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m
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[
1
]
.
Ma
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d
esig
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im
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th
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m
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s
ar
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f
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s
o
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s
im
p
licity
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in
s
tallatio
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lo
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in
itial
co
s
ts
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wh
ile
n
eg
lectin
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th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
asp
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ts
o
f
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
's
th
er
m
al
ex
ch
an
g
e
with
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t [
2
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
p
r
o
b
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s
id
en
tifi
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in
th
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e
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s
th
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co
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o
f
th
e
th
er
m
al
in
er
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f
th
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walls
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d
th
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cu
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u
lated
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th
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s
tr
u
ctu
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d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Ma
n
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r
esear
c
h
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s
b
a
s
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ca
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o
f
th
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q
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t
o
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ly
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th
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th
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tate
[
3
]
.
As
a
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u
s
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f
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h
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f
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th
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tem
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esp
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in
win
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wh
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tem
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p
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T
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e
im
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ac
t
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f
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ld
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in
ad
d
itio
n
t
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h
u
m
an
th
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al
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f
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also
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n
s
eq
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n
ce
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f
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h
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C
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m
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ts
ar
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r
ela
ted
to
th
e
h
ig
h
p
r
ice
o
f
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;
th
er
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o
r
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to
s
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wh
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tak
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C
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b
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cu
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ar
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s
p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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Dr
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,
Vo
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16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2677
-
2
6
8
7
2678
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f
ten
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
d
esig
n
er
s
an
d
i
n
s
taller
s
th
at
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
m
u
s
t
b
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
at
l
ea
s
t
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
it
is
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
at
2
4
-
h
o
u
r
p
er
i
o
d
.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
p
r
ac
tical
ch
allen
g
es
ar
is
e,
s
u
ch
as
wh
o
will
ac
tiv
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
if
th
e
u
s
er
s
ar
e
awa
y
,
o
r
h
o
w
to
m
an
ag
e
it if
th
e
r
e
is
n
o
r
e
m
o
te
elec
tr
o
n
ic
ac
ce
s
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l th
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
a
te
b
o
th
tech
n
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
an
aly
s
es
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
,
b
ased
o
n
a
th
er
m
al
b
ala
n
ce
th
at
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
h
ea
t
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
i
n
walls,
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
in
s
u
latin
g
lay
er
s
,
an
d
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
as
well
as
an
aly
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
f
o
r
p
ar
am
eter
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
Fo
r
t
h
i
s
r
ea
s
o
n
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
h
ea
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
in
walls,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
co
n
s
id
er
u
n
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
h
ea
t
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
in
walls
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
h
ea
tin
g
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
th
e
u
n
s
tead
y
h
ea
t
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
eq
u
atio
n
,
as in
(
1
)
[
4
]
-
[
8
]
.
=
[
2
2
+
2
2
+
2
2
]
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
–
tim
e
(
s
)
,
t
–
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
°
C
)
,
–
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
(
W
/m
K)
[
9
]
,
–
d
e
n
s
ity
(
k
g
/m
3
)
,
c
p
–
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ea
t (
k
J
/k
g
K)
,
x
,
y,
z
–
co
o
r
d
in
ates in
s
p
ac
e
(m).
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
er
m
al
in
er
ti
a
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le,
as
it
r
ef
lects
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
wall
s
t
o
s
to
r
e
an
d
r
elea
s
e
h
ea
t
o
v
er
tim
e.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
e
th
e
r
m
al
in
e
r
tia,
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
is
in
itially
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
h
ea
tin
g
;
h
o
wev
er
,
it
also
en
s
u
r
es
im
p
r
o
v
ed
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
v
er
tim
e
[
3
]
.
An
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
d
icat
o
r
o
f
t
h
is
b
eh
a
v
io
r
is
th
e
th
er
m
al
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t
T
(
with
u
n
its
o
f
s
)
,
wh
ich
d
ef
i
n
es
th
e
tim
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
th
er
m
al
eq
u
ilib
r
iu
m
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
th
e
in
d
o
o
r
air
.
T
h
e
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
ex
ter
n
al
t
h
er
m
al
v
ar
ia
tio
n
s
,
d
ep
en
d
s
d
ir
ec
tly
o
n
t
h
e
th
er
m
o
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
wall
-
s
u
ch
as
th
er
m
al
ca
p
ac
ity
,
co
n
d
u
ct
iv
ity
,
an
d
d
en
s
ity
-
an
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
b
o
th
th
e
tim
e
d
elay
an
d
th
e
atten
u
atio
n
f
ac
to
r
o
f
th
e
th
er
m
al
f
lu
x
am
p
litu
d
e.
As
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
b
y
Asan
an
d
San
ca
k
tar
[
1
0
]
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
th
er
m
al
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
wall
th
ick
n
ess
lead
s
to
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
is
co
n
s
tan
t,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
th
er
m
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
to
in
clu
d
e
n
o
n
-
s
tatio
n
ar
y
ef
f
ec
ts
an
d
h
ea
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
in
b
u
ild
in
g
s
with
p
ar
tial d
aily
h
ea
tin
g
u
s
e,
wh
er
e
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
m
u
s
t r
ea
ct
q
u
ick
ly
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ately
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
to
m
in
im
ize
h
ea
t
lo
s
s
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
b
u
ild
i
n
g
’
s
th
e
r
m
al
ef
f
ici
en
cy
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
u
itab
le
th
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
s
is
o
f
cr
itical
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
o
f
m
ater
ials
d
i
r
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
th
e
h
ea
t
tr
a
n
s
f
er
co
e
f
f
icien
t
(
k
)
a
n
d
th
e
th
er
m
al
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
h
ea
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
walls
a
s
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
tim
e
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
r
ea
l
h
ea
tin
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
[
1
1
]
.
Als
o
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
as
an
au
x
iliar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
h
ea
tin
g
r
ep
r
esen
ts
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
1
]
.
So
lar
c
o
llecto
r
s
ca
n
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
to
p
a
r
tially
m
ee
t
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
d
em
an
d
,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
t
o
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
as
an
au
x
iliar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
ca
n
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
in
itial
th
er
m
al
lo
ad
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
th
er
m
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
o
o
r
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
b
u
ild
in
g
au
to
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
i
n
teg
r
ate
s
en
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
u
n
its
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
-
t
im
e
in
d
o
o
r
an
d
o
u
td
o
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
4
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
th
e
aim
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ac
h
iev
e
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
b
y
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
d
esig
n
in
g
a
n
d
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
in
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
s
a
n
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
izin
g
o
f
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
en
ab
le
th
e
au
to
m
ate
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
d
esire
d
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
in
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
tim
e
f
r
am
e.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
T
herm
a
l
i
nert
ia
T
h
er
m
al
in
er
tia
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
a
m
ater
ial
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
ab
s
o
r
b
an
d
s
to
r
e
h
ea
t,
th
er
eb
y
m
o
d
er
atin
g
r
ap
id
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t.
I
t
is
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
m
ater
ial’
s
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
f
lat
wall,
th
e
s
im
p
lest
an
d
m
o
s
t
ty
p
ical
elem
en
t
u
s
ed
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f th
erma
l in
s
u
la
tio
n
la
ye
r
s
a
n
d
th
e
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f s
o
la
r
en
erg
y
in
…
(
R
ex
h
ep
S
elima
j
)
2679
b
u
ild
in
g
s
o
f
all
ty
p
es,
th
e
th
er
m
al
in
er
tia
co
e
f
f
icien
t
ca
n
eith
er
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
(
2
)
.
