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t
a
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EA
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so
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m
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ly
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m
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is
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g
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ro
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o
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v
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h
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a
p
p
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ti
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n
.
K
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w
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r
d
s
:
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
Fra
ctio
n
al
-
s
lo
t
L
ig
h
t e
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
Po
wer
r
atin
g
W
in
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
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SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
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h
d
L
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q
m
an
M
o
h
d
J
am
il
EV
-
PR
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R
I
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S R
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s
ea
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Gr
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Facu
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o
f
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lectr
ical
T
ec
h
n
o
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d
E
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g
in
ee
r
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Un
iv
er
s
iti T
ek
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ik
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Ma
lay
s
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Me
lak
a
Han
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T
u
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Ma
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s
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as
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t
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is
ts
o
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ield
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n
d
ar
m
at
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win
d
i
n
g
s
.
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h
is
m
o
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t
o
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lo
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y
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s
a
m
ec
h
an
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m
m
u
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t
o
en
s
u
r
e
a
c
o
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tan
t
r
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tio
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ex
is
ts
.
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h
e
a
r
m
atu
r
e
win
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
r
o
to
r
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
p
o
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s
u
p
p
ly
v
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a
s
et
o
f
co
m
m
u
tato
r
s
an
d
b
r
u
s
h
es.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
m
ec
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an
ical
c
o
m
m
u
tat
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,
i.e
.
p
o
s
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p
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d
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r
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th
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m
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ter
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etwe
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d
a
r
m
atu
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r
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m
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co
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r
atio
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s
o
f
b
r
u
s
h
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DC
m
o
to
r
s
ar
e
s
er
ies,
s
h
u
n
t
an
d
s
ep
ar
ately
-
ex
cited
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
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s
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ar
ate
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-
ex
cited
s
y
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tly
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tag
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as
th
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f
ield
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wh
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ty
p
ically
f
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b
y
an
in
d
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d
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p
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s
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p
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ca
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p
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d
b
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p
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m
a
n
en
t
m
ag
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ets,
esp
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wh
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t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
s
ize
is
r
elativ
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s
m
all
[
1
]
.
Du
e
to
th
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n
atu
r
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f
m
ec
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an
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co
m
m
u
t
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,
th
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co
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t
r
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l
o
f
DC
m
o
to
r
s
is
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elativ
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s
im
p
le
[
2
]
.
Ho
wev
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,
th
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p
r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2088
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8
6
9
4
Desig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f b
r
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s
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p
erma
n
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t m
a
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mo
to
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lly
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(
Ho
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Yu
)
2297
o
f
ca
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b
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s
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m
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tato
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s
eg
m
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ts
in
a
DC
m
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n
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t
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ly
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d
s
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p
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On
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m
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e
n
s
ity
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ef
f
icien
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,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
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[
4
]
,
[
5
]
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
r
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lt
f
r
o
m
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
b
r
u
s
h
es
an
d
a
c
o
m
m
u
tato
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.
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an
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ag
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ets
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m
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ted
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n
t
h
e
r
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to
r
wh
ile
th
e
win
d
in
g
s
ar
e
o
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th
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tr
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ic
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m
m
u
tatio
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p
r
o
v
id
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alter
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atin
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
to
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e
win
d
in
g
s
,
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g
to
v
ar
y
in
g
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
m
o
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r
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
a
s
p
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if
ic
s
witch
in
g
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
c
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em
e
a
p
p
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th
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in
v
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r
ch
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r
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m
ag
n
et
(
PM
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y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
o
to
r
as
th
e
e
x
citatio
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
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u
s
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al.
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g
h
t
h
e
PM
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y
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ch
r
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n
o
u
s
m
o
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PMSM
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as
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f
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,
is
m
o
r
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ca
p
ab
le
f
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h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
,
h
as
lo
wer
o
u
tp
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t
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e
r
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ar
m
o
n
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as
co
m
p
ar
ed
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th
e
B
L
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m
o
to
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,
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l
tech
n
iq
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e
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m
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e
co
m
p
lex
.
W
h
er
ea
s
a
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
im
p
ler
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
is
les
s
d
em
an
d
in
g
o
n
p
o
s
itio
n
s
en
s
in
g
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
lo
wer
co
s
t [
6
]
.
Fo
r
an
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
d
r
i
v
en
s
y
s
tem
,
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
an
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
o
to
r
a
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
o
p
tio
n
s
.
B
o
th
m
o
to
r
s
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
o
n
an
AC
s
o
u
r
ce
with
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
an
in
v
er
ter
cir
c
u
it.
