h
b
o
th
lo
c
a
l
a
n
d
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
to
d
e
lv
e
d
e
e
p
e
r
,
re
su
lt
i
n
g
in
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
h
ig
h
-
q
u
a
li
t
y
p
u
b
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
in
re
lev
a
n
t
jo
u
r
n
a
ls.
Ad
d
it
io
n
a
ll
y
,
s
h
e
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
se
rv
e
s
a
s
a
re
v
iew
e
r
fo
r
se
v
e
ra
l
jo
u
rn
a
ls
a
n
d
h
o
ld
s
a
c
o
m
m
it
tee
p
o
siti
o
n
in
th
e
Op
ti
c
a
l
S
o
c
iet
y
o
f
M
a
lay
sia
(OSM
),
wh
e
re
sh
e
c
o
n
tri
b
u
tes
to
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs.
F
u
rth
e
rm
o
re
,
sh
e
is
a
lso
re
g
ister
e
d
a
s
a
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
wi
th
t
h
e
B
o
a
rd
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
rs
M
a
lay
sia
(BEM
)
a
n
d
a
s
a
Ch
a
rtere
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
with
Th
e
In
sti
t
u
ti
o
n
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(I
ET
).
P
re
se
n
tl
y
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
a
s
a
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
wit
h
a
p
re
s
ti
g
io
u
s
p
ri
v
a
te
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
in
M
a
lay
sia
,
re
n
o
wn
e
d
f
o
r
it
s
e
x
p
e
rt
ise
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
n
e
two
r
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
c
lo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
sh
e
h
o
l
d
s
p
i
v
o
tal
lea
d
e
rsh
i
p
p
o
siti
o
n
s.
As
t
h
e
Dire
c
to
r
o
f
t
h
e
Ce
n
tre
fo
r
Da
ta
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Eme
rg
in
g
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
sh
e
e
p
i
to
m
ize
s
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
e
x
c
e
ll
e
n
c
e
.
He
r
fe
rv
e
n
t
a
sp
iratio
n
is
t
o
e
n
g
a
g
e
with
e
m
e
rg
in
g
tale
n
ts
a
n
d
p
r
o
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
re
se
a
rc
h
c
a
n
d
id
a
tes
,
th
e
re
b
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
th
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic l
a
n
d
sc
a
p
e
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
lath
y
.
b
a
t
u
m
a
lay
@n
e
win
ti
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.