=
0
.
27
∑
=
1
√
(
2
)
W
h
er
e:
i
–
t
h
er
m
al
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
(
W
/m
K)
,
c
i
–
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ea
t
ca
p
ac
ity
(
J
/k
g
K)
,
i
–
wall
lay
er
d
en
s
ity
(
k
g
/m
3
)
,
an
d
i
–
wall
th
ick
n
ess
(
m
)
.
T
h
is
p
ar
am
eter
in
d
icate
s
th
e
r
ate
at
wh
ich
a
m
ater
ial
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
er
m
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
s
p
ec
i
f
ically
th
e
s
p
ee
d
at
wh
ich
h
ea
t
p
r
o
p
a
g
at
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
it.
A
l
o
wer
v
al
u
e
o
f
D
in
d
icate
s
a
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
r
m
al
in
er
tia,
im
p
ly
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
m
ater
ial
r
esp
o
n
d
s
m
o
r
e
s
lo
wly
to
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ch
a
n
g
es,
i.e
.
,
it
h
ea
ts
u
p
an
d
co
o
ls
d
o
wn
at
a
s
lo
wer
r
ate
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
o
r
in
ter
m
itte
n
t
h
ea
tin
g
,
d
is
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
th
er
m
al
in
er
tia
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
en
v
elo
p
es,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
walls,
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
m
is
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
in
itial
h
ea
tin
g
en
er
g
y
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
as
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
lied
en
er
g
y
is
in
itially
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
m
ass
b
ef
o
r
e
r
ea
ch
in
g
th
e
r
m
al
co
m
f
o
r
t
lev
els.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
ex
p
lai
n
s
wh
y
o
cc
u
p
a
n
ts
o
f
ten
r
ep
o
r
t
f
ee
lin
g
co
ld
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
h
o
u
r
s
af
ter
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
co
l
d
win
ter
d
ay
s
.
T
h
e
th
er
m
al
in
er
tia
o
f
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
’
s
ex
ter
n
al
elem
en
ts
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
l
e
in
s
ea
s
o
n
al
en
er
g
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Ma
ter
ials
with
h
ig
h
th
e
r
m
al
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
lo
w
th
er
m
al
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
ca
n
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
s
tab
ilizin
g
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
t
h
er
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
ea
k
c
o
o
lin
g
an
d
h
e
atin
g
lo
a
d
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
E
v
o
la
an
d
L
u
cc
h
i
[
1
7
]
th
is
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
ca
n
b
e
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
a
h
ea
t
f
lu
x
d
elay
o
f
s
ev
er
al
h
o
u
r
s
,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
th
ic
k
n
ess
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
wall.
2
.
2
.
T
herm
a
l
t
im
e
c
o
ns
t
a
nt
T
h
e
tim
e
c
o
n
s
tan
t
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tic
tim
e
r
eq
u
i
r
e
d
f
o
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
r
e
ac
h
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
3
%
o
f
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
h
an
g
e
f
o
llo
win
g
a
t
h
er
m
al
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
(
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
ac
tiv
atio
n
)
.
I
t
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
ca
lcu
lated
as
(
3
)
.
=
=
-
f
o
r
th
e
air
,
a
n
d
=
-
f
o
r
th
e
wal
l.
(
3
)
W
h
er
e
C
a
-
th
er
m
al
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
air
(
J
/K)
,
C
m
-
th
e
r
m
al
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
wall
(
J
/K)
,
k
-
o
v
e
r
a
ll
wall
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
W
/m
2
K)
;
A
–
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
o
f
t
h
e
wall
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
h
ea
t
is
tr
an
s
f
e
r
r
ed
(
m
2
)
,
V
-
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ich
h
ea
t is tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
a
n
d
s
to
r
e
d
(
m
3
).
I
n
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
co
m
p
le
x
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
an
d
ac
tu
al
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
th
e
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t
m
ay
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
5
t
o
1
5
h
o
u
r
s
,
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
m
at
er
ial
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
in
s
u
latio
n
q
u
a
lity
,
an
d
th
e
o
v
er
all
b
u
ild
in
g
v
o
lu
m
e
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
t
h
er
m
al
in
er
tia
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
walls
v
ar
ies
w
ith
m
ater
ial,
th
i
ck
n
ess
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
walls
with
en
h
an
ce
d
th
er
m
al
m
ass
ca
n
h
av
e
a
th
er
m
al
d
elay
o
f
1
0
–
1
2
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
h
ea
t f
lu
x
,
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
tin
g
h
ea
tin
g
an
d
co
o
lin
g
e
n
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
[
1
8
]
.
2
.
3
.
H
ea
t
ing
s
y
s
t
em
o
n a
nd
o
f
f
t
i
m
es
Un
lik
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
h
ea
ti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
o
p
er
ate
s
tead
ily
to
m
ain
tain
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
i
n
ter
m
itten
t
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
ac
tiv
ate
o
n
ly
d
u
r
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
er
io
d
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
’
s
th
er
m
al
in
e
r
tia
a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
tim
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
d
esire
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
th
e
r
m
al
co
m
f
o
r
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
ac
tiv
atio
n
ti
m
e
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
izin
g
t
h
e
h
ea
tin
g
ca
p
ac
ity
with
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
m
in
im
izin
g
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
,
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
t
h
er
m
al
c
o
m
f
o
r
t,
a
n
d
av
o
id
i
n
g
h
ea
tin
g
d
elay
s
[
1
9
]
.
I
n
h
ig
h
th
er
m
al
in
er
tia
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es,
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
tim
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
r
ea
ch
a
n
ew
th
er
m
a
l
s
tate
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
n
g
e
r
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
ig
h
h
ea
t
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
a
city
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
to
r
ap
id
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ch
an
g
es.
As
n
o
ted
b
y
Nico
l
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
th
is
th
er
m
al
b
eh
av
io
r
d
i
r
ec
tly
af
f
ec
ts
h
ea
tin
g
r
ates
a
n
d
n
e
ce
s
s
itate
s
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
th
er
m
al
co
m
f
o
r
t
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
an
alo
g
y
,
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Fra
is
s
e
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
im
p
lifie
d
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
wa
y
to
d
escr
ib
e
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
b
u
ild
in
g
s
with
h
ig
h
th
er
m
al
in
e
r
tia
r
eq
u
i
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
n
g
er
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
es
to
ch
an
g
es
in
th
er
m
al
lo
ad
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
i
n
s
u
ch
co
n
tex
ts
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
b
e
ac
tiv
ated
o
n
a
p
r
eset
s
ch
ed
u
le
at
least
3
–
4
h
o
u
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
ac
tu
al
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
o
r
co
m
b
in
ed
with
an
au
to
m
atic
e
ar
ly
s
tar
t
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ased
o
n
w
ea
th
er
an
d
th
er
m
al
lo
ad
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
h
ea
tin
g
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
w
h
en
th
e
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
s
et
p
o
in
t
o
r
b
ased
o
n
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
at
n
i
g
h
t
o
r
d
u
r
in
g
ab
s
en
ce
)
.