An
AC
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
o
to
r
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
f
r
ee
d
o
m
to
a
d
ju
s
t
b
o
th
s
tato
r
an
d
f
ield
cu
r
r
en
t
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
b
etter
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
,
b
u
t
it
s
till
r
eq
u
ir
es
ca
r
b
o
n
b
r
u
s
h
es
an
d
s
lip
r
in
g
s
,
wh
ich
p
o
s
es
th
e
is
s
u
e
f
o
r
lo
w
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
p
er
atio
n
,
b
esid
es
h
a
v
in
g
s
tar
t
-
up
a
n
d
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile
,
f
o
r
an
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
,
it
h
as
a
s
im
p
ler
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
with
n
o
b
r
u
s
h
es
an
d
s
lip
r
in
g
s
o
r
co
m
m
u
tato
r
f
o
r
s
q
u
ir
r
el
ca
g
e
r
o
to
r
ty
p
e
[
2
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
B
u
t
th
e
s
p
ee
d
an
d
to
r
q
u
e
ar
e
n
o
t
ea
s
y
to
co
n
tr
o
l
d
u
e
to
th
eir
non
-
lin
ea
r
n
atu
r
e
[
3
]
.
Fo
r
a
w
o
u
n
d
r
o
to
r
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
,
s
lip
r
i
n
g
s
a
n
d
b
r
u
s
h
es
ar
e
s
till
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
ex
cite
th
e
r
o
t
o
r
win
d
i
n
g
s
,
th
u
s
m
ak
in
g
it
less
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
.
An
o
th
er
b
r
u
s
h
less
m
o
to
r
t
y
p
e
ca
lled
s
witch
ed
r
elu
cta
n
ce
m
o
to
r
(
SR
M
)
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
s
im
p
le
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
lo
w
r
o
to
r
in
er
tia,
ea
s
y
co
o
lin
g
,
an
d
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
-
s
p
ee
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
with
th
e
m
ajo
r
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
o
f
ac
o
u
s
tic
n
o
is
e
an
d
d
if
f
ic
u
lt c
o
n
tr
o
l [
4
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
ar
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
tili
ze
d
n
o
wad
a
y
s
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
First,
it
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
u
s
es
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
o
m
m
u
tatio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
.
I
t
is
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
r
el
o
ca
tin
g
th
e
ar
m
atu
r
e
win
d
in
g
s
to
th
e
s
tato
r
wh
ile
u
tili
zin
g
p
er
m
an
e
n
t m
ag
n
et
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
a
g
n
etic
f
iel
d
at
r
o
to
r
.
Owin
g
t
o
th
e
ch
an
g
e
t
o
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
o
m
m
u
tatio
n
,
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
s
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
d
en
s
i
ty
,
wh
ich
lead
s
to
h
ig
h
er
to
r
q
u
e
to
in
er
tia
r
ati
o
,
in
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
h
ig
h
er
to
r
q
u
e
to
r
o
t
o
r
v
o
lu
m
e
(
T
R
V)
r
atio
.
Desp
ite
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es,
its
d
r
iv
e
m
eth
o
d
i
s
r
elativ
ely
s
im
p
le,
m
ak
in
g
B
L
DC
a
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
h
o
m
e
ap
p
lian
ce
s
to
v
ar
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
m
ac
h
in
e
r
y
s
eg
m
en
ts
[
1
2
]
.
E
lectr
if
icatio
n
o
f
r
o
ad
v
e
h
i
cles
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e
to
r
eso
lv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
C
O
2
em
is
s
io
n
s
[
1
3
]
,
a
n
d
Ma
lay
s
ia
is
n
o
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t’
s
ef
f
o
r
t,
th
e
m
ar
k
et
p
en
etr
atio
n
o
f
E
Vs
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
b
atter
y
co
s
ts
[
1
4
]
,
wh
ich
m
a
k
es
u
p
a
b
ig
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
v
eh
icl
es’
to
tal
p
r
ice.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
E
V
is
al
s
o
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
r
an
g
e,
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
willin
g
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
lic
to
war
d
s
n
e
w
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ad
o
p
tio
n
[
1
5
]
.
Po
s
itiv
ely
,
a
d
ec
lin
e
in
b
atter
y
co
s
t w
ill b
o
o
s
t th
e
E
V
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t [
1
4
]
.