Fo
r
i
n
ter
m
itten
t
h
ea
tin
g
,
o
p
tim
al
s
h
u
t
-
o
f
f
s
h
o
u
ld
o
c
c
u
r
ea
r
lier
s
o
th
at
s
to
r
ed
h
ea
t
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
n
tin
u
es
to
r
elea
s
e
en
er
g
y
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
ac
ce
p
tab
le
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es
f
o
r
a
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
is
r
elie
s
o
n
th
e
h
ea
t
f
l
u
x
r
ev
er
s
al
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
th
e
in
d
o
o
r
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
(
th
er
m
al
lag
ef
f
ec
t
)
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
th
is
m
ea
n
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
3
0
–
9
0
m
in
u
tes ea
r
lier
with
o
u
t c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
c
o
m
f
o
r
t,
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
’
s
th
er
m
al
m
ass
[
2
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2677
-
2
6
8
7
2680
2.
4
.
H
ea
t
re
qu
ired
f
o
r
hea
t
i
ng
I
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
e
g
o
al
is
to
m
ain
tain
in
d
o
o
r
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
,
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
h
ea
tin
g
p
o
wer
(
Q
̇
n
)
m
u
s
t
b
alan
ce
h
ea
t
lo
s
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
(
o
cc
u
r
r
i
n
g
v
ia
b
u
ild
in
g
e
n
v
elo
p
e
elem
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
walls,
win
d
o
ws,
f
lo
o
r
s
,
an
d
r
o
o
f
s
)
an
d
v
en
tilatio
n
(
d
u
e
to
air
ex
c
h
an
g
e
with
th
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t)
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
(
4
)
.
̇
=
̇
+
̇
(
4
)
W
h
er
e:
Q
̇
n
:
th
er
m
al
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
h
ea
tin
g
(
W
)
,
Q
̇
T
:
th
e
r
ate
o
f
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
walls
(
W
)
,
Q
̇
V
:
h
ea
t lo
s
s
es d
u
e
to
v
en
tilatio
n
(
W
)
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
izin
g
in
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
a
n
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
I
SO
1
3
7
9
0
an
d
DI
N
V
1
8
5
9
9
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
h
ea
tin
g
,
th
es
e
v
alu
es
ar
e
s
tatic
an
d
d
o
n
o
t
a
cc
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
er
m
al
in
er
tia
o
r
h
ea
t
s
to
r
ag
e
in
th
e
walls,
u
n
lik
e
in
in
ter
m
itten
t
h
ea
tin
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
[
2
7
]
.
Fo
r
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
-
b
ased
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
izin
g
,
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
[
2
8
]
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
etailed
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
au
d
itin
g
an
d
ac
c
u
r
ate
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
th
e
th
er
m
al
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
an
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
er
m
al
m
ass
in
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
in
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
th
er
m
ally
ac
tiv
ated
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
[
2
9
]
.
Fo
r
m
o
r
e
r
ea
lis
tic
an
d
ad
v
a
n
c
ed
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
,
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
u
ch
as
d
y
n
a
m
ic
en
er
g
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
o
d
elin
g
ar
e
u
s
ed
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
er
m
al
m
ass
,
h
ea
t sto
r
ag
e,
an
d
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
’
s
th
er
m
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
h
ea
tin
g
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
in
ter
m
itten
t
h
ea
tin
g
o
f
a
b
u
ild
in
g
(
Q
̇
n
)
in
clu
d
es
t
h
r
ee
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
h
ea
t
lo
s
s
es
(
Q
̇
V
–
h
ea
t
f
r
o
m
v
en
tilatio
n
,
Q
̇
T
–
th
e
r
ate
o
f
h
ea
t
tr
a
n
s
f
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
walls,
an
d
Q
̇
Am
–
h
ea
t
f
lo
w
r
elate
d
t
o
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
ac
cu
m
u
la
tio
n
in
walls,
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
tech
n
ical
liter
atu
r
e
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
̇
=
̇
+
̇
+
̇
,
(
5
)
T
h
is
ca
lcu
latio
n
m
o
d
el
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
itu
atio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
h
ea
tin
g
(
s
u
ch
as
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
h
ea
tin
g
o
f
in
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
b
u
ild
in
g
s
)
an
d
r
ef
le
cts
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
d
escr
ib
ed
i
n
[
3
3
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
in
ter
m
itten
t
h
ea
tin
g
p
h
ase
o
f
a
b
u
ild
in
g
,
th
e
th
er
m
al
b
alan
ce
eq
u
atio
n
m
u
s
t
in
clu
d
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
o
f
in
d
o
o
r
air
b
u
t
also
th
e
h
ea
t
s
to
r
ed
b
y
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
'
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
elem
en
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
walls
with
h
ig
h
th
er
m
al
m
ass
,
wh
ich
ab
s
o
r
b
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
lied
en
er
g
y
.
As
d
escr
ib
ed
in
th
e
ASHR
AE
h
an
d
b
o
o
k
–
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tals
,
th
is
cu
m
u
lativ
e
h
ea
t
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
eq
u
atio
n
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
ac
cu
r
ate
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
in
itial
p
h
ase
o
f
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
atio
n
[
3
4
]
.
2
.
5
.
Ana
ly
t
ica
l
mo
del o
f
ind
o
o
r
t
e
m
pera
t
ure
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
in
b
u
il
d
in
g
s
h
i
n
g
es
o
n
t
h
e
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
h
ea
tin
g
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
th
er
m
al
lo
s
s
es,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
if
f
er
en
tial
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
I
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
t
h
e
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
)
o
f
a
b
u
ild
in
g
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
el
ed
b
y
a
f
i
r
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
tial
e
q
u
atio
n
th
at
d
es
cr
ib
es
th
e
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
tem
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
o
v
er
tim
e,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
to
tal
ap
p
lied
h
ea
tin
g
p
o
wer
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
h
ea
t
r
eq
u
i
r
e
d
f
o
r
p
er
m
an
e
n
t
h
ea
ti
n
g
(
Q
̇
n
,
in
W
)
,
th
e
h
ea
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
in
th
e
air
(
Q
̇
Aa
)
an
d
in
th
e
walls
(
Q
̇
Am
)
,
as
well
as
th
e
th
er
m
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
̇
=
̇
+
̇
+
̇
=
̇
+
+
(
6
)
W
h
er
e
C
a
an
d
C
m
–
th
er
m
al
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
air
an
d
wall
(
J
/K)
,
t
m
–
wall
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
°
C
)
,
an
d
-
tim
e
(
s
)
.
T
h
is
eq
u
atio
n
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
n
d
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
el
y
u
s
ed
in
b
u
ild
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
s
im
u
latio
n
s
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
en
ab
les
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
in
d
o
o
r
th
er
m
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
tim
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
s
er
v
es
as
a
b
as
is
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
wh
er
e
th
e
o
u
td
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
h
ea
ti
n
g
p
o
wer
ar
e
co
n
s
tan
t,
th
e
an
a
ly
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
(
6
)
f
o
r
th
e
i
n
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
u
s
in
g
L
ap
lace
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
,
is
g
iv
en
in
(
7
)
[
3
6
]
.
=
(
̇
+
−
̇
)
(
1
−
−
/
)
+
0
−
/
(
7
)
W
h
er
e:
t
0
–
in
itial
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
(
°
C
)
,
t
b
–
th
e
d
esire
d
o
r
s
tan
d
a
r
d
in
ter
n
al
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
a
b
u
ild
in
g
(
°
C
)
,
K
mb
–
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
in
te
r
n
al
walls
(
W
/K)
,
K
mj
–
h
ea
t
t
r
an
s
f
er
c
ap
ac
ity
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
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E
lec
&
Dr
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s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
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8
6
9
4
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f th
erma
l in
s
u
la
tio
n
la
ye
r
s
a
n
d
th
e
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f s
o
la
r
en
erg
y
in
…
(
R
ex
h
ep
S
elima
j
)
2681
walls
(
W
/
K)
,
̇
-
C
o
n
s
tan
t
th
er
m
al
lo
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
v
en
tilatio
n
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
win
d
o
ws
an
d
in
te
r
io
r
walls
(
W
)
;
T
–
tim
e
c
o
n
s
tan
t
(
s
)
.
T
h
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
in
d
o
o
r
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
ev
o
l
v
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
itial
s
tate
to
war
d
a
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
with
a
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
’
s
th
er
m
a
l
in
er
tia
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
Mo
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
an
aly
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
v
o
l
v
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
ap
lace
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
s
an
d
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
els,
wh
ich
allo
w
th
e
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
o
f
in
ter
m
itten
t
h
ea
tin
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
v
ar
iab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
n
d
au
to
m
atic
co
n
tr
o
l
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
L
ü
et
a
l
.
[
4
0
]
p
r
esen
t
a
n
a
n
aly
tical
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
im
u
latin
g
h
ea
t
tr
a
n
s
f
er
in
b
u
ild
in
g
s
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
L
a
p
lace
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
an
d
Fo
u
r
ier
s
er
ies
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Fo
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
g
r
ey
-
b
o
x
m
o
d
els
o
f
f
er
a
b
alan
c
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
etwe
en
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
.
Ho
s
s
ain
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
B
ay
esian
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
n
to
p
o
f
g
r
ey
-
b
o
x
m
o
d
els,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
m
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
in
r
ea
l
b
u
ild
in
g
s
wit
h
m
in
im
al
d
ata.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
tate
-
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
els
f
r
o
m
p
h
y
s
ical
th
er
m
al
m
o
d
els
is
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
G
h
iau
s
an
d
Ah
m
a
d
[
4
2
]
,
wh
o
b
u
ild
m
o
d
u
lar
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
elem
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
walls,
f
lo
o
r
s
,
an
d
ce
ilin
g
s
.
T
h
eir
m
o
d
els
ar
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
a
way
th
at
is
ap
p
licab
le
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
aly
s
is
.
A
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
ex
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
L
ap
lac
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
r
ad
iato
r
s
an
d
wall
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
Miž
ák
o
v
á
a
n
d
Pit
e
l
[
4
3
]
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
t
h
er
m
al
t
r
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
th
at
d
escr
ib
e
t
h
e
th
e
r
m
al
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Fo
r
r
ed
u
ce
d
-
o
r
d
e
r
m
o
d
elin
g
,
R
am
allo
-
Go
n
zá
le
z
et
a
l.
[
4
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lu
m
p
ed
-
p
ar
am
eter
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
wall
as
a
s
er
ies
o
f
th
er
m
al
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
an
d
r
esis
tan
ce
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
e
l
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
a
p
id
an
aly
s
es with
p
o
s
s
ib
le
L
ap
lace
-
b
ased
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
.
2
.
5
.
1
.
I
nte
g
ra
t
io
n o
f
s
o
la
r
en
er
g
y
Ko
s
o
v
o
h
as
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
o
t
en
tial
f
o
r
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
y
e
ar
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
win
ter
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
g
lo
b
al
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
r
ea
ch
es
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
3
5
1
k
W
h
/m
²/y
ea
r
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
a
d
aily
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
3
.
7
k
W
h
/m
²
[
4
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
win
ter
m
o
n
th
s
,
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
d
r
o
p
s
to
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
.
0
to
1
.
5
k
W
h
/m
²/d
ay
d
u
e
to
clim
a
tic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
s
h
o
r
te
r
d
a
y
lig
h
t
h
o
u
r
s
[
4
6
]
.
Op
tim
izin
g
th
e
tilt
an
g
le
o
f
s
o
lar
th
er
m
al
co
llecto
r
s
to
ar
o
u
n
d
2
5
°
en
h
an
ce
s
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
win
ter
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
t
em
s
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
Un
d
er
o
p
tim
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
s
p
ac
e
h
ea
tin
g
in
Ko
s
o
v
o
d
u
r
i
n
g
win
ter
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
co
v
er
b
etwe
en
8
0
% a
n
d
1
0
0
% o
f
th
e
d
aily
d
em
a
n
d
,
wi
th
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
th
er
m
al
co
m
f
o
r
t
d
u
r
in
g
s
u
n
less
h
o
u
r
s
th
an
k
s
to
th
er
m
al
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
o
l
d
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
an
d
wid
e
-
s
ca
le
ap
p
licatio
n
in
Ko
s
o
v
o
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
r
is
in
g
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
p
r
ices
an
d
th
e
g
lo
b
al
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
4
5
]
-
[
4
8
]
.
Stu
d
ies
b
y
R
am
o
s
et
a
l
.
[
4
9
]
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
co
m
b
in
e
s
o
lar
th
er
m
al
p
an
els
with
elec
tr
ic
b
o
iler
s
,
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
elec
tr
icity
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
h
ea
tin
g
b
y
u
p
t
o
2
5
%
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
win
ter
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
is
is
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
to
h
ea
t
wate
r
,
w
h
ich
th
en
s
u
p
p
lies
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
h
e
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
u
tili
zin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
elec
tr
ic
b
o
iler
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
as
t
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
Ma
et
a
l
.
[
5
0
]
e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
f
e
asib
ilit
y
o
f
s
ea
s
o
n
al
s
o
lar
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
in
r
esid
en
tial
b
u
ild
in
g
s
in
th
e
co
ld
clim
ate
o
f
th
e
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
.
Usi
n
g
a
s
y
s
tem
with
s
o
lar
co
llecto
r
s
an
d
an
in
teg
r
ated
t
h
er
m
al
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
,
th
ey
a
n
aly
ze
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
ty
p
ical
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at,
u
n
d
er
o
p
tim
al
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
with
an
in
s
talle
d
co
llecto
r
ar
ea
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
at
ely
4
0
–
5
0
m
²
,
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
co
u
ld
co
v
er
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
an
n
u
al
h
ea
ti
n
g
d
em
a
n
d
.
T
h
is
p
o
ten
tial
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elev
a
n
t
f
o
r
r
e
g
io
n
s
lik
e
Ko
s
o
v
o
,
wh
er
e
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
win
ter
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
is
s
u
f
f
icien
t to
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
ll
y
to
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
s
.
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Al
-
S
m
air
an
et
a
l
.
[
5
1
]
,
a
tech
n
o
-
e
co
n
o
m
ic
ass
ess
m
en
t
was
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
co
m
b
in
in
g
a
n
elec
tr
ic
b
o
iler
with
a
s
o
lar
h
ea
tin
g
/co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
ey
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
a
co
s
t
an
d
em
i
s
s
io
n
s
an
aly
s
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
id
ea
l
ac
tiv
atio
n
tim
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
b
o
iler
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
s
o
lar
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
an
d
C
O₂
em
is
s
io
n
s
o
f
u
p
to
5
3
%
p
er
y
ea
r
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
w
th
at
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
tim
in
g
o
f
elec
tr
ic
b
o
iler
o
p
er
atio
n
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
ex
p
e
n
s
es,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
in
to
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
c
o
n
tex
t,
B
y
ly
k
b
ash
i
an
d
Ho
x
h
a
[
4
5
]
h
av
e
ass
ess
ed
th
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
o
ten
tial
in
Ko
s
o
v
o
an
d
s
u
g
g
ested
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
ef
f
ici
en
cy
an
d
r
e
d
u
cin
g
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
elec
tr
icity
im
p
o
r
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
win
ter
s
ea
s
o
n
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
Qer
im
i
et
a
l
.