A
b
asic E
V
s
y
s
tem
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
tr
en
d
o
f
elec
tr
if
y
in
g
r
o
a
d
v
eh
icles
h
as
th
e
u
p
s
id
e
o
f
lo
w
er
in
g
air
p
o
ll
u
tio
n
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
i
n
ts
wh
ile
also
b
en
ef
itin
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
o
f
an
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
e
n
g
in
e
(
I
C
E
)
with
an
E
V
s
y
s
tem
co
n
ce
p
t
u
ally
r
e
s
u
lts
in
s
im
p
le
d
esig
n
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
m
ain
ten
an
ce
[
1
8
]
.
Fo
r
lig
h
twe
ig
h
t E
Vs,
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
ca
n
b
e
ev
en
s
im
p
ler
,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
as we
ll
as
co
n
s
u
m
er
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
.
I
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies,
two
-
wh
e
eler
s
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
(
HE
Vs)
h
av
e
g
r
ea
ter
p
o
ten
tial
th
a
n
f
o
u
r
-
w
h
ee
led
E
Vs,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
a
r
ep
o
r
t
in
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
is
o
win
g
to
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
elec
tr
ic
two
-
wh
ee
ler
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
f
o
r
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
p
u
b
lic
th
a
n
f
o
u
r
-
wh
ee
le
d
E
Vs,
i
.
e.
r
ap
id
m
ar
k
et
p
en
et
r
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
two
-
wh
ee
ler
in
C
h
in
a
[
1
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
elec
tr
ic
2
-
wh
ee
l
(
E
2
W
)
v
eh
icles
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
p
o
wer
-
d
en
s
e
PM
m
o
to
r
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
v
i
ab
le
o
p
tio
n
s
as
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
f
o
r
E
Vs
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
m
ass
-
r
elate
d
[
1
3
]
.
Pre
v
iew
s
tu
d
y
[
2
0
]
,
it
is
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
at
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
E
V
n
ec
ess
itates
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
o
to
r
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast
to
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies,
tr
ac
tio
n
m
o
to
r
s
m
u
s
t
m
ee
t
d
is
tin
ct
o
p
er
atin
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
wh
en
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
an
E
V
d
r
iv
etr
ain
.
W
id
e
s
p
ee
d
r
an
g
e,
g
o
o
d
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
,
g
r
ea
t
to
r
q
u
e,
esp
ec
ially
at
lo
w
s
p
ee
d
,
an
d
h
ig
h
ef
f
ici
en
cy
ar
e
o
f
ten
r
eq
u
ir
ed
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
[
2
1
]
.
PM
m
o
t
o
r
s
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
la
r
p
o
wer
tr
ain
o
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
b
atter
y
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
(
B
E
Vs),
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
a
n
an
aly
s
is
o
f
4
0
B
E
Vs
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
4
an
d
2
0
1
6
(
u
p
t
o
2
6
m
o
d
els,
o
r
6
5
%
o
f
B
E
V
s
)
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
s
,
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
elu
ctan
ce
m
o
to
r
s
,
wo
u
n
d
r
o
to
r
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
o
to
r
s
,
a
n
d
o
th
e
r
m
o
to
r
ty
p
es
a
r
e
also
u
s
ed
i
n
E
V
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fo
r
an
E
2
W
d
esig
n
,
a
PM
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
ea
r
h
u
b
-
m
o
u
n
ted
d
r
iv
etr
ai
n
b
ec
au
s
e
it h
as
n
o
ex
citatio
n
lo
s
s
,
f
ast
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
an
d
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
2
3
]
.
A
b
asic
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
t
o
esti
m
ate
ac
cu
r
ate
tr
ac
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
eh
icle
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
to
tal
v
e
h
icle
weig
h
t,
o
p
er
atin
g
s
p
ee
d
r
an
g
e,
an
d
r
o
a
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
B
L
DC
m
o
to
r
will
b
e
th
e
m
ai
n
s
u
b
je
ct
to
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
.
Mo
to
r
s
with
s
ev
er
al
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
s
lo
t/p
o
le
will
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
th
en
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
f
in
ite
elem
en
t
an
aly
s
is
(
FEA)
s
o
f
twar
e.
As
th
e
m
o
to
r
s
n
ee
d
t
o
m
ee
t
d
esig
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
ize
an
d
p
o
wer
,
th
e
in
itial
d
es
ig
n
o
f
ea
c
h
v
a
r
ian
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2296
-
2
3
0
6
2298
is
r
o
u
g
h
ly
m
ad
e
to
m
atc
h
th
e
s
ize.
T
h
en
a
p
ar
am
etr
ic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
tak
es
p
lace
to
o
b
tain
an
o
p
tim
u
m
d
esig
n
f
o
r
an
o
p
tim
u
m
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
n
FEA,
th
e
b
ac
k
elec
tr
o
m
o
ti
v
e
f
o
r
ce
(
E
MF)
o
f
ea
ch
d
esig
n
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
will
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
.
B
esid
es,
r
ated
to
r
q
u
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
er
s
tatic
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ex
citatio
n
s
will
b
e
e
x
am
in
ed
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
t
h
e
FEA
s
im
u
latio
n
,
an
aly
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
2
4
]
-
[
2
7
]
ar
e
also
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
v
er
if
y
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
m
o
d
ellin
g
th
e
ai
r
g
ap
f
lu
x
-
d
en
s
ity
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
s
lo
t
p
er
m
ea
n
ce
to
o
b
tain
p
h
ase
b
ac
k
E
MF
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t to
r
q
u
e,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
asic d
iag
r
am
o
f
f
u
l
l e
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
y
s
tem
: (
a)
a
f
o
u
r
-
w
h
ee
ler
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
y
s
tem
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
(
b
)
a
two
-
w
h
ee
ler
lig
h
t e
lectr
i
c
v
eh
icle
s
y
s
tem
[
1
7
]
2.
DE
S
I
G
N
AND
E
ST
I
M
AT
I
O
N
AP
P
RO
ACH
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
esig
n
m
o
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
k
n
o
w
th
e
r
atin
g
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
tar
ts
o
f
f
with
m
o
to
r
r
atin
g
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
s
tato
r
an
d
r
o
t
o
r
d
esig
n
.
Fo
r
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
two
-
wh
ee
ler
E
V,
m
o
to
r
s
izin
g
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
,
wh
er
e
m
o
t
o
r
ax
ial
len
g
th
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
lim
ited
to
f
it
with
in
th
e
wid
th
o
f
th
e
v
eh
icle.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
a
r
ad
ial
f
lu
x
m
o
to
r
,
th
e
en
d
win
d
in
g
o
v
er
h
an
g
is
th
e
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
ax
i
al
len
g
th
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e,
f
r
ac
tio
n
al
-
s
lo
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
win
d
in
g
s
a
r
e
th
e
b
est
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
th
is
ap
p
licat
io
n
as
th
ey
allo
w
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
d
esig
n
s
p
ac
e
b
y
k
ee
p
in
g
t
h
e
en
d
win
d
in
g
s
m
aller
.
2
.
1
.
Vehicle
dy
na
m
ics ca
lcula
t
io
n
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
ic
s
co
o
ter
s
an
d
o
th
er
lig
h
tweig
h
t
e
lectr
ic
two
-
wh
ee
ler
s
is
in
te
n
d
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
s
lo
w
co
m
m
u
tin
g
with
in
cities;
th
u
s
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
lo
w
s
p
ee
d
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes g
e
n
er
al
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
two
-
wh
ee
ler
E
V.
T
ab
le
1
.
Gen
e
r
al
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
f
o
r
two
-
wh
ee
ler
E
V
d
esig
n
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
s
Ty
r
e
o
u
t
e
r
d
i
a
met
e
r
2
1
0
mm
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
m
a
ss
1
5
0
kg
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
sp
e
e
d
p
e
r
h
o
u
r
35
k
m
/
h
Ty
r
e
si
z
e
8
.
5
i
n
c
h
P
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
i
n
s
y
st
e
m
D
i
r
e
c
t
-
d
r
i
v
e
s
2
.
1
.
1
.
Det
er
m
ina
t
i
o
n o
f
m
ec
ha
nica
l c
a
pa
bil
it
y
An
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
P
mech
f
r
o
m
a
m
ec
h
an
ical
p
o
in
t o
f
v
iew
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
1
)
.
ℎ
=
×
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
an
d
ω
ar
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
t
o
r
q
u
e
an
d
an
g
u
lar
v
elo
city
,
wh
ich
ar
e
in
Nm
an
d
r
ad
/s
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
Usi
n
g
co
n
s
tan
ts
as
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
l
e
2
,
th
e
esti
m
ated
p
o
we
r
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
as
T
ab
le
3
.
Fo
r
a
t
y
r
e
with
2
1
0
m
m
o
u
ter
d
iam
eter
,
th
e
t
y
r
e
c
ir
cu
m
f
er
en
ce
is
0
.
6
5
9
m
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
v
e
h
icle'
s
to
p
s
p
ee
d
o
f
3
5
k
m
/h
is
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
8
8
4
.