[
4
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
tech
n
i
q
u
es
an
d
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
m
ax
im
ize
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
co
l
lectio
n
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
o
p
e
r
atio
n
with
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
b
o
iler
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
i
o
d
s
o
f
lo
w
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
r
elev
an
t
n
o
r
m
s
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
b
u
il
d
in
g
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
an
aly
ze
s
a
two
-
s
to
r
y
h
o
u
s
e
in
Ko
s
o
v
o
a
s
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
ea
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
h
ea
tin
g
with
an
elec
tr
ic
b
o
il
er
(
co
v
er
i
n
g
th
er
m
al
lo
s
s
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
en
clo
s
in
g
walls
an
d
v
en
tilatio
n
)
is
ca
lcu
lated
to
b
e
2
0
k
W
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
u
td
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
o
r
win
ter
is
–
18
°C
.
T
h
e
b
u
ild
in
g
is
d
esig
n
ed
with
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2677
-
2
6
8
7
2682
walls
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
an
ex
ter
n
al
th
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
la
y
er
,
wh
ile
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
th
er
m
al
an
aly
s
is
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
f
o
u
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
ca
s
es
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
o
f
wall
lay
er
s
.
T
h
e
th
er
m
o
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
wall
m
ater
ials
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
ws:
Fo
r
th
e
b
lo
ck
la
y
er
:
th
i
ck
n
ess
=
0
.
2
5
m
,
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
=
0
.
4
7
W
/(
m
K)
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ea
t
ca
p
ac
i
ty
c
=
870
J
/(
k
g
K)
,
an
d
d
en
s
ity
=
1150
k
g
/m
3
.
Fo
r
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
:
th
ic
k
n
ess
=
0
.
1
8
m
,
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
=
0
.
0
6
W
/(
m
K)
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ea
t
ca
p
ac
ity
c
=
1
4
6
0
J
/(
k
g
K)
,
an
d
d
en
s
i
ty
=
3
0
k
g
/m
3
.
T
h
e
h
ea
t
c
o
n
v
ec
tio
n
c
o
ef
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icien
ts
ar
e
f
o
r
th
e
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ter
io
r
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W
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m
2
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d
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
ter
io
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m
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f
r
o
m
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t
h
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r
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l
l
h
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t
t
r
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g
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t
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w
a
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t
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a
m
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u
n
t
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h
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a
t
a
c
c
u
m
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l
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ted
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n
t
h
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t
h
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t
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m
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o
n
s
t
a
n
t
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a
n
d
t
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t
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r
ti
a
c
o
e
f
f
i
ci
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
w
a
l
ls
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
1
,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
r
o
p
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
°C
to
1
5
°C
(
af
ter
t
h
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
)
o
cc
u
r
s
f
a
s
test
f
o
r
th
e
wall
with
in
ter
n
al
in
s
u
latio
n
(
in
0
.
2
0
5
h
o
u
r
s
)
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
is
s
h
u
t
-
o
f
f
tim
e
is
lo
n
g
est
f
o
r
th
e
w
all
with
ex
ter
n
al
in
s
u
latio
n
(
8
.
8
0
3
h
o
u
r
s
)
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
v
er
all
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
co
ef
f
icien
t,
th
e
r
ate
o
f
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
wall,
a
n
d
t
h
e
in
er
tia
co
ef
f
icien
t
ar
e
th
e
s
am
e,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
ea
t
ac
cu
m
u
late
d
in
th
e
wal
l
with
ex
ter
n
al
in
s
u
latio
n
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
g
r
ea
te
r
—
ab
o
u
t
6
5
tim
es
h
ig
h
er
—
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
wall
with
in
t
er
n
al
in
s
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
also
im
p
lies
a
m
u
ch
lar
g
er
tim
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
wall
with
ex
ter
n
al
in
s
u
latio
n
,
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
2
tim
es
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
t
h
at
o
f
th
e
wall
with
i
n
ter
n
al
in
s
u
latio
n
.
T
a
b
le
1
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
ws th
at
walls with
ex
ter
n
al
in
s
u
latio
n
ac
c
u
m
u
late
m
o
r
e
h
ea
t t
h
an
all
th
e
o
th
er
c
ases
.
Fo
r
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ac
ities
o
f
2
0
,
2
1
.
.
.
2
3
k
W
an
d
an
o
u
t
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
–
1
8
°C
(
i
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
walls
with
o
u
t
th
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
)
,
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
ea
t
ac
cu
m
u
late
d
at
th
e
i
n
itial
m
o
m
en
t
(
τ
=
0
)
is
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
d
o
o
r
air
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
an
d
f
o
r
th
e
b
u
ild
i
n
g
walls
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
ac
cu
m
u
lated
in
b
o
th
th
e
wall
an
d
th
e
ai
r
is
in
itially
at
its
m
ax
im
u
m
an
d
g
r
a
d
u
ally
d
ec
r
ea
s
es d
u
r
in
g
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
n
til it
r
ea
ch
es
ze
r
o
.
Fro
m
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
v
al
u
es
(
f
r
o
m
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
an
d
2
as
well
as
T
ab
le
2
)
,
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
h
ea
t
ac
cu
m
u
lated
in
th
e
walls
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
th
at
i
n
th
e
air
.
Fo
r
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ac
ities
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
0
to
2
3
k
W
,
th
e
s
h
ar
e
o
f
ac
cu
m
u
lated
h
ea
t
is
b
etwe
en
0
.
3
1
6
%
an
d
0
.
5
3
8
%
f
o
r
air
,
wh
er
ea
s
f
o
r
walls
it
r
an
g
es f
r
o
m
1
4
.
0
5
6
% to
2
3
.
9
2
9
%
T
ab
le
1
.
Fo
u
r
ca
s
es o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t ty
p
es o
f
b
u
ild
in
g
walls with
s
o
m
e
th
er
m
o
p
h
y
s
ical
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
W
a
l
l
T
u
r
n
-
o
f
f
t
i
m
e
(
h
)
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
h
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
W
/
m
2
K)
R
a
t
e
o
f
h
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
(
W
/
m
2
)
A
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
h
e
a
t
(
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m
2
)
T
i
m
e
c
o
n
st
a
n
t
(
s)
C
o
e
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f
i
c
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e
n
t
o
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i
n
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r
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i
a
(
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W
i
t
h
o
u
t
I
N
3
.
6
5
2
0
.
9
2
6
3
5
.
1
8
9
1
.
6
2
6
10
6
2
.
0
7
8
10
5
5
.
3
5
7
W
i
t
h
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N
I
0
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2
0
5
0
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2
7
1
0
.
2
7
6
.
2
1
9
10
4
1
.
1
6
5
10
4
4
.
4
2
7
W
i
t
h
I
N
E
8
.
8
0
3
0
.
2
7
1
0
.
2
7
4
.
0
2
10
6
5
.
0
0
7
10
5
4
.
4
2
7
W
i
t
h
I
N
D
2
.
2
5
4
0
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1
4
9
5
.
6
7
4
2
.
9
8
1
10
5
1
.
2
8
2
10
5
5
.