1
9
r
p
m
f
o
r
a
1
:1
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
atio
,
ty
p
ically
in
a
d
ir
ec
t
d
r
iv
e
s
etu
p
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
h
e
r
e
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
elo
city
an
d
s
p
ee
d
i
s
alwa
y
s
in
ter
ch
an
g
ea
b
le
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
f
o
r
ce
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
s
u
m
m
ed
to
g
eth
er
to
m
e
et
th
e
d
esire
d
to
r
q
u
e,
n
am
ely
r
o
llin
g
r
esis
tan
ce
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Desig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f b
r
u
s
h
l
ess
p
erma
n
en
t m
a
g
n
et
mo
to
r
f
o
r
lig
h
t e
lectrica
lly
p
o
w
ered
…
(
Ho
w
X
u
a
n
Yu
)
2299
f
o
r
ce
,
F
rolling
,
g
r
ad
ien
t
lo
a
d
f
o
r
ce
,
F
gradient
an
d
ae
r
o
d
y
n
am
ic
d
r
ag
,
F
aerodynamic
drag
as
g
iv
en
i
n
(
2
)
-
(
4
)
[
2
3
]
.
All
co
n
s
tan
ts
ar
e
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
l
e
2
.
B
esid
es
th
e
f
o
r
ce
,
ter
r
ain
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
also
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
d
e
ter
m
in
e
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
o
wer
r
at
in
g
.
B
ased
o
n
[
2
8
]
,
in
to
wn
r
o
ad
d
esig
n
t
h
at
is
class
if
ied
as
ar
ter
ial
r
o
ad
will
h
av
e
m
ax
im
u
m
g
r
ad
ien
t
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
8
%
to
1
0
%,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
to
an
g
le
u
s
in
g
(
5
)
.
Giv
e
n
a
s
m
o
o
th
p
a
v
ed
r
o
ad
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
a
to
p
s
p
ee
d
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
9
0
0
r
p
m
f
o
r
th
e
v
e
h
icl
e,
th
e
F
gradient
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
d
im
i
n
is
h
es
as
th
e
s
lo
p
e
an
g
le,
θ
eq
u
al
to
ze
r
o
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
to
clim
b
h
ills
,
th
e
m
o
to
r
n
ee
d
s
a
h
ig
h
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
to
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
e
g
r
ad
ien
t
f
o
r
ce
th
at
in
cr
ea
s
es
as
th
e
r
o
ad
b
ec
o
m
es
s
teep
er
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
s
p
ee
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
u
n
d
er
t
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
tan
ts
an
d
d
esig
n
p
a
r
am
eter
s
,
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
p
o
wer
u
n
d
er
t
wo
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
p
ee
d
-
s
l
o
p
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
c
a
n
b
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
a
s
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
3
u
s
i
n
g
(
1
)
,
(
6
)
,
a
n
d
(
7
)
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
T
a
b
l
e
3
,
t
h
e
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
6
4
3
.
6
W
a
t 4
5
0
r
p
m
an
d
3
2
9
.
1
W
a
t 9
0
0
r
p
m
w
h
e
n
d
r
i
v
e
n
o
n
u
p
h
i
l
l
cl
i
m
b
s
a
n
d
f
l
at
r
o
a
d
s
,
r
e
s
p
e
ct
i
v
e
l
y
.
T
h
e
r
o
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
s
lo
p
e,
i
d
ea
l,
an
d
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
u
r
f
ac
e)
p
o
ten
tially
af
f
ec
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
p
o
wer
.
Sin
ce
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
v
er
a
g
iv
en
s
p
ee
d
r
esu
lts
in
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
o
w
er
,
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
s
atis
f
y
(
1
)
.
=
×
×
(2
)
=
×
×
(
3
)
=
0
.
5
×
×
×
2
(
4
)
,
=
−
1
%
100
(
5
)
=
+
+
(
6
)
=
(
7
)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
T
ab
le
3
,
th
e
v
eh
i
cle
r
eq
u
ir
es 6
4
3
.
6
W
at
4
5
0
r
p
m
an
d
3
2
9
.
1
W
at
9
0
0
r
p
m
wh
en
d
r
iv
e
n
o
n
u
p
h
ill
clim
b
s
an
d
f
lat
r
o
ad
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
r
o
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
s
lo
p
e
an
d
id
ea
l
u
n
if
o
r
m
s
u
r
f
ac
e)
p
o
ten
tially
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
p
o
wer
.
Sin
ce
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
o
v
e
r
a
g
i
v
en
s
p
ee
d
r
esu
lts
in
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
,
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
s
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I
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16
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Ana
ly
t
ica
l so
lutio
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I
n
an
aly
tical
m
o
d
ellin
g
,
air
g
a
p
f
lu
x
d
e
n
s
ity
o
f
PM
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o
to
r
is
f
ir
s
t
d
er
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ed
u
s
in
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
ad
ial
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
air
g
a
p
f
l
u
x
d
en
s
ity
is
m
o
d
elled
f
o
r
an
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ter
n
al
r
o
to
r
m
o
to
r
s
in
ce
it
is
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
p
r
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v
id
e
d
b
y
m
ag
n
ets
o
n
th
e
r
o
to
r
th
at
d
ir
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tly
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ter
ac
ts
with
th
e
s
tato
r
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
s
lo
ttin
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
tato
r
,
[
2
6
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
e
p
er
m
ea
n
ce
f
u
n
ctio
n
t
o
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th
e
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t
o
f
s
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d
air
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ap
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lu
x
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
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r
ed
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tio
n
.
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esid
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a
d
etailed
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
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o
f
t
h
e
r
elativ
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m
ea
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n
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as m
ad
e
r
ef
er
r
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n
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to
t
h
e
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
in
[
3
1
]
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W
ith
k
n
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wn
air
g
ap
f
lu
x
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en
s
i
ty
,
th
e
p
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ase
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ac
k
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MF
o
f
th
e
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o
to
r
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n
b
e
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elled
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r
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s
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m
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te
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o
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ly
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id
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ed
in
th
e
eq
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atio
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o
f
b
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k
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MF
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ased
o
n
[
2
7
]
.
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b
s
eq
u
en
tly
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o
u
tp
u
t
to
r
q
u
e
ca
n
b
e
m
o
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elled
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y
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4
)
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
ac
k
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MF
o
b
tain
ed
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aly
tically
.
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o
r
th
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s
e
o
f
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L
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er
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,
th
e
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r
r
en
ts
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e
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tr
ap
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ap
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n
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as
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ately
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s
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o
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tain
th
e
to
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e
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v
ef
o
r
m
.
,
,
ar
e
th
e
p
h
ase
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ac
k
E
MFs,
wh
ile
,
,
th
ese
ar
e
th
e
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
.
,
=
+
+
(
1
4
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
3
.
1
.
O
pen
-
circ
uit
f
lux
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Op
en
cir
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x
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en
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ities
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r
th
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2
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lo
t
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d
9
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p
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ze
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f
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s
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Fig
u
r
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3
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FE
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8
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.
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ativ
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ar
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e
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n
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Fig
u
r
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s
3
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a)
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3
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b
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c
o
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
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im
u
lated
FEA
an
d
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aly
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tio
n
r
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e
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g
o
o
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ip
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l
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en
s
ity
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ag
n
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d
e
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o
r
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o
th
m
o
to
r
s
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
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r
s
lo
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g
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f
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t is
m
o
d
ele
d
co
r
r
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tly
b
y
th
e
an
aly
tical
m
eth
o
d
.
(
a)
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b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Op
e
n
cir
cu
it f
l
u
x
d
e
n
s
ities
:
(
a)
FEA
v
s
an
aly
tical
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
1
2
-
s
lo
t m
o
t
o
r
,
a
n
d
(
b
)
FEA
v
s
an
aly
tical
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
9
-
s
lo
t m
o
to
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
2296
-
2
3
0
6
2302
3
.
2
.
B
a
c
k
E
M
F
Fig
u
r
e
4
co
m
p
ar
es
r
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lts
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tr
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ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
FEA
an
d
an
al
y
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
h
ase
b
ac
k
E
MF.
I
t
is
s
h
o
wn
in
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
FEA
s
im
u
latio
n
th
at
th
e
1
2
-
s
lo
t
m
o
to
r
r
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lts
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
p
h
ase
b
ac
k
E
MF
wh
ile
th
e
9
-
s
lo
t
m
o
to
r
r
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lts
a
m
o
r
e
tr
ap
ez
o
id
al
s
h
ap
e
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
i
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
is
e
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
h
ar
m
o
n
ics o
r
d
er
in
th
e
9
-
s
lo
t d
esig
n
.
Fo
r
b
o
th
s
lo
t
p
o
le
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
,
t
h
e
lin
ea
r
c
o
n
d
itio
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
in
b
etter
ag
r
ee
m
en
t w
ith
an
aly
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
6
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
(
R
MS)
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
p
h
ase
b
ac
k
E
MF.