7
4
1
W
h
e
r
e
I
N
–
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
I
N
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–
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
I
N
E
–
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
i
n
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l
a
t
i
o
n
,
I
N
D
–
d
o
u
b
l
e
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
r
ate
o
f
h
ea
t a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
in
th
e
air
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
r
ate
o
f
h
ea
t a
cc
u
m
u
latio
n
in
th
e
wall
0
2
10
5
4
10
5
0
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100
150
20 kW
21 kW
22 kW
23 kW
T
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m
e
(
s
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H
e
a
t
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c
c
um
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n t
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W
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QAa
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QAa
21000
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QAa
22000
(
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QAa
23000
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0
2
10
5
4
10
5
0
2
10
3
4
10
3
6
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10
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20 kW
21 kW
22 kW
23 kW
T
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s
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H
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a
t
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c
c
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w
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QAm
20000
(
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QAm
21000
(
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QAm
22000
(
)
QAm
23000
(
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Th
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in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f s
o
la
r
en
erg
y
in
…
(
R
ex
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ep
S
elima
j
)
2683
T
h
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
tim
e
an
d
th
e
h
ea
t
lo
ad
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
tab
les:
T
ab
le
2
f
o
r
th
e
wall
with
o
u
t
th
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
(
4
3
cm
th
ic
k
b
lo
c
k
)
; T
ab
le
3
f
o
r
th
e
wall
with
ex
ter
n
al
t
h
er
m
al
i
n
s
u
latio
n
(
2
5
cm
th
ic
k
b
l
o
ck
a
n
d
8
cm
in
s
u
latio
n
)
;
T
ab
le
4
f
o
r
t
h
e
wall
with
in
ter
n
al
th
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
(
1
8
c
m
in
s
u
latio
n
an
d
2
5
cm
b
lo
c
k
)
;
an
d
T
ab
le
5
f
o
r
th
e
wall
with
d
o
u
b
le
-
lay
e
r
th
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
(
1
8
cm
in
s
u
latio
n
,
2
5
cm
b
lo
c
k
,
an
d
1
8
cm
in
s
u
lat
io
n
)
.
B
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
tab
les,
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
wall
lay
er
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
h
ea
ti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ac
ity
,
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
,
h
ea
tin
g
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
th
er
m
al
co
m
f
o
r
t.
T
h
e
wall
with
ex
ter
n
al
in
s
u
latio
n
s
h
o
ws
a
lo
wer
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
a
cc
u
m
u
lated
in
th
e
in
d
o
o
r
air
(
b
y
0
.
2
2
3
%)
a
n
d
a
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
in
t
h
e
wall
its
elf
(
b
y
2
4
.
2
4
%).
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
f
o
r
th
e
wall
wit
h
in
ter
n
al
in
s
u
latio
n
,
th
e
air
ab
s
o
r
b
s
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
0
% o
f
th
e
h
ea
t,
wh
ile
th
e
wall
ab
s
o
r
b
s
ab
o
u
t 1
5
%.
I
n
walls
with
o
u
t
in
s
u
latio
n
,
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
is
h
ig
h
,
d
elay
in
g
h
ea
tin
g
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
en
er
g
y
u
s
e,
wh
i
ch
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
er
m
al
co
m
f
o
r
t.
T
h
e
r
e
is
also
a
r
is
k
o
f
m
o
is
tu
r
e
c
o
n
d
e
n
s
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
h
ea
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
an
d
in
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
ter
i
o
r
walls a
d
jace
n
t to
u
n
h
ea
ted
s
p
ac
es.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
ter
n
ally
in
s
u
lated
walls
(
d
ata
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
4
)
h
as
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
lo
w
h
ea
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
in
th
e
wall,
f
aster
r
o
o
m
h
ea
tin
g
,
an
d
th
er
m
al
e
n
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
also
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
is
k
o
f
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
o
n
wall
s
u
r
f
ac
es
an
d
r
ap
i
d
in
d
o
o
r
co
o
lin
g
af
te
r
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
f
f
.
T
h
e
wall
with
d
o
u
b
le
-
la
y
er
in
s
u
latio
n
(
T
ab
le
5
)
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
r
ed
u
ce
s
h
ea
t
l
o
s
s
es.
I
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
f
aster
a
ch
iev
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
d
esire
d
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
b
etter
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
h
ea
t
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
in
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Hea
t lo
ad
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ac
ity
–
wall
with
o
u
t th
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
H
e
a
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
k
W
)
Tu
r
n
-
o
n
t
i
m
e
(
d
a
y
)
H
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
mu
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
a
i
r
(
W
)
H
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
mu
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
l
l
s (W
)
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
a
i
r
(
%)
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
l
l
s
(
%)
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
h
e
a
t
(
%)
20
2
.
5
5
4
7
0
.
9
4
2
3
1
5
5
0
.
3
1
6
1
4
.
0
5
6
8
5
.
6
2
8
21
1
.
6
6
4
9
2
.
9
3
2
4
1
3
3
0
.
3
9
6
1
7
.
6
2
8
8
1
.
9
7
6
22
1
.
2
4
4
1
1
4
.
9
2
3
5
1
1
1
0
.
4
7
2
0
.
9
0
7
7
8
.
6
2
2
23
0
.
9
9
6
1
3
6
.
9
1
4
6
0
8
9
0
.
5
3
8
2
3
.
9
2
9
7
5
.
5
3
3
T
ab
le
3
.
Hea
t lo
ad
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ac
ity
–
wall
with
ex
ter
n
al
th
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
H
e
a
t
i
n
g
sy
st
e
m
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
k
W
)
Tu
r
n
-
o
n
t
i
me
(
d
a
y
)
H
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
a
i
r
(
W
)
H
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
l
l
s (W
)
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
a
i
r
(
%)
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
l
l
s (%)
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
h
e
a
t
(
%)
20
6
.
1
5
5
2
9
.
4
3
7
3
1
9
7
0
.
1
3
1
1
4
.
2
4
1
8
5
.
6
2
8
21
4
.
0
1
1
3
8
.
5
6
1
4
1
8
7
0
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1
6
4
1
7
.
8
6
0
8
1
.
9
7
6
22
2
.
9
9
8
4
7
.
6
8
6
5
1
7
8
0
.
1
9
5
2
1
.
1
8
3
7
8
.
6
2
2
23
2
.
3
9
9
5
6
.
8
1
1
6
1
6
9
0
.
2
2
3
2
4
.
2
4
4
7
5
.
5
3
3
T
ab
le
4
.
Hea
t lo
ad
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ac
ity
–
wall
with
in
ter
n
al
th
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
H
e
a
t
i
n
g
sy
st
e
m
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
k
W
)
Tu
r
n
-
o
n
t
i
me
(
d
a
y
)
H
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
a
i
r
(
W
)
H
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
l
l
s (W
)
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
a
i
r
(
%)
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
l
l
s
(
%)
R
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
h
e
a
t
(
%)
20
0
.
1
4
3
1
2
6
6
1
9
6
0
5
.
6
3
8
8
.
7
3
4
8
5
.
6
2
8
21
0
.
0
9
3
1
6
5
8
2
5
6
8
7
.
0
7
1
1
0
.
9
5
3
8
1
.
9
7
6
22
0
.
0
7
0
2
0
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3
1
7
6
8
.
3
8
7
1
2
.
9
9
1
7
8
.
6
2
2
23
0
.
0
5
6
2
4
4
3
3
7
8
3
9
.
5
9
9
1
4
.
8
6
9
7
5
.
5
3
3
T
ab
le
5
.