Du
e
to
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
an
aly
tical
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
,
t
h
e
b
a
ck
E
MF
m
ag
n
itu
d
es
ar
e
clo
s
er
to
th
at
o
f
FEA
u
n
d
e
r
lin
ea
r
co
n
d
itio
n
.
As
th
e
lin
ea
r
co
n
d
itio
n
is
r
elativ
ely
id
ea
l
d
u
e
to
n
o
n
-
s
atu
r
atio
n
ef
f
ec
t,
h
ig
h
er
p
h
ase
b
ac
k
E
MF
ex
is
ts
in
b
o
th
1
2
-
s
lo
t
an
d
9
-
s
lo
t d
esig
n
s
.
T
ab
le
6
.
R
MS
p
h
ase
b
ac
k
E
MF
M
e
t
h
o
d
12
-
s
l
o
t
9
-
sl
o
t
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o
n
-
l
i
n
e
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r
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n
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r
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r
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r
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4
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6
1
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3
6
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n
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l
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i
c
a
l
-
7
.
6
4
-
8
.
1
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ph
ase
b
ac
k
E
MFs
:
(
a)
FEA
lin
ea
r
an
d
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
c
o
n
d
itio
n
v
s
an
aly
tical
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
1
2
-
s
lo
t m
o
to
r
,
an
d
(
b
)
FEA
lin
ea
r
an
d
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
co
n
d
itio
n
v
s
a
n
aly
tical
r
e
s
u
lts
f
o
r
9
-
s
lo
t m
o
to
r
3
.
3
.
Dy
na
m
ic
t
o
rque
a
nd
curr
ent
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
co
m
p
ar
es th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t to
r
q
u
e
wh
e
n
th
e
m
o
to
r
r
u
n
s
in
B
L
DC
m
o
d
e
with
an
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
ix
-
s
tep
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
t
h
at
th
e
m
o
to
r
i
s
v
ir
tu
ally
d
r
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e
n
b
y
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id
ea
l
in
v
er
ter
wh
o
s
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
is
4
8
V.
T
h
e
m
o
to
r
is
in
h
er
en
tly
ex
cited
b
y
a
cu
r
r
en
t
in
ea
ch
p
h
ase
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
.
I
t
is
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
1
2
-
s
lo
t
m
o
t
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
less
er
to
r
q
u
e
wh
ile
d
r
awin
g
m
o
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
th
an
its
9
-
s
lo
t
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
t.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
o
f
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
s
atu
r
atio
n
lev
el
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d
lo
s
s
es.
B
ac
k
to
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
,
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
ap
p
ea
r
to
b
e
th
e
s
am
e
s
h
ap
e.
I
t
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
k
n
o
wn
th
at
th
e
f
is
h
b
o
n
e
ty
p
e
o
f
th
e
ex
citatio
n
cu
r
r
en
t is d
u
e
to
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t o
f
win
d
in
g
in
d
u
ctan
ce
a
n
d
p
h
ase
s
witch
in
g
s
eq
u
en
ce
am
o
n
g
p
h
ases
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
FEA
d
y
n
am
ic
s
im
u
l
atio
n
: (
a)
o
u
tp
u
t to
r
q
u
e,
an
d
(
b
)
p
h
ase
ex
citatio
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Desig
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f b
r
u
s
h
l
ess
p
erma
n
en
t m
a
g
n
et
mo
to
r
f
o
r
lig
h
t e
lectrica
lly
p
o
w
ered
…
(
Ho
w
X
u
a
n
Yu
)
2303
T
ab
le
7
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
th
e
m
o
to
r
o
u
tp
u
t
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
d
r
a
wn
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lt,
9
-
s
lo
t
d
esig
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
1
8
.
1
%
h
ig
h
er
to
r
q
u
e
wh
ile
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
7
.
4
%
less
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
t.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
9
-
s
lo
t
d
esig
n
is
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
f
o
r
to
r
q
u
e
d
em
an
d
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
,
s
u
ch
a
s
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
elec
tr
ic
tw
o
-
wh
ee
ler
.
T
ab
le
7
.
Ou
tp
u
t to
r
q
u
e
an
d
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
t v
alu
es a
t stead
y
-
s
tate
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
12
-
s
l
o
t
9
-
sl
o
t
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
t
o
r
q
u
e
(
N
m)
1
0
.
7
5
1
2
.
7
4
P
e
a
k
-
to
-
p
e
a
k
t
o
r
q
u
e
(
N
m)
2
.
1
4
2
.
5
5
To
r
q
u
e
r
i
p
p
l
e
(
%)
1
9
.
8
6
1
9
.
9
8
R
M
S
p
h
a
s
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
4
5
.
8
8
4
2
.
4
7
3
.
4
.
St
a
t
ic
t
o
rque
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nd
curr
ent
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
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a
n
id
ea
l
tr
ap
ez
o
id
al
p
h
ase
cu
r
r
en
t
lea
d
in
g
t
o
an
id
ea
l
o
u
tp
u
t
t
o
r
q
u
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
m
o
to
r
ca
n
b
e
s
im
p
ly
m
o
d
elle
d
.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
s
ettin
g
th
e
p
ea
k
v
alu
e
id
en
tical
to
th
e
R
MS
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
ex
citatio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
d
r
aw
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
s
tatic
o
u
tp
u
t
to
r
q
u
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
th
e
9
-
s
lo
t
m
o
to
r
is
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
h
av
e
a
s
m
aller
to
r
q
u
e
r
ip
p
le
a
n
d
a
h
ig
h
er
to
r
q
u
e
th
an
th
e
1
2
-
s
lo
t
m
o
to
r
.
I
n
th
eo
r
y
,
th
is
r
esu
lts
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r
ed
u
ce
d
v
ib
r
atio
n
ev
en
th
o
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g
h
th
e
p
h
ase
win
d
in
g
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asy
m
m
etr
ically
d
is
p
o
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Fig
u
r
es
6
(
a)
an
d
6
(
b
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r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
r
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lts
o
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s
in
g
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o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
in
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
m
o
to
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s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
tical
m
eth
o
d
g
en
er
all
y
esti
m
ated
a
h
ig
h
er
av
er
ag
e
to
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q
u
e
th
an
FEA
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
s
h
ap
e
o
f
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
r
i
p
p
le
is
m
o
r
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
a
n
d
s
y
m
m
et
r
y
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h
ich
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o
t
s
lan
ted
to
o
n
e
s
id
e
as
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
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r
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lts
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
c
o
n
d
itio
n
in
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
ir
o
n
p
ath
is
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
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a
n
aly
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o
lu
ti
o
n
s
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n
s
tead
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s
t
o
n
e
p
o
in
t
in
th
e
m
ater
ial'
s
B
-
H
cu
r
v
e'
s
p
er
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ea
b
ilit
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in
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ac
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u
n
t,
a
n
d
th
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m
o
t
o
r
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al
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im
en
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io
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ar
e
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o
t
ta
k
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in
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u
n
t
b
y
th
e
e
n
tir
ely
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
eq
u
atio
n
.
T
ab
le
8
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
s
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
to
r
q
u
e
at
r
ated
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Fro
m
T
ab
le
8
,
th
e
FEA
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
9
-
s
lo
t
f
in
al
d
esig
n
ac
h
iev
ed
1
0
.
1
%
h
ig
h
er
av
er
a
g
e
to
r
q
u
e
wh
ile
h
av
in
g
5
6
.
3
%
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
to
r
q
u
e
r
ip
p
le
p
er
c
en
tag
e.
T
h
is
ag
ain
s
h
o
ws th
at
9
-
s
lo
t d
esig
n
is
b
etter
f
o
r
h
ig
h
to
r
q
u
e
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Ou
t
p
u
t to
r
q
u
e
in
s
tat
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
: (
a
)
FEA
v
s
an
aly
tical
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
1
2
-
s
lo
t m
o
t
o
r
,
an
d
(
b
)
FEA
v
s
an
aly
tical
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
9
-
s
lo
t m
o
to
r
T
ab
le
8
.
Ou
tp
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t to
r
q
u
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
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P
a
r
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me
t
e
r
12
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l
o
t
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sl
o
t
F
EA
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n
a
l
y
t
i
c
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l
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EA
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n
a
l
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t
i
c
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l
me
t
h
o
d
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
t
o
r
q
u
e
(
N
m)
1
0
.
4
4
1
7
.
2
2
1
1
.
5
0
1
5
.
1
1
P
e
a
k
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to
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p
e
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k
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e
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5
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2
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To
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r
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9
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4
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8
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3
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4
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1
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Co
g
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Fig
u
r
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co
m
p
a
r
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co
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g
in
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q
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o
f
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h
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s
u
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FEA.
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h
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y
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e
n
atu
r
al
attr
ac
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d
r
ep
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ls
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b
etwe
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r
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m
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t
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e,
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e
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en
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lated
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d
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aly
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ased
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e
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ity
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s
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o
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ag
r
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en
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ap
p
r
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h
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at
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1
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S.
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2
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