Hea
t lo
ad
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ac
ity
–
wall
with
d
o
u
b
le
-
lay
e
r
th
er
m
a
l in
s
u
latio
n
H
e
a
t
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
(
k
W
)
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r
n
-
o
n
t
i
me
(
d
a
y
)
H
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
m
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l
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t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
a
i
r
(
W
)
H
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
w
a
l
l
s (W
)
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
e
a
t
a
c
c
u
m
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l
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t
e
d
i
n
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h
e
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r
(
%)
C
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
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t
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s
(
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R
e
q
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r
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d
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4
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1
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3
Fig
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
(
7
)
,
wh
ich
e
x
p
r
ess
es
th
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
tim
e,
th
e
th
er
m
o
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
th
e
walls,
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
ad
ap
te
d
to
an
y
b
u
ild
in
g
m
o
d
el
b
y
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
t
h
er
m
al
a
n
d
c
lim
atic
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
as
well
as
f
r
o
m
T
ab
le
1
,
wh
ich
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
lated
h
ea
t,
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t,
an
d
in
er
ti
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2677
-
2
6
8
7
2684
co
ef
f
icien
t)
,
it
is
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
r
ea
ch
ed
th
e
latest
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
wall
with
ex
ter
n
al
in
s
u
latio
n
(
≈
2
×1
0
⁶
s
)
,
an
d
th
e
ea
r
lies
t
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
wall
with
in
ter
n
al
in
s
u
l
atio
n
(
≈
4
×1
0
⁴
s
)
,
wh
ile
th
e
wall
wi
th
d
o
u
b
le
in
s
u
latio
n
ex
h
ib
its
an
in
ter
m
ed
i
ate
v
alu
e
(
≈
4
×1
0
⁵
s
)
.
T
h
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
th
e
wall
ty
p
e
in
h
er
en
tly
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
o
p
tim
al
ac
tiv
atio
n
tim
e
o
f
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
d
esire
d
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
As
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
m
en
tio
n
ed
,
Ko
s
o
v
o
p
o
s
s
ess
es
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
lly
in
teg
r
ate
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
to
h
y
b
r
id
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
b
o
th
to
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
h
ea
t
ac
cu
m
u
lated
i
n
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
’
s
walls
an
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
tim
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
t
o
r
ea
ch
th
e
d
esire
d
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
I
n
t
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
u
n
d
er
win
ter
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
f
o
r
a
b
u
ild
in
g
with
ex
ter
n
al
th
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
,
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ac
ity
with
a
2
5
%
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
An
elec
tr
ic
b
o
iler
was
in
teg
r
ated
wit
h
a
s
o
lar
co
llecto
r
s
y
s
tem
(
with
an
ar
ea
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
2
7
m
²
an
d
a
th
e
r
m
al
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
5
k
W
)
an
d
a
th
er
m
al
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
with
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
1
5
0
0
l
iter
s
.
Fro
m
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
as
au
to
m
atio
n
e
n
ab
les
its
u
s
e
to
m
ain
tain
t
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
o
r
d
esire
d
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ev
en
d
u
r
in
g
n
o
n
-
o
p
er
atio
n
al
h
o
u
r
s
.
On
lo
n
g
an
d
s
u
n
n
y
d
a
y
s
,
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
as
a
p
r
im
ar
y
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
with
in
th
e
elec
tr
ic
b
o
iler
s
y
s
tem
,
m
ak
in
g
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
in
d
is
p
u
tab
le
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
h
an
g
e
f
o
r
ca
s
es
:
(
a)
wall
with
ex
ter
n
al
in
s
u
latio
n
,
(
b
)
wall
with
in
ter
n
al
in
s
u
latio
n
,
an
d
(
c)
wall
with
d
o
u
b
le
in
s
u
latio
n
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
an
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
er
m
a
l
in
s
u
latio
n
lay
er
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
o
n
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
t
h
er
m
al
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
in
ter
m
itten
tly
h
ea
te
d
s
p
ac
es
—
a
ch
allen
g
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
in
Ko
s
o
v
o
.
T
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
was
o
n
i
d
en
tify
in
g
th
e
k
e
y
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
ac
ti
v
atio
n
tim
e
o
f
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
d
esire
d
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
as
q
u
ic
k
ly
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
in
ter
m
itten
t
h
ea
tin
g
d
if
f
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
o
p
er
atin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
,
s
y
s
tem
ca
p
ac
ity
,
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
a
n
d
th
e
th
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
walls.
Simu
latio
n
s
in
d
icate
th
at,
in
th
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
1
0
–
2
5
%
o
f
th
e
h
ea
t
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
b
y
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
wall
s
u
n
til
a
s
tab
le
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
h
ea
t
f
lu
x
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
walls
ar
e
ac
h
iev
ed
.
Fo
r
s
im
ilar
b
u
i
ld
in
g
s
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
s
u
latio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
b
ased
o
n
s
im
u
latio
n
s
as
well
as
ASHR
AE
an
d
E
N
1
2
8
3
1
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
)
,
th
e
t
h
er
m
al
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
in
ten
d
ed
f
o
r
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
h
ea
tin
g
ty
p
ically
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
2
0
–
5
0
%
h
ig
h
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
at
o
f
a
p
er
m
an
en
t
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
ac
h
iev
in
g
r
a
p
id
h
ea
tin
g
a
n
d
m
a
x
im
izin
g
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
in
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
b
u
ild
in
g
with
e
x
ter
n
al
t
h
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
,
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
was
in
teg
r
ated
as
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
(
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
2
5
%)
in
to
th
e
elec
tr
ic
b
o
iler
s
y
s
tem
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
d
esire
d
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
o
s
s
ib
le
tim
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
r
ap
id
h
ea
tin
g
o
f
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
(
ev
en
with
2
0
k
W
)
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
with
in
ter
n
al
wall
in
s
u
latio
n
,
wh
ile
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
r
im
ar
ily
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
elec
tr
icity
s
av
in
g
s
.
W
alls
in
s
u
lated
o
n
ly
in
ter
n
all
y
m
ay
f
ac
e
r
is
k
s
o
f
m
o
is
tu
r
e
co
n
d
e
n
s
atio
n
o
r
r
e
q
u
ir
e
a
w
ater
p
r
o
o
f
in
g
la
y
er
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
a
s
izes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
o
f
d
o
u
b
le
in
s
u
latio
n
(
b
o
th
in
ter
n
al
a
n
d
ex
ter
n
al)
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
o
p
tio
n
s
in
ce
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
with
b
o
th
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
o
cc
u
p
an
c
y
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
en
ab
les
th
e
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
to
b
e
r
ea
c
h
ed
q
u
ick
ly
an
d
m
ain
tain
ed
f
o
r
a
ce
r
tain
p
er
i
o
d
a
f
ter
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
tu
r
n
e
d
o
f
f
.
Su
ch
walls
h
elp
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
tim
al
t
h
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
p
r
o
v
e
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical,
s
lo
w
d
o
wn
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
an
d
h
ea
t
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
m
f
o
r
t,
an
d
o
f
f
er
co
m
p
lete
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
ild
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
e
r
eb
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
h
ea
tin
g
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
d
if
f
icu
lties
r
elate
d
to
th
e
in
s
tal
la
tio
n
o
f
f
u
r
n
itu
r
e
(
s
h
elv
es,
ca
b
in
ets,
an
d
s
o
f
as),
0
5
10
5
1
10
6
1.5
10
6
2
10
6
10
20
30
40
50
20 kW
21 kW
22 kW
23 kW
24 kW
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
T
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
(
C
)
t
bb
20000
(
)
t
bb
21000
(
)
t
bb
22000
(
)
t
bb
23000
(
)
t
bb
24000
(
)
0
2
10
4
4
10
4
10
20
30
40
20 kW
21 kW
22 kW
23 kW
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
T
e
m
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
(
C
)
t
bb
20000
(
)
t
bb
21000
(
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t
bb
22000
(
)
t
bb
23000
(
)
0
2
10
5
4
10
5
10
20
30
40
20 kW
21 kW
22 kW
23 kW
T
i
m
e
(
s
)
T
e
m
e
pe
r
a
t
ur
e
(
C
)
t
bb
20000
(
)
t
bb
21000
(
)
t
bb
22000
(
)
t
bb
23000
(
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f th
erma
l in
s
u
la
tio
n
la
ye
r
s
a
n
d
th
e
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f s
o
la
r
en
erg
y
in
…
(
R
ex
h
ep
S
elima
j
)
2685
elec
tr
ical
o
u
tlets
,
in
ter
n
et
an
d
T
V
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
wate
r
p
ip
es,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
d
o
u
b
le
th
er
m
al
in
s
u
latio
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
r
o
o
m
s
with
p
e
r
m
an
en
t
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
a
n
d
n
o
t
f
o
r
all
b
u
ild
in
g
s
p
ac
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ca
n
th
e
n
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
b
etwe
en
2
0
% a
n
d
5
0
%.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
tech
n
ically
v
iab
le
b
u
t
also
s
tr
ateg
ically
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
av
in
g
s
,
p
o
llu
tio
n
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
.
I
n
o
u
r
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
,
s
o
lar
th
er
m
al
co
llecto
r
s
to
g
et
h
er
with
a
th
e
r
m
al
s
to
r
ag
e
ta
n
k
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
elec
tr
ic
b
o
iler
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
co
o
r
d
in
ated
a
n
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
es
e
th
r
ee
elem
e
n
ts
,
m
an
a
g
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
u
to
m
atic
co
n
tr
o
l,
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
ef
f
icien
t,
f
lex
ib
le,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
o
p
er
ates
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
o
lar
co
llecto
r
s
f
o
r
h
ea
tin
g
wh
e
n
s
u
n
lig
h
t
is
av
ailab
le,
an
d
th
e
s
to
r
ed
h
ea
t
in
th
e
tan
k
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
as
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
b
o
iler
ac
tiv
ates
o
n
ly
wh
en
th
e
c
o
llecto
r
s
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
ca
n
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
d
em
an
d
.
I
n
tellig
en
t
co
n
t
r
o
l
en
s
u
r
es
th
a
t
th
e
m
o
s
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
is
p
r
io
r
itized
,
wh
ile
th
e
m
o
r
e
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
s
o
u
r
ce
(
elec
tr
icity
)
s
er
v
es
o
n
ly
as
b
ac
k
u
p
.
I
t
is
ex
p
ec
ted
th
at
th
e
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
s
h
ar
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
ar
o
u
n
d
2
5
%
d
u
r
in
g
win
ter
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
i
n
cr
ea
s
e,
b
ec
o
m
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
th
u
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
elec
tr
ici
ty
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
av
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
h
y
b
r
id
b
u
ild
in
g
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
co
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
in
teg
r
atin
g
elec
tr
ic
b
o
iler
s
with
s
o
lar
co
llecto
r
s
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
to
r
ag
e
tan
k
s
,
s
u
p
p
l
em
en
ted
b
y
d
ev
ices
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
t
p
u
m
p
s
(
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
d
u
r
in
g
lo
w
-
s
u
n
p
er
i
o
d
s
)
,
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els,
an
d
elec
tr
ic
b
atter
ies.
R
esear
ch
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
r
elate
d
to
th
er
m
al
co
m
f
o
r
t
an
d
in
d
o
o
r
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
d
y
n
am
ics
co
u
ld
b
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
(7
)
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
ad
ap
ted
to
an
y
h
ea
tin
g
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el
an
d
an
aly
s
es
o
f
th
e
th
er
m
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
en
v
el
o
p
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
th
er
e
is
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
l
v
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
R
ex
h
ep
Selim
aj
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Sab
r
ije
Osma
n
aj
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
th
er
e
is
n
o
c
o
n
f
lict o
f
i
n
ter
est.
DATA
AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
a
v
ailab
le
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
T.
A
.
R
e
d
d
y
,
J.
F
.
K
r
e
i
d
e
r
,
P
.
S
.
C
u
r
t
i
ss
,
a
n
d
A
.
R
a
b
l
,
H
e
a
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
o
f
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
.
C
R
C
P
r
e
ss,
2
0
1
6
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
0
1
/
9
7
8
1
3
1
5
3
7
4
5
6
7
.
[
2
]
P
.
Zh
e
n
g
,
H
.
W
u
,
Y
.
Li
u
,
Y
.
D
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
L.
Y
a
n
g
,
“
T
h
e
r
m
a
l
c
o
mf
o
r
t
i
n
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
:
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
Bu
i
l
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
1
,
p
.
1
0
9
2
6
2
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
b
u
i
l
d
e
n
v
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
9
2
6
2
.
[
3
]
N
.
A
st
e
,
A
.
A
n
g
e
l
o
t
t
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
B
u
z
z
e
t
t
i
,
“
T
h
e
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
w
a
l
l
s
t
h
e
r
ma
l
i
n
e
r
t
i
a
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
o
f
w
e
l
l
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
e
d
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
,
”
En
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
8
1
–
1
1
8
7
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
b
u
i
l
d
.
2
0
0
9
.
0
6
.
0
0
5
.
[
4
]
R
.
M
.
Ta
t
si
y
,
O
.
Y
.
P
a
z
e
n
,
S
.
Y
.
V
o
v
k
,
L.
Y
.
R
o
p
y
a
k
,
a
n
d
T.
O
.
P
r
y
h
o
r
o
v
sk
a
,
“
N
u
mer
i
c
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
h
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
i
n
m
u
l
t
i
l
a
y
e
r
e
d
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
o
f
m
a
i
n
g
e
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
f
o
r
ms
mad
e
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
S
e
r
b
i
a
n
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
f
o
r
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
3
6
–
5
5
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
4
8
7
4
/
JS
S
C
M
.
2
0
1
9
.
1
3
.
0
2
.
0
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2677
-
2
6
8
7
2686
[
5
]
M
.
V
.
S
v
i
r
i
n
,
S
.
A
.
B
y
c
h
i
k
h
i
n
,
P
.
A
.
Tr
u
b
a
e
v
,
a
n
d
A
.
S
.
S
e
mi
n
e
n
k
o
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
st
e
a
d
y
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
n
o
n
-
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
h
o
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
l
o
a
d
i
s
d
e
c
r
e
a
se
d
,
”
i
n
I
O
P
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s:
Ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
2
0
2
0
,
v
o
l
.
7
9
1
,
n
o
.
1
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
5
7
-
8
9
9
X
/
7
9
1
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
4
7
.
[
6
]
S
.
M
.
K
a
l
i
n
o
v
i
ć
,
J.
M
.
D
j
o
k
o
v
i
ć
,
R
.
R
.
N
i
k
o
l
i
ć
,
a
n
d
B
.
H
a
d
z
i
m
a
,
“
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
t
h
e
r
ma
l
d
y
n
a
mi
c
p
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
si
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s’
w
a
l
l
s
,
”
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
Pro
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
-
Q
PI
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
2
–
2
2
1
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
4
7
8
/
c
q
p
i
-
2
0
1
9
-
0
0
2
9
.
[
7
]
L.
B
e
l
l
a
h
c
e
n
e
,
A
.
C
h
e
k
n
a
n
e
,
S
.
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.
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